Ebook Micro and Nanofluid Convection With Magnetic Field Effects For Heat and Mass Transfer Applications Using Matlab PDF Full Chapter PDF

Micro and Nanofluid Convection with
Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and

Mass Transfer Applications using
MATLABÂ® - eBook PDF
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/micro-and-nanofluid-convection-with-magnetic-fiel
d-effects-for-heat-and-mass-transfer-applications-using-matlab-ebook-pdf/
Micro and Nanofluid
Convection with Magnetic
Field Effects for Heat and
Mass Transfer Applications
Using MATLABs
This page intentionally left blank
Micro and Nanofluid
Convection with Magnetic
Field Effects for Heat and
Mass Transfer Applications
Using MATLABs
Edited by
CHAKRAVARTHULA S.K. RAJU

Department of Mathematics, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
ILYAS KHAN
Basic Engineering Sciences Department, College of Engineering
Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
SURESH KUMAR RAJU S.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, King Faisal University,
Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
MAMATHA S. UPADHYA
Department of Mathematics, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous),
Bangalore, India
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
MATLABs is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion
of MATLABs software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by
The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLABs software.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-823140-1
For Information on all Elsevier publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Matthew Deans

Acquisitions Editor: Edward Payne
Editorial Project Manager: Veronica II Santos
Production Project Manager: Prasanna Kalyanaraman
Cover Designer: Victoria Pearson
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Contents
List of contributors ix
About the editors xi
Preface xiii
1. Background to micro- and nanofluids 1

Mamatha S. Upadhya and C.S.K. Raju
References 5
2. Mathematical modeling of equations of couple stress fluid in

respective coordinates 7
C.S.K. Raju, Mamatha S. Upadhya and Ilyas Khan
2.1 Basic flow equations 7
2.2 Equations of motion 8
2.3 Equations of motion by stress tensor 9
2.3.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system 9
2.3.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system 13
2.3.3 In the spherical coordinates system 16
2.4 Equations of motion by vector calculus 21
2.4.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system 21
2.4.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system 24
2.4.3 In the spherical coordinates system 26
References 30
3. Mathematical model of steady incompressible nanofluid for

heat transfer applications using MATLABs 31
Sathy Suresh and S.R. Shanthi
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Problem description 33
3.3 Method of solution 36
3.4 Algorithm and implementation of MATLABs 38
3.5 Results and discussion 41
3.6 Conclusion 57
References 58
v
vi Contents
4. Mathematical model for an incompressible unsteady nanofluid flow with

heat transfer application 59
S. Rajamani, G. Venkatesan, A. Subramanyam Reddy, A.K. Shukla, K. Jagadeshkumar
and S. Srinivas
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Formulation of the problem 61
4.4 Conclusion 72
References 73
5. Mathematical model for incompressible unsteady nanofluid fluid flow with

heat and mass transfer application 75
G.P. Ashwinkumar
Nomenclature 75
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Mathematical formulation 78
5.4 Conclusions 89
References 89
6. Stefan blowing effect on nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet

in the presence of a magnetic dipole 91
R. Naveen Kumar, R.J. Punith Gowda, B.C. Prasannakumara and C.S.K. Raju
Nomenclature 91
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Mathematical formulation 94
6.2.1 Conditions and assumptions of the model 95
6.2.2 Geometry of fluid flow 95
6.2.3 Model equations 95
6.2.4 Nonuniform heat source/sink 96
6.2.5 Magnetic dipole 96
6.3 The solution to the problem 97
6.3.1 Expression of parameters 98
6.3.2 Physical quantities of interest 98
6.4 Numerical method 98
6.4.1 Convergence and error tolerance 100
6.5.1 Velocity and thermal profile 100
Contents vii
6.5.2 Concentration profile 104

6.5.3 Physical quantities of practical interest 106
6.6 Conclusions 109
References 109
7. Nonlinear unsteady convection on micro and nanofluids with

Cattaneo-Christov heat flux 113
Nomenclature 113
7.1 Introduction 114
7.2 Problem developments 116
7.3 Graphical outcomes and discussion 120
7.4 Conclusions 129
References 130
8. Comparison of steady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid flow

with heat and mass transfer applications 133
Sathy Suresh, S.R. Shanthi and Mamatha S. Upadhya
8.2 Formulation 135
8.3 Entropy generation 139
8.4 Numerical procedure 140
8.6 Concluding remarks 149
References 149
9. Comparison of unsteady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid

flow with heat transfer applications 153
D. Rajkumar, K. Govindarajulu, T. Thamizharasan, A. Subramanyam Reddy,
K. Jagadeshkumar, S. Srinivas and A.K. Shukla
9.2 Formulation of the problem 156
9.3.1 Velocity distribution 161
9.3.2 Angular momentum distribution 163
9.3.3 Temperature distribution 164
9.3.4 Nusselt distribution 164
9.4 Conclusion 166
References 166
viii Contents
10. Implementation of boundary value problems in using MATLABs 169

10.1 Introduction to MATLABs 169

10.1.1 Plotting of curves and surfaces 169
10.2 Vector field and gradient 176
10.2.1 Aim 176
10.3 Limits and continuity 180
10.3.1 Aim 180
10.4 Definite integrals and their applications 185
10.4.1 Aim 185
10.5 Local maxima and local minima 189
10.5.1 Aim 189
10.6 Lagrange’s multipliers method 194
10.6.1 Aim 194
10.7 Multiple integrals 199
10.7.1 Aim 199
10.7.2 Volume of a solid region 199
10.7.3 Change of variables: polar coordinates 199
10.8 Applications of derivatives 205
10.8.1 Aim 205
10.8.2 Maximum and minimum for a single variable 207
10.9 Case study 212
10.9.1 Introduction 212
10.9.2 Methodology 213
10.9.3 MATLABs implementation 214
10.9.4 Results and discussion 216
10.9.5 Conclusion 220
10.10 NavierStokes equation solving using an ODE solver 221
10.11 Solving the initial value problem 223
10.12 Solving two coupled nonlinear equations 224
10.13 Interpreting the results 228
Further reading 237
Appendix 1 239
Index 299
List of contributors
G.P. Ashwinkumar
Department of Mathematics, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary, Karnataka,
India
K. Govindarajulu
Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Jagadeshkumar
Ilyas Khan
Department of Mathematics, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia
R. Naveen Kumar
Department of Studies and Research in Mathematics, Davangere University, Davangere,
Karnataka, India
B.C. Prasannakumara
Karnataka, India
R.J. Punith Gowda
Karnataka, India
S. Rajamani
D. Rajkumar
C.S.K. Raju
Department of Mathematics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
A. Subramanyam Reddy
S.R. Shanthi
Department of Mathematics, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
A.K. Shukla
Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages, VIT-Bhopal
University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
ix
x List of contributors
S. Srinivas
Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravati,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Sathy Suresh
Department of Mathematics, Vemana Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India;
Department of Mathematics, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
T. Thamizharasan
Mamatha S. Upadhya
Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India
G. Venkatesan
About the editors
Dr. Chakravarthula S.K. Raju, GITAM School of Science,

GITAM University, Bengaluru-Campus, Karnataka, India
Dr. C.S.K. Raju works at GITAM University in India. Dr.

Raju’s areas of interest include mathematical modeling, nano-
and microfluid modeling, statistical mechanics, Newtonian and
non-Newtonian liquids, and machine learning techniques. He
is the author of several books and book chapters. He also acts
as an editorial board member and reviewer for various ISI and
Scopus-indexed publishers such as the American Society of
Mechanical Engineering, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and Springer. Dr. Raju
has published more than 150 research articles and has a Google scholar citation count
of 3000 and Scopus citation count of 2500. He has received the Best Researcher
Award as a token of appreciation from the VIT University and IJRULA Association.
He has attended/presented various national/international conferences as a presenter/
invited speaker or resource person. He was listed in the top 2% scientist’s database by
the Stanford University, United States (2020) and also in 2021 as per the Scopus data-
base. He is an editor of this book and has also contributed some of the chapters.
Dr. Ilyas Khan received his PhD degree in applied mathe-

matics from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, one of the
world’s leading universities. He has over 15 years of academic
experience in different reputed institutions around the world.
He is currently an associate professor with the Department of
Mathematics, College of Science, Zulfi, Majmaah University,
Saudi Arabia. He has published more than 700 research articles
in different well-reputed international journals. Dr. Khan is
also editor of a number of journals and a referee in more than
100 journals. Dr. Khan’s areas of research interest include
mathematical modeling, analytical and computational fluid dynamics, bio-
mathematics, and numerical computing.
xi
xii About the editors
Dr. Suresh Kumar Raju S. is originally from India and cur-

rently works as an assistant professor in the Department of
Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, at King Faisal
University, Saudi Arabia. He completed his PhD at Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. He has 13 years of teaching
and 8 years of research experience at local and international
educational institutions. His research focuses on the areas of
fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, nanofluids, multiphase
flow, mathematical modeling, and numerical analysis. He has
published research articles in reputed ISI indexed journals and presented research arti-
cles at international conferences in various countries. He has in-depth knowledge of
the programming languages MATLABs and FORTRAN. In addition to teaching
and research, he was been appointed to some administrative responsibilities such as a
team lead for a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) report, curriculum committee mem-
ber, student advisor, examination coordinator, and Programme Officer for the
National Service Scheme (NSS) Unit. He is an editor of this book and has contributed
some of the chapters.
Dr. Mamatha S. Upadhya has 21 years of teaching experi-

