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Effectiveness of Strategies of the Barangay Public Safety Officers for

Reducing Tumultuous Affray in Barangay Langkiwa, City of Biñan, Laguna.

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Criminology Guardians

Bona Fide for Hope Fundamental Inc.

Alviso, Glen

Camu, Marian

Diaz, Mickxon

Secundo, Joel

2024
APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled "EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES OF THE

BARANGAY PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER FOR REDUCING TUMULTUOUS
AFFRAY IN BARANGAY LANGKIWA, CITY OF BIÑAN LAGUNA". Prepared and
submitted by the Researchers, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Subject Research 2 in BS-Criminology has been examined and hereby
recommended for acceptance and approval final oral defense.

Ms. Katrina Bignotea

Research Adviser
___________________________________________________________________
Approved by the Committee for Final Defense on February 3, 2024
Mr. Eman Mantala
Panelist
Mr. Jonathan Tolentino
Panelist

Abstract

This study investigates that, according to Arturo Biay, the Barangay

Investigator of Barangay Langkiwa City of Biñan Laguna: From the years 2019 to
2022 and the current year, the statistics of tumultuous affray in the barangay were
very high. Firstly, from 2019 to 2020, Barangay Langkiwa had the same statistics for
tumultuous affray, which were 73 records, equivalent to 80% of the cases of
tumultuous affray. Secondly, in 2021, the record of tumultuous affray has not
changed, and the number of records continues to increase, with 80 records,
equivalent to 91% of the said year. And lastly, for the year 2022, which has 82
records, or 93%, it is surprising why the number of specific problems is still
increasing. We conducted research to understand the main factors or causes of the
high records per year of tumultuous affray in the barangay. Our methods involved in
this study are research designs. This study was made by means of descriptive
research; it describes the present status of all the selected or identified variables
using random sampling techniques to represent the population. To determine the
sample size of the respondents from Barangay Langkiwa, with a total population of
39,526, Slovin’s formula will be used with a 95% level of confidence or a +/-5%
margin of error. Elements: n = sample population; N = population (39,526); e = level
of confidence or margin of error (0.05).
 The primary results showed the age of respondents, with the highest age
frequency of 120, or 30.3% of the respondents, belonging to the age bracket of 26–
30 years old, and the lowest age frequency of 5, or 1.3% of respondents, belonging
to the age bracket of 56 and above. Next, the results of the gender of the
respondents showed the highest gender frequency of 220, or 56% of the
respondents, being males and 176, or 49%, being females. Further, the results of the
employment of the respondents indicate that the highest employment frequency of
187, or 47%, of the respondents belongs to the unemployed, and the lowest
employment frequency of 84, or 21%, of the respondents belongs to the employed-
outside. Moreover, the results of Duties and Responsibilities of Barangay Public
Safety Officers, with the highest weighted mean of 2.91 interpreted as effective,
belong to question number 3, and the lowest weighted mean of 1.79 belongs to
question number 10. The average weighted mean of the statements in the questions
on the functions and duties of barangay public safety officers totals 2.29, which is
considered to signify somewhat based on the data collected and computed.
Analyzing the statements, it was seen that the weighted mean averages and the
interpretation are not constant, which indicates and reveals that the tactics being
enforced and implemented by the Public Safety Officers have a varied influence on
their duty.

Keywords: Frequency, Statistics, Tumultuous affray, Random sampling

techniques, Employment and Public Safety Officers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGREOUND

Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………..1

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………2

Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………..3

Significance of the study…………………………………………………………………..4

Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………………………………………………..5

Definition of terms………………………………………………………………………….6

Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………………………7

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………8

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Study……………………………………………………………………………….9

Local Study…………………………………………………………………………………10

Foreign Literature……………………………………………………………………….…14

Local Literature………………………………………………………………………….…17

Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design…………………………………………………………………………..20

Population and Sampling Technique…………………………………………………….20

Respondent…………………………………………………………………………21

Sampling Technique……………………………………………………………….21

Slovin’s Formula……………………………………………………………………21

Research Instrument………………………………………………………………………21

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………………..22

Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………………….23

Percentage………………………………………………………………………….23

Weighed Mean…………………………………………………………..…………24

Legend Scale (Likert Scale)………………………………………………………24

 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

There has always been a news story concerned young commotion. Our

nation's children were prone to aggressive conduct, whether it takes the form of

street rioting, bullying, or school shootings. Youth riots were a severe kind of

violence intended to damage, kill, or injure others. Recognizing the prevalence of

these violent behaviors was crucial for parents and educators of teenagers. In

actuality, homicide ranks as the third most common cause of death for young people

between the ages of 15 and 19. Teenagers' environments can also affect them and

influence how aggressively they behave. Youth riots are at danger due to a number

of variables in the community, such as decreased economic possibilities, high crime

rates, and socially unkempt communities.

According to Braha, D. et al. (2012), Rioting is a type of civil disruption that is

frequently defined by a group of people launching a violent attack on a public figure,

a piece of property, or a person. Furthermore, Riots frequently result in damage to

either public or private property. The type of property that is attacked varies

depending on the riot and the participants' attitudes. Moreover, Targets may include

stores, automobiles, eateries, state-owned institutions, and places of worship. Riots

frequently start as a result of disagreement or grievance. Additionally, while some

people may try to start or control a riot, most riots are made up of unorganized

groups that are generally "chaotic and exhibit herd behavior." In the past, riots have

been caused by poverty, unemployment, and terrible living circumstances.

