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gbg;Gk; tpisahl;Lk; Foe;ijfspd; ,U fz;fs;

NMMS STUDY MATERIALS
vl;lhk; tFg;G
r%f mwptpay;
nkhfyhah;fs; tUif
1. nly;yp Nguurpd; filrp Ry;jhd; ,g;uh`pk; Nyhb.
2. ghgiu ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f tUk;gb mioj;j gQ;rhg; MSeh;
njsyj;fhd; Nyhb.
3. ghghpd; KOngah; [hfpUjpd; Kfk;kJ ghgh;.gpwe;j Mz;L fp.gp.1483.
4. ghghpd; gpwe;j ,lk; kj;jpa MrpahtpYs;s gh;fhdh.
5. ghgh; fp.gp.1494 ,y; jdJ 11 tajpy; mhpaid Vwpdhh;.
6. Kjyhk; ghdpgl; Nghh; eilg;ngw;w Mz;L fp.gp.1526.
7. Kjyhk; ghdpgl; Nghhpy; ghgh; ,g;uh`pk; Nyhbia Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
8. ghgh; ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fspd; murd; uhzhrq;fhit fp.gp.1527 y; fhd;th
Nghh;fsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
9. ghgh; khstj;ij Ml;rp nra;j murd; Nkjpdpuhia fp.gp.1528 y; re;Njhp
Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
10. ghgh; fp.gp.1529 y; fhf;uh Nghhpy; KfkJ Nyhbia Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
11. ghgh; NguuR fpof;Nf gPfhh; Nkw;Nf gQ;rhg; fhG+y; fhe;jfhh; kw;Wk;
gjf;\hd; tiu gutpaJ.
12. ghgh; jdJ 47tJ tajpy; fp.gp.1530 y; ,we;jhh;.
13. ghgh; ,we;j gpwF ckhA+d; Kfyha Nguurpd; murdhdh;.
14. ghgh; jd; Rarhpijia JUf;fpa nkhopapy; vOjpAs;shh;.
15. ghgh; vOjpa Rarhpijapd; ngah; JRf;-fp-ghghp (m) ghghpd; epidTfs;.
16. ckhA+d; rNfhjuh;fs; fhk;uhd; m];fhhp kw;Wk; `pz;lhy; Mthh;fs;.
17. fp..gp.1539 Mk; Mz;L nrsrh vd;w ,lj;jpy; ckhA+d; n\h;fhdplk;

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18.

19.
20.
Njhw;whh;.
ckhA+d; mkpjhghD Ngfj;jpd; kfdhf fp.gp.1542 y; mkuf;Nfhl;ilapy;
mf;gh; gpwe;jhh;.
ckhA+d; vd;why; mjpH\;lrhyp vd;W nghUs;.
n\h;\htpd; cz;ikahd ngah; /ghPj; cN\d; vd;gthpd; kfdhf
fp.gp.1472 y; gpwe;jhh;.
21. n\h;\hthy; epWtg;gl;l NguuR #h; tk;rk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
22. n\h;\htpd; epy rPh;jpUj;jj;jpy; murpd; gq;F tpisr;rypy; %d;wpy; xU
gq;F epu;zak; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
23. mf;gupd; Kd;Ndhb vd miof;fg;gLgth; n\h;\h Mthh;.
24. n\h;\h myhTjpd; fpy;[p gpd;gw;wpa ,uhZt Kiwapd; Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fis gpd;gw;wpdhh;.
25. ehzaq;fspy; n\h;\h jdJ ngaiu Njtefphp vOj;jpy;
nghwpf;fr;nra;jhh;.
26. etPd ehza Kiwapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;lth; n\h;\h Mthh;.
27. n\h;\h gPfhhpYs;s rrhuk; efhpy; jdJ fy;yiuia ,e;jpa -,];yhkpa
fl;lff;fiy ghz;apy; cUthf;fpdhh;.
28. n\h;\h nly;ypapy; Gfo;ngw;w Guhzfpyh vdw rpwe;j fl;llj;ij
cUthf;fpdhh;.
29. mf;gh; fp.gp.1542 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 23 Mk; ehs; jdJ 13 tajpy;
mhpaid Vwpdhh;.
30. mf;ghpd; ghJfhg;ghsuhf ckhA+dhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lth; iguhk;fhd;.
31. mf;ghpd; tsh;g;Gj;jha; kfhk;mdhfh Ml;rpf;fhyk; me;jg;Gu murhq;f
fhyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
32. mf;gh; [pah kw;Wk; Gdpj gaz thpapid uj;J nra;jhh;.
33. mGy; ghry; mapdp mf;ghp kw;Wk; mf;gh; ehkh vd;w tuyhw;W Gfo;kpf;f
Ey;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
34. mf;gh; mitia myq;fhpj;j rpwe;j ,irQhdp jhd;Nrd;.
35. fp.gp.1575 Mk; Mz;L ,ghjj; fhdh vd;w njhOif ,y;yj;ij fl;bdhh;.
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36. mf;gh; fp.gp. 1582 Mk; Mz;L jPd; ,yh`p vd;Dk; nja;tf P kjj;jpid
cUthf;fpdhh;.
37. kd;rg;jhhp Kiw Kfyhahpd; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thf Kiwf;F
mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.
38. kd;rhg; vd;why; juk; my;yJ jFjp vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
39. mf;ghpd; %j;j kfd; ryPk [`hq;fPh; (m) cyfpid nty;gth; vd;w
rpwg;G ngah; cz;L.
40. fp.gp.1615 Mk; mz;L #uj; efhpy; Mq;fpNyah; tzpfk; nra;a rh; jhk];
Nuh [`hq;fPhplk; mDkjp ngw;whh;.
41. [`hq;fPhpd; Rarhpijapd; ngah; JRf; , [`hq;fphp.
42. [`hq;fPh; ePjp toq;f ePjpr;rq;fpyp kzp vd;w Gjpa Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
43. ePjpkzp \hgh;[; muz;kidapd; xU Kidapy; fl;lg;gl;L kWKid
aKid Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;Js;s fy; J}zpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
44. fp.gp.1611 y; [`hq;fPiu nkfUd;dp\h (E}h;[`hd;) kze;jhh;.
45. E}h;[`hd; muz;kidapd; xsp (m) cyfpd; xsp vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah;
ngw;whh;.
46. fp.gp.1611 Kjy; fp.gp.1626 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpid E}h;[`hdpd; fhyk;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
47. FU mu;[d P ; Njt; Ie;jhtJ rPf;fpa FU Mthh;.
48. [`hq;fPhpd; kfdhd Fh;uk; tuyhw;wpy; \h[`hd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
49. cyfpd; murd; vd miof;fg;gl;lth; \h[`hd;.
50. \h[`hdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; nkhfyhah;fspd; nghw;fhyk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
51. \h[`hd; fl;bl fiyapd; ,sturh; vd;Wk; nghwpahsh; Nguurh; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
52. \h[`hd; by;ypapy; fz;iz ftuf;$ba nrq;Nfhl;il kw;Wk; [{k;kh

