DEPT.

OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

A
AUDIT COURSE REPORT ON

“Non-Conventitional Energy ”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for degree of

Third Year Of Chemical Engineering

Submitted To

SAVITRIBAI PHULE UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, PUNE

Submitted By

Miss. SHIROLE KAVERI MAHANT

Under the Guidance Of

Prof. M. V. WAJE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Sir Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology, Nashik

A/P. Chincholi, Tal. Sinnar, Dist. Nashik

422102(MS) India YEAR 2023-2024

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Pravara Rural Education Society

Sir Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology,
Nashik
Department of Chemical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Miss. Shirole Kaveri Mahant has

successfully completed the Audit Course entitled “Non-
Conventitional Energy” under my supervision, in the partial
fulfillment of Third Year of Chemical Engineering of University of Pune.

Date :

Place : Sir Visvesvaraya Institute Technology

Prof. M . V .Waje Dr.Dipak K. Chandre

(Guide) (Head of Department)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am gratified to the Chemical Engineering Department, SVIT, Nashik for
giving me the opportunity for presenting a audit course on “Non-Conventitional
Energy” in the Third year as per the curriculum of degree course of chemical
engineering.

I am thankful to, Prof. M.V.Waje my project guide for guiding me throughout

the course and for sharing his valuable knowledge and time. He has been a constant
source of motivation, never expecting anything less than the best efforts.Without
his concern, advice and motivation it would have been difficult to complete the
seminar.

I would like to further extend my gratitude to Dr. D.K.Chandre, Head of

department for chemical engineering and all the staff members of Chemical
Engineering Department. I would also like to thank all our faculty members and
librarians for their kind co-operation and support.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all our friends and family for their
unconditional support and help.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER CHAPTER PAGE NO.

NO.

1
Introduction to Non- 06
Conventitional Energy

2
08
Solar Energy

3 Wind energy
10

4 Hydropower 12

5
Conclusion 14

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Chapter-I
Itroduction to Non-Conventitional Energy:

Non-conventional energy, also known as renewable energy or alternative energy,

refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal
environmental impact compared to traditional fossil fuels. These energy sources
derive from natural processes that are continuously occurring, such as sunlight,
wind, water movement, geothermal heat, and organic matter. Non-conventional
energy technologies harness these natural resources to generate electricity, heat,
and other forms of energy for various applications.

Characteristics of Non-Conventional Energy:

Renewable: Non-conventional energy sources are inherently renewable, meaning

they are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Unlike fossil fuels such as
coal, oil, and natural gas, which are finite and non-renewable, non-conventional
energy sources can be continuously exploited without depleting their availability
for future generations.

Environmentally Friendly: Non-conventional energy technologies produce minimal

or no greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants during energy generation. They
contribute significantly less to air and water pollution, reducing the adverse
environmental impacts associated with traditional fossil fuel combustion, such as
smog, acid rain, and climate change.

Abundant and Diverse: Non-conventional energy sources are abundant and widely
distributed across the globe. Sunlight, wind, water resources, geothermal heat, and
biomass are available in varying degrees virtually everywhere, offering a diverse
range of energy options that can be tailored to specific geographical locations and
energy needs.

Sustainable: Non-conventional energy promotes sustainable development by

reducing dependence on finite fossil fuel reserves and mitigating the negative
environmental and social impacts associated with their extraction, transportation,
and combustion. By harnessing renewable resources, non-conventional energy
technologies contribute to energy security, economic stability, and social equity
over the long term.

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Chapter-2
Solar Energy :

Introduction:

Solar energy is a renewable energy source derived from the sun's radiation. It
encompasses the utilization of sunlight to generate electricity, produce heat, and
provide lighting for various applications. Solar energy technologies harness the
radiant energy emitted by the sun and convert it into usable forms of energy
through photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar thermal systems.

Detailed Characteristics of Solar Energy:

Abundance: Solar energy is an abundant resource, as the sun continuously emits

vast amounts of energy. Approximately 173,000 terawatts of solar energy strike
the Earth continuously, far exceeding global energy consumption.

Renewability: Solar energy is inherently renewable because it originates from the

sun, which is expected to remain active for billions of years. As long as the sun
continues to radiate energy, solar energy will remain available for human use.