Furthermore, Barangay Public Safety Officer impart the deployment and prevention

of riots to the youth.

According to Arturo Biay, the barangay investigator of Barangay Langkiwa

Biñan City of Laguna, from the years 2019 to 2022 and the current year, the

statistics of youth riot in the barangay were very high. Firstly, in 2019 to 2020,

Barangay Langkiwa had the same statistics for youth riots, which were 73 records,

equivalent to 80% of the cases of youth riots. Secondly, in 2021, the record of riot

has not changed, and the number of riots continued to increase, with 80 records,

equivalent to 91% of the said year. And lastly, for the year 2022, the negative impact

of youth riots in Barangay Langkiwa, including the public disturbance, damage to

properties, and physical injuries, was no longer good because it perverting to

everyone who lived in the said area where the case of riot in Barangay Langkiwa

increased more, which had 82 records, or equivalent to 93%, and it is surprising why

the case of riot is still increasing for the reason there were Barangay Public Safety

Officers assigned to each phase of Barangay Langkiwa. Also, the researchers

wanted to know if the barangay public safety officer's strategies are effective in

reducing the cases of youth tumultuous affray in Barangay Langkiwa.

Therefore, in this study the researchers aimed for a criminological study as a

criminology student, which made them interested in conducting this study about the

effectiveness of strategies of the Barangay Public Safety Officers in reducing

tumultuous affray in Barangay Langkiwa City of Biñan, Laguna.

Theoretical Framework

These are the theories that support this study are Routine Activities Theory

and Social Control Theory.

Routine activity theory, developed by Cohen and Felson (1979), revolves

around three things: a "potential offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a

capable guardian". All three must come together in order for criminal activity to be

realized, Routine activity theory relies on the same rational choice methodology as

situational crime prevention techniques.

Therefore, it has important implications for the prevention of crime made by

the BPSO. They conduct night time/day time patrol as one of their prevention

strategies that are informed by routine activities theory attempt to alter these

opportunity structures to prevent criminal events.

Social Control Theory by Durkeim (2002), "We are moral beings to the extent

that we are social beings". In his view, crime serves the function of identifying

boundaries for behavior, which are recognized collectively in communities and

reinforced by negative societal reactions. Social order is thereby maintained by the

process of being socialized to avoid disapproval associated with deviant acts. This

process also is the means by which boundaries are altered and social change

occurs.

Social Control Theory relates on how the authorities can prevent a crime to

occur. It is an important matter to know the whole community and its people

including areas where crime is at peak so that they will think for the necessary and

efficient strategies within their communities. They should know to connect with the
people and establish an initial rapport with the people within the community in order

to build a positive and progressive relationship among them.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework that used in the study is the Input-Process-Output

Model as shown in figure 1. The (IPO) framework is use to explain the gathering data

for the study. This IPO model, a process is viewed as procedure connected by inputs

and outputs. Information or material objects flow through a scene of tasks or

activities based on a set of rules. Flow charts and process diagrams are often used

to represent the process by Harris & Taylor (1997), What goes in is the input, what

causes the change is the process, what comes out is the output by Armstrong

(2001), The IPO model provided the general model and guide for the direction of the

study effectiveness of strategies of the BPSO in reducing tumultuous affray in

Barangay Langkiwa City of Biñan Laguna.

Figure 1. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on the effectiveness of strategies of the Barangay Public

Safety Officer for reducing tumultuous affray. Specifically, it sought to answer the

following questions:

1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of;

Age:

Gender:

Self-Employment:

2. How many are the total number of cases by the tumultuous affray in Barangay

Langkiwa?

3. What are the current strategies of barangay public safety officers in Barangay

Langkiwa?

4. What are the level of effectiveness of strategies of the barangay public safety

officers in reducing tumultuous affray in Barangay Langkiwa?

Hypothesis

1.Null hypothesis

The strategies of BPSO in Barangay Langkiwa is somewhat effective in

reducing tumultuous affray.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The focuses of the study was to determine the level of effectiveness of the

Barangay Public Safety Officer in reducing tumultuous affray. This study was
conducted in Barangay Langkiwa City of Biñan Laguna. Out of 39,526 residents of

Barangay Langkiwa only 396 as 10% of the population sample were used for the

respondents and divided to unemployed residents, employed inside and outside the

visibility of Barangay Langkiwa. The researcher has been used a descriptive design.

Survey questionnaire is the main tool of this study.

Significance of the study

The following entities will benefit from this study are Barangay Public Safety

Officers, Barangay officials, community, youth, and future researchers.

Barangay Public Safety Officer. The result of this study will conclude what would be

the need of the BPSO to develop and enhance the effectiveness of their

performance in reducing tumultuous affray.

Barangay Officials. Through this study they will have additional information and

evaluate their current programs or response toward the incidence of riot in their

locality in terms of effectiveness and efficiency done by their BPSO's.

Community. Through the help of this study community will be able to know the

effectiveness of keeping peace and preventing riot in their Barangay.