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k#jpia fl;bdhh;.
53. [{k;kh k#jp cyfpNyNa kpfg; nghpa gs;spthrypy; xd;whf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
54. cyf Gfo;ngw;w jh[;k`hiy fl;bath; \h[`hd; Mthh;.
55. jh[;k`hiy fl;ba jiyik rpw;gpapd; ngah; c];jj;.
56. jh[;k`hy; \h[`hdpd; kidtp Kk;jh[pd; epidthff; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
56. Myk;fPh; vd;w rpwg;Gg;gl;lj;jid ngw;wth; xsuq;frPg; Mthh;.
57. Xd;gjhtJ rPf;fpa FUtpd; ngah; Nj[;gfJ}h; Mthh;.
58. jf;fhz Gw;WNeha; vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; rpth[p Mthh;.
59. fp.gp.1797 Mk; Mz;L xsuq;frPg; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
60. Nkhfyha Nguurpid Kw;wpYkhf mopTwr; nra;jth; ehjph;\h kw;Wk;
mfkJ\h mg;jhypapd; gilnaLg;GfshFk;.
kuhj;jpah;fs;
61. jf;fhzk; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh kiyg;gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kf;fs; kuhj;jpah;fs; vd
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
62. kuhj;jpah;fs; nfhhpy;yh vd;w Nghh; Kiwia ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
63. nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiw vd;gJ Kiwrhuh Nghh; Kiw MFk;.
64. rpth[p fp.gp. 1627 y; G+dhtpw;F mUfpYs;s rptNdhpNfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jhh;.
65. rpth[papd; fhg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jth; jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt;.
66. gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdhy; rpth[pia nfhy;tjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;lth; mg;ry;fhd;.
67. Xsuq;frPghy; rpth[pia nfhy;tjw;fhf Kjyhtjhf mDg;gg;gl;lth; nra;];lfhd;.
68. Xsuq;frPghy; rpth[pia nfhy;tjw;fhf ,uz;lhtjhf mDg;gg;gl;lth; uh[h
n[a;rpq;.
69. Xsuq;frPg; kw;Wk; rpth[pf;F ,ilNa fp.gp.1665 Mk; Mz;L Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if
Vw;gl;lJ.
70. rpth[pia kiy vyp (m) jf;fhz Gw;WNeha; vd;W miog;ghh;.
71. fp.gp. 1674 y; nua;fhh; Nfhl;ilapy; rpth[p rj;jpugjp rpth[p vd gl;lk;
#l;bf;nfhz;lhh;.
72. rpth[p 8 egh;fis nfhz;l m\;lg;gpujhd; vd;w mikr;ruitia cUthf;fpdhh;.
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73. rpth[p Nguurpd; gpujk mikr;rh; gP\;th vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

74. rpth[p Nguurpd; fhyKiw mikr;rh; ke;jpup vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;
75. rpth[p Nguurpd; cs;Jiw mikr;rh; rr;rPth vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;
76. rpth[p Nguurpd; ntspAwT mikr;rh; Rke;j; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;
77. rpth[p Nguurpd; ,uhZt mikr;rh; Nrdhjpgjp vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
78. rpth[p Nguurpd; epjp mikr;rh; mkj;jpah vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;
79. rpth[p Nguurpd; rkaj; jiyth; gz;bl;uht; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
80. rpth[p Nguurpd; jiyik ePjpgjp epahajP\; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld;.
81. rpth[papd; NguuR Rauh[;ak; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
82. kuhl;bah;fs; Nfhl;ilfisj; jhahf fUjpdhh;.
83. rpth[pf;F gpwF rpth[papd; %j;jkfd; rhk;gh[p nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
84. fp.gp.1713 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; kuhj;jpa Nguurpy; gP\;thf;fspd; Ml;rp njhlq;fpaJ.
85. kuhj;jpa kd;dh; \hFtpd; Ml;rpf;Fg;gpd; Kjy; gP\;ththf ghyh[p tp];tehj;
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
86. kuhj;jpa Nguurpd; ,uz;lhtJ gP\;th gh[puht;.
87. gP\;th gh[puht; Kw;Nghf;F nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpdhh;.
88. khj;jpah;fis rPu;Fiyj;j Mg;fhdpa muru; mfkJ\h mg;jhyp
89. %d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L fp.gp. 1761.
90.. ghurPfj;jpd; ehjpu;\h fp.gp.1739 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.
91. Nfh`pD}h; ituj;ij nfhs;isabj;jth; ehjph;\h.
92. ehjph;\htpd; gilnaLg;G ,e;jpahit ,uj;j G+kpahf khw;wpaJ.
93. rpthIp fhyj;jpy; rTj;, rh;Nj\;Kfp Nghd;w thpfs; t#ypf;fg;gl;ld.
INuhg;gpah;fs; tUif
94. fp.gp.1453 Mk; Mz;L Ml;Nlhkhdpa JUf;fpah;fs; fhz;];lhz;bNehgps; efuj;ij
ifg;gw;wp INuhg;gpah;fSf;F ,ilAW Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
95. ,e;jpahtpw;F Gjpa fly;top fz;Lgpbg;gpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; Kjypy; <Lgl;lth;

