2024-04-05

Contents
Photovoltaic Systems Engineering (Cont’d)
• Photovoltaic System
• PV stand-alone power system with battery

Solar Energy … (Cont’d) • Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems

• Introduction to Power Processing
• Battery Storage
ECEG-4405 • Photovoltaic Systems Engineering
• Module Specifications
• PV Markets

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Photovoltaic System
PV stand-alone power system with battery
Module Interconnection

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Power Distribution
Traditional technology: the electric grid:
• Generation, transmission, and
distribution
• Centralized and passive architecture
• Extensive and very complex system.
• Complicated control
• Relatively inefficient
• Stability issues
• Vulnerability
• Lack of flexibility
• Not reliable enough for some
applications
– Centralized architecture and control.
– Passive transmission and
distribution.
A traveling clinic uses photovoltaic electricity to keep
– Very extensive network (long paths
vaccines refrigerated in the African desert area
and many components).
– Lack of diversity.
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Power Distribution… Power Distributio…

Centralized integration of renewable energy issue:

• Weaknesses are prevalent throughout the grid  power outages

• Long transmission lines  easy targets for external attacks – Generation profile unbalances

• Traditional natural gas and coal power plants are not seen as a
suitable solution as it used to be
• None of these options are installed close to demand centers 
more large and expensive transmission lines need to be built
• Future generation expansion capacity will very likely be done
through nuclear power plants, and renewable resources (e.g. wind
farms and hydroelectric plants)
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
– Complicated stability control
– The grid lacks operational flexibility because it is a
passive network
– The grid user is a passive participant whether he/she
likes it or not
– The grid is old:- Power plants average age is > 30 years.
AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

DG: Concept
Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems
Energy storage is not necessary in this case

Figure

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction to Power Processing Introduction to Power Process…

Control is invariably required

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Introduction to Power Process… Introduction to Power Process…

Power loss in an ideal switch Devices available to the circuit designer

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction to Power Process…

Introduction to Power Process…
Power Conditioning and Control
Use of a SPDT switch
Charge regulator

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction to Power Process… Introduction to Power Process…

DC/DC Converter: MPP tracker

Power Conditioning and Control

Switching DC/DC Converters

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Several basic dc-dc converters and their dc

Several basic dc-dc converters …
conversion ratios M(D) = V/Vg.

M(D) = D.

M(D) = - D/(1 – D)

M(D) = 1/(1 – D)

M(D) = D/(1 – D)

single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC)

M(D) = - D/(1 – D)
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction to Power Process… Photovoltaic Systems Engineering

Inverters from DC to AC
Sizing the photovoltaic systems:
1. Obtain the site radiation data
2. Obtain the data for typical loads

A single phase full-bridge inverter

The power conditioning and control equipment makes it possible to convert the
generated DC power to AC, protect the battery against the overcharge or discharge
and optimize the energy transfer between the PV generator and the load
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Photovoltaic Systems Eng… Photovoltaic Systems Eng…

Sizing procedure based on energy balance

1. Input to the sizing procedure:

a. Determination of the energy input → incident solar radiation on
the panel for a typical day in every month of the year.
b. Determination of the load demand → the load profile should be
determined by estimating the times when various appliances will be
needed.
2. Number of series-connected modules
a. The DC operating voltage of the system VDC must be specified.
b. The number of modules Ns is determined from

V m → operating voltage of one module

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Photovoltaic Systems Eng…
3. The number of parallel strings, Np → directly related to the current
requirement of the load
a. The equivalent load current is calculated from equation,
• where EL (Wh/day)→ typical power requirement of the day
b. Nominal current IPV is defined by the AM1.5 radiation 1kW/m2
• where PSH is peak solar hours, equal to the number of hours
of the standard irradiance (1kW/m2) which would produce
the same irradiation
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Photovoltaic Systems Eng…
4. Sizing of the storage subsystem
a. The daily and seasonal charge deficits calculation
The winter energy deficit, E is given by
where Qyd is the charge deficit in ampere-hours
→ depends on the choice of the array sizing factor SF
b. A further climatic charge deficit is also added to allow for a
number of days of operation without energy input (lack of
sunshine)
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Module Specifications
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Photovoltaic Systems Eng…
• The average load current multiplied by the number of hours in a
day = the nominal current of the PV generator multiplied by the
number of peak solar hours
• The nominal current is equal to the short-circuit current, Isc.
The number of modules connected in parallel is then given by
where SF is the sizing factor
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Photovoltaic Systems Eng…
Sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic system:
• Point-sizing approach method:
– It is designed to meet the load under worst case isolation
conditions, usually in the winter months for the northern
hemisphere.
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Battery Storage
• Designed for load leveling
• Large number of batteries charged during low demand periods
• One acre (~4046 m2)could store 400 MWh of energy, deliver
40 MW for 10 hours
• Batteries possess environmentally damaging chemicals
• Typical installation:→ Southern California Edison
– 8000 lead acid battery modules to deliver up to 10 MW of power for
four hours of continuous discharge
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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Battery Storage …
Battery Storage …

Performance Factors Rechargeable Battery Characteristics

1. Life time (maximum number of charge and discharge cycles)

2. Overall cycle efficiency

3. Depth of discharge per cycle (deep cycle - less instant energy

but longer term energy delivery: e.g.: Golf cart battery)

4. Cost of unit of power or energy stored

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Battery Storage …
Rechargeable Battery Characteristics

Battery Storage Requirement

• Individual Americans use about 1.5 kWh of electricity every hour

• Typical storage requirement: 15 kWh

• Battery capacity: 400 Wh/kg

• Batteries weight: 37.5 kg; Cost: $3000

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AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AAiT, Elect. & Comp. Engineering Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Battery Storage …
Prices and costs (1977–present)

Typical compact automobile power requirement: 50 KW

• Typical driving distance: 500 km

• Average speed: 100 km/hr

• Required stored energy: 250 kWh

• Battery capacity: 400 Wh/kg

• Batteries weight: 625 kg; Cost: $50,000

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PV Markets
PV Markets

Multicrystaline Module price: $2.38/Wp HW: Check for current price

Thin Film module price: $1.76/Wp
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PV Markets

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Top 10 leading countries in Global Solar Power

Generation in 2019

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