Youth. This study will help the youths to understand the possible outcomes and

programs by the Barangay official to prevent them from involvement in riot incidents.

Future Researchers. The outcome of the study would serve as a reference material

for those students who would like to conduct similar or related study. This may help

as a guide to those who plan to conduct research which is relevant to the study
Definition of terms

The following terms are defined to give a better understanding of the meaning

as they are used in the study.

Barangay- Smallest unit of the government.

Barangay Patrol- community security and monitoring system carried out by barangay

officials and volunteers within a Barangay.

Barangay Public Safety Officer (BPSO)- The lowest level of law enforcement pillar

that was organized to assist the government in the maintenance of peace and order

in the country.

Level of Effectiveness- Specific percentage of functionality that a particular method

or thing has achieved.

Prevention- Implementing things or programs to avoid incidents from happening.

Pulis sa Barangay (PSB)- They are the police officer assigned inside the Barangay.

Riot- It is a commotion of youth inside the barangay.

Tumultuous Affray- As substitution of riot for formality and define as the commotion

of youth.

Unemployed- They are the respondents without a paid job but available to work

including students and self-employed residents.

Youth - the period of life typically between childhood and adulthood, characterized by

growth, exploration, learning, and self-discovery.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presented the related information and gathered facts and data

regarding to the study “Effectiveness of Strategies of the Barangay Public Safety

Officers in Reducing Tumultuous Affray in Barangay Langkiwa, City of Biñan,

Laguna”.

FOREIGN STUDY

As explained by Songaila (2022), To maintain peace, something is required

both properly arranged and. There are some instances where more police Visibility

might not be successful. Here, law enforcement Individuals from the community can

help prevent The community must provide assistance against crime. The entire

family must be knowledgeable about crime and its negative effects.

As mentioned by Austria-Cruz (2020), The peace and order situation in a

barangay shows that a tranquil barangay represents a peaceful nation. The state of

tranquility and law and order in a barangay show that a tranquil barangay is a

tranquil nation. order and harmony help to sustain social order, economic progress,

and political steadfastness. The researchers used the data from the study to perform

the duties of a Barangay Police Security Officer and obligations as stated in the

Memorandum Circular 2003-042. This study centered on evaluating Barangay

Performance of Tanods. In terms of their roles and actions, the city in accordance

with Memorandum Circular 2003-042.

According to Magapan (2021), Numerous nations continue to work toward

world peace. Because there are still components of violence prevalent everywhere,
the threat to the public remains high. A nation needs to maintain peace since it is

essential to humanity's survival. The only way to end injustice and violence is via

peace, which also serves as humanity's golden ticket to a new, better future. Without

promoting harmony among its citizens and inside its boundaries, no nation can

advance economically or prosper. The upkeep of peace and order is crucial here in

the Philippines. Achieving the harmony that we all want most requires efforts from

the lowest level of government to the highest. Both order and peace are our

administration is still unable to address the threat of terrorism in some regions of the

world or the widespread impact of drugs and other crimes in the current era. The

administration is still looking for ways to reduce this threat in the neighborhood by

increasing police visibility and using more force with the assistance of local

government units.

According to Ammad F. (2023), This study describes parents’ role in building

mental spiritual, moral and intellectual children through approaches and methods.

The presentation of this paper is based on the analysis of library data with a

descriptive model. From the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the

role of parents is the first and foremost educator for children, because it is from them

that children first get basic education. Thus the first education obtained by children is

from family life. Parent’s failure to foster children's morals to make them virtuous will

not occur if they carry out their function or role as parents responsible for children.

The presence of parents is very influential on children. Because obedience to

children's religious, moral, and intellectual teachings is a habit that children learn in

their family environment, parents must set a good example for their children. So that

children can imitate what their parents have done

 According to Maryl V. (2023), We find that the presence and actions of

intimate handlers collaborating with the police during the gatherings, effectuated

through frequent affiliative contacts with the crowd, had direct de-escalatory effects,

operative because of their well-developed social community bonds: participants in

gatherings avoided jeopardizing these bonds of attachment, which also created a

more positive image of the police through citizen-police collaborations. Our findings

thus stress the importance of social bonds for the effectiveness of riot prevention and

we consider practical implications for public disorder and large-scale crowd

management.

LOCAL STUDY

On the word of OG. (2021), Being the leaders, Barangay Tanods play a

crucial role. essential function of maintaining order and peace in all barangay. They

are made up of voluntary civilians. who defends the neighborhood. The government

organized brigades to help with the country's ongoing maintenance of peace and

order. In order to fulfill their responsibility, they patrol at night. whereby the risk to

their life is in the hands of criminal elements, other deviant parts of society, and

society. Barangay Tanod is subject to House Bill No. 5438. Regarded to be at the

most basic level of law In the Philippines, an enforcement officer. In front of them

liners in the planning and reaction to any kind of atrocities, public disturbances,

crises, and even catastrophes caused by humans or disasters. But typically

experience indicates that the functions that barangay tanod play considerably above

and beyond what is expected of them.