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INuhg;gpah;fs; Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fs;.
96. Nghh;j;JfPrpa kd;dh; n`d;wp khYkp n`d;wp vd Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
97. Kjd; Kjypy; fly; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;j;JfPrpa khYkp ghh;j;jNyhkpNah
la]; Mz;L fp.gp. 1487.
98. ghh;j;jNyhkpNah la]; Kjd; Kjypy; te;jile;j Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; njd;Nfhb Kid
Gay; Kid (m) ed;dk;gpf;if Kid vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
99. Nghh;j;JfPrpa khYkp th];Nfhlfkh ,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nfhb Kidahd Nfhopf;NfhL
(fs;spf;Nfhl;il) te;jile;j Mz;L Nk 27 1498.
100. th];Nfhlfkhit tuNtw;w ,e;jpa kd;dh; rhkhpd;.
101. Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fs; thzpgj;jsq;fis mikj;j ,lq;fs; fs;spf;Nfhl;il nfhr;rpd;
fz;Z}h;.
102. Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fspd; thzpgj;ij ftdpf;f epakpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; MSeh; gpuhd;rp];Nfh-
B-my;nka;lh.
103. gpuhd;rp];Nfh-B-my;nka;lh ePyepwf;nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpdhh;.
104. gpuhd;rp];Nfh-B-my;nka;lh fp.gp.1509 Mk; Mz;L vfpg;jpah;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
105. Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fspd; thzpgj;ij ftdpf;f epakpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ MSeh;
my;Nghd;N] –b-my;Gfh;f;
106. my;Nghd;N] –b-my;Gfh;f; fp.gp.1510 Mk; Mz;L gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J Nfhthit
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
107.. Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fs; jiyefuk; Nfhth.
108.. Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fs; ghurPf tis$lhtpy; Mh;k;]; vd;w ,lj;jpy; JiwKfj;ij
fl;bdhh;.
109. fp.gp 1580 Mk; Mz;L Nghh;rR ; f;fy; ];ngapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jJ.
110. Nghh;j;JfPrpah;fs; ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfs; ilA+ lhkd; gk;gha; ,yq;if rhy;nrl; g]pd;
`Pf;sp.
111. fp.gp. 1602 Mk; Mz;L `hye;J kf;fs; midtUk; xd;WNrh;e;J lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpia epWtpdh;.
112. lr;R fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplk; Gypfl; (v) goNtw;fhL Mz;L fp.gp.1610
113. mk;gha;dh gLnfhiy ele;j Mz;L fp.gp.1623.
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114. mk;gha;dh gLnfhiyapy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lth;fs; Mq;fpNya

tpahghhpfs;.
115. fp.gp. 1588 Mk; Mz;L cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa Nghh;f;fg;gyhd ];ghdpa Mh;klh vd;w
fg;giy Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhw;fbj;jdh;.
116. fp.gp.1608 Mk; Mz;L ,q;yhe;J ehl;il Mz;l kd;dh; Kjyhk; N[k;];.
117. fp.gp.1615 Mk; Mz;L [`hq;fPhplk; tpahghuk; nra;tjw;F mDkjp ngw;w Mq;fpNyah;
rh;jhk]; Nuh.
118. nrd;id efiu cUthf;fpa Mq;fpNya mjpfhhp gpuhd;]p]; N;l Mz;L fp.gp.1639
119. Mq;fpNyah;fs; fp.gp.1640 Mk; Mz;L Gdpj [hh;r; Nfhl;ilia fl;bdh;.
120. fy;fj;jhtpy; tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il %d;whk; tpy;ypak; epidthf fl;lg;gl;lJ.
121. nld;khh;f; ehl;il Nrh;e;jth;fs; Nldpah;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
122. Nldpah;fs; fp.gp.1620 Mk; Mz;L juq;fk;ghbapYk; fp.gp.1676 Mk; Mz;L
tq;fhsj;jpYs;s rPuhk;G+hpy; thzpg ikaq;fis epWtpdh;.
123. gpnuQ;R kd;dh; 14Mk; Y}apd; mikr;rh; fhy;gh;l; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia
fp.gp.1664 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; epWtpdh;.
124. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; fp.gp.1664 y; #uj;jpYk; fp.gp.1669 y; k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; thzpg
jsq;fis epWtpdh;.
125. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; jiyikaplk; ghz;br;Nrhp.
126. Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L fp.gp.1600
127. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; fp.gp.1725 y; kh`piaAk; fp.gp.1739 y; fhiuf;fhiyAk;
thzpgjskhf;fpdhh;fs;.
128. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; Kjy; fth;dh; bA+g;Ns Mthh;
Mq;fpy – gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fg;Nghl;b(fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs;)
129. Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w M];jphpa thhpRhpik Nghhpd;
gpujpgypg;ghFk;.
130. Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; eilg;ngw;w Mz;L fp.gp.1746 Kjy; fp.gp.1748 tiu MFk;.
131. Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghhpd;NghJ nkhhprpa]; fth;duhf ,Ue;jth; yhNghh;nlhdha;];.

