2B Intramolecular Bonding and Intermolecular Forces Part 2 - Edrolo - Study Notes Annotated

Texture of fats
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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
VCE CHEMISTRY
U1 AOS1: HOW DO THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF MATERIALS EXPLAIN THEIR PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS?
COVALENT SUBSTANCES
Intramolecular bonding
and intermolecular
forces (Part 2)
Presented by Louise Lennard
2
What's in this lesson?
Study design dot point
• the relative strengths of intramolecular Properties of molecular substances1

bonding (covalent bonding) and intermolecular
forces (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole
attraction and hydrogen bonding)
• [physical properties of molecular substances
(including melting points and boiling points
and non-conduction of electricity) with
reference to their structure1]
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Properties of molecular substances
INTRAMOLECULAR
Key takeaway Deep dive (COVALENT)
The properties of molecular substances are • The strength of intermolecular forces BONDING
determined by their intermolecular forces. reflects the amount of energy it takes

to break the intermolecular forces.
Intermolecular forces are responsible for: HYDROGEN BONDING
• It takes more energy to break hydrogen
• melting point.
bonds, than dipole-dipole and
• boiling point. dispersion forces.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
• Hardness. ATTRACTION
DISPERSION FORCES
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Kinetic energy Example
Kinetic energy (n.)
• Gases have more kinetic energy than liquids.
The energy of an object
• Liquids have more kinetic energy than solids. due to its motion.
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Melting point Deep dive
Melting point (n.)
Solids have lower kinetic energy, and • When there is enough energy to overcome The temperature
therefore have stronger intermolecular forces the intermolecular forces the substance can at which a substance
between molecules than the same substance change state into a liquid. changes its state from
in a liquid state. a solid to a liquid.
• The melting point temperature depends on
the type of intermolecular forces present.
Did you know?
The melting point
Example – ice melting of pure water is 0 oC.
Liquid water
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Boiling point Example – water boiling
Boiling point (n.)
Gases have higher kinetic energy than liquids. The temperature at
which a substance boils
Liquids have intermolecular forces between
and changes its state
adjacent molecules. from a liquid to a gas.
Water vapour
Did you know?
Pure water boils
at 100 oC.
Liquid water Water vapour
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Size of molecule
Small molecules
As molecular size increases, so too does the number
of dispersion forces between adjacent molecules.
Therefore, as molecular size increases so too does (Low boiling point)

the melting point and boiling point.
Bigger molecules
(Higher boiling point)
dispersion forces
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Shape of molecule
Isomers (n.)
The more linear a molecule, the more adjacent molecules that can pack together.
Molecules with the same
Therefore, the more opportunity for dispersion forces between linear molecules, leading molecular formula
to higher melting and boiling points. (e.g. pentane C5H12 and
dimethylpropane, C5H12).
Example – comparison of boiling points between pentane C5H12 and dimethylpropane, C5H12
Boiling point = 36.1 oC
Boiling point = 9.5 oC
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Hardness
Example – insects walking on water Hardness (n.)
Harder substances have greater Resistance to
intermolecular forces between adjacent An insect is able to walk on the surface of water deformation when
molecules, than less hard substances. because of surface tension between water subjected to pressure.
molecules – due to hydrogen bonding.
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Worked example
Identify the intermolecular forces between molecules of butane C4H10 butane methylpropane
and molecules of methylpropane C4H10 .
Explain which molecule will have the higher melting point.

(3 marks)
Sample answer:
Dispersion forces. Butane will have the higher melting point because its molecules can pack
more easily together leading to an increase in instantaneous dipoles, therefore stronger
dispersion forces, needing more energy to overcome compared to methylpropane molecules.
Marking guide
Key criteria Mark allocation
Identifies dispersion forces 1 mark
Identifies butane as the molecule with the highest melting point 1 mark
Explains that because there are more dispersion forces between adjacent butane molecules
due to molecules packing more closely together, therefore increasing the opportunity for 1 mark
instantaneous dipoles
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Multiple choice activity
Which substance will have the highest boiling point? A. octane
Substance Structural formula B. propane
C. pentane
methane
D. methane
propane E. I don’t know.
pentane
octane
Teacher’s tip!
It’s hard to represent three dimensional molecules in two dimensions. Count 12
the number of atoms and work out which molecule will have the most electrons.
Multiple choice – response
Which substance will have the highest boiling point? A. octane
Substance Structural formula B. propane
C. pentane
methane
D. methane
propane E. I don’t know.
pentane
octane
Teacher’s tip!
It’s hard to represent three dimensional molecules in two dimensions. Count 13
the number of atoms and work out which molecule will have the most electrons.
Summary
All molecules have dispersion forces between them Key terms

Kinetic energy
The larger the molecule, the more electrons Small molecules INTRAMOLECULAR Melting point
present, the stronger the dispersion forces (COVALENT)
BONDING Boiling point
between molecules. Therefore, more energy
is required, so higher melting/boiling points. (Low boiling point) Isomers
Hardness
The more branched a molecule, the less HYDROGEN BONDING
Bigger molecules
able similar molecules can pack together.
What’s coming next
Therefore, fewer dispersion forces,
Macromolecules
and lower melting/boiling points. DIPOLE-DIPOLE
ATTRACTION
butane methylpropane
DISPERSION FORCES
(Higher boiling point)
dispersion forces
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Image credits and question sources
Image attribution:
• Page 1: Image created by JPC-PROD / Shutterstock.com
• Page 10: Image created by optimarc / Shutterstock.com
Question sources:
• All questions are written by Louise Lennard.
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Assessment Authority. Used with permission. The VCAA does not endorse this product and
makes no warranties regarding the correctness or accuracy of its content. To the extent
permitted by law, the VCAA excludes all liability for any loss or damage suffered or incurred as a
result of accessing, using or relying on the content. Current and past VCAA exams and related
content can be accessed directly at https://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/.
We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however

there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us!
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Texture of fats

• the relative strengths of intramolecular Properties of molecular substances1

determined by their intermolecular forces. reflects the amount of energy it takes

Liquid water Water vapour

Therefore, as molecular size increases so too does (Low boiling point)

(Higher boiling point)

Boiling point = 36.1 oC

Boiling point = 9.5 oC

Explain which molecule will have the higher melting point.

Which substance will have the highest boiling point? A. octane

Substance Structural formula B. propane

propane E. I don’t know.

Which substance will have the highest boiling point? A. octane

Substance Structural formula B. propane

propane E. I don’t know.

All molecules have dispersion forces between them Key terms

• Page 1: Image created by JPC-PROD / Shutterstock.com

• Page 10: Image created by optimarc / Shutterstock.com

We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however

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