From the point of view of Figer (2015), This research also demonstrated the

degree of raising public understanding of contemporary policing and recommending

that BPSOs are regularly in direct touch with the public, they ought to undergo

thorough training when it comes to things like information gathering, reporting,

arrests, and searches, which are both important in the discipline of criminalistics. The

barangay is the basic unit of the decentralized system of government in the

Philippines. A barangay captain is in charge of each barangay. The barangay is

responsible for upholding law and order within its borders and offering its residents

welfare, sanitation, health, and educational services. Law and order must be

maintained inside the boundaries of each barangay, and this is the duty of the public

safety personnel who serve them. As mostly self-governing entities, barangays have

a lot of autonomy when it comes to raising public safety awareness. Additionally, as

barangays are autonomous bodies with their own staff and officials, there is no need

for a centralized police force to carry out these duties because local officials are

already aware of issues developing within their spheres of influence. Implementing

programs to community policing inside specific communities could considerably

enhance public safety conditions within each barangay in the Philippines, as long as

data indicates that crime rates have decreased in some regions after doing so.

Pursuant to Estonio (2014), This study's primary interest is in barangay-level

peacekeeping. Three barangays were picked for the study's subject in this

investigation. Barangay Teachers Village East, UP Village, and Pansol are

investigated, as well as each community's peace and order committee and barangay

peace and security officer. The chief of each barangay's peace and order committee

was interviewed using a semi-structured format as part of the qualitative research

methodology utilized in this study. As a result, the aim of this research is to define

the procedures and operations, as well as their capacity in terms of resources (such

as manpower, materials, and strategies) utilized to run a peacekeeping organization.

The barangay level's peace and order committee, which is led by the barangay

captain, is responsible for maintaining order. The purpose of this study is to explain

how the barangay is kept peaceful and orderly. The capacity of the peace and order

committees in the three subject barangays of Barangay Teacher's Village East, UP

Village, and Pansol will also be described as part of this research's comparison of

processes and methods. The peace and order committee's biggest challenges will

be further identified by this research. As a result, this research may help

policymakers better manage maintaining peace and order in the barangays.

Pursuant to Cruz (2020), This study's goal was to examine how barangay

officials performed their obligations and responsibilities. Participants in the event

included barangay officials, barangay police, tanod, and other stakeholders. Data

was gathered using respondents' demographic profiles, and performance was

evaluated using their duties. as well as obligations. A descriptive-correlated

methodology was used to examine significant differences. Interviews with seasoned

law enforcement officers, including police officers and individuals with a good

reputation, were conducted to validate and bolster findings. recommendations for

improving training initiatives to enable them to effectively discharge amendments to

the honorarium were suggested as a way to clarify their obligations and make up for

the risks and sacrifices they made. Employing barangay tanods for their needs. The

obligations and responsibilities that are offered served as the study's main tenet.

Under the heading "Guidelines on Professionalizing the Barangay Tanod" of

Memorandum Circular 2003-42. The claim that there is little difference between the

constituents (including tanod) was put to the test by the researcher. And barangay

officials, such as the councilor and employees, regarding their opinions of the

effectiveness of the barangay roles and obligations of tanod or police security

officers. The descriptive research design was employed in the way this study was

conducted and the usage of the questionnaire checklist. The purpose of this study is

to examine how barangay officials have fulfilled their obligations and responsibilities.

Participants in the event include barangay officials, barangay police, security guards,

and other stakeholders.

As demonstrated by Asis (2020), The purpose of the study is to ascertain the

Barangay Tanods' efficacy in maintaining peace and order in the Municipality of

Bayambang. In particular, this study aimed to ascertain the respondents'

characteristics in terms of age, sex, civil status, highest educational attainment,

monthly family income, number of trainings attended, and years of experience as

barangay tanods; the extent to which the barangay tanods are effective in

maintaining peace and order in their communities as perceived by the barangay

tanods and constituents; and the issues the barangay tanod. Researchers employed

a descriptive technique and a questionnaire as their main data collection tool to

determine the effectiveness of barangay tanods in maintaining peace and order in

the Municipality of Bayambang. Based on the data they gathered and looked at, the

researcher also thinks that the res-ponders are quite good at fulfilling their

responsibilities. Additionally, the respondents indicated that they are very successful

in their role as first respondent. Additionally, they said that their patrolling and danger

recognition work is very effective. Community is a formed society of individuals with

shared commonalities and differences with their values, beliefs, culture, traditions

etc., being part of a community creates connection and communication, builds

relationships, forms a kind of social system and provides basic essentials for

everyday life.

LOCAL LITERATURE
 As explained by Vicente (2020), The Analysis of Variance was used to test its

significant differences of the perceptions of the respondents that investigated the

problems on the level of preparation, perceptions, degree of seriousness of the

identified gaps, and the remedial solutions to the problems of the Baguio City Police

Office in preventing and countering violent extremism in Baguio City. Results of the

study showed that the Baguio City Police Office is functioning normally and is

regularly conducting its routine activities in the community as well as effective and

efficient as to its programs and activities delivered in the community but is not

extensively and strategically working with the barangay officials as well as not much

on its engagement with the residents. Based on the findings of the study, this

undertaking strongly recommends that the Baguio City Police Office anti-crime

activities should be properly coordinated with the barangay authorities and

encouraged to maintain or enhance its strategic programs like “Oplan bakal-sita,”

“Barangay Ugnayan,” and the conduct of patrolling.