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132. Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; ma;yh \Ngy; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb Kbtile;jJ.
133. ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; eilg;ngw;w Mz;L fp.gp.1748 Kjy; fp.gp.1754 tiu MFk;.
134. Mw;fhl;L tPuu; vd miof;fg;gl;lth; ,uhgh;l; fpist; Mthh;.
135. bA+g;NsTf;F gpwF gpnuQ;R jsgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lth; jsgjp Nfhj;A+.
136. ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F ngUk; ntw;wpiaAk;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSf;F rhpitAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
137. ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; fp.gp.1755 y; ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;ifapd;gb Kbtile;jJ.
138. KfkJ mypia Mh;f;fhl;bd; ethg;ghf Mq;fpNyah;fSk; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fSk;
mq;fPfupj;jdh;.
139. %d;whtJ fh;ehlfg; Nghh; eilg;ngw;w Mz;L fp.gp.1756 Kjy; fp.gp.1763 tiu MFk;.
140. gpnuQ;Rg;gilia fp.gp.1760 Mk; Mz;L te;jthrp Nghh;fsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;j
Mq;fpNya jsgjp rh; mah;$l;.
141. %d;whtJ fh;ehlfg; Nghh; fp.gp.1763 y; ghhp]; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb Kbtile;jJ.
142. fp.gp.1757 y; nkhfyha Nguuir Nrh;e;j tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;ghd rpuh[;- cj;-
njsytpw;Fk; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w Nghh; gpshrpg; Nghh;.
143. rpuh[;- cj;-njsy fy;fj;jhtpy; Mq;fpNyah;fis milj;J itj;j nfhd;w epfo;T
fy;fj;jh ,Ul;liw Jau rk;gtk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
144. Mq;fpNta fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; nghk;ikahf nray;gl;l tq;fhd fth;dh;
kPh;[hgh;.
145. gf;]hh; Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L fp.gp.1764 mf;Nlhgh; 24.
146. fp.gp.1764 Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;duhf nghWg;Ngw;wth; ,uhgh;l; fpist;.
147. KjyhtJ Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L fp.gp.1767 Kjy; fp.gp.1769 tiu.
148. fp.gp.1756 Mk; Mz;L i`jh; myp kw;Wk; ep[hik nrq;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhw;fbj;jdh;.
149. i`jh; myp gpwe;j Mz;L fp.gp.1722 y; ik#hpy; gpwe;jhh;.
150. fh;ehlfj;jpd; jiyefuk; Mw;fhL.
151. gf;]hh; Nghh; Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia ,e;jpahtpy; cah; mjpfhu
epWtdkhf khwpaJ.
152. nkhhp\pa]; fth;dh; yhNghh;nlhdha;]; Mthh;.
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153. fk;ngdp Copah;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; tpjitfSf;F cjt fpistpd; epjp xd;iw
cUthf;fpdhh;.
154. fy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpy; cs;s fpuhkk; gpshrp MFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp
155. fp.gp.1772 ,y; tq;fhs fth;duhf thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.;
156. Mq;fpy ghuhSkd;wk; fp.gp.1773,y; xOq;FKiwr;rl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
157. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp vyp[h ,k;Ng
158. fp.gp.1784 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNya gpujkh; ,isa gpl; vd;gth; gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lj;ij
nfhz;L te;jhh;.
159. ,uhgh;l; fpist; tq;fhyj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwia nfhz;L te;jhh;.
160. ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwia xopj;jth; thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG.
161. mq;fpy murpd; fUT+yk; Kh;\Pjhghj;jpypUe;J fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
162. fy;fj;jhtpy; rhjh; jpthdp mjhyj; (rptpy;) rhjh; ep[hkj; mjhyj; (rptpf;];) vd;w
,U ePjpkd;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
163. thud; N`];Bq;]; gpuG tUtha;Jiwia Nkk;gLj;j nfhy;fj;jhtpy; tUtha;j;Jiwf;
fofk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
164. thud; N`];Bq;]; gpuG ,];yhkpa fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F fp.gp.1781 y; kjuh]h fy;tp
epWtdj;ij nfhy;fj;jhtpy; epWtpdhh;.
165. Nuh`py;yh;fs; Mg;fhdpa kf;fs; Mthh;
166. Nuh`py;yhg; Nghh; fp.gp.1774 y; eilg;ngw;wJ.
167. thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG jdJ gilia mDg;gp Nuh`py;yhf;fis Njhw;fbj;J
Nuh`py;fz;l;il mNahj;jpAld; ,izj;jhh;.
168. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNya –ik#h; Nghh; KbTf;F nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd cld;gbf;if
kq;fSh; cld;gbf;if Mz;L fp.gp.1784.
169. i`jh; mypf;F Kf;fpa gFjpahf tpsq;fpa gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
,Ue;j kh`pia Mq;fpNyah;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;.
170. fp.gp.1781 y; Nghh;l;Nlh Nehth vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Mq;fpNya gilj;jsgjpahd rh;

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mah;$l; i`jh; mypia Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
171. KjyhtJ Mq;fpNya- kuhj;jpa Nghh; fp.gp. 1782 y; rhy;ig cld;gbf;ifapd;gb
Kbtile;jJ.
172. i`jh; mypapd; kfd; jpg;GRy;jhd; Mthh;.
fhud;thyp]; gpuG (fp.gp.1786-fp.gp.1793)
173. fhud; thyp]; gpuG fp.gp.1786 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
174. fhud; thyp]; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; RNjr rhk;uh[paj;jpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifiag;
gpd;gw;w Kad;whh;;
175. fp.gp.1793 Mk; Mz;L fhud; thyp]; gpuG epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;ij tq;fhsj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
176. fhud; thyp]; gpuG ,e;jpaf; Fbikapay; gzpapd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.
177. fp.gp.1791 Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpy; fhty; Jiw Mizah; epakdk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
178. fp.gp.1793 Mk; Mz;L fhud; thyp]; rl;lj;njhFg;gpid rh; [hh;[; ghh;Nyh vd;gth;
njhFj;J ntspapl;lhh;.
179. jpg;G Ry;jhd; i`jh;; mypapd; kfdhf fp.gp. 1753 y; gpwe;jhh;.
180. ePyfphpAs;s J}h;f; Nfhl;il jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Gfo;ngw;w Nfhl;ilahFk;.
181. jpg;G Ry;jhd; ik#hpd; Gyp vd ngUikAld; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
182. i`jh; myp jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,UtUk; ,we;jgpd; rPuq;fg;gl;bdj;jpy; mlf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
183. jpg;G Ry;jhd; Mq;fpNyahpd; el;G ehlhd jpUthq;$iu jhf;fpdhh;.
184. Mq;fpNyag; gil ngq;fSiu ifg;gw;wp rPuq;fg;gl;bdj;jpw;FmUNf jpg;G Ry;jhid
Njhw;fbj;jJ
185. fp.gp.1792 Mk; Mz;L ifnahg;gkhd rPuq;fg;gl;bd mikjp xg;ge;jk; %d;whtJ ik#h;
Nghhpid KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;jJ.
186. Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpa mq;fpNya MSeh; nty;ny];yp gpuG .