Clean and Sustainable: Solar energy is environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Unlike fossil fuels, which release harmful greenhouse gases and pollutants when
burned, solar energy production generates no emissions or pollutants,
contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental conservation.

Technological Diversity: Solar energy can be harnessed through various

technologies to suit different applications. Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert
sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials, while solar
thermal systems utilize sunlight to heat fluids and produce steam for electricity
generation or heating purposes.

Versatility: Solar energy has diverse applications across residential, commercial,

industrial, and agricultural sectors. It can be used for grid-connected or off-grid
electricity generation, water heating in residential and commercial buildings, space
heating and cooling, as well as powering transportation through solar-powered
vehicles.

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Modularity and Scalability: Solar energy systems are modular and scalable,
allowing for flexibility in design and installation. They can range from small-scale,
individual rooftop solar panels for residential use to large-scale utility solar farms
with thousands of solar modules.

Low Maintenance: Solar energy systems require minimal maintenance compared

to conventional power plants. PV panels have no moving parts and typically
require occasional cleaning and inspection, while solar thermal systems may
require periodic maintenance of components like pumps and heat exchangers.

Decentralization: Solar energy promotes decentralized energy production by

enabling distributed generation closer to the point of consumption. This reduces
transmission losses and grid congestion, enhances energy resilience, and
empowers communities to become self-sufficient in energy production.

Energy Independence: Solar energy contributes to energy independence by

providing a reliable and locally available source of electricity. By harnessing solar
power, communities and countries can reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels,
enhance energy security, and stimulate economic growth through job creation
and local investment in solar infrastructure.

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Chapter-3
Wind Energy:

Wind Energy refers to the kinetic energy derived from the movement of air
masses across the Earth's surface. This renewable energy resource is harnessed
using wind turbines, which convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical
power and, subsequently, into electricity through a generator. Wind energy is a
rapidly growing source of clean and sustainable power globally, offering
numerous environmental and economic benefits.

Detailed Characteristics of Wind Energy:

Abundance: Wind energy is abundant and widely available, as wind currents are
generated by variations in temperature and pressure across the Earth's surface.
Wind resources can be found in various regions, both onshore and offshore,
with different wind speeds and patterns.

Renewability: Wind energy is inherently renewable, as it is continuously

replenished by solar radiation and the Earth's rotation. As long as the sun
shines and the Earth's atmosphere exists, wind energy will remain available for
human use, making it a long-term and sustainable energy source.

Clean and Environmentally Friendly: Wind energy is a clean and

environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels, as it produces no greenhouse
gas emissions or air pollutants during electricity generation. Wind turbines have
minimal environmental impacts compared to conventional power plants,
contributing to climate change mitigation and air quality improvement.

Technological Diversity: Wind energy technologies encompass various types of

wind turbines, including horizontal-axis and vertical-axis designs, as well as
different configurations such as onshore and offshore installations. Advances in
wind turbine design, materials, and manufacturing processes have led to
increased efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of wind energy systems.

Site-specific Suitability: Wind energy projects require careful site selection to

maximize energy production and minimize environmental and social impacts.
Factors such as wind speed, turbulence, terrain, proximity to transmission

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infrastructure, and community acceptance play crucial roles in determining the

feasibility and success of wind energy developments.

Scalability and Modularity: Wind energy systems are modular and scalable,
allowing for flexibility in design, installation, and capacity expansion. Wind
farms can range from small-scale community or distributed installations to
large utility-scale projects comprising hundreds of wind turbines.

Economic Benefits: Wind energy offers significant economic benefits, including

job creation, local investment, and revenue generation for landowners and
communities hosting wind projects. Wind energy also enhances energy security
by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on imported fossil
fuels.

Grid Integration and Energy Storage: Wind energy can be integrated into
electricity grids to meet varying demand and supply fluctuations. Grid
integration techniques such as smart grid technologies, energy forecasting, and
demand response programs help optimize wind energy utilization and ensure
grid stability. Energy storage solutions such as batteries and pumped hydro
storage can also complement wind energy by storing excess electricity for use
during periods of low wind availability.