According to Ammiyao (2021), The study was conducted from January 2020

until May 2020. In treating the data collected, the researcher made use of thematic

analysis. Results showed that the Police Personnel and Barangay Officials are

regularly conducting the following activities: regular patrolling (foot and mobile

patrol), routine checkpoints, and crime prevention seminars. It also showed that they

had challenges in implementing these crime prevention programs such as having

depleted personnel, inadequate crime prevention equipment, and instances of

unreported cases. Crime prevention is usually not the concern of everyone. Crime

prevention is a series of strategies done by the national government to the local

government units to combat crimes. These strategies may include mobile or foot
patrol, imposing curfew hours, information dissemination, and others. Additionally,

the primary aim of crime prevention is to ensure the safety of the community.

As mentioned by Saligan (2018), Owing to the role of Barangay

Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in peacekeeping, it is paramount that a

continuous effort to improve the delivery of BPAT services must be implemented.

Obtaining the perception of the members of the community regarding their level of

satisfaction on BPAT Peacekeeping is the basic function of the PNP and police

visibility is one of the main thrusts of the peacekeeping activity. Without the police, it

would be very difficult to maintain peace and order. This is where the police must

share the mantle of responsibility for fighting crime with the members of the

community. Owing to the role of BPAT in peacekeeping and the varying challenges

with peace and order that citizens may encounter in their locality, it is paramount that

a continuous effort to improve the delivery of BPAT services must be implemented.

Obtaining the perception of the members of the community regarding their level of

satisfaction on BPAT performance could be a kick-start to evaluate the delivery of its

services. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the community satisfaction

on BPAT performance in Ozamiz City,

As stated to Doquilla (2023), This study aims to determine the level of

implementation, effectiveness and degree of problems encountered by the Barangay

Peacekeeping Action Team in the City of Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.. Results showed

that the BPAT were implemented, effective and the problems encountered were

fairly serious. In conclusion, the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team of selected

barangays in the City of Cabanatuan was mobilized, working and effective. The

problems encountered were less serious and manageable. It is then recommended

that implementers of the team should continue to perform well and to ensure the
effectiveness of the team there is a need to systematize their daily routine activities

in implementation of peace and order. Also, implementers of BPAT must strengthen

and update the knowledge, skills and attitude of the members through joint training

and seminars.

According to Rivara (2019), Violence in its many forms can affect the health of

people who are the targets, those who are the perpetrators, and the communities in

which both live. In this article we review the literature on the health consequences of

many forms of violence, including child physical and sexual abuse, intimate partner

violence, elder abuse, sexual violence, youth violence, and bullying. The biological

effects of violence have become increasingly better understood and include effects

on the brain, neuroendocrine system, and immune response. Consequences include

increased incidences of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and

suicide; increased risk of cardiovascular disease; and premature mortality. The

health consequences of violence vary with the age and sex of the victim as well as

the form of violence. People can be the victims of multiple forms of violence, and the

health effects can be cumulative.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

As stated by Yang D.S. (2020), The abnormal event detection has become an

important topic recently. This paper presents a method to detect the crowd

gathering, as well as the commotion event after the crowd gathering. The proposed

stillness model and the motion model are based on the improved background

subtraction and the optical flow feature. We construct the long-term stillness level by

the break bucket model and clustering the instantaneous stillness level. Then the

crowd gathering event is decided by the threshold with the long-term stillness level.

Furthermore, the motion model is applied for detecting the commotion event after the
crowd gathering. In the experiment, we used the dataset of PET2009. The proposed

method is verified by the experiment with 97% accuracy.

In the opinion of Niklas (2015), In the last ten years several violent protests

have emerged in Sweden's largest cities. Some of them have developed into real

riots, resulting in burned cars and large police operations. These violent events, or

‘urban riots’, are a relatively new phenomenon in Sweden. The aim of this qualitative

study is to investigate the structure of the discourse among the Swedish political elite

in power. I will observe if the political discourse on disadvantaged areas in Sweden

is characterized by continuity or change after urban riots. This study examines four

urban riot cases, between 2005 and 2013. The results from the analysis suggest that

the disadvantaged districts are not salient both before and after the riots among the

political elite in power, except for the last case. In this case the riot as such has no

observable ‘effect’ on political discourse about disadvantaged districts. The political

actors tend to separate riots as events from the disadvantaged districts. The last riot

did not change how the government defined the problem in the suburbs and how it

should be solved. In all cases the political discourse has a strong divide between the

state and the inhabitants in the suburbs. The state acts and residents are acted

upon.

Based on Malti (2020), The absence of violence against children is a

fundamental children's right and a major milestone of civilized society. Similarly,

reports on incidences of violence by children and youth, including severe cases with

devastating consequences, speak to the need that the trauma of exposure to

violence in childhood needs to be addressed. While violence and its risk factors are

generally understood, what is less clear are the essential protective factors, how we

can identify those as early as possible, and how we can use them to prevent and
address the trauma of violence exposure in children and youth. In this report, I

review pathways of child and youth violence through the lens of social-emotional

development as a central protective factor. Negative emotions of frustration and

anger can underlie violence and aggression. Kind emotions, such as caring and our

ability to connect with others emotionally, can serve as social-emotional protective

factors. A brief review of the central social-emotional processes and their

development is provided, including the human capacity to feel with others and

express empathy, be emotionally aware and care about the effects of one's own

actions on others, and be able to regulate the self and their emotions. Given the

negative widespread and long-term impact of exposure to violence, I describe

research-informed attempts to prevent violence exposure across development.

