DE: 3/4/2023

SOLUT IONS
Solutions :T isdekined, a3 a homogeou mix tete ok tuo oY
be
pure subsBances wherre the relaive, rcatfo ok componenk con
changed wthin theIoai amount s called
component which is presen! io larcge
AThe
Solvent ((A)
physical state ok solvent is same as that ok
The
solution: fs
componcnt prresent in thesoluhbn wbichcatled
’ The othert Dunt as Compared to solvent, is
rrelatively less
less arn
Solute. te)
Typesok solutiong
components :
A). 0n the basis ok no 67 etassi7ied into :
basis, solutions are
Dn thi's
(4) Bnaroy Solufion
solution,ete , byonch/e
sugaY
’EXample: salt soluhion,
(6) Texnars Soluton :
5compore nt
ORS solution, (5HDH + H20t
’Sx:
solutio n :
(0 Multi-comporent
7More than & omporentT ninerot watex, ete
7Ex: nailpoli'sh xemo vex,

the basis ok phys îcal staBes ok solute 9 and solverts

B)- on Exam ple
Solute Solvent
ypeoksoln
AiY
Gos SUbimatipn6 Solidin
Solid aas Comphor tn N gas Dx
Chas Chtoroom míxed wih Ngg, 0T
L'quid walervapours inaiy

Liguid Aera ted drainks or dissolved o, in Ho

Gas Alcohol in Watev
|Liguidsol" Liguid Liauid
Solidl |Liqutd Salt in akeY , sugar in wakY,
glucos e ln warey
 Solbd sol Solld
liqyuid Sold

Solid Solid A|loys (Br4ss, Bronche)

5)
is dekined as the amount o Solule
0) Concenircatfon
given amount ok solven or soloton
Prresent fo Dt 4)4/2023
) Mass petconhaqe(%mau) : 4is dekined au no. ok Paths by ha
solution.
ok soluke present pec 100parcs by mass okmass ok solvenL
solute & Wa be the
Let Wa be the mass bt
Mass o of solute = NBxID0
Wgtwa
()
solcetion meane peo 100g of solotion contains s Ad&
Eg 5Y0 Sugart
Suqor ard 95q of soluen!.
yolame peccen oge (*. ():THs
vol) defin ed as no ok parch
2? bs volume of solut
lo0park
byvolums of soluke present pey
solute Va be the volume of solven!
Le Ve be the raa Volume of
Volumo ye Dt Solue- VBxo)

l00 cm3 of sol pe contoira 5 cm3

pert
eya5 qlucose solution meang solyent.
75 cm3 of
05 SBElucose end
TH fs 4efined as no- ok pach
) Mass-volume percantage):lteme 6solehbn
o solu e p1esenB pCY J0D ogspatts buby vo
Let wg be Hhe moss of Sojute Va be the voume of solen and Vg be me
yolume of solute
30o salt golution m
eans pere l00 cm o so contaîna 30 g of solvent
as n0-o parcts bñ mass osolu!
) PPM(Parts per. million) : T is de fined
present per million pats by mass solufion. S
Le4 Wz be the mass O solule,WA be the mass s Solvegt
PPM O soluBe = WBxI0

Thls unit is as ed to measure the concantration f solaBe ohCh îs breat

 Less amaent ore prtace amount in solute
s used to delermine the concentra torn 6f chlorine in pub| îc subo Ju
ok porttoble wafer
s) Moloxity Cm: Dis degined. as the no o moles of oluke preaene
pey itve sotaton.
M= NO of moles of solute
vol of soQn M= We
=Wt- of solute MB Vson
Molecu laY pHgl ot 6o) e x Vol of so

= wt ot solute X 1000
MoQ wt st soluk Vol ot soon

’onit : mol/ L because it inyalves votume fsogn

->Molaviky deperels on tempesaure
It is defin ed as no. 6 ved molee o solete presenl
Pert ka o Solvent
perc solete
m= no: st moleso
mass o solventinxg
= wt6lae solute X
10DD
moleculax wt ot soluukx WA
X Wt- ot solventin lkg

Mol wt s solute

Pexentag
Reatonsutp bekuseo Molasty &Mass dsoln deuity
depn
M= Vo mass x lox Solutron
he

dekiaed as tu goio oK n0- o moles dcomponert

eArocHon (x); is present în asolutton
(Sdute/soluart) totte totalno. sf mstes otconmporner
moles
Let nA be Hhe no. molessk soven ma be Hno no ct
So, tota no. sf molea =nAtnß
Mole. Iracton componn4 A,XA) = Rn YA
 D
QTHOn fDimula.: a soluston sf some substonce s
0d45g 1olvent from volurma V L_to V, La he ro diiuted b
d aoete in the toncenl
voled. soluion aod rmola
realting
dil we
Contansa-ed ailuti so2 repe alvelu. Thon tra no-s moles sdute in
As,No sf moles are kame , ko [m,vy =M2V]
Q- calcutate themass pevcontoge ok benzene (CeH) and
Canbon Tetxachtovide (CCl4) in 229 ot benzene it
in J22 g cly dissoyed

Mass o of B 2 -XIDD= 2200

1a+1a2 = IS23

§- aluat he mole kracton os benzere in so9n cortainng

by mau tn
in ccty 301
An 307. by mas of Calte mesne 30gé(wegh+ dC)

c30gm

Wccoy=10gm 046
30 X7 0 e

Di- S/4/2o73
Q-cltutake he

(0)-309
(b). sb mof- 0-5M SasOy dilutd to 500 me

Mol: wl'f solu

 Molaitg 30 300= 002 M
a91xa43

)Mb 03 M
&- cat cuuate. the nan o uYeas NHo CON H 20guired in

Mol. wt t NH,CoNHa 14F2 +12 +16+19260 9

60X a-S

0:2sx6OX 0D25

6As x6 34:

Q-Calcut0le, reeloy: -

1y dtosiFy of 20/% aquires ki is -202g pre mo[k- 34

F204 wA 8bq
W + wp 1D0
2

66
 nKL

AO/166 D2 6
20
166

68 7 HNO
laboy atony is
Conceoi8 HNO Uteds in the twhat shoul Le the
3
9 So Q D.
mass in oy oueoJ So4
so, olangiy ot so9° is
uch aci

68xOX1SOy 16-2_M
M= 68xIOX 1 SO4
63 X1O0e
63
Q- Asoluefon sf guete L Cç HrasJ n H0rs Qabelled ay
10/- ohat is molalih
s the sotuton s
Component in the R09"? 9 he
deruiby
molari f the so 9n?
1-29Ime, Uhat wi0 be tne
 :IH s defined a tho omoUnt- sb /yl2023
Solubjty
osolvent at a given condi4fon.
aolute disolved in
1D09
Uni mol
dms

’ when a solid solute is added, to Bo2vent, di20l ution of solule

oCCuTS.
m Solid sole te + Solveot so
’A+ eqoilibrium condtfon, the concentsation o the soen becormele
ConsBant at given condition :becawe the no of soluke paticles entering
fhto the colution is equal to no 6f solute parkcles se par akng t out o
M solutio.
Such a bluton at which no more otute can be dusotved, a añVes
kmp. and poeis called satura ted solutÝn,
Causes of colubi lity ofsol, &liouid :
-y D'SSDluetion of foniG sol fds în luids oct tars due to on-dipole
interactHon.
libon on tonio solid is disso lved în liguid Cwater),the catio ns
onio of solid get atxacted. by opposite ends of cwater dipola
(Ht,OH),
’IF fon dípole Tnteraction i stxonger enouah as comparted to i0ter
ioniG at raction tone qet hydrated which is call ed hydrratfon of
foy
Molscula solid?
in wat îovolve e
-yMoleculorz solfds do not iontse lheirtdistoluttonecule.
walex mol
the foxmafon of hydogen bond with
7 The energy reqoined to e r t brteok f mole of erysat. laice into
Conueot parcicles fs called lattice energy{4H,)
’ Tie enetgy releared dustng the. hydationot paretcaes ols 1 mole
enthalpy chonge duing the dissolu ion o coiïd, (1 mo el)
- The ne+
’
 Solubi lity His deFined as he omounj- ok Aolu le in
Wu2013
1D09 csoQvent at a glven condi fon. dinolved ta
1009
Uni mol
don3 dm3

