Chapter 5:

Các anten thông dụng

Lecturer: TA SON XUAT

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 Phân loại anten
❑ Dựa vào đặc tính điện (Electrical Property):
❑ Electrically small antenna (ka < 1)
❑ Anten cộng hưởng (resonant antennas)
❑ Anten băng rộng (Broadband antennas)
❑ Anten khẩu độ (Aperture antennas)

❑ Dựa vào cấu trúc vật lý (Physical structure):

❑ Anten dây (dipole, vòng, xoắn lò xo, …)
❑ Anten phẳng (mạch in, khe, …)
❑ Anten bề mặt (loa, phản xạ, ...)

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Phân loại anten

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Phân loại anten

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Phân loại anten

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Phân loại anten

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5.1. Anten dây

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5.1.1. Anten lưỡng cực (dipole)

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5.1.1. Anten lưỡng cực (dipole)

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 5.1.1. Anten lưỡng cực (dipole)
Anten dipole thường được tiếp điện bằng cáp đồng trục hoặc một số
đường truyền cao tần khác, như dây song hành và mạch in,

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 5.1.1. Anten lưỡng cực (dipole)
Impedance matching network is commonly named balun

Equivalent circuit of coax-fed dipole

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 5.1.1. Anten lưỡng cực (dipole)
Different baluns

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5.1.2. Anten vòng

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5.1.2. Anten vòng

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5.1.2. Anten vòng

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5.1.2. Anten vòng

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5.1.2. Anten vòng

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 5.1.2. Anten vòng
Radiation pattern for different lengths

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5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo (Helical)

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Radiation pattern:

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5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Normal mode:

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Normal mode:

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Axial mode:

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Axial mode:

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Axial mode:

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Axial mode:

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 5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo
Axial mode:

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5.1.3. Anten xoắn lò xo

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5.1.3. Anten xoắn ốc (Spiral)

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31
5.2. Anten khẩu độ

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5.2. Anten khẩu độ

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.1. Anten loa

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5.2.2. Anten loa tròn

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5.2.3. Standard horn Antennas

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45
5.3. Anten mạch in (Microstrip patch antennas)

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5.3. Anten mạch in (Microstrip patch antennas)

Also called “patch antennas”

Rectangular Square Circular Annular ring

Elliptical Triangular

Common Shapes 47
 5.3.1. Feeding methods
z
Coaxial Feed

r h
x

y
Note:
A feed along the centerline at y
= W/2 is the most common
Surface current
(this minimizes higher-order
modes and cross-pol).

Feed at (x0, y0) x 48

L
 5.3.1. Feeding methods
z
Coaxial Feed

r h
x

Advantages:
➢ Simple
y
➢ Directly compatible with coaxial cables
➢ Easy to obtain input match by adjusting feed position

( x0 , y0 )
W
Disadvantages:
➢ Significant probe (feed) radiation for thicker substrates
➢ Significant probe inductance for thicker substrates (limits bandwidth) x
➢ Not easily compatible with arrays L

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 5.3.1. Feeding methods
Inset Feed

Advantages: x0
➢ Simple
➢ Allows for planar feeding
Wf
➢ Easy to use with arrays
S W
➢ Easy to obtain input match Microstrip line

Disadvantages:
➢ Significant line radiation for thicker substrates
➢ For deep notches, patch current and radiation pattern may show distortion

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 5.3.1. Feeding methods
Proximity-coupled Feed
Advantages:
➢ Allows for planar feeding
➢ Less line radiation compared to microstrip feed (the line is closer to the ground
plane)
➢ Can allow for higher bandwidth (no probe inductance, so substrate can be
thicker)
Patch

Microstrip line

Top view Microstrip

line
Disadvantages:
➢ Requires multilayer fabrication
➢ Alignment is important for input match 51
 5.3.1. Feeding methods
Gap-coupled Feed
Advantages:
➢ Allows for planar feeding
➢ Can allow for a match even with high edge impedances, where a
notch might be too large (e.g., when using a high permittivity
substrate)