Taking a humanistic, strength-based perspective, the focus is on social-emotional

protective factors to address violence and nurture mental health in every child. I

conclude with recommendations for practice and policy.

As explained by Walsh C. (2023), This study conducted a mediation analysis,

entering social support as the independent variable, psychological distress as the

mediator and self-reported violence as the outcome variable. Violent victimization

was entered as a covariate in the analysis. After controlling for violent victimization,

social support operates through psychological stress to influence the risk of physical

violence. Social support may contribute to reductions in psychological stress and

thus buffer against the risks of living in areas of elevated community violence.

Specialist youth work approaches may provide an opportunity to reduce

psychological stress and thus help to mitigate the risk of further violence. Combined,

these insights provide opportunities for harm reduction and prevention. At the same
time, these findings advance our understanding of the distinct mechanisms of

change involved in youth work-led violence prevention efforts.

Based by Mallory C. (2023) This Research on trauma- and stressor-related

disorders has recently expanded to consider moral injury, or the harmful

psychological impact of profound moral transgressions, betrayals, and acts of

perpetration. Largely studied among military populations, this construct has rarely

been empirically extended to children and adolescents despite its relevance in the

early years, as well as youths’ potentially heightened susceptibility to moral injury

due to ongoing moral development and limited social resources relative to adults.

The present paper brings together theory and research on developmentally-oriented

constructs involving morally injurious events, including attachment trauma, betrayal

trauma, and perpetration-induced traumatic stress, and describes how they may be

integrated and extended to inform a developmentally-informed model of moral injury.

Features of such a model include identification of potentially morally injurious events,

maladaptive developmental meaning-making processes that underlie moral injury, as

well as behavioral and emotional indicators of moral injury among youth. Thus, this

review summarizes the currently available developmental literatures, identifies the

major implications of each to a developmentally-informed construct of moral injury,

and presents a conceptual developmental model of moral injury for children and

adolescents to guide future empirical research.

Synthesis

The relevance of the related literatures and studies to the present studies was

to inform the researchers about the roles, responsibilities, and performance of the

Barangay Public Safety Officer in their Barangay and reaction toward to barangay-
related incidents. The related studies could have been used by the researchers to

assess the effectiveness of strategies of the BPSO for reducing tumultuous affray in

Barangay Langkiwa.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the discussion for the methods of research employed

by the researchers in conducting the studied which includes the research design,

population and sampling techniques, respondents of the study, research instrument,

data gathering procedures, and Statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study was made by means of descriptive research it described the

presented status of all the selected or identified variables. It involves description,

record of data, analysis and interpretation of the condition. It is appropriate to use in

gathering information about the present existing condition by Creswell (2014). It only

answered What, When, Where, and How but not Why. This research design is

suitable to measure the effectiveness of strategies of the Barangay Public Safety

Officer in reducing tumultuous affray.

Population and Sampling Techniques

This study would have conducted in the Barangay Langkiwa City of Biñan

Laguna. The researchers used the Simple Random Sampling Techniques for the

represent the population. To determine the sample size of the respondents from

Barangay Langkiwa with a total population of 39,526, the Slovin’s formula was used

with a 95% level of confidence or a +/-5% margin of error. Elements: n - Sample

Population, N-Population (39,526), e-level of confidence/margin of error (0.05)

Slovin Formula

Equation: n= N/(1+Ne2)

n = 39,526 / 1+ (39,526x0.05)2

n = 39,526 / 99.815

n = 395.9 ≈ 396

Respondent of the Study

The respondents to the study consisting of 396 residents in the community of

Barangay Langkiwa. One of the vital processes to kept this study successful. The

respondents are categorized as unemployed, employed outside and employed inside

the Barangay through simple random sampling and would mostly benefit in this

research.

Research Instrument
 The survey questionnaire was used as the main data-gathering instrument. A

survey questionnaire was a research tool used to conduct surveys. It was defined as

the set of questions that provided information from a sample of individuals through

their responses to questions stated by Check and Schutt (2012). The question

should always remain as unbiased as possible according to Amarsan (2021). This

survey questionnaire focused on answering the statement of the problem and it

consisted of two parts. The first part was the demographics profile of the

respondents, which included age, gender and employment. The second part was the

set of questions assessing the level of effectiveness of the strategies implemented

by BPSO in Barangay Langkiwa.

And adapted a four-point legend scale to qualify the respondents response in

each item. This scale ranging from 1-4. Where (1) Not Effective, (2) Somewhat

Effective, (3) Effective, and the last one is (4) Very Effective. This legend was used

to help the researchers to analyzed the result of conducting data-gathering.

