PANDIT DEENDAYAL ENERGY UNIVERSITY

Raisan, Gandhinagar – 382 426, Gujarat, India

B.TECH-2021-25 Batch
Laboratory Manual

Name- Shivani Singh

Roll no.- 21BCH097

Subject- Industry 4.0
Laboratory Semester- 6TH

Submitted to
Department of Chemical Engineering
School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy
University
 PANDIT DEENDAYAL ENERGY UNIVERSITY
Raisan, Gandhinagar – 380 007, Gujarat, India

Chemical Engineering Department

Certificate
This is to certify that

Ms. Shivani Singh Roll no. 21BCH097

of 3rd Year B.TECH Degree in Chemical Engineering has satisfactorily completed his/her term

work in Industry 4.0 Laboratory subject during the semester from January 2024 to May 2024

at School of Technology, PDEU.

Date of Submission:

Signature:

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

 Index
Name: Shivani Singh
Roll No: 21BCH099

Pages
Sr. Date of
Experiment Title Marks Sign.
No. Completion
From To
1 Renewable Energy 1 5 05.02.24

2 Introduction to SAM software 5 15 05.02.24

3 Design a Solar Water Heater using 16 22 20.02.24

SAM Software
 Renewable Energy

What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher
rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are
constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.

Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take
hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce energy, cause
harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide.

Generating renewable energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels.
Transitioning from fossil fuels, which currently account for the lion’s share of emissions, to
renewable energy is key to addressing the climate crisis.

Renewable energy, green energy, or low-carbon energy is energy from renewable resources
that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Renewable resources include sunlight,
wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy sources
are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable
at current rates of exploitation. Renewable energy is often used for electricity generation,
heating and cooling. Renewable energy projects are typically large-scale, but they are also
suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in
human development.

Importance of Renewable energy

In today’s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the importance of renewable energy sources
cannot be overstated. As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change, dwindling
natural resources, and increasing energy demands, renewable energy emerges as the beacon of
hope for a sustainable future. This article delves into the 10 advantages of renewable energy
and underscores its significance in the years to come.

1. Environmental Benefits:
One of the most compelling advantages of renewable energy is its potential to positively impact
the environment. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and gas, contributes around 75% of global
greenhouse gas emissions. To tackle the threat of climate change, emissions need to be reduced
by almost half by 2030. The importance of renewable resources in this context cannot be
overstated.

As we face the dire consequences of climate change, transitioning to renewable energy

becomes not just beneficial but essential. The importance of renewable energy sources in
preserving our environment for future generations is a responsibility we must all shoulder.

2. Economic Growth:
The renewable energy importance in the economic sector is evident in its contribution to job
creation and industry growth. As the demand for renewable energy increases, sectors related to
its production and maintenance see a surge in job opportunities. This not only boosts the
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economy but also provides sustainable employment opportunities. Furthermore, the importance
of renewable energy in stimulating local economies cannot be ignored. Local projects often
mean local jobs, ensuring that the benefits of renewable energy projects are felt directly within
the community. According to IRENA, worldwide employment in the sector has escalated by
nearly 700,000 from 2020-2021, reaching 12.7 million jobs. Moreover, India alone has the
potential to create nearly 3.4 million jobs by installing 238 GW of solar power systems and 101
GW of new wind capacity by 2030.

3. Energy Independence:
The need for renewable energy stems from a desire for energy independence. Countries that rely
heavily on imported fossil fuels are vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply disruptions.
predominantly harnessed locally, offer a solution to this dependency.
By investing in renewable energy in future, nations can ensure a more stable, reliable, and independent
energy supply, safeguarding their energy security.

4. Inexhaustible Energy:
The future of renewable energy looks promising, primarily because these sources are inexhaustible.
While fossil fuels are finite and depleting, the sun, wind, and water are endless sources of energy.
This renewable energy is the future perspective that ensures that we have a continuous, unending
supply of power. It underscores the importance of renewable energy as a long-term solution to the
world’s energy needs.

5. Technological Advancements:
The benefits of renewable energy are further amplified by rapid technological advancements. As
research in this sector intensifies, we’re witnessing innovations that make renewable energy more
efficient and accessible.
The energy sources of the future will be shaped by these technological leaps, ensuring that renewable
energy becomes even more integral to our daily lives. The marriage of technology and renewable
energy holds the promise of a brighter, cleaner future.

