09 Endogenic Process Magmatism 1

PREPARED BY: PAUL JOHN SJ.
ALBEUS
Endogenic
Processes
Magmatism & Igneous Rocks
1
PREPARED BY: PAUL JOHN SJ. ALBEUS
Objectives
Know the sources and

significance of the Earth's
internal heat.
2
Objectives
Understand and explain the

requirements for magma
generation.
3
Objectives
Explain how and why magma

rises up.
4
Objectives
Understand the concept of

Bowen’s reaction series.
5
Objectives
Identify, understand, and

explain magmatic
differentiation mechanisms
operating beneath the
surface of the Earth.
Internal Sources of
Heat
Geothermal Gradient
The rate of
increasing
temperature with
respect to increasing
depth in the Earth's
interior.
Primordial Heat
Heat from accretion and

bombardment of the Earth
during the early stages of
formation.
Radioactive Heat
The heat generated by

long-term radioactive decay.
Internal Heat of the Earth
Core Mantle Boundary: 3,700°C

Inner-core – outer-core boundary:
6,300°C±800°C
Earth’s center: 6,400°C±600°C
Redistribution of Earth’s Heat
Simultaneous
conduction, convection
and radiation.
Magma
Magma
Magma is the molten or semi-

molten natural material from
which all igneous rocks are
formed.
Density Contrast
Magma is less dense than the

surrounding country rock.
Factors Affecting Magma Viscosity
Factor Effect of Viscosity

↑Temperature ↓ Viscosity
↑Silica Content (SiO2) ↑ Viscosity
↑Dissolved Water (H2O) ↓ Viscosity

Formation of Magma
Condition of Magma Formation
Melting due to decrease in

pressure (decompression
melting): The decrease in
pressure affecting a hot
mantle rock at a constant
temperature permits melting
forming magma.
Melting as a result of the

addition of volatiles—
compounds that have low
boiling points (flux melting):
When volatiles mix with hot,
dry rock, the volatile
decreases the rock’s melting
point and they help break the
chemical bonds in the rock to
allow melting.
Melting resulting from heat

transfer from rising magma
(heat transfer melting): A
rising magma from the mantle
brings heat with it and
transfer heat to their
surrounding rocks at
shallower depths which may
melt.
Magmatic
Differentiation
Crystal Fractionation
Chemical process by which

the composition of a liquid,
such as magma, changes
due to crystallization.
Crystal Fractionation
Partial Melting
As described in Bowen’s
reaction series, quartz and
muscovite are basically the
most stable minerals at the
Earth’s surface, making
them the first ones to melt
from the parent rock once
exposed in higher
temperature and/or
pressure.
Magma Mixing
The more buoyant mass

overtakes the more slowly
rising body. Convective flow
then mixes the two
magmas, generating a
single, intermediate
(between the two parent
magmas) magma.
Igneous Rocks and

the Environment of
Formation
Volcanic Rock
Quartz
Plutonic Rocks
Alkali-Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar
Feldspatoids
Basaltic Magma
Form when hot rocks in the

mantle slowly rise and
encounter lower pressures.
This leads to
decompression melting
(melting due to reduced
pressures).
Rhyolitic Magma
Formed by either (1)

melting of mantle fluxed by
water and sediments
carried into the mantle in
subduction zones; and /or
(2) interaction of mantle
derived basaltic magmas
with continental crust.
Andesitic Magma
Andesitic magmas maybe

formed in a variety of ways:
some are formed when
water and sediments on the
ocean floor are pushed into
the mantle along subduction
zones, leading to melting in
the mantle.
Plutonic & Volcanic

Landforms
Batholith
Plutons that have been

exposed on the surface
through uplift and erosion.
Stock
A relatively small igneous

intrusion that forms when
magma crystallizes
underground. Although uplift
and/or erosion can later
unearth part of a stock, this
feature is defined as having
less than 40 square miles
(100 square kilometers)
exposed at the surface.
Laccolith
A flat bottom and domed top

pluton. It is parallel to the
layers above and below it.
Sill
A sill is a flat, sheet-like

igneous rock mass that forms
when magma intrudes into
and crystallizes between
preexisting rock layers.
Dike
A tabular igneous intrusion

that crosses through other
(layered or non-layered) rocks
at a steep angle.
Volcanic Necks
This landform, which is also

called a volcanic plug, is
created when magma
solidifies inside a conduit
leading to a volcano or a
volcanic vent.
Volcanic Pipe
A volcanic pipe is a vertical

conduit beneath a volcano
through which magma once
passed on its journey from
the magma chamber to the
eruption site.
“Keep the magma down, at

least until it finds another, slower
way to wend its way to the
surface.”
Nora K. Jemisin

09 Endogenic Process Magmatism 1

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PREPARED BY: PAUL JOHN SJ.

Know the sources and

Understand and explain the

Explain how and why magma

Understand the concept of

Identify, understand, and

Heat from accretion and

The heat generated by

Internal Heat of the Earth

Core Mantle Boundary: 3,700°C

Redistribution of Earth’s Heat

Magma is the molten or semi-

Magma is less dense than the

Factors Affecting Magma Viscosity

Factor Effect of Viscosity

↑Silica Content (SiO2) ↑ Viscosity

↑Dissolved Water (H2O) ↓ Viscosity

Condition of Magma Formation

Melting due to decrease in

Condition of Magma Formation

Melting as a result of the

Condition of Magma Formation

Melting resulting from heat

Chemical process by which

The more buoyant mass

Igneous Rocks and

Alkali-Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar

Form when hot rocks in the

Formed by either (1)

Andesitic magmas maybe

Plutonic & Volcanic

Plutons that have been

A relatively small igneous

A flat bottom and domed top

A sill is a flat, sheet-like

A tabular igneous intrusion

This landform, which is also

A volcanic pipe is a vertical

“Keep the magma down, at

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