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in this lesson we'll explore the details

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of what happens during the phases of

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meiosis

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meiosis sometimes called reduction

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division is the type of cell division

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that produces gametes

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by gametes we mean sex cells such as

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sperm cells in males and egg cells in

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females

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meiosis is broken down into two stages

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of cell division called meiosis one and

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meiosis ii

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meiosis one has four phases prophase one

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metaphase one anaphase one and telophase

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one

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and meiosis 2 also has 4 phases prophase

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2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 and telophase

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2.

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let's look at what happens during

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meiosis 1.

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prophase one starts with a diploid cell

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its chromatin contains two uncoiled

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spread out sets of chromosomes one from

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each parent

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after the dna in the chromatin

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replicates it condenses into the more

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familiar x-shaped chromosomes

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the replicated dna is the same in the

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identical sister chromatids of each

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chromosome

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in a process called synapsis each

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chromosome pairs up with and binds to

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its corresponding homologous chromosome

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forming a tetrad

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a tetrad is the group of four sister

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chromatids in paired homologous

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chromosomes

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the chromosomes contain genetic

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information called genes

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these genes were inherited from each

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parent

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and different versions of the same gene

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on each chromosome are called alleles

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in a process called crossing over

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chromatids from each homologous

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chromosome exchange segments of alleles

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also called recombination crossing over

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randomly happens on every chromosome

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resulting in different gene combinations

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this explains why every gamete is

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genetically different from every other

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gamete

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crossing over results in genetic variety

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in offspring

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this is why children are different from

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their biological parents as well as from

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their biological siblings

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continuing on with prophase one the

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nuclear membrane disappears

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the centrioles move to opposite ends of

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the cell and spindle fibers fan out from

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them next in metaphase 1 the homologous

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chromosomes line up at the equator and

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attach to spindle fibers from opposite

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poles

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during anaphase 1 spindle fibers

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separate the homologous chromosomes in

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each tetrad and pull them to opposite

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poles of the cell

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the cell enters telophase one with one

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chromosome from each homologous pair at

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separate poles

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however each chromosome still consists

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of sister chromatids

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keep in mind that each chromosomes

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sister chromatids are no longer

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identical because of the allele exchange

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that happened during crossing over

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then spindle fibers disappear and the

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nuclear membrane reforms around the

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chromosomes

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finally cytokinesis occurs

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meiosis one ends with two genetically

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different haploid daughter cells

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each haploid cell contains only one set

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of chromosomes consisting of paired

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sister chromatids

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both cells now enter the next stage

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meiosis ii

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however unlike meiosis 1 dna does not

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replicate before meiosis 2 begins

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once again in prophase 2 the nuclear

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membrane disappears and spindle fibers

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fan out from the two sets of paired

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centrioles

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during metaphase ii the chromosomes in

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each cell line up at the equator and

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attach to spindle fibers from both poles

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during anaphase ii the sister chromatids

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of each chromosome separate and move to

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opposite poles

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once the sister chromatids separate

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they're called chromosomes

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finally during telophase ii the spindle

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fibers disappear
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and nuclear membranes reform

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and cytokinesis occurs in both cells

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meiosis ii ends with four genetically

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different haploid daughter cells each

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containing only one set of chromosomes

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some key points to remember about

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meiosis
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it begins with a diploid cell

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meiosis only produces gametes

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gametes are genetically different

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haploid cells sperm cells in males and

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eggs in females

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meiosis has two stages of cell division

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called meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.

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during meiosis 1 homologous chromosomes

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separate to produce two haploid cells

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each containing chromosomes in the form

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of paired sister chromatids

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in meiosis ii the sister chromatids

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separate in both cells becoming

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individual chromosomes
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cytokinesis of these cells produces four

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genetically different haploid gametes

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and here are some key points to remember

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about prophase one the pairing of

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homologous chromosomes called synapsis

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occurs

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each pair of homologous chromosomes

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consisting of four chromatids is called

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a tetrad

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during the process of crossing over

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chromosomes in homologous pairs exchange

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segments of alleles

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crossing over results in genetic

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differences in gametes
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all gametes produced by meiosis are

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haploid

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[Music]

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you