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187. nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Kjy; ,e;jpa murh; i`juhghj;

ep[hk; Mthh;.
188. i`juhghj; ep[hk; ngy;yhhp flg;gh mde;jG+h; kw;Wk; fh;Dhy; gFjpfis Mq;fpNyahplk;
xg;gilj;jhh;.
189. ehd;fhtJ Mq;fpy-ik#h; Nghh; Vw;g;gl;l Mz;L fp.gp.1799.
190. ik#h; muR gioa ,e;J tk;r kd;dh; FLk;gj;jy; gpwe;j fpU\;z vd;gthplk; jpUk;g
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
191. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNya kuhj;jpa Nghh; jsgjp Mh;jh; jiyikapy; fp.gp.1803 y; mNe
kw;Wk; Mhpfd; ,lq;fspy; kuhj;jpah;fis Njhw;fbj;jJ.
192. nty;ny];yp gpuG Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia ,e;jpahtpy; typik kpFe;j
murpay; rf;jpahf khw;wpdhh;.
193. nty;ny];yp gpuG fp.gp. 1796 y; jiyik MSdh; Mdhh;.
khh;Ftp]; N`];bq;]; (fp.gp 1813-fp.gp. 1823)
194. nty;ny];yp gpuG njhlh;e;J khh;Ftp]; N`];bq;]; tq;fhsj;jpd; jiyik MSduhf
nghWg;Ngw;whh;
195. khh;Ftp]; N`];bq;]; 1813 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar;rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhh;.
196. Neghsj;ij Nrh;e;j $h;ff ; h; ,dj;jiyth; mkh;rpq;if Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhw;fbj;jdh;.
197. fp.gp.1816 Mk; Mz;L $h;f;fh;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fNshL rnfssp mikjp cld;gbf;ifapy;
ifnahg;gkpl;ldh;.
198. ehd;fhk; mq;fpNya kuhj;jpa Nghh; fp.gp 1817 Mk; Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy eilg;ngw;w.J.
199. kuhl;baj;ij Mz;l rj;ugjp rpth[papd; thhprhd gpujhg; rpq;if muruhf Mq;Nyah;
epakpj;jdh;.
200. N`];bq;]; tl;lhu nkhopg;gj;jpupf;if jilr;rl;lj;ij ePf;fp rkhr;rhh; gj;jpupf;if vd;w
nra;jpj;jhs; ntsptu fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.
201. N`];bq;]; nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
202. tq;fhsj;jpy; Fj;jif rl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jth; N`];bq;];.

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203. Neghsj;jpd; jiyefuk; fhj;khz;l;.
ts Mjhuq;fSk; mjd; tiffSk;
204. ekJ Gtpf;Nfhs; %d;W Kf;fpa $Wfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.mit
(1)ghiwf;Nfhsk; (m) epyk; (2) ePh;f;Nfhsk; (m) ePh; (3)tspf;Nfhsk; (m)fhw;W
205. ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ve;j xU nghUSk; kdpjDf;F gaDs;sjhf ,Ug;gpd; ts
Mjhuk; vdg;gLk;.
206. ts Mjhuq;fNs ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
207. kf;fshy; gad;gLj;j Kbahj #oypYs;s ts Mjhuq;fs; ,ayhw;wy; ts Mjhuq;fs;
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
208. ,ayhw;wy; ts Mjhuq;fSf;F v.fh. irgPhpah mz;lhh;bf;fh Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; ts Mjhuq;fs;.
209. kdpjh;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ts Mjhuq;fs; tsh;r;rpAw;w ts Mjhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.epyf;fhp ,Uk;G Nghd;w jhJf;fs;.
210. GJgpj;jy; mbg;gilapy; ts Mjhuq;fis ,uz;L tifahf gphpf;fyhk;.
211. GJgpf;f ,ayhj ts Mjhuq;fs; tw;wf;$ba ts Mjhuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
212. GJgpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fspd; ,Ug;G eph;zapf;fg;gl;litahFk;.
213. Gtpapd; fdpkr;Ruq;fq;fspypUe;J xUKiw ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;lit kPz;Lk; ek;khy; GJgpf;f
,ayhJ.
214. cNyhff;fdpkq;fs; vd;gJ cNyhfj; jhJf;fs; mlq;fpa %yg;nghUl;fshFk;.
215. cNyhfkw;w fdpkq;fs; vd;gJ cNyhfj; jhJf;fs; mw;w %yg;nghUl;fshFk;.
216. vupnghUs; fdpkq;fs; vd;gJ vhpf;Fk; Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; MFk;.
217. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F me;ehl;bd; vupnghUs; fdpkq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wd.
218. njhopw;rhiyfs; tPLfs; mYtyfq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; nray;ghLfSf;F vupnghUs;
fdpkq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
219. epyf;fhp vz;nza; ,aw;ifthA kw;Wk; mZrf;jp Nghd;wit tpiutpy; jPh;e;J NghFk;
GJgpf;f ,ayhj ts Mjhuq;fs; MFk;.
220. epyf;fhpia Gij vhpnghUs; vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;.

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221. cyfpd; kpf Kf;fpa epyf;fhp tay;fs; cs;s ,lq;fs; mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehL, u\;ah,
n[h;kdp, If;fp muR.
222. jkpo;ehl;by; nea;Ntypapy; ypf;idl; (v) gOg;G epyf;fhp ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpwJ
223. vz;nza; flYf;fbapYs;s gbTg;ghiwfshd Nrw;Wkz;gbTfs; nkd;fspfy; kzw;ghiw
Nghd;w mLf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd;
224. vz;nza; mLf;fpw;F Nky; ,Nyrhd i`l;Nuhfhh;gd; ,aw;if thA tbtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
225. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa Kk;ig i` vd;Dk; vz;nza; tay; flw;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
226. jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphp nly;lh gFjpapy; vz;nza; tsk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
227. mZrf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gad;gLk; fdpkq;fs; ANudpak; Njhhpak;.
228. ANudpak; mjpf msT fhzg;gLk; ehLfs; ekPgpah f[f];jhd; fdlh .
229. cyfpNyNa mjpf msT (30%) mZrf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL mnkhpf;fIf;fpa ehL.
230. mZrf;jp vhpnghUis mjpf mstpy; (90%) gad;gLj;Jk; ehL gpuhd;];.
231. ,e;jpahtpYs;s mZrf;jp epiyaq;fs; nrd;id, ,uh[];jhd,; fha;fh, jhuhg;G+h,; fhf;uhgh,;
eNuhuh..
232 GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtJld; njhlh;e;J ,aw;ifahf
GJgpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
233 GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fSf;F v.fh fhw;whw;wy,; ePh;kpd;rf;jp, #hpa Mw;wy; ,caphp
Mw;wy;.
234. cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ePh;kpd;rf;jp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; rPdhtpd; ahq;brp Mw;wpd;
Kg;gs;sj;jhf;F Mid.
235. ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;nghpa kpd;rf;jp epiyak; gf;uheq;fy; mizapy; cs;sJ.
236. xspkpd; Nthy;lh kpd;fyk; #hpa rf;jpia Nrkpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
237. cyfpy; mjpf msT #hpa Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL n[h;kdp
238. #hpa Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;a VJthd #oy; madkz;ly #oy;
239. fhw;whw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;a tpirg;nghwp cUis (turbine) gad;gLfpwJ.
240. fhw;W Mw;wiy mjpf msT gad;gLj;Jk; fz;lk; INuhg;gh .