ence, combining academic and pragmatic approaches. She is
presently assistant professor at the Department of Mathematics,
Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru, India. She has 45 publica-
tions that are SCI-indexed, with reputed publishers including
the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, Elsevier,
Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and Springer. She is active in
research as a reviewer in many international and national peer-
reviewed journals. Her research interests include areas such as
dusty fluid, nanofluids, non-Newtonian fluids, hybrid nano-
fluids, and fuzzy logic. She has given invited talks in various faculty development pro-
grammes (FDPs) and seminars. Her expertise includes a fair knowledge in software
such as SPSS R, MATLABs , and Maxima. She is an editor to this book and has also
contributed some of the chapters.
Preface
This book provides readers with details on the various applications of micro- and
nanofluid flow and heat and mass transfer. Different numerical methods have been
employed to find the solutions to governing equations and the results simulated using
MATLABs . Solving the boundary layer equations in MATLABs is discussed in
detail.
The first chapter gives detailed explanations regarding Newtonian and non-
Newtonian fluid, micropolar fluid, and nanofluid, along with their applications. In
Chapter 2, the basic governing equations of motion for couple stress fluid in
Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates are explained in detail.
In Chapter 3, the flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching rotating
disk are discussed. The flow-governing equations are solved numerically using the
RungeKutta-based shooting method and implementation in MATLABs is
described in detail. The influence of uniform magnetic fields; stretching strength para-
meters; thermal buoyancy; thermal radiation on axial, tangential, and radial velocities;
and heat transfer is also discussed.
Chapter 4 draw insights into the mathematical modeling for an incompressible
unsteady nanofluid flow over an inclined plane. Heat and mass transfer applications are
discussed. In this chapter, the concept of hybrid nanofluid is explained also. A mathe-
matical model for two-dimensional incompressible MHD, unsteady nanofluid flow
along an elongated sheet with heat and mass transfer, and its applications are reported
in Chapter 5. The influence of a magnetic field, chemical reaction, viscous dissipation,
and nonuniform heat source/sink parameters on thermal, concentration, and velocity
fields of the nanofluid are described.
Chapter 6 elaborates on the Stefan blowing effect on nanofluid flow over a stretch-
ing sheet in the presence of a magnetic dipole. The flow-governing equations are
numerically solved using the RungeKuttaFehlberg (RKF-45) technique, along
with the shooting method and the influence of dimensionless parameters on concen-
tration, thermal, and velocity gradients is portrayed. Chapter 7 deals with a compara-
tive study of unsteady micro- and nanofluid flow and heat transfer considering
nonlinear flow and CattaneoChristov heat flux over a stretching sheet. Nonlinear
density variation and the purpose of introducing CattaneoChristov heat flux are
elaborated on.
Chapter 8 provides a comparative discussion on heat and mass transfer in micropo-
lar and nanofluid flow on a curved stretching sheet, with details presented on entropy
generation. Velocity and thermal slip are introduced in Chapter 9, and a comparative
xiii
xiv Preface
study on unsteady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid flow and heat transfer
over permeable inclined stretching sheet is presented also.
Chapter 10 provides a detail explanation of the implementation of boundary value
problems using MATLABs . Several examples are presented in the book which help
the reader to understand flow problems and their applications. Numerical solutions are
obtained by them implementing in MATLABs . The user (Bachelor’s, Master’s, and
PhD students; university teachers; and also research centers in a number of fields) will
thus be able to encounter such systems in confidence.
In the different chapters of the book, not only are the basic ideas of the methods
broadly discussed, but also they are practically solved using the proposed
methodology.
CHAPTER 1
Background to micro- and nanofluids

Mamatha
1
S. Upadhya1 and C.S.K. Raju2
Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Mathematics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Today’s researchers are fascinated by breakthroughs in technologies, and this trend will
continue in the future. As fluids are a substantial constituent of the universe, they have
drawn significant attention from engineers and researchers to modify their various
properties. Numerous fluids encountered in engineering and industrial processes pos-
sess non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, for example, molten plastics, pulps, polymers,
liquid metals, nuclear fuel slurries, mercury amalgams, lubrication by heavy oil, etc.
Fluid flow in the microscale behaves differently from that in the macroscale. There are
situations where the NavierStokes equation, which is derived from the classical con-
tinuum, is incapable of exploring the microscale fluid transport phenomena. This is
because, when the channel size is compared to the molecular size, the spinning of
molecules which is observed in molecular dynamics simulations is found to influence
significantly the flow field. This effect of molecular spin is not considered in the
NavierStokes equations. The complex nature of these fluids has forced researchers to
invent constitutive models. In recent years, studies related to micropolar fluid have
received greatly increased attention. Eringen (Eringen, 1972; Eringen, 1966) was first
to established microcontinuum theory considering micropolar, microstretch, and
micromorphic (3M) theory. In 3M theory, each particle has a finite size and micro-
structure that can rotate and deform independently, regardless of the motion of the
centroid of the particle. The formulation of micropolar fluid theory has additional
degrees of freedom, gyration, to determine the rotation of the microstructure. Thus,
the balance law of angular momentum is provided for solving gyration. This equation
introduces the mechanism to take into account the effect of molecular spin. Thus,
micropolar theory is a very good alternative approach to solving microscale fluid
dynamics and is much more computationally efficient than molecular dynamics simu-
lations. Under a microscopic view, one can see that the micromotion of rigid fluid
elements is randomly oriented (or spherical) with their peculiar spins and microrota-
tions in micropolar fluid. A micropolar fluid model has been found useful in the study
of flows of paints, ferrofluids, exotic lubricants, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals,
polymeric fluids, additive suspensions, body fluids, blood flows, flows in capillaries,
microchannels, and turbulent shear flows. The presence of smoke or dust, particularly
Micro and Nanofluid Convection with Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Applications using MATLABs r 2022 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823140-1.00007-5 All rights reserved. 1
2 Micro and Nanofluid Convection with Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Applications using MATLABs
in a gas, could also be modeled using micropolar fluid dynamics. Physically, micropo-
lar fluid represents a fluid containing randomly oriented particles suspended in a vis-
cous medium. Micropolar fluid and Newtonian fluid differ over the number of
viscosity coefficients. The former having six coefficients of 3 viscosity, namely α, β, γ,
λ, μ, and κ, while the latter has only one coefficient of viscosity, for example, μ.
The governing equations in the vector fields are as follows (Abd El-Aziz, 2013):
@ρ
1 r:ðρV Þ 5 0 ð1:1Þ
@t
DV
ρ 5 2rp 1 κrXω 2 ðμ 1 κÞr XrXV 1 ðλ 1 2μ 1 κÞrðr:V Þ 1 ρf ð1:2Þ
Dt
Dω
ρj 5 κrXV 2 2κω 2 γrXrXω 1 ðαv 1 β v 1 γÞrðr:ωÞ 1 ρl ð1:3Þ
Dt
DE
ρ 5 pr:V 1 ρΦ 2 r:q ð1:4Þ
Dt
Where, ρΦ 5 λðr:V Þ2 1 2μD
2
1
:D 1 4κ rXV 2V 1 αv ðr:ωÞ2 1 γrω
2
:rω 1 β v rω:ðrωÞT ð1:5Þ

D
where Dt is the material
time derivative, D represents the deformation tensor
with D 5 12 Vk;l 1 Vl;k , Φ is the dissipation function of mechanical energy per mass
unit, E the specific internal energy, q the heat flux, V the velocity vector, ρ the den-
sity of the fluid, μ the dynamic viscosity, ω the microrotation vector, f the body force
vector, p the thermodynamic pressure, j the microinertia density, l the body couple
vector, λ the second-order viscosity coefficient, κ the vortex viscosity (or the microro-
tation viscosity) coefficient and αv, β v, and γ are the spin gradient coefficients,
respectively.
The constitutive equations, giving the stress tensor τ kl and the couple stress tensor
Mkl, are given by:

τ kl 5 2p 1 λVr;r δkl 1 μ Vk;l 1 Vl;k 1 κ Vl;k 2 εklm ωm
Mkl 5 αv ωr;r δki 1 β v ωk ; l 1 γωl;k

where δkl and εklm are the metric tensor and covariant ε symbol.
Background to micro- and nanofluids 3
The material constants must satisfy the following inequalities, derived from the
ClausiusDuhem inequality:
3λ 1 2μ 1 κ $ 0; 2μ 1 κ $ 0; κ $ 0
3αv 1 β v 1 γ $ 0; γ . jβ v j
Eqs. (1.1)(1.4) represent the conservation of mass, linear momentum, angular
momentum, and energy. For κ 5 αv 5 β v 5 γ 5 0 and vanishing l and f, microrotation
ω becomes zero, and Eq. (1.2) reduces to the classical NavierStokes equations. Also,
we note that for κ 5 0, the velocity V and microrotation ω are not coupled and the
microrotation does not affect the global motion.
Abbas, Malik, and Nadeem (2020) studied micropolar hybrid nanomaterial flow
over Riga surface. Nawaz, Elmoasry, and Alebraheem (2020), using the
CattaneoChristov model, studied the thermal nature of micropolar fluids. They
noticed that heat dissipated in a mono-nanofluid is lower than for a hybrid nanofluid.
Al-Hanaya, Sajid, Abbas, and Nadeem (2020) studied the influence of multiwalled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on
micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow on a curved surface and noted that microrotation
improves with volumetric fraction. Reddy and Ferdows (2021) investigated the ther-
mal and species radiation influence in micropolar and dusty fluid flow across a parabo-
loid revolution. Nabwey and Mahdy (2021) investigated numerically the natural
convection of micropolar and dust particles due to permeable cone considering the
nonlinear temperature. Kaneez, Alebraheem, Elmoasry, Saif, and Nawaz (2020)
numerically investigated the transport of energy and momenta in micropolar fluid
with suspended dust and nanoparticles. Abdelmalek, Nawaz, and Elmasry (2020) stud-
ied the impact of dust particles and nanoparticles in heat transfer in a fluid with micro-
rotation and thermal memory effects.
The 21st century has been accompanied by a significant increase in energy con-
sumption because of rapid growth of industries and massive growth of the population.
The effective deployment of energy is necessary to preserve and better manage energy
resources. Intensifying heat transfer performance and reducing energy losses has
become an incredibly great challenge to the high-technology industrial sectors.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are anticipated to play a major role in revitalizing
the conventional and emerging renewable energy industries. Nanofluid is a colloidal
deferment of nano-sized (diameter less than 100 nm) solid particles in base fluid that
has brought a revolutionary change in heat transfer property. Experimental results
(Keblinski, Eastman, & Cahill, 2005) have proved that nanofluid exhibits higher ther-
mal conductivity compared to the base fluid. Nanofluid has several advantages, such as
higher stability of colloidal suspension, lower pumping power that is essential to
achieve the corresponding heat transfer, and a superior level of control for thermody-
namics and transfer properties by altering the particle material, size, shape, and concen-
tration (Choi & Eastman, 1995; Saidur, Leong, & Mohammad, 2011). Experimental
studies by Buongiorno and Hu (2005) illustrated that for effective heat enhancement,
nanofluid requires only 5% volumetric fraction of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are
made from several materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metals (Cu, Ag, Au) oxide
ceramics (Al2O3, CuO), carbide ceramics (SiC, TiC), nitride ceramics (AlN, SiN),
semiconductors (TiO2, SiC), and composite materials such as nanoparticle
corepolymer shell composites or alloyed nanoparticles. Nanofluids include numerous
practical applications, with examples including process industries (food and drink,
materials and chemicals, oil and gas, detergency, paper and printing, textiles), nanofluid
coolant (vehicle cooling, electronics cooling, etc.), medical applications (safer surgery
by cooling, cancer therapy, and drug delivery), etc.
The year 2020 has seen tremendous acceleration toward the adoption and research
into nanofluids. Numerous researchers (Ahmed, Saleem, Nadeem, & Khan, 2020;
Anwar, Rafique, Misiran, Shehzad, & Ramesh, 2020; Dogonchi, Waqas, Seyyedi,
Hashemi-Tilehnoee, & Ganji, 2020; Gopal, Naik, Kishan, & Raju, 2020; Kumar,
Sood, Raju, & Shehzad, 2019; Rashid, Hayat, & Alsaedi, 2019; Rostami, Dinarvand,
& Pop, 2018; Saleem, Nadeem, Rashidi, & Raju, 2019; Shehzad, Reddy,
VIjayakumari, & Tlili, 2020; Sheikholeslami, Arabkoohsar, & Jafaryar, 2020; Tariq,
Hussain, Sheikh, Afaq, & Ali, 2020; Turkyilmazoglu, 2020a; Turkyilmazoglu, 2019;
Turkyilmazoglu, 2020b; Waqas, Shehzad, Hayat, Khan, & Alsaedi, 2019) have dem-
onstrated that nanofluids have better thermal performance. Attractive and promising
thermophysical properties of solid nanoparticles in base fluid (nanofluid) have encour-
aged researchers to analyze their influence in several areas. The main application of
nanofluids is as a heat exchanger, in solar cells, electronics, food, medicine, etc.
Advantages of nanofluids and accelerating research toward flow, heat, and mass trans-
port phenomena have motivated researchers toward developing hybrid and dihybrid
nanofluids. If the mixture is comprised of more than one type of nanoparticle it is
known as a “hybrid nanofluid.” If the mixture comprises more than one type of nano-
particle and more than one fluid it is described as “dihybrid nanofluid.” Li et al.
(2020) indicated that the main advantage of a hybrid nanofluid is greater conservation
of energy, more efficiency, and increased energy saving. Waini and Ishak (2020) stud-
ied the outcome of transpiration on hybrid nanofluid flow for uniform shear flow
over a stretching sheet and observed that an improvement in volume fractions of cop-
per nanoparticles causes an enhancement in heat transfer. Raju, Upadhya, and Seth
(2020) observed that Al2O3 and graphene-based hybrid nanofluid lowered the wall
friction rate. Kumar, Sandeep, Sugunamma, and Animasaun (2020) observed that the
proportion of heat transfer is greater in a hybrid ferrofluid than in ferrofluid. Shehzad
(2020) investigated the thermal performance of hybrid nanofluid by considering
Background to micro- and nanofluids 5
spherical particles. Huminic and Huminic (2020) found that the employment of
hybrid nanofluid in minichannels, microchannels, and cavities was a better alternative
than traditional thermal systems.
This study investigated the numerical solutions to a number of problems for steady,
unsteady, laminar, and incompressible flow of both micropolar fluids and nanofluids.
The body couples are neglected in the case of micropolar fluid flow. Similarity trans-
formations are used to handle the governing partial differential of motion to transform
them into ordinary differential equations. Further, the resulting boundary value prob-
lem is solved by using appropriate numerical techniques which are straightforward,
easy to program, and economical.
References
Abbas, N., Malik, M. Y., & Nadeem, S. (2020). Transportation of magnetized micropolar hybrid nano-
material fluid flow over a Riga surface surface. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 185,
105136.
Abd El-Aziz, M. (2013). Mixed convection flow of a micropolar fluid from an unsteady stretching surface
with viscous dissipation. Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society, 21(3), 385394.
Abdelmalek, Z., Nawaz, M., & Elmasry, Y. (2020). Simultaneous impact of hybrid nano and dust parti-
cles on enhancement of heat transfer in fluid with micro-rotation and thermal memory effects.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 118, 104871.
Ahmed, Z., Saleem, S., Nadeem, S., & Khan, A. U. (2020). Squeezing flow of carbon nanotubes-based
nanofluid in channel considering temperature-dependent viscosity: A numerical approach. Arabian
Journal for Science and Engineering, 17.
Al-Hanaya, A. M., Sajid, F., Abbas, N., & Nadeem, S. (2020). Effect of SWCNT and MWCNT on the
flow of micropolar hybrid nanofluid over a curved stretching surface with induced magnetic field.
Scientific Reports, 10(1), 118.
Anwar, M. I., Rafique, K., Misiran, M., Shehzad, S. A., & Ramesh, G. K. (2020). Keller-box analysis of
inclination flow of magnetized Williamson nanofluid. SN Applied Sciences, 2(3), 377.
Buongiorno, J., & Hu, L. W. (2005). Nanofluid coolants for advanced nuclear power plants. Proceedings of
ICAPP, 5, 1519.
Choi, S. U., & Eastman, J. A. (1995). Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles (No. ANL/
MSD/CP-84938; CONF-951135-29). Argonne, IL (United States: Argonne National Lab. (ANL).
Dogonchi, A. S., Waqas, M., Seyyedi, S. M., Hashemi-Tilehnoee, M., & Ganji, D. D. (2020). A modi-
fied Fourier approach for analysis of nanofluid heat generation within a semi-circular enclosure sub-
jected to MFD viscosity. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 111, 104430.
Eringen, A. C. (1972). Theory of thermomicropolar fluids. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,
38, 480496.
Eringen, A. C. (1966). Theory of micropolar fluids. Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, 118.
Gopal, D., Naik, S. H. S., Kishan, N., & Raju, C. S. K. (2020). The impact of thermal stratification and
heat generation/absorption on MHD carreau nano fluid flow over a permeable cylinder. SN Applied
Sciences, 2(4), 110.
Huminic, G., & Huminic, A. (2020). Entropy generation of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid flow in ther-
mal systems: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 112533.
Kaneez, H., Alebraheem, J., Elmoasry, A., Saif, R. S., & Nawaz, M. (2020). Numerical investigation on
transport of momenta and energy in micropolar fluid suspended with dusty, mono and hybrid nano-
structures. AIP Advances, 10(4), 045120.
Keblinski, P., Eastman, J. A., & Cahill, D. G. (2005). Nanofluids for thermal transport. Materials Today, 8,
3644.
Kumar, K. A., Sandeep, N., Sugunamma, V., & Animasaun, I. L. (2020). Effect of irregular heat source/
sink on the radiative thin film flow of MHD hybrid ferrofluid. Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry, 139(3), 21452153.
Kumar, R., Sood, S., Raju, C. S. K., & Shehzad, S. A. (2019). Hydromagnetic unsteady slip stagnation flow
of nanofluid with suspension of mixed bio-convection. Propulsion and Power Research, 8(4), 362372.
Li, Y., Moradi, I., Kalantar, M., Babadi, E., Malekahmadi, O., & Mosavi, A. (2020). Synthesis of new
dihybrid nanofluid of TiO2/MWCNT in waterethylene glycol to improve mixture thermal perfor-
mance: Preparation, characterization, and a novel correlation via ANN based on orthogonal distance
regression algorithm. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 117.
Nabwey, H. A., & Mahdy, A. (2021). Numerical approach of micropolar dust-particles natural convec-
tion fluid flow due to a permeable cone with nonlinear temperature. Alexandria Engineering Journal,
60(1), 17391749.
Nawaz, M., Elmoasry, A., & Alebraheem, J. (2020). Impact of monocity and hybridity of nano-structures
on thermal performance of micropolar fluid with novel heat flux theory: The CattaneoChristov
heat flux theory. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(4), 86188626.
Raju, C. S. K., Upadhya, S. M., & Seth, D. (2020). Thermal convective conditions on MHD radiated
flow with suspended hybrid nanoparticles. Microsystem Technologies, 110.
Rashid, M., Hayat, T., & Alsaedi, A. (2019). Entropy generation in Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanofluid
with five nanoparticles due to stretching cylinder. Applied Nanoscience, 9(8), 16491659.
Reddy, M. G., & Ferdows, M. (2021). Species and thermal radiation on micropolar hydromagnetic dusty
fluid flow across a paraboloid revolution. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 143(5),
36993717.
Rostami, M. N., Dinarvand, S., & Pop, I. (2018). Dual solutions for mixed convective stagnation-point
flow of an aqueous silicaalumina hybrid nanofluid. Chinese Journal of Physics, 56(5), 24652478.
Saidur, R., Leong, K. Y., & Mohammad, H. (2011). A review on applications and challenges of nano-
fluids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 16461668.
Saleem, S., Nadeem, S., Rashidi, M. M., & Raju, C. S. K. (2019). An optimal analysis of radiated nano-
material flow with viscous dissipation and heat source. Microsystem Technologies, 25(2), 683689.
Shehzad, S. A. (2020). A least square study on flow and radiative heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid over a
moving frame by considering a spherical shape particle. Revista Mexicana de Física, 66(2), 162170.
Shehzad, S. A., Reddy, M. G., VIjayakumari, P., & Tlili, I. (2020). Behavior of ferromagnetic Fe2SO4
and titanium alloy Ti6Al4v nanoparticles in micropolar fluid flow. International Communications in Heat
and Mass Transfer, 117, 104769.
Sheikholeslami, M., Arabkoohsar, A., & Jafaryar, M. (2020). Impact of a helical-twisting device on the
thermalhydraulic performance of a nanofluid flow through a tube. Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry, 139(5), 33173329.
Tariq, R., Hussain, Y., Sheikh, N. A., Afaq, K., & Ali, H. M. (2020). Regression-based empirical model-
ing of thermal conductivity of CuO-water nanofluid using data-driven techniques. International
Journal of Thermophysics, 41(4), 128.
Turkyilmazoglu, M. (2019). Fully developed slip flow in a concentric annulus via single and dual phase
nanofluids models. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 179, 104997.
Turkyilmazoglu, M. (2020a). Single phase nanofluids in fluid mechanics and their hydrodynamic linear
stability analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 187, 105171.
Turkyilmazoglu, M. (2020b). Nanoliquid film flow due to a moving substrate and heat transfer. The
European Physical Journal Plus, 135(10), 113.
Waini, A., & Ishak, I. (2020). Pop, Transpiration effects on hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a
stretching/shrinking sheet with uniform shear flow. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59(1), 9199.
Waqas, M., Shehzad, S. A., Hayat, T., Khan, M. I., & Alsaedi, A. (2019). Simulation of magnetohydrody-
namics and radiative heat transportation in convectively heated stratified flow of Jeffrey nanomaterial.
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 133, 4551.
CHAPTER 2
Mathematical modeling of equations