LEGEND SCALE NUMERICAL INTERPRETATION

4 3.50-4.00 VERY EFFECTIVE

3 2.50-3.49 EFFECTIVE

2 1.50-2.49 SOMEWHAT EFFECTIVE

1 1.0-1.49 NOT EFFECTIVE

TABLE 1. LEGEND SCALE INTERPRETATION

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers had sought permission through a written letter to the Barangay

Chairman of Barangay Langkiwa to conduct the study and gave survey

questionnaire to the random residents of Barangay as respondents. The researchers

conducted a face-to-face interview to Mr. Arthuro Biay, the investigator of Barangay.

Then the researchers gathered information and data about the problems inside the

community as well as their demographic profile and other recorded cases for primary

sources. After the approval of the Barangay, the survey questionnaires were directly

given to respondents who had been randomly selected residents of the Barangay.

The researchers conducted interviews with the respondents, and after the collection

of survey questionnaires, researchers would use statistical treatment method

analysis which included the percentage, weighted mean and solving formula. Then

would analyzed, interpreted and presented the data gathered.

Data Analysis (Statistical Treatment of Data)

The data would have been gathered in this study subjected to the following statistical

treatment. The process of creating frequency count, mean and percentage

distribution, and person-result of connection will be applied, involves identifying the

total number of observations to be presented and counting the total number of

observations within each data point or grouping of data points.

Percentage
Formula:
P= F/N *100
Where: P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Number of respondents
 Weighted Mean =This tool was used to provide answers to the questions.
Formula:

Where: x = is the weighted mean

∑ft = sum of the product of weights multiplied by their respected frequency.
∑f = sum of all respondents

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

based on the objectives of the study.

Profile of the Respondents

The profile of the respondents was determined to identify the age, gender and
employment of the respondents.
 Figure 4.1 Age of the Respondents

4.1 shown the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents age bracket.
The highest age frequency of 120 or 30.3% of the respondents belong to the age
bracket of 26-30 years old; 95 or 24% of respondents belong to the age bracket of
21-25 years old; 48 or 12.1% of respondents belong to the age bracket of 31-35
years old; 41 or 10.3% of respondents belong to the age bracket of 51-55 years old;
36 or 9.1% of respondents belong to the age bracket of 50-46 years old; 24 or 6.1%
of respondents belong to the age bracket of 15-20 years old; 14 or 3.5% of
respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-45 years old; 13 or 3.3% of
respondents belong to the age bracket of 36-40 years old; and the lowest age
frequency of 5 or 1.3% of respondents belong to the age bracket of 56 above.

Figure 4.2 Gender of the Respondents

4.2 shown the percentage distribution of the respondents’ gender. Males had the

highest gender percentage with 56% of the respondents, followed by females with

44%.
 Figure 4.3 Employment Status of the Respondents

4.3 shown the percentage distribution of the respondents’ employment status. The

highest percentage with the 47% of the respondents belong to the unemployed;

followed by 32% of the respondents belong to the employed-inside; and the lowest

employment with 21% of the respondents belong to the employed-outside.

Table 4.4 Effectiveness of Strategies of the Barangay Public Safety Officers

Questions Weighted Verbal Interpretation Rank

mean

1. Conducting surveillance within the 2.32 Somewhat effective 3

Barangay Langkiwa.
2. Responding all the tumultuous affray 2.26 Somewhat effective 4
situation within the Barangay.
3. Conducting planning of strategical method 2.91 Effective 1.5
for tumultuous affray.
4. Assuring the safety of the people in your 2.91 Effective 1.5
barangay.
5. Ensuring the effectivity of the strategies in 1.95 Somewhat effective 9
reducing tumultuous affray in your
community.
6. Conducting of patrolling or ronda during 2.18 Somewhat effective 7
day duty.
7. Conducting of patrolling or ronda during 2.21 Somewhat effective 6
night duty.
8. Presence of adequate equipment during 2.12 Somewhat effective 8
their patrol or ronda.
9. Ensuring immediate response when an 2.23 Somewhat effective 5
incident occurred during their tour of duty.
10. Has an effective partnership of BPSO and 1.79 Somewhat effective 10
the Pulis sa Barangay (PSB) in response
to tumultuous affray.
Total 2.29 Somewhat effective

4.4 presents the different questions about the strategies or duties of Barangay Public

Safety Officers, their weighted mean equivalence, Likert scale interpretation, and

rank. The highest weighted mean of 2.91 interpreted as effective belongs to question

numbers 3 (conducting planning) and 4 (safety of the people); Followed by weighted

mean of 2.32 interpreted as Somewhat effective belong to question number 1

(Conducting surveillance); Followed by weighted mean of 2.26 interpreted as

Somewhat effective belong to question number 2 (Responding all); Followed by

weighted mean of 2.23 interpreted as Somewhat effective belong to question

number 9 (immediate response); Followed by a weighted mean of 2.21 interpreted

as Somewhat effective belong to question number 7 (night duty); Followed by

weighted mean of 2.18 interpreted as Somewhat effective belong to question

number 6 (day duty); Followed by weighted mean of 2.12 interpreted as Somewhat

effective belong to question number 8 (adequate equipment); and Followed by a

weighted mean of 1.95 interpreted as Somewhat effective belong to question

number 5 (Ensuring the effectivity) and the lowest weighted mean is 1.79 belongs to

question number 10 (effective partnership). Moreover, the rest of the question on the

duties and responsibilities of Barangay Public Safety Officers was rated somewhat

effective.
 According to Garcia&Santos et al., (2020). Numerous studies have examined

the roles and responsibilities of barangay public safety officers (BPSOs). draws

attention to their part in preventing crime, raising community awareness, and being

ready for emergencies. Furthermore, stress how crucial BPSOs are to encouraging

community involvement and cooperation with local government. The study

emphasizes the need of building a strong partnership between BPSOs and local

communities as a cornerstone for effective crime prevention. However, more

research is required to evaluate the efficacy of BPSOs in maintaining public safety

and their integration into larger community development initiatives. The research

offers a comprehensive knowledge of how BPSOs negotiate their various obligations

to produce safer and more resilient neighborhoods by clarifying the mechanics of

community policing within the barangay context.