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241. nld;khh;ff; pd; 20% fhw;W Mw;wy; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
242. cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa fhw;whiy epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpYs;s
Muhy;tha;nkhop.
243. jw;NghJ caphp Mw;wYf;F Kf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; fUk;G kw;Wk; Mkzf;F.
244. Xh; ,lj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w ts Mjhuq;fis nghWj;J kdpjh;fspd; njhopy;fs;
eph;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ts Mjhuq;fs; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSk;
245. kdpjh;fspd; njhopy;fis ngWtjw;F vLf;fg;gLk; gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffs; vdg;gLk;.
246. ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Ie;J gphpTfshf
gpupf;fyhk;.
247. Kjy;epiyj; njhopy;fspy; kdpjh;fs; ,aw;if ts Mjhuq;fNshL Nehpilahf ,ize;J
nray;gLfpd;wd.
248. Kjy;epiyj; njhopy;fs; gioikahd njhopy; eltbf;if vdyhk;.
249. Kjy;epiyj; njhopy;fspy; <LgLgth;fis rptg;G fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs; vd;W
miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
250. Kjy;epiyj; njhopy;fs; vd;gJ czT Nrfhpj;jy,; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy,;
fhy;eilfis Nka;j;jy,; fdpkq;fis ntl;bnaLj;jy; , kPd;gpbj;jy,; kuk; ntl;Ljy,;
Ntshz;ik. .
251. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fis ePy fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs; vd;W
miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
252. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs; vd;gJ fUk;gpypUe;J rf;fiu, ,Uk;gpypUe;J ,Uk;G, v/F
Nghd;witahFk;.
253. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fis ntsph;rptg;G fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;
vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
254. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fs; tq;fp Copah;fs; njhopy;El;g gzpahsh;fs;
MFk;.
255. ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fis nts;is fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs; vd;W
miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
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256. ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fs; kUj;Jtk; nghOJNghf;F Nfspf;iffs;

epu;thfk; Muha;rr; p kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Mfpatw;wpy; gzpGhpgth;fs; Mthh;.
257. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fis jq;f fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs; vd;W
miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
258. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fs; MNyhrid toq;FNthh; kw;Wk; jpl;lk;
tFg;N;ghh; Mthh;.
259. tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fSk; tsh;r;rpaile;j
ehLfspy; %d;W ehd;F kw;Wk; Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopy;fspYk; <LgLfpd;wd.

Kjy;epiyj; njhopy; I
Kjy;epiyj; njhopypd; tiffs;
260. kdpj ehfhpf tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;FtJ Ntshz;ik MFk;.
261. kdpjd; Neubahf ,aw;ifiar; rhh;e;J nray;gLk; nray;fs; Kjd;ikj; njhopy;fs; vd
miof;fyhk;.
262. czTg;nghUis Nrfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;wit Kjd;ik njhopy;fSs;
goikahd njhopy;fshFk;.
263. [hh;th]; kw;Wk; XQ;r]; vd;Dk; njhd;KJkf;fs; thOk; ,lk; me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs;
264. G\;nkd; ,dj;jth;fs; thOk; ,lk; Mg;gphpf;fh .
265. Ntl;ilahLgth;fSf;F v.fh. Mg;gphpf;f gpf;kpf;fs; mNkrhd; tbepyg;gFjpapd;
mnkhpz;bad; kw;Wk; fdlhtpd; v];fpNkh];.
266. cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa cs;ehl;L (kPd;gpbjsk;) Vup fk;NghbahtpYs;s Nlhd;Nyrhg;.
267. fz;lj;jl;L gFjpfspYk; Mokw;w gFjpfspYk; gpshq;ld; vdg;gLk; kPd; czT
ngUkstpy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
268. [g;ghd,; ngU, fdlh, tlfly; gFjp kw;Wk; tlNkw;F ml;yhz;bf; fly; Mfpa gFjpfs;
Kf;fpa kPd;gpb jsq;fshFk;.
269. mjpf kuk; tsk; nfhz;l ehLfs; ,u\;ah, fdlh, mnkhpf;fh If;fpa ehLfs;.

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270.

271.
272.
cyfpy; njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; kuq;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F kpj
ntg;gkz;ly fhLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
flypy; kPd;gpbg;gJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhd nrayhFk;.
ngUkstpy; eilngWk; Kjd;ikj;njhopy; czTNrfhpj;jy; MFk;.

ehNlhbfs; ,lk; tpyq;Ffs;

krha; Mg;gphpf;fh-nfd;ah fhy;eilfs;

lhd;Nrdpah
gNlhapd; mNugpah Xl;lfk;

yhg;]; ];fhz;bNetpah fiykhd;

lhnuf;]; Mg;gphpf;fh Xl;lfk;

njd;Nkw;F Mrpah
fh;l;]; Nkw;F Mrpah ML nrk;kwp ML

Ughhp ,e;jpah - Xl;lfk;

,uh[];jhd;

