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Review MODULE- Mathematics Differential Equations-Part 1

Order/Degree of Differential Equation

Linear Equation of Order One
• The order of a differential equation is defined to be 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
that of the highest order derivative it contains. 𝑑𝑥
• The degree of a differential equation is defined as the 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝜆
power to which the highest order derivative is raised. 𝜆 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Determine the (a) order and (b) degree of the
differential equation: 𝑦 ∙ 𝜆 = ∫ 𝜆 ∙ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1. (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 8. Solve for the general solution of the ODE:
2. sin (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 5 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2
3. 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ( ) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Homogeneous Differential Equations
3 𝑑2 𝑦
4. √(𝑑𝑦) − 8𝑦 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 (1) is said to be homogeneous differential equation if
Types of Differential Equations the degree of M(x,y) and N(x,y) is the same.
• Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) x = vy y = vx
• Partial Differential Equations (PDE)
dx = ydv + vdy dy = xdv + vdx
• Linear Differential Equations
• Nonlinear Differential Equations
9. Solve for the general solution of the homogeneous
• Homogeneous Differential Equations
differential equation:
• Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations
(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solutions of First Order Differential Equations

Variable Separable
5. Obtain the General solution of the Differential
Equation.
(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2

6. Solve the initial value problem

𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 ; when x=2, y=3

7. sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Ans: sin 𝑦 = 𝑐 cos 𝑥

Exact Equation
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
If (1) is an exact equation, then
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

7. Solve for the general solution of the ODE:

3𝑥(𝑥𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0