6. Reduction in Energy Costs:

The advantages of renewable energy extend to our wallets as well. As technology advances and
becomes more widespread, the costs associated with renewable energy are decreasing. This trend is
expected to continue, making it an economically viable option for many. The renewable energy
importance in ensuring affordable energy for all cannot be understated. As prices continue to drop,
more and more people will have access to clean, renewable energy.

7. Health Benefits:
The importance of renewable energy is also evident in the health benefits it offers. Traditional fossil
fuels release pollutants that can lead to a host of health issues, from respiratory problems to
cardiovascular diseases. Around 99 percent of people worldwide breathe air that is polluted and poses a
health risk, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), and more than 13 million people die
from preventable environmental causes, such as air pollution, each year. Transitioning to renewable
energy can mitigate these health risks. The cleaner the air, the healthier the population, underscoring
the need for renewable energy.

8. Diversification of Energy Sources:

The benefits of renewable energy also lie in the diversification of energy sources. Solely relying on one
energy source is risky. Renewable energy offers a diversified energy portfolio, ensuring a steady
supply even if one source faces challenges. This diversification is crucial for energy security and
stability, highlighting the importance of renewable energy sources.

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9. Supporting Local Communities:
Community-based renewable energy projects have a direct positive impact on local communities.
These projects not only ensure a steady supply of energy but also stimulate local economies by creating
jobs. The importance of renewable resources in fostering community development and cohesion is a
testament to the multifaceted benefits of renewable energy.

10. Addressing Climate Change:

The importance of renewable energy in addressing climate change is paramount. As global
temperatures rise and the effects of climate change become more pronounced, the need for renewable
energy becomes more urgent. By reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable energy
solutions, we can combat the adverse effects of climate change, ensuring a safer planet for future
generations.
By 2030, cheap electricity generated from renewable sources may account for 65 percent of the
world’s total electrical production. By 2050, it could decarbonize 90% of the electricity sector,
drastically reducing carbon emissions and assisting in the fight against global warming.
In essence, renewable energy is the future. Its myriad advantages, from environmental to economic,
present an irrefutable argument for its widespread adoption. As we stand at the crossroads of an energy
revolution, the importance of renewable energy sources becomes paramount. The energy sources of the
future are here, and they promise a brighter, greener, and more sustainable tomorrow.

Types of Renewable Energy

SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy resources and can even be harnessed in cloudy weather.
The rate at which solar energy is intercepted by the Earth is about 10,000 times greater than the rate at which
humankind consumes energy.
Solar technologies can deliver heat, cooling, natural lighting, electricity, and fuels for a host of applications.
Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic panels or through
mirrors that concentrate solar radiation.
Although not all countries are equally endowed with solar energy, a significant contribution to the energy
mix from direct solar energy is possible for every country.
The cost of manufacturing solar panels has plummeted dramatically in the last decade, making them not
only affordable but often the cheapest form of electricity. Solar panels have a lifespan of roughly 30 years,
and come in variety of shades depending on the type of material used in manufacturing.

WIND ENERGY
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air by using large wind turbines located on land
(onshore) or in sea- or freshwater (offshore). Wind energy has been used for millennia, but onshore and
offshore wind energy technologies have evolved over the last few years to maximize the electricity
produced
- with taller turbines and larger rotor diameters.
Though average wind speeds vary considerably by location, the world’s technical potential for wind
energy exceeds global electricity production, and ample potential exists in most regions of the world
to enable significant wind energy deployment.
Many parts of the world have strong wind speeds, but the best locations for generating wind power are
sometimes remote ones. Offshore wind power offers tremendous potential.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy utilizes the accessible thermal energy from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted
from geothermal reservoirs using wells or other means.
Reservoirs that are naturally sufficiently hot and permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs,
whereas reservoirs that are sufficiently hot but that are improved with hydraulic stimulation are called
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enhanced geothermal systems.

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Once at the surface, fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity. The technology for
electricity generation from hydrothermal reservoirs is mature and reliable, and has been operating for more
than 100 years.