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter presents the general summary of the study which includes the summary

of findings, the conclusion derived from the findings and the recommendation of the

researcher which are based on the findings and conclusions of the study.

Summary of Findings

From the data output by the statistical instruments, the proponents come up with the
following results:
1.Shows the distribution of the respondents according to age. The total number of

respondents are 396. This means the highest age frequency of 120 or 30.3% of

respondents belong to the age bracket 30-31 years old while the lowest age

frequency of 5 or 1.3% belong to the age bracket of 56 above.

2.As the respondents gender, it was found out that most of the respondents are male

having highest gender frequency of 220 or 56%; and then the female having the

lowest gender frequency of 176 or 44%.

3.As the respondents’ family occupational, it was found out that most of the

respondents belong to the unemployed having 187 or 47%; 125 or 32% belongs to

the employed-inside. And the lowest was employed-outside with the frequency of 84

or 21%.

Conclusion

Based on the data collected and computed the average weighted mean of the

statements in the questions on duties and responsibilities of Barangay Public Safety

Officers was 2.29 and interpreted as SOMEWHAT. This Indicates and tells that the

effect of the strategies being imposed and practiced by the Public Safety Officers

has a different impact in their task because looking at the statements it was noted

that the weighted mean averages and the interpretation are NOT CONSTANT.

Recommendation

1. For criminology student the outcome of the study will serve as a reference

material and may help as a guide to those who plan to conduct research that

relevant to the study.

2. For school to guide and support the student while conducting study inside and

outside of the school vicinity.

3. For Community members should actively engage in open communication,

participate in neighborhood watch initiatives, and promote awareness about
safety measures to enhance the effectiveness of barangay public safety
officers in reducing tumultuous affray.
4. For Future researchers should focus on longitudinal studies to assess the
sustained impact of Barangay Public Safety Officer (BPSO) strategies over
time, considering evolving community dynamics; furthermore, exploring
innovative approaches like community empowerment models and proactive
education campaigns could offer insights into novel strategies that extend
beyond conventional law enforcement paradigms for tumultuous affray
reduction in diverse community settings.
References

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Tanod sa Pagpapanatili ng Kapayapaan at Kaayusan.

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 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH STUDY SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Part 1: Respondent’s Demographic Profile

Direction: Put a check to the box that represent your corresponding response to
each question.

Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek ang kahon na kumakatawan sa iyong kaukulang sagot sa

bawat tanong.

Age:

v 15-20 v 21-25 v 26-30 v 31-35 v 36-40

v 41-45 v 46-50 v 51-55 v above 56
Gender:

Female v Male v

Occupation:

v Unemployed v Employed inside Brgy.Langkiwa

v Employed outside Brgy.Langkiwa

Part II: Duties and Responsibilities of Barangay Public Safety Officer

Direction: Read each statement carefully, rate your Barangay Public Safety Officer’s
effectiveness of strategies for reducing tumultuous affray in your Barangay. Use the
scale below as basis and check the cell that corresponds to your evaluation.

Panuto: Basahing mabuti ang bawat pahayag, i-rate ang pagiging epektibo ng iyong
Barangay Public Safety Officer ng mga estratehiya para mabawasan ang magulong
away sa iyong Barangay. Gamitin ang iskala sa ibaba bilang batayan at suriin ang
cell na tumutugma sa iyong pagsusuri.

4-VERY EFFECTIVE

3-EFFECTIVE

2-SOMEWHAT EFFECTIVE

1-NOT EFFECTIVE
Table 1:

QUESTIONS VERY EFFECTIVE SOMEWHAT NOT

EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
1.Conducting
surveillance
around the
Barangay.
2.Detecting
all the
tumultuous
affray
situation
inside the
range of
Barangay.

3.Conduct
planning or
strategical
method for
tumultuous
affray.
4.Does the
BPSO
function in
assuring the
safety of the
people in
your
barangay.

5.Does the
strategies of
BPSO
effective in
reducing
tumultuous
affray.

Table 2: Patrolling Strategy of Barangay Public safety officer

QUESTIONS VERY EFFECTIVE SOMEWHAT NOT

EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
6.Conducts
patrol/Ronda at
day/night time.

No Patrol

Once a day
twice a day

thrice a day

7.Uses
weapon/equipme
nt in times of
patrol/Ronda.

8.Immediately
respond to the
incident during
their duty.

Less than
5minutes

5-10 minutes

More than 10
minutes

9.Assisted by the
PNP in
responding to
tumultuous
affray taken to
the
barangay.
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