Kjy;epiyj; njhopy; l
Ruq;fj;njhopy;
273. Ruq;fj;njhopy; vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd Kjd;ikahd njhopyhFk;.
274. Ruq;fj;njhopy; vd;gJ GtpapypUe;J tpiy kjpg;Gkpf;f fdpkq;fisAk; Gtp mikg;gpay;
rhh;e;j nghUl;fisAk; Njhz;bnaLf;Fk; nrayhFk;
275. GtpapypUe;J fw;fisAk; cNthfq;fisAk; Njhz;bnaLf;Fk; nray; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ele;J tUfpwJ.
276. fdpktsq;fs; xU GJgpf;f Kbahj tskhFk;.
277. Ruq;fj;njhopy; xU nfhs;isj;njhopy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
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278. fdpkq;fis mit cs;slf;fp jhJf;fisf; nfhz;L cNyhf fdpkk; ,cNyhfkw;w fdpkk;
kw;Wk; vupnghUs; fdpkk;.
279. ,Uk;G, nrk;G, jq;fk; , jfuk; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; Nghd;wit cNyhf fdpkq;fSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
280. fe;jfk,; ikf;fh, iel;Nul,; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; kw;Wk; M];ng];lh]; Nghd;wit cNyhfkw;w
fdpkq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
281. epyf;fhp ngl;Nuhypak; ,aw;ifthA ANudpak; Njhhpak; Nghd;wit vhpnghUs;
fdpkq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
282. vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; cNyhfkw;w fdpktifahFk;.
283. jpwe;jntsp Ruq;fKiw vd;gJ Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpilf;Fk; fdpkq;fis
Njhz;bnaLj;jyhFk;.
284. epyf;fhpapd; Nky;gbe;j kz; kw;Wk; ghiwfis mfw;wpagpd; ntl;bnaLf;Fk; Kiw
gl;ilfshf vLf;Fk; Kiw vdg;gLk;.
285. tz;ly; gpupj;jy; Kiw vd;gJ fdpkq;fis rypj;Njh Row;wpNah njspa itf;fg;gl;L
gpupj;J vLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
286. Fthhpapq; vdg;gLk; ntl;bnaLj;jy; Kiw Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; Nghd;w fl;llg; nghUs;fisg;
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J vLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
287. JisapLjy; Kiw %ykhf fr;rh vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA Mfpa vupnghUs;
fdpkq;fs; Jisj;J vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
288. vz;nza; fpzWfspypUe;J Jisj;J vz;nza; vLf;f vz;nza; hpf; vdg;gLk; xUtif
Nkilia gad;gLj;Jth;.
289. Nkf;dill,; N`kill,; ypNkhidl; kw;Wk; rpliul; Nghd;wit ,Uk;G jhJtpd;
tiffshFk;.
290. ,Uk;G jhJtpd; tiffs; mit nfhz;Ls;s ,Uk;gpd; msitg; nghWj;J
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
291. nrk;G ghr;i]l; Nghd;w jhJf;fs; jpwe;jntsp Ruq;fKiw %yk; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

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292. ghf;i]l; mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJthFk;.
293. jfuj;jpd; jhJ Nfrpliul; MFk;.
294. jfuk; , jq;fk; Nghd;wit tz;ly; gpupj;jy; Kiw %yk; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
295. fhul; vd;w nrhy; jq;fj;jpd; J}ajd;ikia Fwpf;Fk;.
296. khzpf;fk; kw;Wk; ituk; Nghd;wit cNyhfkw;w fdpktifia rhh;e;jjhFk;.
297. cg;G, nghl;lhrpak,; iel;Nul,; ry;gh; , ikf;fh, ghiw cg;G kw;Wk; gh];Ngl; Nghd;w
cNyhfkw;w fdpkq;fshFk;.
298. fe;jfk; epyj;jb Ruq;fKiw %yk; ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
299. fe;jfk; gsPh; kQ;rs; epwj;jpy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk;.
300. ikf;fh fUg;G epwKila xspGFk; jd;ik nfhz;l fdpkkhFk;.
301. kpd;rf;jp jahupf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLk; fdpkk; ikf;fh
302. jpwe;jntspr; Ruq;fq;fspypUe;J ntl;bnaLf;Fk; fdpkk; M];ng];lh];.
303. epyf;fhp vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA Nghd;wit kpf Kf;fpa vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fshFk;.
304. cNyhfkw;w fdpkq;fSf;F v.fh. epyf;fhp, vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA.
Njrpa xUikg;ghL
305. ,e;jpah ghujk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
306. gy kjq;fspd; gpwg;gplkhf jpfOk; ehL ,e;jpah.
307. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpath;fs; Mupah;fs;.
308. gy ,dq;fspd; mUq;fhl;rpakhf jpfOk; ehL ,e;jpah.
309. fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ gz;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
310. ,e;jpahtpy; nkhopia mbg;gilahf nfhz;L gy khepyq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;ls;sJ.
311. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jhy; mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 22.
312. ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if Rkhh; 845.
313. Njtehfphp tbtpyhd ,e;jp vOj;J ,e;jpahtpd; mYtyf nkhopahf cs;sJ.
314. Mq;fpyk; mYtyf ,izg;G nkhopahf cs;sJ.
315. ,e;jpah ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fUTykhf jpfo;fpwJ.
316. Rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ,uhkazj;ij vOjpath; thy;kPfp .
317. fhspjhrh; gilj;j ,yf;fpak; NkfJ}jk;.
318. Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; NffJ}jk; kw;Wk; rhFe;jyk;.
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319. rPf;fpah;fs; nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fs; FUehdf; n[ae;jp .