Gap Patch
Patch

Microstrip line
Top view Microstrip
line

Disadvantages:
➢ Requires accurate gap fabrication
➢ Requires full-wave design
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 5.3.1. Feeding methods
Aperture-coupled Patch (ACP)
Advantages:
➢ Allows for planar feeding
Slot
➢ Feed-line radiation is isolated from patch
radiation
➢ Higher bandwidth is possible since probe
inductance is eliminated (allowing for a thick
Top view Microstrip line
substrate), and also a double-resonance can
be created
➢ Allows for use of different substrates to
optimize antenna and feed-circuit performance
Patch

Disadvantages:
➢ Requires multilayer fabrication
Slot
➢ Alignment is important for input
match Microstrip line
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5.3.2. Basic Principles of Operation
➢ The basic principles are illustrated here for a rectangular patch,
but the principles apply similarly for other patch shapes.

➢ We use the cavity model to explain the operation of the patch

antenna.
z

h n̂

PMC

Y. T. Lo, D. Solomon, and W. F. Richards, “Theory and Experiment on Microstrip Antennas,”

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-27, no. 3 (March 1979): 137–145.

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5.3.2. Basic Principles of Operation
Main Ideas:
➢ The patch acts approximately as a resonant cavity (with perfect electric
conductor (PEC) walls on top and bottom, and perfect magnetic
conductor (PMC) walls on the edges).
➢ Radiation is accounted for by using an effective loss tangent for the
substrate.
➢ In a cavity, only certain modes are allowed to exist, at different resonance
frequencies.
➢ If the antenna is excited at a resonance frequency, a strong field is set up
inside the cavity, and a strong current on the (bottom) surface of the
patch. This produces significant radiation (a good antenna).

PMC
h n̂
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 5.3.3. General characteritics
Bandwidth
➢ The bandwidth is directly proportional to substrate thickness h.

➢ However, if h is greater than about 0.05 0 , the probe inductance

(for a coaxial feed) becomes large enough so that matching is
difficult – the bandwidth will decrease.

➢ The bandwidth is inversely proportional to r (a foam substrate

gives a high bandwidth).

➢ The bandwidth of a rectangular patch is proportional to the patch

width W (but we need to keep W < 2L ; see the next slide).

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 5.3.3. General characteritics
Resonant Input Resistance
➢ The resonant input resistance is fairly independent of the
substrate thickness h unless h gets small (the variation is then
mainly due to dielectric and conductor loss).

➢ The resonant input resistance is proportional to r.

➢ The resonant input resistance is directly controlled by the location

of the feed point (maximum at edges x = 0 or x = L, zero at center
of patch). y

(x0, y0)
W

L L
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x
 5.3.3. General characteritics
Radiation Efficiency
➢ Radiation efficiency is the ratio of power radiated into
space, to the total input power.

Pr
er =
Ptot

➢ The radiation efficiency is less than 100% due to

▪ Conductor loss
▪ Dielectric loss
▪ Surface-wave excitation*
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*assuming the substrate is infinite
 5.3.3. General characteritics
Radiation pattern
y
E-plane: co-pol is E

L H-plane: co-pol is E
Js

W
x E plane

Probe

Note:
For radiation patterns, it is usually more convenient to
place the origin at the middle of the patch
H plane (this keeps the formulas as simple as possible).

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 5.3.3. General characteritics
Radiation pattern
0 0

30 -30

-10 45 -10 -45

60 -20 -60 -20

-30 -30

-40 -30 -20 -10 -40 -30 -20 -10

90 -90 90 -90

120 240

135 225

150 210

180
Note: 180
The E-plane pattern “tucks in”
and tends to zero at the
horizon due to the presence of 60
the infinite substrate.
5.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Three main techniques:

1) Single feed with “nearly degenerate” eigenmodes (compact but

small CP bandwidth).

2) Dual feed with delay line or 90o hybrid phase shifter (broader CP
bandwidth but uses more space).

3) Synchronous subarray technique (produces high-quality CP

due to cancellation effect, but requires even more space).

The techniques will be illustrated with a rectangular patch.