of couple stress fluid in respective
coordinates
C.S.K.
1
Raju1, Mamatha S. Upadhya2 and Ilyas Khan3
Department of Mathematics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia
2.1 Basic flow equations

The theory of couple stresses does not contain the microstructure in the fluid as the
intrinsic angular momentum and the kinetic energy of spin density are not considered.
The foremost concern of couple stresses is to introduce the length-dependent effect,
which is not present in classical theories for Newtonian or nonpolar fluids. The basic
flow equations representing the couple stresses have been presented in Chang-Jian and
Chen (2008), Murthy and Nagaraju (2009), Ramanaiah and Sarkar (1979),
Soundalgekar (1971), and Stokes (1966, 1984) and are as follows:
The continuity equation
ρ_ 1 ρVi;i 5 0 ð2:1Þ
Cauchy’s first law of motion,
ρ aj 2 ρ f j 5 Tij;i ; ð2:2Þ
Cauchy’s second law of motion
ρlj 1 ejik Tik 1 mij;i 5 0 ð2:3Þ
where ρ is the fluid density, Vi are the velocity component, aj is the components of
acceleration, Tij is the second-order stress tensor, mij is the second-order couple stress
tensor, f j represents the body force per unit volume, lj represents the body moment
per unit volume, and ejik is the third-order alternating pseudo tensor.
Also, the constitutive equation for the polar fluid is assumed to have the form
Tsij 5 ψdrr δij 2 pδij 1 2μdij ð2:4Þ
0
ij 5 4ξkij 1 4ξ kji
mD ð2:5Þ
Micro and Nanofluid Convection with Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Applications using MATLABs r 2022 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823140-1.00008-7 All rights reserved. 7
The quantities ψ and μ are the viscosity coefficients, ξ and ξ0 are the couple stress
viscosity coefficients, and dij and kij are kinematic variables.
2.2 Equations of motion

To find the equations of motion for the couple stress fluid, the constitutive equation has
been utilized to transform Cauchy’s law of motion in terms of velocity and to obtain
the joint form of the symmetric and antisymmetric part of the tensor, which is given by:
Tij;i 5 Tsij;i 1 TAij;i ð2:6Þ
In which the first term signifies the symmetric part of the stress tensor that is trans-
formed from Eq. (2.4) into:
Tsij;i 5 2p;j 1 μVj;ii 1 ðψ 1 μÞVi;ij ð2:7Þ
From Cauchy’s second law
ρeijk lk 1 eijk mqk;q 1 eijk ekrs Trs 5 0 ð2:8Þ
By simplification, it becomes
1
TAij 5 2 eijk ρlk 1 mqk;q ð2:9Þ
2
Using m 5 mii , Eq. (2.5) transforms to mqk 5 4ξkqk 1 4ξ 0 kkq 1 mδqk , along with
kik 5 ωk;i , which reduces Eq. (2.9) into
1
TAij 5 2 eijk mq;k 1 4ξeijk ωk;qq 1 ρeijk lk ð2:10Þ
2
as ωq;q 5 0.
However ω 5 12 r 3 V, ωi;j is the spin tensor, m is the trace.
Using the following expressions
1
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 Vj;i 2 Vi;j
2
1 ð2:11Þ
ωk 5 Vk;j eijk
2
it converts Eq. (2.10) into

1
TAij 5 22ξωij;qq 1 ejik m;k 1 ρlk ð2:12Þ
2
Mathematical modeling of equations of couple stress fluid in respective coordinates 9
So that TAij;i 5 22ξωij;riqq 1 12 ejik ðρlk Þ;i since the term eijk m;ki must be zero. Finally,
since
1
TAij 5 2ξVj;iiqq 1 ξVi;ijqq 1 ejik ðρlk Þ;i ð2:13Þ
2
Substitution from Eq. (2.7) and Eq. (2.12) in Cauchy’s first law of motion,
1
ρaj 5 μVj;ii 2 ξVj;iikk 1 ejik ðρlk Þ;i 2p;j 1 ðψ 1 μÞ Vi;i ;j 1 ξ Vi;i jkk 1 ρf j ð2:14Þ
2
In Gibbs notation (GB), it can be modified as:
1
ρa 5 μr2 V 2 ξr4 V 1 2rp 1 ðψ 1 μÞrr:V 1 ξr2 rr:V 1 ρf 1 r 3 ðρlÞ ð2:15Þ
2
@V
where a 5 DV Dt 5 @t 1 ðV:rÞV
For incompressible fluids r:V 5 0. And if the body force f and the body moment
l are absent, the equations of motion reduce to
DV
ρ 5 μr2 V 2 rp 2 ξr4 V ð2:16Þ
Dt
However by Eqs. (2.4) and (2.12), the stress tensor takes the form
1
Tij 5 Tsij 1 TAij 5 2μdij 2 2ξeijk ωk;qq 2 pδij 1 ψdrr δij 1 ejik m;k 1 ρlk ð2:17Þ
2
In this thesis, the fluid is deliberated to be incompressible and also the body force
and the body moment are not considered. drr represents the divergence of velocity
that can be reserved as the equation of continuity and can be equated to zero, for sim-
plicity. Also, the term eijk m;ki must be zero, Eq. (2.17) reduces to
Tij 5 2pδij 1 2μdij 2 2ξωij;qq ð2:18Þ
Here, ωk;qq 5 ωk;11 1 ωk;22 1 ωk;33 .
2.3 Equations of motion by stress tensor

This section is devoted to evaluating the stress tensor for the couple stress fluid in the
Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates systems.
2.3.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

At first, all the components of the “rate of strain tensor,” dij , and “rate of spin tensor”
ωk are determined with V 5 ðuðt; x; y; zÞ; v ðt; x; y; zÞ; w ðt; x; y; zÞÞ and i; j 5 1; 2; 3
where 1; 2; 3 denotes the x; y; z components of velocity and differentiation with

respect to x; y; z.
Since, dij 5 12 Vj;i 1 Vi;j
01 1 1 1
V1;1 1 V1;1 V2;1 1 V1;2 V3;1 1 V1;3
B2 2 2 C
B C
B1 1 1 C
B V1;2 1 V2;1 V2;2 1 V2;2 V3;2 1 V2;3 C
dij 5 B 2 C ð2:19Þ
B 2 2 C
B 1 1 C
@1 A
V1;3 1 V3;1 V2;3 1 V3;2 V3;3 1 V3;3
2 2 2
0 1 1 1
ux vx 1 uy ðwx 1 uz Þ
B 2 2 C
B C
B1 1 C
B wy 1 v z C
dij 5 B 2 vx 1 uy vy C ð2:20Þ
B 2 C
B C
@1 1 A
ðwx 1 uz Þ wy 1 vz wz
2 2

And ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 12 vj;i 2 vi;j
0 1
V 2 V1;1 V2;1 2 V1;2 V3;1 2 V1;3
1 @ 1;1
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 V1;2 2 V2;1 V2;2 2 V2;2 V3;2 2 V2;3 A ð2:21Þ
2
V1;3 2 V3;1 V2;3 2 V3;2 V3;3 2 V3;3
0 1
u 2 ux vx 2 uy wx 2 u z
1@ x
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 uy 2 vx vy 2 vy wy 2 vz A ð2:22Þ
2 u 2w vz 2 wy wz 2 wz
z x
0 1 1 1
0 vx 2 uy ðwx 2 uz Þ
B 2 2 C
B C
B1 1 C
B wy 2 vz C
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 B 2 uy 2 vx 0 C ð2:23Þ
B 2 C
B C
@1 1 A
ðuz 2 wx Þ vz 2 wy 0
2 2
The Kronecker delta is defined as

1 ; if i 5 j
δij 5
0 ; if i 6¼ j
And the alternating pseudo tensor is defined as

8
<1 ; if i; j; k is a cyclic permutation of 1; 2; 3
eijk 5 21 ; if i; j; k is an anticyclic permutation of 1; 2; 3
:
0 ; if any two of i; j; k are equal
The stress tensor matrix can be given by:

0 1
T11 T12 T13
Tij 5 @ T21 T22 T23 A ð2:24Þ
T31 T32 T33
Eq. (2.18) is transformed to give the shear component

0 1
2pδ11 1 2μd11 22ξω11;qq 2pδ12 1 2μd12 22ξω12;qq 2pδ13 1 2μd13 2 2ξω13;qq
Tij 5 @ 2pδ21 1 2μd21 22ξω21;qq 2pδ32 1 2μd32 2 2ξω32;qq 2pδ23 1 2μd23 22ξω23;qq A
2pδ31 1 2μd31 22ξω31;qq 2pδ22 1 2μd22 22ξω22;qq 2pδ33 1 2μd33 22ξω33;qq
ð2:25Þ
By setting the values from Eqs. (2.20) and (2.23) in Eq. (2.25), the shear stress
components are as follows:
T11 5 2p 1 2μux ð2:26Þ
h i
T12 5 μ vx 1 uy 2 ξ vx 2uy xx 1 vx 2uy yy 1 vx 2uy zz ð2:27Þ
h i
T13 5 μ ðwx 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðwx 2uz Þxx 1 ðwx 2uz Þyy 1 ðwx 2uz Þzz ð2:28Þ
h i
T21 5 μ vx 1 uy 2 ξ uy 2vx xx 1 uy 2vx yy 1 uy 2vx zz ð2:29Þ

T22 5 2p 1 μ wy 2 vz ð2:30Þ
h i
T23 5 μ wy 1 vz 2 ξ wy 2vz xx 1 wy 2vz yy 1 wy 2vz zz ð2:31Þ
h i
T31 5 μ ðwx 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðwx 1uz Þxx 1 ðwx 1uz Þyy 1 ðwx 1uz Þzz ð2:32Þ
h i
T32 5 μ wy 1 vz 2 ξ vz 2wy xx 1 vz 2wy yy 1 vz 2wy zz ð2:33Þ
T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:34Þ

The system of equations representing the incompressible couple stress fluid motion
in Cartesian coordinates ðx; y; zÞ is given by

DV
ρ 5 r:T
Dt
@V
Dt 5
Since, DV @t 1 ðV:rÞV
and
8 9
( )!> uðt; x; y; zÞ >
@ @ @ < =
ðV:rÞV 5 uðt; x; y; zÞ; v ðt; x; y; zÞ; w ðt; x; y; zÞ : ; ; v ðt; x; y; zÞ
@x @y @z >
: >
;
w ðt; x; y; zÞ
8 9
( )> uðt; x; y; zÞ >
@ @ @ < =
5 uðt; x; y; zÞ 1 vðt; x; y; zÞ 1 w ðt; x; y; zÞ v ðt; x; y; zÞ
@x @y @z : > >
;
w ðt; x; y; zÞ
8 9
> @uðt; x; y; zÞ @uðt; x; y; zÞ @uðt; x; y; zÞ >
>
> uð t; x; y; z Þ 1 v ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 w ð t; x; y; z Þ >
>
>
> @x @y @z >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
< @v ðt; x; y; zÞ @v ðt; x; y; zÞ @v ðt; x; y; zÞ =
5 u ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 v ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 w ð t; x; y; z Þ
>
> @x @y @z >
>
>
> >
>
>
> @w ð Þ @w ð Þ @w ð Þ >
>
>
> uðt; x; y; zÞ t; x; y; z t; x; y; z t; x; y; z >
>
>
: 1 v ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 w ð t; x; y; z Þ >
;
@x @y @z
ð2:35Þ
which gives the substantial derivative as:
8 Du 9 8 @u @u @u @u >
9
> > >
> 1u 1v 1w >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> Dt >
> >
> @t @x @y @z >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
< Dv = < @v @v @v @v =
1u 1v 1w
> Dt > 5 > @t @x @y @z > ð2:36Þ
>
> >
> > >
> >
>
>
> Dw > > > @w @w @w @w >>
>
> >
> >
> 1 1 1 >
>
: Dt ; > : @t u v w >
@x @y @z ;
Finally, the momentum equations for couple stress fluid are given by:

@u @u @u @u @T11 @T21 @T31
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 1 1 ð2:37Þ
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z

@v @v @v @v @T12 @T22 @T32
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 1 1 ð2:38Þ
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z

@w @w @w @w @T13 @T23 @T33
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 1 1 ð2:39Þ
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z
2.3.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

To evaluate the shear stress components for the couple stress fluid in
cylindrical coordinates, first, all the components of dij , and ωk are determined
with V 5 ðuðt; r; θ; zÞêr ; v ðt; r; θ; zÞêθ ; w ðt; r; θ; zÞêz Þ and i; j 5 1; 2; 3, where 1; 2; 3
represents the r; θ; z components of velocity and differentiation with respect to
r; θ; z.
Since, dij 5 12 Vj;i 1 Vi;j 5 12 rV 1 ðrVÞT
00 uθ v 1 1
ur 2 uz 0 1
BB r r C ur vr wr C
BB C C
1B Bv vθ
1
u C B u v vθ u wθ CC
dij 5 B B r vz C 1 B θ
C @ r 2r 1 CC ð2:40Þ
B
2 BB
B
r r
C r r r C
A
C
@@ wθ A uz vz wz A
wr wz
r
0 ! 1
1 uθ v 1
B ur vr 1 2 ðwr 1 uz Þ C
B 2 r r 2 C
B ! !C
B C
B1 u θ v vθ u 1 wθ C
dij 5 B
B 2 vr 1 r 2 r 1 1 vz C C ð2:41Þ
B r r 2 r C
B ! C
B 1 1 wθ C
@ ðwr 1 uz Þ 1 vz wz A
2 2 r

And ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 1
2 Vj;i 2 Vi;j 5 12 ðr 3 VÞ
0 ! 1
1 v uθ 1
B 0 vr 1 2 ðwr 2 uz Þ C
B 2 r r 2 C
B ! !C
B C
B 1 uθ v 1 wθ C
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 B
B 2 r 2 vr 2 r 0 2 vz C C ð2:42Þ
B 2 r C
B ! C
B 1 1 wθ C
@ ðuz 2 wr Þ vz 2 0 A
2 2 r
By putting the values from Eqs. (2.41) and (2.42) into Eq. (2.25), the shear stress
components are as follows:
T11 5 2p 1 2μ ur ð2:43Þ

uθ v v uθ v uθ v uθ
T12 5 μ vr 1 2 2ξ vr 1 2 1 vr 1 2 1 vr 1 2
r r r r rr r r θθ r r zz
ð2:44Þ

T13 5 μðwr 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðwr 2uz Þrr 1 ðwr 2uz Þθθ 1 ðwr 2uz Þzz ð2:45Þ

uθ v uθ v uθ v uθ v
T21 5 μ vr 1 2 2ξ 2vr 2 1 2vr 2 1 2vr 2
r r r r rr r r θθ r r zz
ð2:46Þ
vθ u
T22 5 2p 1 μ 1 ð2:47Þ
r r

wθ wθ wθ wθ
T23 5 μ 1 vz 2 ξ 2vz 1 2vz 1 2vz ð2:48Þ
r r rr r θθ r zz

T31 5 μðwr 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðuz 2wr Þrr 1 ðuz 2wr Þθθ 1 ðuz 2wr Þzz ð2:49Þ

wθ wθ wθ wθ
T32 5 μ 1 vz 2 ξ vz 2 1 vz 2 1 vz 2 ð2:50Þ
r r rr r θθ r zz
T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:51Þ

Next, for the material derivative in cylindrical coordinates, it is essential to take the
derivative of the unit or basis vector associated with velocity components also.
Providing the nonzero derivatives of basis vectors are:
@êr @êθ
5 e^θ ; 5 2êr ð2:52Þ
@θ @θ
The material derivative in cylindrical coordinates can be expressed by:
DV @V dr @V dθ @V dz @V
5 1 1 1 ð2:53Þ
Dt @t dt @r dt @θ dt @z
The terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (2.53) can be expressed and simplified by
using Eq. (2.52) as follows:
@V @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^z ð2:54Þ
@t @t @t @t
dr @V @V
5u
dt @r @r
!
@u @êr @v @êθ @w @êz
5u e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^z 1 w ð2:55Þ
@r @r @r @r @r @r
!
@u @v @w
5u e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^z
@r @r @r
dθ @V v @V
5
dt @θ r @θ
!
v @u @êr @v @êθ @w @êz
5 e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^z 1 w ð2:56Þ
r @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ
!
v @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 uðe^θ Þ 1 e^θ 1 v ð 2êr Þ 1 e^z
r @θ @θ @θ
dz @V @V
5w
dt @z @z
!
@u @êr @v @êθ @w @êz
5w e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^z 1 w ð2:57Þ
@z @z @z @z @z @z
!
@u @v @w
5w e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^z
@z @z @z
Substituting the values from Eqs. (2.54)(2.57) into Eq. (2.53) we get
!
DV @u @u v @u v 2 @u
5 1u 1 2 1w e^r
Dt @t @r r @θ r @z
!
@v @v v @v @v uv
1 1u 1 1w 1 e^θ ð2:58Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r
!
@w @w v @w @w
1 1u 1 1w e^z
@t @r r @θ @z
Now, the system of equations representing the incompressible couple stress fluid
motion in cylindrical coordinates ðr; θ; zÞ is given by

@u @u v @u @u v2 T21;θ T11 2 T22
ρ 1u 1 1w 2 5 T11;r 1 1 T31;z 1 ð2:59Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r r r

@v @v v @v @v uv T22;θ T12 1 T21
ρ 1u 1 1w 1 5 T12;r 1 1 T32;z 1 ð2:60Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r r r

@w @w v @w @w T23;θ T13
ρ 1u 1 1w 5 T13;r 1 1 T33;z 1 ð2:61Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r r
2.3.3 In the spherical coordinates system

To evaluate the momentum equations by stress tensor for the couple stress fluid in
spherical
coordinates, first, the components of dij and ωk are evaluated with
V 5 uðt; r; θ; ϕÞêr ; vðt; r; θ; ϕÞêθ ; w ðt; r; θ; ϕÞêϕ and i; j 5 1; 2; 3, where 1; 2; 3 repre-
sents the r; θ; ϕ components of velocity and differentiation with respect to r; θ; ϕ.
Since, for spherical coordinates, dij 5 2 rV 1 ðrVÞ can be given by
1 T
0 0 1 1
uθ v cscθuϕ w
B B ur 2 2 C C
B B r r r r C C
B B C C
B B vθ u cscθvϕ cotθw C C
B B vr 1 2 C1 C
B B r r r r C C
B B C C
B B cotθv C C
B @w wθ u cscθwϕ
1 1 A C
1B
B
r C
C
dij 5 B 0 r r r r
1C ð2:62Þ
2B C
B ur vr wr C
BB CC
BB u θ v vθ u wθ CC
BB 2 1 CC
BB r r r r r CC
BB CC
B B cscθuϕ cotθv C C
@@ 2
w cscθvϕ
2
cotθw u cscθwϕ
1 1 AA
r r r r r r r
0 ! ! 1
1 uθ v 1 cscθuϕ w
B ur 2 1 vr 2 1 wr C
B 2 r r 2 r r C
B ! ! C
B C
B 1 u θ v vθ u 1 cscθvϕ cotθw wθ C
dij 5 B
B 2 vr 1 r 2 r 1 2 C
C
B r r 2 r r r
B ! ! !C
C
B1 cscθuϕ w 1 wθ cscθvϕ cotθw 1 u cscθwϕ cotθv C
@ wr 1 2 1 2 1 1 A
2 r r 2 r r r 2 r r r
ð2:63Þ
And ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 12 ðr 3 VÞ
0 0 11
! cscθuϕ
B 2 wr CC
B 1 v uθ 1BB r CC
B 0 vr 1 2 B CC
B 2 r r 2@ 2
w AC
B C
B r C
B 0 1C
B wθ wcotθ C
B ! 1 C
B C
B 1 uθ v 1BB r r C CC
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 B
B 2 r 2 vr 2 r 0 B CC ð2:64Þ
B 2 @ 2 cscθvϕ A C C
B r C
B C
B 0 w 1 0 1 C
B 1
cscθvϕ C
B B wr C
B 1B r C 1B r C C
B B C B C C
B @ cscθuϕ C A 2@
B w wcotθ C
A
0 C
@2 2 2 2
θ A
r r r
The shear stress components can be obtained by substituting the values from
Eqs. (2.63) and (2.64) into Eq. (2.25), as follows:
T11 5 2 p 1 2μur ð2:65Þ
2 3
v u
vr 1 r 2 r θ v u
1 vr 1 r 2 rθ
6 7
uθ v 6 rr θθ 7
T12 5 μ 2 1 vr 2 ξ6 7 ð2:66Þ
r r 4 5
1 vr 1 vr 2 urθ
ϕϕ
2 3
cscθuϕ w
6 r 2wr 2 r 7
cscθuϕ w 6 rr 7
T13 5 μ 2 1 wr 2 ξ 6 7
r r 4 cscθuϕ w cscθuϕ w 5
1 r 2wr 2 r 1 r 2wr 2 r
θθ ϕϕ
ð2:67Þ

uθ v uθ v uθ v uθ v
T21 5 μ vr 1 2 2ξ 2vr 2 1 2vr 2 1 2vr 2 ð2:68Þ
r r r r rr r r θθ r r ϕϕ
vθ u
T22 5 2p 1 μ 1 ð2:69Þ
r r
!
cscθvϕ cotθw wθ
T23 5 μ 2
r r r
2 3
wθ 1 wcotθ 2 cscθvϕ 1 wθ 1 wcotθ 2 cscθvϕ ð2:70Þ
6 r r r r r r 7
6 θθ 7
2ξ6
rr
7
4 cscθvϕ 5
1 wrθ 1 wcotθ
r 2 r
ϕϕ
!
cscθuϕ w
T31 5 μ wr 1 2
r r
2 3
w 1 w 2 cscθuϕ 1 w 1 w 2 cscθuϕ ð2:71Þ
6 r r r r r r 7
6 θθ 7
2 ξ6
rr
7
4 cscθu 5
1 wr 1 wr 2 r ϕ
ϕϕ
!
wθ cscθvϕ cotθw
T32 5 μ 1 2
r r r
2 3
cscθvϕ wθ wcotθ cscθvϕ wθ wcotθ ð2:72Þ
6 r 2 r 2 r 1 r 2 r 2 r 7
6 θθ 7
2ξ6
rr
7
4 cscθvϕ wθ wcotθ 5
1 r 2 r 2 r
ϕϕ

u cscθwϕ cotθv
T33 5 2p 1 2μ 1 1 ð2:73Þ
r r r
Again, for the material derivative in spherical coordinates, it is necessary to consider
the derivative of the unit or basis vectors accompanying the velocity components.
Providing the nonzero derivatives of basis vector are:
@êr @êθ @êr @êθ @êϕ
5 e^θ ; 5 2êr 5 sinθêϕ 5 cosθêϕ 5 2sinθêr 2cosθêθ
@θ @θ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ
ð2:74Þ
The material derivative in spherical coordinates can be expressed by:
DV @V dr @V dθ @V dϕ @V
5 1 1 1 ð2:75Þ
Dt @t dt @r dt @θ dt @ϕ
The terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (2.75) can be expressed and simplified by
using Eq. (2.74) as follows:
@V @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^ϕ ð2:76Þ
@t @t @t @t
dr @V @V
5u
dt @r @r
!
@u @êr @v @êθ @w @êϕ
5u e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^ϕ 1 w ð2:77Þ
@r @r @r @r @r @r
!
@u @v @w
5u e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^ϕ
@r @r @r
dθ @V v @V
5
dt @θ r @θ
!
v @u @êr @v @êθ @w @êϕ
5 e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^ϕ 1 w ð2:78Þ
r @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ
!
v @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 uðe^θ Þ 1 e^θ 1 v ð 2êr Þ 1 e^ϕ
r @θ @θ @θ
dϕ @V w @V
5
dt @ϕ rsinθ @ϕ
!
w @u @êr @v @êθ @w @êϕ
5 e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^ϕ 1 w
rsinθ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ ð2:79Þ
0 1
@u @v @w
w B @ϕ e^r 1 usinθêϕ 1 @ϕ e^θ 1 vcosθêϕ 1 @ϕ e^ϕ C
5 @ A
rsinθ
1 w ð 2sinθêr 2 cosθêθ Þ
Substituting the values from Eqs. (2.76)(2.79) into Eq. (2.75) we get
!
DV @u @u v @u w @u v2 w2
5 1u 1 1 2 2 e^r
Dt @t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r
!
@v @v v @v w @v uv w 2 cotθ
1 1u 1 1 1 2 e^θ ð2:80Þ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r
!
@w @w v @w w @w uw vwcotθ
1 1u 1 1 1 1 e^ϕ
The system of equations representing the incompressible couple stress fluid motion
in spherical coordinates ðr; θ; ϕÞ is given by
!
@u @u v @u w @u v2 w2 T11 T21;θ cotθ
ρ 1u 1 1 2 2 5 T11;r 1 2 1 1 T21
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r r r
1 T22 1 T33
1 T31;ϕ 2
rsinθ r
ð2:81Þ
!
@v @v v @v w @v uv w 2 cotθ T12 T22;θ cotθ
ρ 1u 1 1 1 2 5 T12;r 1 2 1 1 T22
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r r r
1 T21 cotθ
1 T32;ϕ 1 2 T33
rsinθ r r
ð2:82Þ
!
@w @w v @w w @w uw vwcotθ T13 sinθ
ρ 1u 1 1 1 1 5 T13;r 1 2 1 T23;θ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r r
cosθ 1 T31 1 T32
1 T23 1 T33;ϕ 1
r rsinθ r
ð2:83Þ
It can be observed that the stress components in momentum equations are different
from the viscous fluid as the stress tensor is symmetric for Newtonian fluid but anti-
symmetric for the non-Newtonian couple stress fluid, that is, Tij 6¼ Tji .
2.4 Equations of motion by vector calculus