340. Gj;jh;fs; nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fs; Gj;j G+h;zpkh.
341. rkzh;fs; nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fs; kfhtPh; n[ae;jp.
342. rka tpohf;fs; kf;fspilNa rNfhjuj;JitAk; el;igAk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAk;
tsh;j;JtUfpd;wd.
343. njd;dpe;jpa kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czT mhprp.
344. tl,e;jpa kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czT NfhJik kw;Wk; gUg;G.
345. m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh Fif Xtpaq;fs; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;wit.
346. fhe;jhuf;fiy ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gf;fiyf;F Gfo;ngw;wjhFk;.
347. fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; ,e;J];jhdp ,irg;ghzp ,e;jpahit gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lJ.
348. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; etk;gh; 19.
349. tFg;G thjk; vd;gJ xU r%fk; kw;w r%fj;jpdUf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Raey jPtpug;
Nghf;fhFk;.
350. fp.gp.1956 Mk; Mz;L nkhop mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpah gy;NtW khepyq;fshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
351. ,e;jpa r%f mikg;G rhjpa Kiwia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.
352. nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s kf;fspilNa nry;tj;ij rkkhf
gq;fPL nra;a ,ayhikahFk;.
353. tl;lhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; vd;gd tWik Ntiyapd;ik Fiwthd tho;f;ifjuk; kw;Wk;
Fiwthd jdpegh; tUkhdk;.
354. fpwp];Jth;fspd; Gdpj E}y; iggps; (m) tptpypak;.
355. ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpj E}y; gftj;fPij.
356. K];yPk;fspd; Gdpj E}y; Fh;uhd;.
r%f nghUshjhu gpur;ridfs;
357. r%f gpur;ridfspy; Kf;fpakhdit vOj;jwptpd;ik Foe;ij njhopyhsh; gpur;ridfs;
kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd mePjp Nghd;witahFk;.
358. vOjNth gbf;fNth ,ayhj epiy vOj;jwptpd;ik vdg;gLk;.

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359. vOj;jwptpd;ik kf;fspd; mwpahikf;F toptFf;fpd;wd.
360. vOj;jwptpd;ik ,e;jpahtpd; jiyaha gpur;ridahf cs;sJ.
361. ehL KOtJk; xNu khjpupahd fy;tp Kiwia (10+2+3) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1968.
362. Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if Muk;g fy;tpKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1986.
363. Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if fUk;gyif jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1992.
364. 1991 Mk; Mz;L Nguhrpupah; jhNt Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy; msit(MLL) mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
365. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; (SSA) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 2002.
366. Njrpa vOj;jwpT FO taJ te;Njhh; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaJtk; mspj;jJ.
367. 2011 Mk; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb jkpofj;jy; vOj;jwpT rjtPjk; 80.33% .
368. If;fpa ehl;L rig gd;dhl;L vOj;jwpT Mz;lhf mwptpj;j Mz;L 1990.
369. If;fpa ehl;L rig cyf vOj;jwpT jpdkhf nrg;lk;gh; 8 Mk; Njjpia mwptpj;Js;sJ.
370. njhopw;rhiyfspy; gzpGhpAk; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;lth;fs; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; Mthh;.
371. ,e;jpahtpy; 2011-Mk; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 4.35 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;
cs;sdh;.
372. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; gpur;rid tWik fy;tpawptpd;ik Nghd;witfSf;F
toptFf;Fk;.
373. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; Kiw xopf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1987.
374. nfhj;jbik njhopyhsh; Kiwia xopf;f rl;lk; nfhz;L te;j Kd;dhs; ghuj gpujkh;
,e;jpuh fhe;jp. Mz;L 1976
375. cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; xopf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1829
376. tpjit kwkzr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1856
377. lhf;lh;.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp mk;ikahhpd; Kaw;rpapdhy; 1929 Mk; Mz;L rhujh rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;L Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
378. rk gzpf;F rk Cjpak; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L 1976.
379. njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L 1976.
380. ngz; Foe;ijfis rpR nfhiyapypUe;J ghJfhf;f nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jpl;lk; njhl;by;
Foe;ij jpl;lk;.

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381. I.eh.rig cyf ngz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;j mz;L 1978.

kdpj cupikfSk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk;
382. kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpy; R%fkhf thoj; Njitahd epiyia chpik vd;fpNwhk;.
383. chpikfs; vd;gd r%fj;jpy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l murhy; eilKiwg;gLtjhFk; vdf;
$wpath; nghrhq;Nfh
384. I.eh jpdk; mf;Nlhgh; 24.
385. If;fpa ehl;Lfspd; kdpj chpikfspd; gpufldk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L 1948mf;Nlhgh; 10
386. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; kdpj chpikfs; jpdk; brk;gh; 10 y; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
387. midj;Jyf kdpj chpikfs; gpufldj;jpy; cs;s ruj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if 30.
388. tpad;dh kdpj chpik gpufldk; 1993.
389. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; 1993 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 12 y; nly;ypapy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
390. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; jiyth; xUtiuAk; ehd;F cWg;gpd;fisAk;
nfhz;lJ.
391. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; jiyth; Xa;T ngw;w cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik
ePjpgjp Mthh;.
392. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fis epakdk; nra;gth;
FbauR jiyth; Mthh;.
393. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyikaplk; nly;yp.
394. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; (m) 70 taJ
tiu MFk;.
395. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; kdpj chpikfis ghJfhg;gJk;
Nkk;gLj;JtJk; MFk;;.
396. jkpof kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; 1997 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
397. jkpof kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fis epakdk; nra;gth;

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khepy MSdh; Mthh;.
398. 1856 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjit kWkzr;rl;lk; rl;lG+h;tkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
399. 1955 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lj;jpd;gb ngz;fspd; jpUkz taij 21 Mf eph;zak;
nra;jJ.
400. 1956 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F rk chpik cz;L.
401. tujl;riz jilr;rl;lk; nfhz;Lte;j Mz;L 1961.
402. 1997 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; jkpof muR ngz;fis Nfyp nra;tijj; jLf;f rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
403. 1948 Mk;Mz;L njhopw;$l eyr;rl;lk; ;1951 Mk; Mz;L Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh; rl;lk;
1952 Mk; Mz;L Ryq;fr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
404. rh;tNjr ngz;fs; jpdk; khh;r; 8.
405. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;rl;lk; gphpT 39(f) d;gb Foe;ijfs; Rje;jpukhfTk; cly;
MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; thotoptif nra;fpwJ.
406. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;rl;lk; gphpT 45 d; gb vy;yh Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr
fl;lhaf;fy;tp mspf;fNtz;Lk;.
407. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;rl;lk; gphpT 24 d; gb Foe;ij njhopshyh; Kiw jil
nra;ag;gl;ls;sJ.
408. rpWth;fSf;fhd mePjpr;rl;lk; 1986 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
409. I.eh.rig 1979 Mk;Mz;il rh;tNjrf; Foe;ijfs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ.

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