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5.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna

Single Feed Method

(0,1)
The feed is on the diagonal.
The patch is nearly
(but not exactly) square. W
(1,0)

L W
L

Basic principle: The two dominant modes (1,0) and (0,1) are
excited with equal amplitude, but with a 45o phase.
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5.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Note: Diagonal modes are used as degenerate modes

y y

L L

x x
L L

Patch with slot Patch with truncated corners63

5.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna

Dual-Feed Method
y RHCP
Phase shift realized with delay line: L

P
L

P+g/4 64
5.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Phase shift realized with 90o quadrature hybrid (branchline coupler)

RHCP

Z0 Z0 / 2 Z0
Feed

g/4 Z0

50 Ohm load

g/4

This gives us a higher bandwidth than the simple

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power divider, but requires a load resistor.
5.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna

Multiple elements are rotated in space and fed with phase shifts.

-180o

-90o

-270o

0o
Because of symmetry, radiation from higher-order modes (or
probes) tends to be reduced, resulting in good cross-pol.
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 5.3.5. Multi-resonance antennas
Low-band

Low-band

Feed High-band Feed

Low-band

High-band

Dual-band E patch Dual-band patch with parasitic strip

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5.3.5. Multi-resonance antennas

U-Shaped Slot Double U-Slot

E Patch

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5.3.5. Multi-resonance antennas
Radiating Edges Gap Coupled Microstrip
Antennas (REGCOMA).

Non-Radiating Edges Gap Coupled

Microstrip Antennas (NEGCOMA)

Four-Edges Gap Coupled Microstrip

Antennas (FEGCOMA)

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 5.3.6. Miniaturization

High Permittivity

r = 1
r = 4
Size reduction

W W = W / 2
(Same aspect ratio)

L = L / 2

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 5.3.6. Miniaturization

Quarter-wave patch

Ez =0
Short-circuit vias
W W

L L = L / 2

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 5.3.6. Miniaturization

Planar Inverted F (PIFA)

Feed
Top view
Shorting strip or
via

A single shorting strip or via is used.

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 5.3.6. Miniaturization

Slotted Patch

Top view

0o 90o

Linear CP

The slot forces the current to flow through a longer path,

increasing the effective dimensions of the patch.
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 5.3.6. Miniaturization

Meandering

Via

Feed

Feed Via

Meandered quarter-wave patch Meandered PIFA

▪ Meandering forces the current to flow through a longer path,

increasing the effective dimensions of the patch.

▪ Meandering also increases the capacitance of the PIFA line.

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75
 5.4. Anten khe
Radiation pattern of slot
and dipole

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 5.4. Anten khe
Dipole and slot

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 5.4. Anten khe
Different slots

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5.4. Anten khe

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5.5. Anten mảng

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5.5. Anten mảng

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5.5.1 Anten mảng khe

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5.5.2. Anten Yagi-Uda

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5.5.2. Yagi-Uda Antennas

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5.5.2. Yagi-Uda Antennas

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86
5.6. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.1. Anten phản xạ

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5.6.2. Anten mảng phản xạ

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5.7. Anten thấu kính

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5.7.1. Anten thấu kính điện môi

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5.7.2. Anten thấu kính phẳng

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5.7.2. Transmitarray Antennas

102
5.8. Monopole Antennas

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5.8. Monopole Antennas

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105
5.9. Anten lưỡng cực chéo (crossed dipole)
Di
po

4
le

?/
#2

1/4 wave
phasing
line
#1
e
ol
ip
D

x y

G. H. Brown, Electronics, 1936.

106
 5.9. Crossed Dipole Antennas

Zhang et al., IEEE Antennas Scappuzzo et al., IEEE Trans.

Wireless Propag. Lett., 2012. Antennas Propag., 2009.

Qu et al., IEEE Trans. Choi et al., IEEE Antennas 107

Antennas Propag., 2010. Wireless Propag. Lett., 2013.
5.9. Anten lưỡng cực chéo (crossed dipole)

JEES, 2013. Electronics Letters, 2012.

IEEE AP, 2013.