LECTURE NOTES 2 - SEQUENCE

Discrete-Time Signals signal that increases as n increases

• Indexed sequence of ______________ numbers 𝑟[𝑛] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]
𝑛=
• Function of integer – valued variable denoted by
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

________ ↑
• Represent graphically in the form of ________ plot
Delayed by 2
𝑟[𝑛 − 2] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Advanced by 3
𝑟[𝑛 + 3] = [ 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Sequence Even and Odd Parts of a Signal

𝑥[𝑛] = [−3, 4, 5, −1, 0, 5, 3, −2, 2]
↑ An arbitrary sequence 𝑥[𝑛] can be decomposed into
its even and odd components as ________________
Unit Impulse (Unit Sample) Sequence
Even Signal
This sequence is defined as 1
𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] = [𝑥[𝑛] + 𝑥[−𝑛]]
1 𝑛=𝑘 2
𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘] = {
0 𝑛≠𝑘
Flipped signal is same with the original signal
𝛿[𝑛] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] 𝑥𝑒 [−𝑛] = 𝑥𝑒 [𝑛]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Delayed by 2
𝛿[𝑛 − 2] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Advanced by 3 Odd Signal

𝛿[𝑛 + 3] = [ 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
𝑥𝑜 [𝑛] = [𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑥[−𝑛]]
↑ 2

Unit Step Sequence Flipped signal is the same with the reversed signal
𝑥𝑜 [−𝑛] = −𝑥𝑜 [𝑛]
This sequence is defined as
1 𝑛≥𝑘
𝑢[𝑛 − 𝑘] = {
0 𝑛<𝑘

𝑢[𝑛] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Delayed by 2
𝑢[𝑛 − 2] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

↑ Even and Odd Parts of a Signal

𝑥[𝑛] = [ 0 0 0 -2 1 3 -1 2 4 0 5 ]
Advanced by 3 𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

𝑢[𝑛 + 3] = [ 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] ↑
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

↑ 𝑥[−𝑛] = [ 5 0 4 2 -1 3 1 -2 0 0 0 ]
𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Unit Ramp Sequence ↑

This sequence is defined as

𝑛 𝑛≥𝑘
𝑟[𝑛 − 𝑘] = {
0 𝑛<𝑘
Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin
Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering
 LECTURE NOTES 2 - SEQUENCE

𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] = 0.5[𝑥[𝑛] + 𝑥[−𝑛]]

𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] [ 2.5 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 2.5 ]

𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

𝑥𝑜 [𝑛] = 0.5[𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑥[−𝑛]]

𝑥𝑜 [𝑛] [ -2.5 0 -2 -2 1 0 -1 2 2 0 2.5 ]

𝑛= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Integrating Activity 3
Generate each of the following sequences over the
indicated interval. Plot output sequences.
a. 𝑥[𝑛] = 3𝑢[𝑛 + 3], −8 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 8
b. 𝑥[𝑛] = −2𝛿[𝑛 + 5], −8 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 8
c. 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑛(𝑟[𝑛 − 2]), −7 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5
d. 𝑥[𝑛] = 3𝑢[𝑛 + 3] − 𝛿[𝑛 − 5], −3 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5
e. 𝑥[𝑛] = 3𝑟[𝑛 − 2] + 2𝑢[𝑛 + 1], −5 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5

Integrating Activity 4
Find the even and odd components of the following
signals. Plot even and odd components.

a. 𝑥[𝑛] = [−2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 3, 0, 1, −3]

↑
b. 𝑥[𝑛] = [3, 4, −1, 7, 7, 0, −3, 4, 11]
↑

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering