TR Fage NC.

O1

Daie O2 /04 / 14

OOLUTTONS

Soluiions
- t is a impu che mical 6ubskance made up
of Lopcnent.s 60lLLte and sOlvent_Of iHem
SOLuLLis pIL6ent in lOwer coDCentraltion_and
6olvent is present in_biqner_(oncentratlon,

SoLLtions is f two_t4pes-
Hcmgeneous a solution in Lohich_solii
particies cannot differentiated
salt Cand udter
HeieLOgeneous a 60lu tien in _which olLlte
payidle_can be diffeTenHated
sCLnd and _wdlter

IYPESOF SOLUTLONS

(_E0LOus Solution
Soventi6 (405
Gas and Gas Alr
Liquid in Gas ccl4 in_Na ga6, fog-
60Lid in_Gas 2smoKe

2) Liquid solLltidn
Spluent is liquid
G4s in LiqLuid 0 in water,carhonated drinke-
Liquud io_LiquidA alLoholin water.
SOid in Liquid 6altsugan in wattt.
 PageNo. 02
Date

a)Salid solution
Scluent is 6OlidL
Gas in s0lid sponge_,Hz in_palladium Nick
Liquidin splld gels
4els

Solid in solid Allays

ONCENIRATLON OE SOuJILON

-9Mas percentaqz w/
IE isLqual to_maás of he _ccmponent to ihe rotaL_
mCL6S_of 5cution_
lw= Mdss ot kómponent
MasS Óf sollution

(2Volumepercent.age |VV
Lt is defined as Nolum of Hhi tomponenE_o He_
Lotal vOLuMe Df LDlLtioD
[/v3 =_ voume of Lumprnent y EO
voume Of 6oLution

3 Ma6s by YOLumi percentage |M/V

IEis defined as mas5 of Hni component_ho He
totalDlLUMe_ Df soltibn.
Im/y]=_ma6s Of cormponent 102.
volume of 6olutton

(4)Pa16 per million Lppm1

t is dL{iotd as NLumbeIAf_parts of tht_component-
to the1ptal nUmbeaÁf pantz Dfsolufon.
Pem mdss/of (omPOnenE_ d
volumt of 6olu tion
 R ere e 03

5) MalA (raction_CX)
l t is_defLnes Cl5 number Df MOllS Df COmponent

and totat moles b[ 6CLLtion.

nA Xg
nA+ng

XA+p 1

6 Malanils (M)
I t i6 defined as numbesof mDleG Of 8olute diss.olurd
in one liri of 60Lution .LLss accILrak,Dependei Of_[em_
M= nsoute

M. nsolute
)

Mola.lit4 Cm)
16difined ds numbe of MOLK Of 6olLLte dissolved
indepens
in onL KiloqrcLm_of 6oLuentMOKL ACCUalt Tcmp'
nsoute xLOQO
mass (q).
solwenE

6oLtute
wei ght L4

doLUBILIY

can be
It is thi maxmum_amuntOf SOLLLL that
Lonst.ant
dissolvLd in_aiven_amaunt of éLVent_clt
Lemptratute
temperattere
Salu bility inctedst6 uilh_incraec in_
MaYL acCLurate in _oLLd and Liquids
 PazePage No.04
Date

NumERLCA LS

( CalCLuLau the ma65 percenkage of Benzene gtH

and caubon ietr chlOLidt if 224 0{
Benzene
iS di6solvcd in 1224of
CCl4
AnS:
pentne 22 a-
Mee 127g
m/
tt
22 +123

44

5 6o

/M Jcca 122
X LQ0
144
B4 4

Md6s percentage of Benzene

15.6t
Mass percen tage of Ccla 34.4

(2Callare HHe Malet frattion Df Ben2entin

soLuLtion ontaininq-30-( b mAssn cCl4

Ans C,H 80: = 30g 3 0 30

_0.3L
72t6 48

CCl4 E 0 70q = 0.45

12+(42 M54

pen Ben 0.39 0.3a 0.45

Ren tecs O.3140.46 0S6

Mole fraction of Benzene O.4-5

3Calculate molality, molarity and mO1L (raction
of KI i( density of 20-1 (m/1a aqeous Kr 1s
1. 202 g/mL

Ans 20 20q 20 O12

127 4 3 66
4.4

O.12 O.12/ = O0026

O.12F4.4 4.52
nEI 40

0.12 S molkg

m
voLume LO0 mL
202

X Ib000
M
Vso
O.12 Xl. 202

LOO
4 4 molla

MOlanity - l.44 mot

MOLali ty * l 5molkq

Mole frattion = 0.026

 R 332 No tb
Date

SoLubility o Solid in Liquurd.

WhensClid s0lut is dissolved in liquid heve

cLis wo piocesS¢s, filSt is dissolulion, 6eLDnd
is CLySLallisction.
OY UGaiuaiclitd Solution. 21Cli£ of_dissoluti0n
s moTe than 1CLte Df crUSLalLisation hentc
i t can add moe amcunt of solLut
FOf Sat.uk.ted sollltion, MatLOf dissoLUtion
becomeS equal to xat of Y61allisction_cind
hence no (urihun salLLLe can_De alclded at qiven
temperaittr InLK, formina solLiHoN_is cun
equuiltbrium_pioct5S
Ffect of natuire Of 6ustaunte.
-LKe dissolvNS likeitp0ldn solute ailL
dissolve in polar solvert and non-20lCln_ into
non -paaá solvent

f£Lt of [empLratuse
- h prOCesS iS eXOtHermia BoLubi its dttredats
with incredhe in temptature and if it is
endothrmic SOlUihiikfu incIedlsS tthincrclse
in tempercLuL_atLoxdinq to ke-chdtelieva
penindpl

Efftct of PLe66LIte.
-Sinte, Solld and liquld boih are
NearLy-
in-cpapiLs6iblt ihete uwould be no ef{elt
by pIlSUIL iN_6Oubilits Of
solld in tiquld.
 Date

9olubility Of as ln Liquld.

Henry s Law
At constdnt temperat ure oolubilit y of Gas
i0 a Liquid is dirtctiy pioppitlonai Lothe
paitial prcosuit O( Cas.
Px
P HX
KH tenmy's constant , depencts on ncUur OE
SLLbstance

Effcct of eic6SLIC
Solubility iacreaacsinincrLase in presslure

(D_Efect of Itompera.tune.
=solubility decreases ulth_incLcase in emperatute
beLauut at hlgh temperature K.£ of gas
inCLLaseS and Kcap£s Ou

Appliaaions of ticoyy's Law

l o intrel6t_solubility of co2, Soft drinks dne

sled under high prsuUre
i) h prMhe in 6ec is mOrt inan ihat of ouiSidc
s0the, N m He blood dibs0we6_in th blood
DSCLLbadiveY and when he scubC dlver
tomes o the Auafac. the Na may btun into
Acls and maybloc anterées, ao erLLba driveis
LlGe cylindtr ughh nigher 1atto of noble qasa
A mountaua NLgions. due to LOW pilsSu it
Ccttuses anoxia.
 Pags No.D6
Date

Vapour_Pre6sure De Liquid -Liquid 2eludion

Ai_L4uilibriuM the pILSSLLrE Lkerled by

licquid s
VCpaLlGen_the sLfAe _Df_the
eaLd Vapoun Pre6SLIYe

RAOULI'S LAW

AccoYdimq to RaauEs lau

FOY a Soluiion Of 190latile iquid6, the dltial
ee

pIes5uYe of tach componLOt Df he solult1on is

dinectlu propotOnal tn its mplc fraction
pLSent in 60lutiom.

S0lute 2 SolVent
Henry's LAw
P,X-
P XP
F 2 P a r t i a lprt4SLUC

f vpOui_plt6SLuIL

xPk2?
XLtX =13
Cn+1)P+X2/
P + ? t X2/
P X(P-Ri)

Me soLtion htying RanLItis laun_tea,ti) hn

he solLtion 1S Called ldtal 6otution othe-
El-n Hexane
wis it is NOn ldial soLulim.
 L Pege NeO
Datc

Solul 2 = high c one OUtntCt zeu core

Solvent :l: 220 Lonc soLLILE high Lonc

DALTION'S LAW

In_a mix turz gaaLs_parual prissunof gas

uill loe directls proportipynal to S MolC frahionat

R Y Ptotal

Non ideal solUtion.

total F PitB
to solut eA,s61veat B)
Ez Ethanol t_Acetone Peota
when PePt
A-B4 A -A ( ) -B.
NOn-ideal solution_with Pesit/ve_deuieNt1On

Cage: 2
uhen K Pt
A-8A A C2 B-B,
N-icleal 6alutiuithntgcltiiedcuiation or a
-H
Phenol and anniline
 Date

9)Vapoun_ prLsSUnL_of Cttla Lchloraformi_and

dichloro methan [ CH2 Cl2Jai 248 k i e 200pmm a
and 415mmHq_1especkivciy 0alcLulat
VCLpt pri6sLLL DE_the 60luLtion piLpYCJed
by mixing 25 5q f Cdl, and 40g_of
CHCl2Ct 298k
(u2 MolE_(raction of eadih compopent in_vapats
phase.

Ans _PLatal =Bt_CP-P)¥2

CtlCl2 P 20OmmHg
CH, ClzB= 45 mmH3

2.5.5
0.213 mal

0.4+mol

O. 17
b:66-
0.213t0.41

CH Cl3 2+1f+ (5S )

Ptorat Zo0 t (41S 200) X 0.688

344 9 mmHa

Vapotn pressiL 347.9 mmtg

=032X200 0.68 8 x41S

62. 4.
26S 5
 Fare Ne. 11
Date

y2 2?s.S
341.

PeUta : 0.62

62.40-1
347.

MOle frictsns e = 0.18 0.82

LOLLIGATIVE ROPERIIES.

he pxopettits uhich depEnd eniy n quaniy_

buk noE n nature o,álbstancu

ReLative RoAerina of dipbur preGSUTC

apoila prlóiurt_of 60lwent
artial p1LsSUne_Of Salwent in 6olution
Accordina tn RanuUtk lauz, _ex
Po P fo- PoX X ) Po
Po-P Po Xz telivide by fol
Po-P/fo PIpp. where x7 = No.Of solui
PCirHcla
Po-h/P. Xz
Relative towering [Po-1/P% 1 « X2

CoLligcltike Properttu d_ the properti which

dependa onluy on solLh pauhiclu inespfctive
he vapoun prlb6urL_ok Golltion of 50lid tn liquld
decreasLS de Lo pedenLe Of nDn-valatile splid solute
patticl.6,
T

the 6oLution is dilu n24n,

 RPgn
H3. 12
Date

Po- F X
Po
fo- twmpuatng n,n,]
fo Dtn

2
Po n

Po- W2 x M
Po M2 XW

Thz_ vapaLul_prLLIL oE pu1e benzune at £eLtain

Lemperat.unz_fs 0.L50 barA non wdatilc,non
electniyte Solid ueiahinq_05qahn added ta_
3 0 Benzene L1041.Vap0uA preuUAE Of solution
Hen_ iS 0P45bas ahat is ihe malds mas6 of
SoLidSUbst ante

A0: Po 0.850 ba
0.K40 bds

M 84-

fo
Po Mz X

0-0 SO O«45 05 x8
0.f SO

0.00 1
0.0so M2
 age he. 13
Dte

Ma= O.8SO
0.005
M2 sq |10q

MOlas mass of O i d subst a n t : Oq

) Eleuahon_of_eoling_oint

DuL to decyease in sapair presaure uohen solid

is added to the Liquid salvent_there ss increase
in boiling polnt f the aoLutlon.ulhich 1s the
emperatuiL barrier fequred ter thi vapoLr pLesSUne
Of ine DLLltion to becom4aualto dtmaSphesic

Tb-Tb d, mn
Ko m

6olut ion
Th boiling Point of
baling point nf pUL 60l Vent._
m Dmalaiity
molal eleucltio_LONSLafntlEbbuliscopicto

ATb Ko XbxI000
AX w2

(01Bq o GucOSe is dissolved in Lk4 Df WatLr AE

what empeyatLhl uilLatts ooil_at 1.013bas
Kp_foiwatts4 0.62 Kkqmot
 0ate

XI
Ana AT 0.52 X1
80

O.052

ob Ty T
Tb t T
Tb 3% t0.052 t313 1 s

BolttA4 oint 313. P62

(31 DpYO5AIDn Freezinq Poink

elzjng ppint_ thtemperctlIe at_nhich

VAPoUi_presSune_of iquid
Laudl to thatof eolid

Tf Exeezingpant of_venE solultign

a reZina pbint_of_0MHDA pun solvni

AT Km
m/molaEy_
mola dnzpLssion conatant I
nyoscopic Dnátant fmezi04 p01Dt-
eeprr6si.op constant

)On qsam of Aon-electxplyte ,60Luke dissdvtc tn_

50g 0f benzine,i0WRItA the {ruzng poi of
benzen lby o40, kt e 5.12 KBama", Nnd thi
molc masA Df_2clute.
 Page Ne. 155
Date

5.12X1 2 O00
And AI Kf * Jv
MX

M2 ATf XW
Kf * w2 x IOODO

6NX 1 XO4
S-12 x LcopX 50

Kf X2 A1O00

12X 1x 1000
0.4-0 X50

Molai mass of souti 266 almof.

4 m0itic presSLE

CsmaisS ThL maenmnt s0lwent molecLLlesfro

LoWer concentiation to highér_Lonce.niucLton

IhL proSSUNE tHat stops the HOun Qf stlvent i

DSmosis 16 Called Dsmeitic pye36Une Cx) of he
SoLuiO0.
MA
MRT

uw bDO X R XT
MXVtm)

Lased on 0smosikic pressuv 6oLuLion _cun be divided

into thYee lype
 P a No. 16
Date

Solution hawinq Bame 06moltic pLSSUNLCLe called

i6oLantc 60lultion
bolut0n havinq cliffereDt Dsmbikic pre6srt, the
SOLLLLion hauinq hlqher 0smoltiC pi(esue Is
00ted huPCY tOnte_and thu solLlilon hauibg
JOneY osmDitícpisstuts
altdhyption

Application6
Resins_are_made DLLt 2f asmnsi6 qraptA Lwih
olLga AOLutOn
h e direction of _osmosis can be feuEASed i h
pye6sUAlaiqu han 2smoitic pIes6ikE is_applied
to ihe solutionAdL tHaEis spiLnE start HoOing
om hiaher oment1ction_ Lawer ncentinti01
bls phenomenon ALgKed xeverseosMasis_aod
ss LUSed_tn desalbaátion.oj aca watzr

() 00cm ofan acaULeOUA Golutlon _f a prolcin_

Contains .624 Df prntepn IHeDSMptlL MiSU2e
dlt acok is 154 yio Bar CalcuLati he
mcda masu Df p1Otein (R .083KLbasmol ]
W21000 X R¥T

RXkt
Vx

62x 8 .3x lo7 x300

O.2 X 2.54 xlo:3

Mola ma 6.022 x IO g lmnok-

 Cate

AENCRONAL MCLEHR MASSs

Ihemolan masLL tithtr 1cuwer or hiqher than

LXpected volue dut to as6oudttonor disouaHon o
Lolut pahricle is Called abonoY mal molas mas6
Van't Loff 4actorbls the fatto fos dtier mi dir4
tntent of_di66ociation or dESOcicution
1otal no of pshtlu cat tu associo HOnJdissocam-
Total no-0 paticlu betort associatien|dsscuon-

obsegued colligdtlve property

calculat ed colligutve properiy

s0 the ntuw fomuLLa Lolliaive prpestia ot

paricits undtracing as90ciatton a aiss.cciation aLuid
be

1)o iX2
Po

2) - T h AT = ikpm.
3 A =7kf m_
4) 7 i MRr.

FOY asfCicdtich 141

FOr dissouationi21

(6 01ermineihe cmouOt of Cacl1 2 3.47_dissolled

in 2 5L H20such that oH = 0. 45 atm at 27C

Ans W *2xt
MX V

T M V
0.75X 1LIX2.5 34

RTXii 0.0821 x 300*2.41

mole ul aa ms add ecl 3 49.

 Date

NUMERICALS

ulout o O.Lnmcla aqeou 6CLiMonof qutDs and

D.m0lau aquow 6olution of ku, whith
one wi haue hiqhtn _boilin4 point1 whs2

An& o mdai aguepu 6cliLticn Df KC will hCLVe

higher boiling_pOint. thainD. Molcl aqutoDs
SoLution because Ku is an _eleetioule whith
dissociates and hene ntupaber Df particdes
will oe-ComLwict aS,6Lpplied and 6inte
oilin g point is gtolligeltive prOpe rtyit dtpsda
on numbtrofparids

i) PrLdicf whtther Vpn't Hoff i i s less than1

OY 4Later thaN 1in th folloinq.
(0 CH CO0H dissolved in water
()Li3L0DH dissolued in_enzene
H2O
ADS LHzconH benznA
CH200M