’When a colid solu te is added to 300yent, di220lation of solule

oCCUTS,
Solid sole te + Solvent Sol
’A eqoilibyium condition, the concentation o the sonbecorm ee
consBant at given condiHon becaue the no ot soluke parchcles entering
hto thes sotion is equal to no sf solute paztcles se pqra Hng t
solution.
out oK
Such a luton at which no moNe 8otu e can be dssotved at
lemp. and psues calledb saturated so lutton
Causes ol solubi lity of solb &liquid :
DiSSolutfon of ioniG solids în lurds oct urs due to ondipole
intercaction
’ When an tonio sold is dizsolved în iiquid (water), the, catio ns
3 onio o soli d get atxacted. by opposite ends of water oipolu
(HtoH).
’ I fon dipole întoraction i stxongero enouqh as compared to iner
ioniG aH rraction ton qet hydma ted which is call ed hydratfon of
foy.
Molecua solide :
Moleculorz solids do not Tonise lheirr dissolutton in wat fovolve
y
foxmafon of hydrogen bond with walex mol ecule .
the
teqotred to pebrot bruok f mol of crystat. la tice in to
7The energy
Concitueot- parctcles fs called lattce energy AH, )
-’ ie enegy reltared duxing the. hydation o paretces os 1 mole
change duxing the dîssolukon ot sold (1motl)
- The ne+ enthalpy

AHot = AH, tAuhl

 AHAud. AH . the dfssolation takes ploce, with

9F AHhod< AH, , he dissotetion taer

AHsoe0>0
’3f AH, is too larqe as co mpared, to AHHjd clfssolution do cam
takes pla ce
D4-11/|20 2
Foctors Affeetingne solrdy
). NET)RE nCsoOTE soleils A aesornontibaeb anvi soplent
L Like dssolvec Like Tt meang polaY solüte dfssolvedb Po pola solverdy
and non-pola soluy dissolveds in non-polar solvend .
L Fox eg. Nacl, Kce,KNO3 dissol yed fn pola solvent (ive H5o but
less soluble in non-polav solven ke cctu ; CSa s Benzeng setc'
y Non-pol ox solutes livo L S , etoC dissolve more in non polax
solvent less fn, polas sovend
( ) TEMPBORATURE !
may tnCteaRe Cs dacreqNe, oith te, in tempeaky
The sOlbilTt
LROS eonsid
eso1fcl soluie+ solventson[AHsol2t
oj-TA Hsol^ <0, the solution
9
's exohermic. Acoorr
fempetatyre,d
to Lechatliero's Pxinciple , incYease in
Sis Ha eauiblrbyíum towardy batkiwavddirectron,co .So
Solubility will decreose -
(b-9$ A4sol^>0, the.so|uton fs endothax mic Actording too
9 ta
Chot wexis pyiciple foreaue in tempex ature shiti tho
Le chat
nt eautilorium towaxds fowaxd déçtec ton Sov solubilhy,wd

4 solids onose cotubility, Tnercease rcontfnuos24 with rese in tempexae

aro Naclo KCl, AqNos Pb(No),
Hexe AHsop ^> .
2. Solids whose sotubility decrtoagei conhinuocly with rfse io temper atlre
arte Anwyovo soi ve (usoy Nay Soy sete
 ’ wheo a 9as fs passed though ioord solvent stho gaa partida
JRcolve ?n 1fard -S0, the concen waion of the. son gradoau
iocxeages LiLC the eqilibxiom is ache+v ed
Soletion is obtatnad- a

no of mole 9as dissolved pey Lof solvent o in exu

the sol obi|ity af

Factors a fetng
sOLUTE & NATURE Of soLVENT
NATORE Oe same
dfssolv& to au ditt exen! ex en fone,
LyDfeOO gaea have direrenk so|ubiitre! in
colven! 0nd scume qas aS
di fesfnt solvent.
g0ses ike O ,N orce
Donpolax aro more
lax L Fox eq- ,wnereag Hel, HNOz £O
Roluble fn wa tey
Soleble in wate&
MPERATURE -
(i)- TE
meane tme gasee genrallg
ture
w(Hh xs e. fn empexa volu09 o heat. pæcaosec.
Afssolve. fo lfaojd with e
Gras t solvent
SolVent sor
according to LeChatelierl
o tempesature toworde backward
So,with rise. eguti?bTm will h t
Pxinciple , the
diyectio n Sor solu bi hty
more Lomtortabeirn cold wakex
Q. Aavat animals ate
than hot wakY Eplain: solubrlleo
hot wae,
whrrite fn tempe alute in S0,.avar O2
labi 9i +4%t 02
Ans. decY eay er
Ory9en avaduay
g3adualy Cus compat ed to cold
watey