HYDROPOWER
Hydropower harnesses the energy of water moving from higher to lower elevations. It can be generated
from reservoirs and rivers. Reservoir hydropower plants rely on stored water in a reservoir, while run-of-
river hydropower plants harness energy from the available flow of the river.
Hydropower reservoirs often have multiple uses - providing drinking water, water for irrigation, flood and
drought control, navigation services, as well as energy supply.
Hydropower currently is the largest source of renewable energy in the electricity sector. It relies on
generally stable rainfall patterns, and can be negatively impacted by climate-induced droughts or changes to
ecosystems which impact rainfall patterns.
The infrastructure needed to create hydropower can also impact on ecosystems in adverse ways. For this
reason, many consider small-scale hydro a more environmentally-friendly option, and especially suitable for
communities in remote locations.

OCEAN ENERGY
Ocean energy derives from technologies that use the kinetic and thermal energy of seawater - waves or
currents for instance to produce electricity or heat.
Ocean energy systems are still at an early stage of development, with a number of prototype wave and tidal
current devices being explored. The theoretical potential for ocean energy easily exceeds present human
energy requirements.

BIOENERGY
Bioenergy is produced from a variety of organic materials, called biomass, such as wood, charcoal, dung
and other manures for heat and power production, and agricultural crops for liquid biofuels. Most biomass
is used in rural areas for cooking, lighting and space heating, generally by poorer populations in developing
countries.Modern biomass systems include dedicated crops or trees, residues from agriculture and forestry,
and various organic waste streams.Energy created by burning biomass creates greenhouse gas emissions,
but at lower levels than burning fossil fuels like coal, oil or gas. However, bioenergy should only be used in
limited applications, given potential negative environmental impacts related to large-scale increases in forest
and bioenergy plantations, and resulting deforestation and land-use change.

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Global Renewable Energy Chart

Conclusion:
Renewable energy forms an integral part of India's current and future energy policy. If India follows
the ambitious plan it has volunteered for, it can accomplish the dual goal of economic development
and green-energy production, which is certainly within the realms of possibility. Ongoing concerns
about climate change have made renewable energy sources an important component of the world
energy consumption portfolio. Renewable energy technologies could reduce CO2 emissions by
replacing fossil fuels in the power generation industry and the transportation sector. Because of some
negative and irreversible externalities in conventional energy production, it is necessary to develop and
promote renewable energy supply technologies and demand for renewable energy. Power generation
using renewable energy sources should be increased in order to decrease the unit cost of generation.
Energy consumption depends on several factors including economic progress, population, energy
prices, weather, and technology.

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 Experiment1 : Introduction To SAM
Software

AIM: To understand the performance/behavior of a system, generating or

loading data from sources, testing and working of System Advisor Model
(SAM) software.

SOFTWARE DETAILS: The System Advisor Model (SAM) software is

frequently employed for modelling and analysis of renewable energy projects,
notably those using biomass, solar, wind, and geothermal systems. SAM
supports decision-making and project planning by assisting users in evaluating
the technical and financial viability of various renewable energy solutions.

The SAM software's key features are as follows:

 Technology Modelling: SAM offers in-depth simulations of the
performance of solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrating solar power
(CSP), wind turbines, biomass, and geothermal systems. Users can enter
system specifications, weather data, and other parameters.

 Financial Analysis: SAM has financial analysis tools that may be used
to calculate project costs, cash flows, and to calculate metrics like the
levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present value (NPV). It aids in
determining whether renewable energy projects are economically viable.

 Scenario Analysis: Users can compare the effects of different design

decisions and assumptions on project outcomes by exploring
numerous scenarios by modifying input parameters and variables.

 Sensitivity Analysis: SAM enables users to carry out sensitivity

assessments to comprehend how modifications to important inputs or
presumptions impact project outcomes, assisting in the identification
of potential risks and uncertainties.

 System Optimisation: In order to get the highest performance and cost-

effectiveness, the software can help in optimising system configurations
and parameters.

 Results that are exportable: SAM creates thorough reports, graphs,

and data that is exportable and can be utilised for presentations, project
proposals, and additional research.
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Applications:
 Project Development: SAM assists renewable energy project developers
in evaluating the potential of their projects and optimizing system
designs to maximize profitability.
 Policy Analysis: Policymakers and regulators use SAM to assess
the impact of different policies and incentives on renewable energy
deployment and economic growth.
 Research and Education: Researchers, educators, and students use
SAM for studying renewable energy technologies, conducting
simulations, and enhancing understanding of energy systems.
 Investment Decision-Making: Investors and financiers use SAM to
evaluate the financial viability of renewable energy projects and
assess potential risks and returns.
 Grid Integration: SAM's energy storage modeling capabilities
contribute to understanding how energy storage can support
grid integration and enhance renewable energy utilization.

