University of Prince Mugrin

College of Engineering
Geo 144 Geology

Lecture No. 5

Petrology (2.1)
Instructor: Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E.
Email: H.Abbas@upm.edu.sa
1
List of contents
➢ What is ROCK?
➢ Types of Rocks?
✓ Igneous Rocks
✓ Sedimentary Rocks
✓ Metamorphism Rock
➢ Igneous Rocks
➢ Sedimentary Rocks

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. 2

Geo 144 Geology
What is Rock?
➢ To geologists, rock is a coherent, naturally occurring, solid, consisting of an aggregate
of minerals.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 3

What is Rock?
Rocks vs Mineral

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 4

What is Rock?
Rocks vs Mineral

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 5

What is Rock?
Three basic groups of rocks:

1. Igneous Rocks: which form by the freezing

(Solidification) of molten rock.

2. Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks are formed

through the deposition and subsequent cementation of
mineral or organic particles or by the precipitation of mineral
crystals out of water solutions at or near the Earth’s surface.

3. Metamorphic Rocks: which form when preexisting

rocks change character in response to a change in pressure
and temperature conditions . Metamorphic change occurs in
the solid state, which means that it does not require melting
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 6
What is Rock?
In the context of modern plate tectonics theory, different rock types form in different
geologic settings
Igneous rock formation Sedimentary rock formation Metamorphic rock formation

Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Not to scale

Figure: A cross section illustrating various geologic settings in which rocks form.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 7

What is Rock?

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Igneous rock

Igneous rock

Not to scale

Figure: A cross section illustrating various geologic settings in which rocks form.
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 8
Igneous rocks
➢ Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma or lava.

➢ The major categories are:

Extrusive (Volcanic) Rocks: Formed from lava that
cools quickly on the Earth's surface, resulting in small
or no crystals. Examples include basalt and rhyolite.
Intrusive (Plutonic) Rocks: Formed from magma that
cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface, resulting in
large crystals. Examples include granite and gabbro.
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 9
Igneous rocks
Key Differences between extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks
Formation Location: Extrusive rocks form at the
surface, while intrusive rocks form beneath the
surface.
Cooling Rate: Extrusive rocks cool rapidly, leading
to fine-grained or glassy textures. Intrusive rocks
cool slowly, resulting in coarse-grained textures.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 10

Igneous rocks
Key Differences between extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks
Texture and Structure: The texture of extrusive rocks is generally finer than that of
intrusive rocks due to their different cooling rates.
Visibility of Crystals: In extrusive rocks, crystals are often too small to see without
magnification, whereas in intrusive rocks, crystals are usually visible to the naked eye.

Basalt
Granite

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 11

Igneous rocks
Key Differences between extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks

Extrusive rocks Intrusive rocks

Formed from lava Formed from magma

cools quickly cools slowly

small crystals
large crystals

Formed from lava Formed from magma

cools slowly cools quickly
large crystals small crystals
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 12
Sedimentary rocks
➢ Sedimentary rocks are formed through the deposition and subsequent cementation of
mineral or organic particles or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water
solutions at or near the Earth’s surface.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 13

Sedimentary rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks:
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the deposition and subsequent cementation of
mineral or organic particles or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water
solutions at or near the Earth’s surface.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 14

Sedimentary rocks
The process of sedimentary rock formation involves several steps:
1.Weathering:
The breakdown of rocks at the Earth's surface, through physical or/ and chemical
Weathering.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 15

Sedimentary rocks
2. Erosion and Transport
➢ Following weathering, the process of erosion removes the weathered material from its
original location.
➢ Transport then moves these particles to new locations. Agents of erosion and transport
include water, wind, ice (glaciers), and gravity.
➢ The distance sediment is transported, and the energy involved in its movement
significantly affect the size, shape, and sorting of the sediment particles.

wind water gravity glaciers

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 16
Sedimentary rocks
3. Deposition
Deposition occurs when the forces transporting the sediment (water, wind, ice) lose energy
and can no longer carry it. The sediment is then deposited,

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 17

Sedimentary rocks
4. Compaction
As layers of sediment accumulate, the weight of the
overlying material exerts pressure on the deeper layers. This
pressure causes compaction, reducing the volume and
porosity of the sediment layers.

5. Cementation
Common cementing agents include calcite, silica, and iron
oxides. These minerals bind the sediment grains together,
turning the loose sediment into solid rock.
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 18
Sedimentary rocks
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
➢ Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from the physical accumulation of sediment
particles that have been transported and deposited by water, wind, or ice.
➢ The process begins with weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks, followed by the
transport of the eroded particles. After deposition, these particles are compacted and
cemented together by minerals precipitated from groundwater.

Sandstone
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 19
Sedimentary rocks
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
➢ Chemical sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation of minerals from water.
➢ This precipitation can occur due to evaporation, changes in temperature, or chemical
reactions.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 20

Sedimentary rocks
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
These rocks result from the high-pressure and low-oxygen conditions that preserve organic
material over geological time scales. This material is then transformed into rock through
compaction and chemical changes.

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 21

Sedimentary rocks

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 22

Sedimentary rocks
1. Igneous rocks form by:
A) Deposition of mineral particles
B) Freezing (solidification) of molten rock
C) High-pressure transformation of existing rocks
D) Precipitation of mineral crystals from water

2. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of extrusive (volcanic)

rocks?
A) Large, visible crystals
B) Formed from lava that cools quickly on the Earth's surface
C) Slow cooling beneath the Earth's surface
D) High porosity and permeability
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 23
Sedimentary rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks are primarily formed through:
A) Melting and solidification of rock
B) Deposition and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles
C) Pressure and temperature changes without melting
D) Rapid cooling of magma on the Earth's surface

4. The process that does NOT contribute to the formation of sedimentary

rocks is:
A)Weathering
B) Erosion and Transport
C) Deposition
D)Melting
Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 24
Sedimentary rocks
5. Intrusive (plutonic) rocks differ from extrusive rocks in that they:
A) Cool rapidly on the Earth's surface
B) Have crystals too small to see without magnification
C) Form beneath the Earth's surface and have large crystals
D) Are primarily formed by the cementation of mineral particles
6. Clastic sedimentary rocks are:
A) Formed from the physical accumulation and cementation of sediment
particles
B) Resulting from the high-pressure transformation of existing rocks
C) Composed entirely of organic material
D) Formed by the precipitation of minerals from water due to evaporation

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 25

Sedimentary rocks
1 Answer: B) Freezing (solidification) of molten rock
2 Answer: B) Formed from lava that cools quickly on the
Earth's surface
3 Answer: B) Deposition and subsequent cementation of
mineral or organic particles
4 Answer: D) Melting
5 Answer: C) Form beneath the Earth's surface and have large
crystals
6 Answer: A) Formed from the physical accumulation and
cementation of sediment particles

Hassan A. Abas, Ph.D., P.E. Geo 144 Geology 26