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Chapter-4
Hydropower:

Hydropower, also known as hydroelectric power, is a form of renewable energy

derived from the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is one of the
oldest and most widely used renewable sources of energy, dating back to ancient
civilizations' use of waterwheels for various mechanical tasks.

Here's a detailed breakdown of hydropower:

Basic Principle: Hydropower works on the principle of harnessing the energy of

flowing or falling water to generate electricity. This process typically involves
directing water through turbines, which are connected to generators that
convert the kinetic energy of the water into electrical energy.

Components:

Dam or Diversion Structure: A dam or diversion structure is built to create a

reservoir or redirect the flow of water. Dams are typically constructed across
rivers or streams to create artificial lakes, while diversion structures divert a
portion of the natural flow without creating a reservoir.
Intake: Water is drawn from the reservoir or diverted from the natural flow of
the river through intake structures.
Penstock: The intake leads to a penstock, which is a pipeline that channels water
from the reservoir or diversion to the turbines.
Turbines: Turbines are installed in the penstock and are turned by the force of
the flowing water. There are various types of turbines used in hydropower
plants, including impulse turbines and reaction turbines.
Generators: Turbines are connected to generators, which convert the
mechanical energy of the rotating turbine into electrical energy through
electromagnetic induction.
Tailrace: After passing through the turbines, the water is discharged back into
the river or stream through a tailrace.
Control Systems: Hydropower plants are equipped with control systems to
manage the flow of water, optimize power generation, and ensure the stability of
the electrical grid.
Types of Hydropower:

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Reservoir Hydropower: This type of hydropower utilizes dams to create

reservoirs, which store water that can be released as needed to generate
electricity.
Run-of-River Hydropower: Unlike reservoir hydropower, run-of-river systems
do not involve significant water storage. Instead, they utilize the natural flow of
rivers or streams to generate electricity.
Pumped Storage Hydropower: Pumped storage hydropower plants have two
reservoirs located at different elevations. During times of low electricity
demand, excess energy from the grid is used to pump water from the lower
reservoir to the upper reservoir. When electricity demand is high, water is
released from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir, passing through
turbines to generate electricity.
Advantages:

Renewable and sustainable source of energy

Low greenhouse gas emissions
Reliable and flexible power generation
Can serve as a baseload or peaking power source
Provides additional benefits such as flood control, irrigation, and recreational
opportunities.
Challenges and Considerations:

Environmental impact, including habitat disruption and alteration of natural

river flow
High initial capital costs for infrastructure construction
Dependence on water availability, which can fluctuate due to seasonal variations
and climate change
Potential social and cultural impacts on local communities and indigenous
populations

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CONCLUSION

Non-conventional energy sources, also known as renewable or alternative energy

sources, offer a promising pathway towards a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly energy future. However, it's crucial to acknowledge the
challenges and considerations associated with the widespread adoption of non-
conventional energy sources. These challenges include intermittency and
variability in energy generation, land and resource constraints, technological
barriers, and the need for supportive policies and regulatory frameworks to
facilitate the transition to renewable energy

In conclusion, while non-conventional energy sources offer immense potential

to address global energy challenges, their successful integration into the energy
landscape requires concerted efforts from policymakers, industry stakeholders,
and society as a whole. By leveraging innovation, collaboration, and
commitment, we can harness the power of renewable energy to build a more
sustainable, resilient, and equitable energy future.

Before selecting any treatment method, a complete process evaluation should be

undertaken along with economic analysis. This should include the wastewater
composition, concentrations, volumes generated, and treatment susceptibility,
as well as the environmental impact of the solution to be adopted.

In summary, non-conventional energy sources represent a promising solution

for addressing the challenges of climate change, energy security, and sustainable
development. Their renewable nature, minimal environmental impact, and
economic opportunities make them key players in diversifying our energy mix
and building a cleaner, more resilient future. However, successful integration
requires overcoming challenges like intermittency and policy support. With
innovation and collaboration, we can harness the transformative potential of
non-conventional energy to create a more sustainable and equitable world.

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REFERENCES

• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• WWW.YOUTUBE.COM
• WWW.WIKIPIDIA.COM
• WWW.YAHOO.COM

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