Importance:
The System Advisor Model (SAM) is crucial for evaluating, planning, and
optimizing renewable energy systems. Its technical and financial modeling
capabilities offer insights that drive informed decision-making, promote
sustainable energy development, and contribute to the global transition toward a
cleaner energy future.

STEPS:

 Download SAM software from https.//sam.nrel.gov

 Follow all instructions and install SAM.

Fig: NERL SAM website

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 Fig: After Choosing the Download option

 Now Download exe, file with 61.36MB

Fig: SAM Registration Form

 Register your email ID and enter key which is sent to your
registered email ID.
 Click on confirm after filling details

Fig: SAM window for starting new project

 Choose a performance model, or financial model and simulate it.

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  Analyze the simulation results on the basis of any 10
performance characteristics.

Compare the potential and performance of the same technology at two

different locations:-

Location-1: Srinagar ,India

1. Load weather file for a location.

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 2. Performance Aspects :
Then going to system design and adjusting the angle of inclination and tilt, ground coverage
ratio, etc. according the the weather conditions of the place we have chosen
We can find various performance analysis by changing the 2 angle values.
The main parameters we can change from here are Capaity and Angle.

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 3. System design:
Then the installation costs panel we can change the expenditure and analyse the cost of the land
that we require to set up the pilot Plant.
Then based on our input cost and cost shown at the end of the simulation we get the idea about the
installation cost.

4. Installation costs

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 5. Operating costs
Then the operational cost we can add and put/input the value hare as gross value

6. Financial parameters
Financial parameters would be the interest rate, the age of plant, expected value of plant and
if we have taken loan then loan rate we can put here and the calculation can be done.
These inputs are important and the value i.e. the cost analysis of our simulated plant will
change

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 7. Simulate data for summary
And check which month we get maximum power output

The graph given below basically shows the power output produced by our simulated plant during
different time of day

The middle reddish yellow part is power during the mid day that is the highest

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 8. Cash flow data
Then the financial summary is given till 25 years because we have taken a loan for 25 years

9. Profile of each month

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 Data given by the SAM software for the city of Patna:
 Annual AC Energy in Year 1 (kWh):
This value represents the total amount of electrical energy generated by
the solar power plant in the first year of operation. It indicates the overall
output of the solar panels.

 Energy Yield in 1 Year (kWh/kW):

Energy yield is the amount of electricity generated per unit of DC
capacity. In this case, the solar power plant generates electricity for every
1 kW of DC capacity.

 DC Capacity Factor in Year 1 (%):

The DC capacity factor is a measure of how efficiently the solar panels
convert sunlight into electricity. It represents the actual energy output as a
percentage of the maximum possible output.

 LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy Nominal ($/kWh):

LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity) is the average cost per unit of
electricity generated over the project's lifetime, including all costs such as
capital, operations, and maintenance.

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  LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy Real ($/kWh):
LCOE adjusted for inflation and expressed in real terms.

 Electricity bill without system in Year 1($):

It is the Electricity bill that will we will have without using the system in
a year.

 Electricity bill with system in Year 1($):

It is the Electricity bill that will we will have with using the system in a
year.

 Net savings with system in Year 1($):

It is the net savings of ours while using the system in a year.

 Net present value($):

Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of
cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time.

 Net Capital Cost ($):

This is the total cost of building the solar power plant, accounting for
factors such as equipment, installation, and other associated costs, minus
any subsidies or incentives.

The data provided by the SAM software for the city of Patna gives insights into
the energy generation potential, financial aspects, and efficiency the PVWatts–
residential owner project. It includes information on energy production, costs,
pricing, and financial metrics that are essential for assessing the viability and
profitability of the PVWatts – residential owner project in Dehradun.