The constitutive equations for couple stress fluid are evaluated for all three coordinates
given by Eq. (2.16), which can be rewritten as:
DV 1 μ ξ
5 2 rP 2 r 3 ðr 3 VÞ 2 r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞÞ ð2:84Þ
Dt ρ ρ ρ
2.4.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

To obtain the constitutive equations, the curl for the velocity vectors has been evaluated.

i j k

@ @ @
r3V5
@x @y @z ð2:85Þ

u v w

5 i wy 2 vz 1 jðuz 2 wx Þ 1 k vx 2 uy

i j k

@ @ @
r 3 ðr 3 VÞ 5
@x @y @z

wy 2 vz ðuz 2 wx Þ vx 2 uy
ð2:86Þ
5 i vx 2uy y 2 ðuz 2wx Þz 1 j wy 2vz z 2 vx 2uy x

1 k ðuz 2wx Þx 2 wy 2vz y

5 i vxy 2 uyy 2 uzz 1 wxz 1 j wyz 2 vzz 2 vxx 1 uyx

1 k uzx 2 wxx 2 wyy 1 vzy
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 V ÞÞ

i j k

@ @ @

@x @y @z
5

! ! !
vxy 2 uyy wyz 2 vzz uzx 2 wxx

2uzz 1 wxz 2 vxx 1 uyx 2 wyy 1 vzy
0 ! !1 ! !!
uzx 2wxx wyz 2vzz vxy 2uyy uzx 2wxx
5i @ 2 A 1j 2
2wyy 1vzy y 2vxx 1uyx z 2uzz 1wxz z 2wyy 1vzy x
0 ! ! 1
wyz 2vzz vxy 2uyy
1 k@ 2 A
2vxx 1uyx x 2uzz 1wxz y
! !
uzxy 2 wxxy 2 wyyy 1 vzyy vxyz 2 uyyz 2 uzzz 1 wxzz
5i 1j
2 wyzz 1 vzzz 1 vxxz 2 uyxz 2 uzxx 1 wxxx 1 wyyx 2 vzyx
!
wyzx 2 vzzx 2 vxxx 1 uyxx
1k
2 vxyy 1 uyyy 1 uzzy 2 wxzy
ð2:87Þ

i j k

@ @ @

@x @y @z
1
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞÞ 5 0 uzxy 2 wxxy 1 0
vxyz 2 uyyz
1 0
wyzx 2 vzzx

B 2 wyyy 1 vzyy C B 2 uzzz 1 wxzz C B 2 vxxx 1 uyxx C
B
@ 2 wyzz 1 vzzz C
A
B C
@ 2 uzxx 1 wxxx A
B C
@ 2 vxyy 1 uyyy A

1 vxxz 2 uyxz 1 wyyx 2 vzyx 1 uzzy 2 wxzy
!
wyzx 2vzzx 2vxxx 1uyxx vxyz 2uyyz 2uzzz 1wxzz
5i 2
2vxyy 1uyyy 1uzzy 2wxzy y 2uzxx 1wxxx 1wyyx 2vzyx z

uzxy 2wxxy 2wyyy 1vzyy wyzx 2vzzx 2vxxx 1uyxx
1j 2
2wyzz 1vzzz 1vxxz 2uyxz z 2vxyy 1uyyy 1uzzy 2wxzy x
!
vxyz 2uyyz 2uzzz 1wxzz uzxy 2wxxy 2wyyy 1vzyy
1k 2
2uzxx 1wxxx 1wyyx 2vzyx x 2wyzz 1vzzz 1vxxz 2uyxz y

wyzxy 2 vzzxy 2 vxxxy 1 uyxxy 2 vxyyy 1 uyyyy 1 uzzyy 2 wxzyy
5i
2v 1 uyyzz 1 uzzzz 2 wxzzz 1 uzxxz 2 wxxxz 2 wyyxz 1 vzyxz
xyzz
uzxyz 2 wxxyz 2 wyyyz 1 vzyyz 2 wyzzz 1 vzzzz 1 vxxzz 2 uyxzz
1j ð2:88Þ
2 wyzxx 1 vzzxx 1 vxxxx 2 uyxxx 1 vxyyx 2 uyyyx 2 uzzyx 1 wxzyx
v 2 uyyzx 2 uzzzx 1 wxzzx 2 uzxxx 1 wxxxx 1 wyyxx 2 vzyxx
1 k xyzx
2 uzxyy 1 wxxyy 1 wyyyy 2 vzyyy 1 wyzzy 2 vzzzy 2 vxxzy 1 uyxzy
Putting the values from Eqs. (2.36), (2.86), and (2.88) into Eq. (2.16) and simplify-
ing by using the equation of continuity, that is, ux 1 vy 1 wz 5 0, the equation of
motion takes the form:
! !
@u @u @u @u @2 u @2 u @2 u
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 2 px 1 μ 1 21 2
@t @x @y @z @x2 @y @z
0 4 1
@ u @4 u @4 u @2 u @2 u @2 u @2 u
B @x4 1 1 1 2 1 2
B @y4 @z4 @x2 @y2 @y2 @z2 C C
2 ξBB
C
C
@ @ u@ u
2 2
A
12 2 2
@x @z
ð2:89Þ
! !
@v @v @v @v @2 v @2 v @2 v
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 2 py 1 μ 1 21 2
@t @x @y @z @x2 @y @z
!
@4 v @4 v @4 v @2 v @2 v @2 v @2 v @2 v @2 v
2ξ 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
@x4 @y4 @z4 @x2 @y2 @y2 @z2 @x2 @z2
ð2:90Þ
! !
@w @w @w @w @2 w @2 w @2 w
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 2 pz 1 μ 1 2 1 2
@t @x @y @z @x2 @y @z
0 4 1
@w @w4
@w4
@2 w @2 w @2 w @2 w
B @x4 1 1 1 2 1 2
B @y4 @z4 @x2 @y2 @y2 @z2 C C
B
2 ξB C
@ w@ w
2 2 C
@ A
12 2 2
@x @z
ð2:91Þ
2.4.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

To obtain the constitutive equations, the curl for the velocity vectors is evaluated.

h1 e^r h2 e^θ h3 e^z

1 @ @ @

r3V5 ð2:92Þ
h1 h2 h3 @r @θ @z

h1 u h2 v h3 w
Since, for cylindrical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 1

e^r rêθ e^z

1 @ @ @

r3V5
r @r @θ @z

u rv w
1 ð2:93Þ
5 ½e^r ðwθ 2 rvz Þ 1 rêθ ðuz 2 wr Þ 1 e^z ðrvr 1 v 2 uθ Þ
r
! !
wθ v uθ
5 e^r 2 vz 1 e^θ ðuz 2 wr Þ 1 e^z vr 1 2
r r r
r 3 ðr 3 VÞ

e^r rêθ e^z

@ @ @

1 @r @θ @z
5
r
! !
w uθ
θ v
2 vz r ðuz 2 wr Þ vr 1 2
r r r
2 3
e^r v
vr 1 r 2 r u θ 2 ðr ðuz 2wr ÞÞz 1 rêθ w θ v u θ
r 2vz 2 vr 1 r 2 r
16 6 θ z r 7
7
5 6 7
r4 w 5
1 e^z ðr ðuz 2wr ÞÞr 2 r 2vz θ
θ
! !
vrθ vθ uθθ wθz vr vr uθr uθ
5 e^r 1 2 2 2 2 uzz 1 wrz 1 e^θ 2 vzz 2 vrr 2 1 2 1 2 2
r r r r r r r r
!
uz wr wθθ vzθ
1 e^z uz 1 2 2 2 1
r r r r
ð2:94Þ
Let,
!
vrθ vθ uθθ wθz vr vr uθr uθ
A5 1 2 2 2 2 uzz 1 wrz ; B 5 2 vzz 2 vrr 2 1 2 1 2 2 ;
r r r r r r r r
uz wr wθθ vzθ
C 5 uz 1 2 2 2 1 :
r r r r
ð2:95Þ
0 1
e^r rêθ e^z
1BB@ @ @ C
C
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞ 5 B C
r @ @r @θ @z A
A rB C
1 ð2:96Þ
5 ½e^r ðC θ 2 rBz Þ 1 rêθ ðAz 2 C r Þ 1 e^z ðrBr 1 B 2 Aθ Þ
r
! !
Cθ B Aθ
5 e^r 2 Bz 1 e^θ ðAz 2 C r Þ 1 e^z Br 1 2
r r r
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 V ÞÞÞ

e^r rêθ e^z

@ @ @

1 @r @θ @z
5

r ! !
C B Aθ
θ
2 Bz r ðAz 2 C r Þ Br 1 2
r r r
2 3
^
e B 1 B
2 Aθ
2 ð r ð A 2C Þ Þ 1 r^
e θ
Cθ
2B 2 B 1 B
2 Aθ
16 7
r r r r z r z r z r r r
6 θ z r 7
5 6 7
r4 5
1 e^z ðr ðAz 2C r ÞÞr 2 r 2Bz Cθ
θ
! !
Brθ Bθ Aθθ C θz Br Br Aθr Aθ
5 e^r 1 2 2 2 2 Azz 1 C rz 1 e^θ 2 Bzz 2 Brr 2 1 2 1 2 2
r r r r r r r r
!
Az Cr C θθ Bzθ
1 e^z Az 1 2 2 2 1
r r r r
ð2:97Þ
Substituting the values in Eq. (2.16) from Eqs. (2.58), (2.93), and (2.96) and using
the equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates, that is, ur 1 ur 1 vrθ 1 wz 5 0 to
simplify, the equations of motion become:
!
@u @u v @u v 2 @u
ρ 1u 1 2 1w 5 2 pr
@t @r r @θ r @z
0 1
@ 2
u 1 @u 1 @2
u @2
u u 2 @v
1 μ@ 2 1 1 2 21 22 22 2 A
@r r @r r @θ @z r r @θ
0 1
@ A 1 @A
2
1@ A @ A
2 2
A 2 @B
2 ξ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 22 2 A
ð2:98Þ
!
@v @v v @v @v uv 1
ρ 1u 1 1w 1 5 2 pθ
@t @r r @θ @z r r
0 1
@v
2
1 @v 1@v 2
@v
2
v 2 @u
1 μ@ 2 1 1 2 21 22 21 2 A
0 1
@B 1 @B 1 @2
B @2
B B 2 @A
2 ξ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 21 2 A
ð2:99Þ
0
! 1
@w @w v @w @w @w2
1 @w 1@ w
2
@w
2
ρ 1u 1 1w 5 2 pz 1 μ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2A
@t @r r @θ @z @r r @r r @θ @z
0 1 ð2:100Þ
@2 C 1 @C 1 @2 C @2 C
2 ξ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2A
@r r @r r @θ @z
2.4.3 In the spherical coordinates system