2 A aLLtion_o4M D Na2S04_is dissalued to

th extent of 45 what would be its
Osmojtic pye9sUIL At &1C R = O.0821 Latmk-'mot|

R 0.0021
Anb
M: 01 M.
1 a1: BOk
7:1MRT
NaSOa NG

3xSj 2.8s
 2.%SXo I 0902I K So0

cLtm

OSnmoitio pBUAL z Bct

3) Caluu.at the {ruzinq point ofa souuHon

contatniaq 6040f Qlucose (ie0g mo in 250q

r T DC
I
ng 6,
ol Km
86 X X1000
o

1.6 XD0e
3xso

T 2.48

AT T -Tf
Tf DTf-T"f
T 2.4 d13k
I 2-AAK 970.52K

2to. s2k.
FYeCzin Point bf tolution
 RaPag2 No.20
Date

OGive YLa6on6 for tHe fOllOwing

ML0surLmLot of Osmoitic preh6lLN Methcd
MOlai masseg
KprefLYed for determinahoaOf
p1Oteins and
D Macromale.ulA such as
polumerS
AnsWith.out knQuing thn stLdur dmaco.molkade
mau
WE Can_calulat its molecLLlaa
b tdt_foxmuLa_dtitmin.Ld by ps mnitit_prtKe
methnd

i hauatic animals an_mOH CODmfortabl

LDId ucLtLt tnan in wanm uCLter
A TheteuOuld_be less oXuaLn conteDt_in he
Ja2amu2ater_ds Com pciatd tn_(oldWater
becuu 6olLLkiiy of LaLLOus sout deereases
wih_incneasein iemperaiureA a in_licuid
soluhon

cil) Elevati on_of bolinq point of dM KU Soluhicn

is nearls clolhlt than that of1M 6Lgcs
SoluHon
An6 SLgAnis a non-iltctOlu L_and cannD AiSsnctat
bt K i a n electToyfi uhichdissociates
into K and c" and thL tpnLentrcution
DE solute is Aouble and hence elevaton.
 Cate

62tnt_

aColligative property
(b Moiaits_

6)A 10:1 soltuiion (by_mus) of utrose ia_wLer ha

EreLzing point 269.15 K talcutat the fetzng-
paint of 14 4LCose m_uattriT : 273.15 K.
Giuen[molas mdas of suLrOst = 342 gmot,elucose
1e0amel

An6 A -I 213 15 K-264:1S KK

4K

ATE K m2 DbO.
Ma KWI

4K : k LO x1O00
342 xD.

4X342 x a0

4"1 2
k =

M2W
Alf= 2 x t0 XLOOo
186X 40

O.4

- oT T
0% k
If =2 +3
 Paga Na. 22
Date

a Athen_256q_of sulphun was disolutk in iooq o

C2th frLezina paintlowud bs 6.583 k
Caluate the_AeAmu alu o Sulphui Sx)
Kf=C9a86
kçm
Alf Kf z X Lo0o
MxW
ATf KmaXLOO
MW
Mz xiooO
ATf xW
S-83 * 2.56 * tOOO
O383 X O
N a56
S 82
Sx 256.

S6

32
8

FormuiOL Sg

8Bowd cclls ane lsotooic uih o.94 NaCg

(A) 27 NaCR Shäink-plasmolyis lxe[mnsis.

b20:4- Na 3 tuqhd, blLlacd.endgsmosis
 fate

aCalulat the boing point of Ocutson whtn

L of Na,[D4 M 142g mbi)Nas di66olved
in 50g of waitr nlazs04 undugou omplc
onscutidn. Kb 0.5

Na504 2Wa' Ko.

An6 AI: iKp m
b X m2 x LCCO
M2 X W
T 0.52 X 2g x10O0
l42 X 56
T O. 146 x3 n43K

DT To Tb

Tb oT + Tb
S73k t O 4-38 k
Tb
Tb 3 S k+ O438k
To 373 5 K

oiling pOlnt Of 5olutton 313 5 4. |

AzoAoIAOPES

htse aL mixiuYe with Constant bailing point,at

panticulan compoSiLion Lcaquilibrium)
JzeotyopLS ane non-idai 4olutions,
AlL nonidral solutions with _posii/v deviatiOn ane

minimum boilina 0zeotropt

AU non-1deal sclution u t h neqative devuatlon c

maxinum boiling aztotIppt

e/p1