Conclusion & discussion:

In conclusion, the PVWatts - residential owner solar panel projects in Patna,
India, demonstrate the economic and environmental advantages of solar energy
adoption. Despite variations in solar irradiance between the
locations, areas exhibit substantial electricity bill savings, robust net present
values, and competitive Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) figures. Residents in
Patna can anticipate meaningful financial benefits and a reduced carbon
footprint by investing in solar panels. These findings underscore the value of
renewable energy solutions in different geographical settings and support the
global shift towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources.
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 Experiment 2 : Design a Solar Water Heater using
SAM Software

AIM: To design and analyze a solar water heater model using System Advisory Model
(SAM)software.

STEPS:

Shivani Singh – 21BCH097

Lcoe calculator for solar water heating

The LCOE Calculator uses the following equation to calculate the LCOE:
LCOE = ( FCR * TCC + FOC ) / AEP + VOC

For Allahabad location in Uttar Pradesh-

1) At 300 Kg/Day Load

2) At 200 Kg/Day Load

After making various changes in set of data we receive different LCOE to calculate at
different parameters

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 ((𝐹𝐶𝑅)∗(𝑇𝐶𝐶)+𝐹𝑂𝐶)
LCOE = 𝐴𝐸𝑃+𝑉𝑂𝐶
LCOE: Levelized cost of energy
FCR: Fixed charged rate

TCC: Total capital cost

FOC: Fixed annual operating cost
VOC: variable operating cost
AEP: Annual electricity production
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE):

The data provided by the SAM software's LCOE calculator for a solar water heater in the city of
Ahmedabad, showcasing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for different levels of average daily hot
water usage, reveals important insights into the economic viability of adopting solar water heating
technology. The following conclusions can be drawn from the data:

• The data demonstrates an inverse relationship between the average daily hot water usage and
the LCOE for the solar water heater. As the water demand increases, the LCOE decreases
significantly. This means that the cost of generating a unit of energy through the solar water
heater becomes more cost-effective with larger hot water demands.
• The decreasing trend in LCOE with increasing water demand suggests the presence of
economies of scale. This indicates that as the system size and energy output grow, the average
cost of producing energy decreases. Therefore, larger solar water heating systems tend to provide
better cost efficiency.
• The lower LCOE values for larger water demands suggest that solar water heaters become more
economically attractive as the scale of the system and corresponding energy generation
increases.
The decreasing LCOE emphasizes the importance of correctly sizing solar water heater
systems based on the specific hot water requirements of the user. Properly sizing the system to
meet the demand effectively can result in better cost savings over the system's lifetime.
• It also signifies the potential financial benefits of investing in solar water heating technology.
Not only does it offer the advantage of reducing energy bills, but it also contributes to reducing
carbon emissions by utilizing renewable energy for water heating.
• The data provides crucial information for individuals, businesses, and policymakers
considering the adoption of solar water heaters. It highlights the cost-effectiveness of larger
systems and encourages careful consideration of system sizing based on water demand.
In conclusion, the provided data underscores the economic feasibility of solar water heaters in the city of
Kanpur and other 3 places. The decreasing LCOE with increasing water demand indicates the potential
for substantial cost savings and encourages the adoption of solar water heating technology. This data
serves as a valuable reference for making informed decisions about investing in solar water heaters,
considering factors such as system size, energy savings, and long-term economic benefits.

Capacity factor:

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The data provided by the SAM software's LCOE calculator for a solar water heater in Ahmedabad,
showing the Capacity Factor for different levels of average daily hot water usage, offers insights into
the efficiency and utilization of the solar water heating technology. The following conclusions can be
drawn from the data:

• The data demonstrates a direct relationship between the average daily hot water usage and
the Capacity Factor of the solar water heater. As the water demand increases, the Capacity
Factor also increases proportionally

Conclusion:
The configuration with city of Kanpur, Ranchi, Patna and Rohtang in terms of both LCOE and
annual energy saved. This suggests that utilizing more load leads to improved economic viability and
greater energy output, resulting in better cost savings over the system's lifetime. However, it's
important to consider the initial investment and installation costs associated with additional
collectors when making decisions about system configuration. The higher Capacity Factor and other
parameter for the system as Heat capacity and heat loss of coefficient with 4 city suggests that the
design or alignment of the single collector configuration might be more optimized for solar energy
capture.
Therefore, while the system with variation in parameter offers higher energy output, additional
analysis might be necessary to understand factors affecting collector efficiency and cost-
effectiveness in the long run.

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