MATHEMATICS 10 QUARTER 3 REVIEWER

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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING FACTORIAL

- in a sequence of events, the total possible ways - multiplication of positive integers below it.
all events can be performed is the product of the
possible number of ways each individual event n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)………..3 × 2 × 1
can be performed. Example:
Multiplication Rule In how many ways can 6 people be arranged in a
- If one event can occur in m ways, a second row?
event in n ways and a third event in r, then the 6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720 ways
three events can occur in m × n × r ways.
Scientific Calculator
Example:
- press ‘shift’ key, then press x-1
Ela has 5 different tops and 3 colors of pants to
choose from, in how many ways can she wear an
outfit of one top and one pants?

m x n = 5 x 3 = 15 ways

Tree Diagram

Note:

😯
0! = 1 because there is only one possible
arrangement for zero objects, which is none.
REPETITION OF AN EVENT
PERMUTATIONS
- when there is recurrence, replacement, or return.
- if ‘n’ outcomes occur ‘r’ times with repetition, the - or also called as ‘arrangements’, are distinctly
total number of possible outcomes is nr. ordered sets.
- order of the arrangement is important !! order
Example:
matters !! (MathBits)
What is the total number of outcomes if a die is
‘n taken r at a time’
rolled 3 times?
n = number of objects
nr = 63 = 6 x 6 x 6 = 216 r = number of positions
Example:

If there are 5 participants, in how many ways can

the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd places be chosen?

5! 5·4·3·2·1
P3 = (5−3)! =
5
2·1
= 60

P3 = 5 x 4 x 3 (first 3 places of 5!) = 60

5
TOGETHERNESS
In how many different arrangements can the
letters of MATH be spelled? A group of 6 people are lining up for a photo, 2 of
them must stay together. In how many ways can
4! 4·3·2·1 these be arranged?
P4 = (4−4)! =
4
1
= 24
Solution:
P4 = 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24
4

The two of them will be counted as one, therefore,

Note:
5! multiplied to 2! when they interchange
If n = r, then nPr is simply n! (nPr = n!) positions, still together.

Scientific Calculator 5! x 2! = 240

- press ‘shift key’, then press multiply ‘×’ or ‘nCr’ NOT TOGETHER
depending on your calculator. A group of 6 people are lining up for a photo, 2 of
them must not be together. In how many ways can
these be arranged?

Solution:

No restrictions minus their togetherness

6! - 5! 2! = 480

DISTINGUISHABLE

If we have ‘n’ elements of which ‘x’ are alike of

one kind, ‘y’ are alike of another kind, ‘z’ are alike
of another kind, then the number of ordered
selections or permutations is given by:

𝑛!
RESTRICTIONS 𝑥!𝑦!𝑧!
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS
The arrangements are different in a line, but are
identical around a circle. That is because there is
no distinct starting point in circular permutations,
while it matters in linear permutations.
To calculate the number of ways in which ‘n’
objects can be arranged in a circle, we arbitrarily
fix the position of one object, so the remaining
(n-1) objects can be arranged as if they were on a
straight line in (n-1)! ways.
COMBINATIONS
- or unordered selections, are a set of objects in
which position (or order) is NOT important.
- choice of ‘r’ things you want from a set of n
things without replacement and where the order
does not matter.
Special Cases
- one way of combining nothing from ‘n’ objects
- taking everything from ‘n’ objects is just one
combination.
- taking one from ‘n’ objects is simply ‘n’
Example:
How many ways can a basketball team of 5
players be chosen from 8 players?
8! 8·7·6·5·4·3·2·1
C5 = 5! (8−5)! = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 56
8
Scientific Calculator PROBABILITY
- press ‘shift key’, then press divide ‘÷’ or simply - measures how likely an event is to happen.
‘nCr’ depending on your calculator. - the number of ways it can happen divided by the
total number of all possible outcomes.

Simple Event

- event with single outcome

- tossing a coin

Compound Event

- probability of more than one event occurring

together.
- drawing a red ace card from a standard deck of
cards.

UNION OF EVENTS (∪)

- outcome is in event ‘A or B’
- outcome is either event A or event B
Note:

Use ‘multiplication’ when the combination is from

different sets but must be chosen together (refer
to example d). However, ‘addition’ is used when it
could not happen at the same time, or from 𝑛(𝐴∪𝐵)
different situations (refer to example f). P(A or B) = P(A∪B) =
𝑛(𝑠)

In a standard deck of cards, there is a total of 52 P(A or B) = P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
cards (no joker):
Intersection of Events (∩)
4 suits:
clubs (♣), spades (♠) - outcome is both or ‘A and B’
hearts (♥), diamonds (♦)
P(A and B) = P(A∩B)
13 kinds:
Ace (A) 𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵)
or P(A) • P(B)
Numbers (2-10) 𝑛(𝑠)
Face Cards (Jack, Queen, King)

Each suit has 13 kinds, ADDITION RULE OF PROBABILITY

Each kind has 4 suits.
- way of finding probability that either or both of
two events occur.

Mutually Exclusive

- two events that cannot occur at the same time

(disjoint).
- P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Non-Mutually Exclusive

- two events that can occur at the same time

(mutually inclusive).
- P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)

MULTIPLICATION RULE

Independent Events

- two events are unrelated

- repeating events with the same number of
outcomes each time.
- repeating events but replacing the removed item.
- P(A,B) = P(A) • P(B)

Dependent Events

- what happens during the 2nd event depends on

what happens before.
- P(A,B) = P(A) • P(B)

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

- probability that event B will occur given the

knowledge that event A has already occurred.

P(B|A) where A is an independent event and first

to happen before B

𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵)

P(B|A) = = = P(B)
𝑃(𝐴) 𝑃(𝐴)

- The End -