To obtain the constitutive equations, the curl for the velocity vectors is evaluated.

h1 e^r h2 e^θ h3 e^ϕ

1 @ @ @

r3V5 ð2:101Þ
h1 h2 h3 @r @θ @ϕ

h1 u h2 v h3 w
Since, for spherical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 rsinθ

e^r rêθ rsinθêϕ

1 @ @ @
r3V5 2
r sinθ @r @θ @ϕ

u rv rsinθw
0 1
e^r rsinθwθ 1 rcosθw 2 rvϕ 1
1 B C
5 2 @ rêθ uϕ 2 rsinθwr 2 wsinθ A
r sinθ
1 rsinθêϕ ðrvr 1 v 2 uθ Þ
! ! !
wθ wcotθ vϕ uϕ w v uθ
5 e^r 1 2 1 e^θ 2 wr 2 1 e^ϕ vr 1 2
r r rsinθ rsinθ r r r
ð2:102Þ


@ @ @
1 @r @θ @ϕ

r 3 ðr 3 VÞ 5 2
r sinθ ! !
w uθ
θ wcotθ vϕ uϕ w v
1 2 r 2 wr 2 rsinθ vr 1 2
2 ! 3
u
6 e^r rsinθ vr 1 vr 2 urθ 2 r rsinθ 2wr 2 wr
ϕ
7
6 θ ϕ 7
6 ! 7
1 6 6 7
5 2 1 wθ
1 2
vϕ
2 1 2 uθ 7
6
r sinθ 6 r^
e θ
wcotθ
rsinθ v r
v
7
r r rsinθ r r 7
6 ϕ
7
r
4 uϕ vϕ
5
1 rsinθêϕ r rsinθ 2wr 2 wr 2 wrθ 1 wcotθr 2 rsinθ
r θ
2 ! 3
uϕϕ
6 e^r rsinθvrθ 1 rcosθvr 1 sinθvθ 1 cosθv 2 sinθuθθ 2 cosθuθ 2 1 rwrϕ 1 wϕ 7
6 sinθ 7
6 ! 7
6 7
1 6 6 wθϕ w ϕ cotθ v ϕϕ 7
7
5 2 1 r^
e 1 2 2 rsinθv 2 sinθv 2 sinθv 1 sinθu
r sinθ 6 7
θ rr r r θr
6 r r rsinθ
6 !7
7
6 7
4 1 rsinθê uϕr 2 rw 2 w 2 w 2 wθθ 2 wθ cotθ 1 wcsc θ 1 vϕθ 2 vϕ cotθcscθ 5
2
ϕ rr r r
sinθ r r r rsinθ r
!
vrθ cotθvr vθ cotθv uθθ cotθuθ uϕϕ wrϕ wϕ
5 e^r 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1
r r r r r r2 r sin θ rsinθ r 2 sinθ
!
wθϕ wϕ cotθcscθ vϕϕ 2vr uθr
1 e^θ 2 1 2 2 2 2 vrr 2 1 ð2:103Þ
r sinθ r2 r sin θ r r
!
uϕr 2wr wθθ wθ cotθ wcsc θ 2
vϕθ vϕ cotθcscθ
1 e^ϕ 2 wrr 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
rsinθ r r r2 r2 r sinθ r2
Let,
vrθ cotθvr vθ cotθv uθθ cotθuθ uϕϕ wrϕ wϕ
L5 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 ;
r r r r r r 2 r sin θ rsinθ r sinθ
wθϕ wϕ cotθcscθ vϕϕ 2vr uθr
M5 1 2 2 2 2 vrr 2 1 ;
r 2 sinθ r2 r sin θ r r
uϕr 2wr wcsc2 θ wθθ wθ cotθ vϕθ vϕ cotθcscθ
N5 2 wrr 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
rsinθ r r r r r sinθ r2
ð2:104Þ


1 @ @ @
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞ 5 2
r sinθ @r @θ @ϕ

L rM rsinθN
!
1 êr rsinθN θ 1 rcosθN 2 rM ϕ 1 rêθ L ϕ 2 rsinθN r 2 Nsinθ
5
r 2 sinθ1 rsinθêϕ ðrM r 1 M 2 L θ Þ
! ! !
Nθ Ncotθ Mϕ Lϕ N M Lθ
5 e^r 1 2 1 e^θ 2 Nr 2 1 e^ϕ M r 1 2
ð2:105Þ
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞÞ


@ @ @

1 @r @θ @ϕ

5 2
r sinθ ! !

Nθ Ncotθ mϕ lϕ N m lθ
1 2 r 2 Nr 2 rsinθ mr 1 2
2 ! 3
lϕ
6 e^r rsinθ mr 1 r 2 r 2 r rsinθ 2N r 2 r
m lθ N
7
6 θ ϕ 7
6 ! 7
1 6 6
7
7
5 2 1 rêθ N
1 Ncotθ
m
2 rsinθ 2 rsinθ mr 1 mr 2 rθ
ϕ l
r sinθ 6 7
θ
6 r r 7
6 ϕ
r
7
4 lϕ mϕ
5
1 rsinθêϕ r rsinθ 2N r 2 Nr 2 Nr θ 1 Ncotθ
r 2 rsinθ
r θ
2 ! 3
L ϕϕ
6 e^r rsinθM rθ 1 rcosθM r 1 sinθM θ 1 cosθM 2 sinθL θθ 2 cosθL θ 2 1 rN rϕ 1 N ϕ 7
6 sinθ 7
6 ! 7
6 7
1 6 6 1 rêθ N θϕ N ϕ cotθ M ϕϕ 7
7
5 2 6 1 2 2 rsinθM rr 2 sinθM r 2 sinθM r 1 sinθL θr 7
r sinθ 6 r r rsinθ 7
6 ! 7
6 7
4 1 rsinθê L ϕr 2 rN 2 N 2 N 2 N θθ 2 N θ cotθ 1 Ncsc θ 1 M ϕθ 2 M ϕ cotθcscθ 5
2
ϕ rr r r
sinθ r r r rsinθ r
!
M rθ cotθM r Mθ cotθM L θθ cotθL θ L ϕϕ N rϕ Nϕ
5 e^r 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
r r r r2 r r2 r sin θ rsinθ r 2 sinθ
!
N θϕ N ϕ cotθcscθ M ϕϕ 2M r L θr
1 e^θ 2 1 2 2 2 2 M rr 2 1
r sinθ r2 r sin θ r r
!
L ϕr 2N r N θθ N θ cotθ Ncsc2 θ M ϕθ M ϕ cotθcscθ
1 e^ϕ 2 N rr 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
rsinθ r r r2 r2 r sinθ r2
ð2:106Þ
Substituting the values in Eq. (2.16) from Eqs. (2.80), (2.104), and (2.106) and
using the equation of continuity in spherical coordinates, that is,
wϕ
ur 1 2ur 1 vrθ 1 rsinθ 1 vcotθ
r 5 0 to simplify, the equations of motion become:
!
@u @u v @u w @u v2 w2
ρ 1u 1 1 2 2 5 2 pr
0 1
@2 u 2 @u 1 @2 u 1 @2 u cotθ @u 2u 2 @v
B @r 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
B r @r r 2 @θ2 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 r 2 @θ r2 r 2 @θ C
C
B
1 μB C
C
@ 2 2 vcotθ 2 2 @w A
ð2:107Þ
r 2 r sin θ @ϕ
2 2
0 1
@2 l 2 @l 1 @2 l 1 @2 l cotθ @l 2l 2 @m
B @r 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
B r @r r 2 @θ2 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 r 2 @θ r2 r 2 @θ C
C
B
2 ξB C
C
@ 2 2 mcotθ 2 2 @n A
r2 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ
!
@v @v v @v w @v uv w 2 cotθ 1
ρ 1u 1 1 1 2 5 2 pθ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r
0 1
@2 v 2 @v 1 @2 v 1 @2 v cotθ @v 2 @u
B @r 2 1 r @r 1 r 2 @θ2 1 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 1 r 2 @θ 1 r 2 @θ C
B C
1 μB
B
C
C
@ 2 v 2 2cscθcotθ @w A
ð2:108Þ
r 2 sin2 θ r2 @ϕ
0 1
@2 m 2 @m 1 @2 m 1 @2 m cotθ @m 2 @l
B @r 2 1 r @r 1 r 2 @θ2 1 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 1 r 2 @θ 1 r 2 @θ C
B C
2 ξB
B
C
C
@ 2 m 2 2cscθcotθ @n A
r 2 sin2 θ r2 @ϕ
!
@w @w v @w w @w uw vwcotθ 1
ρ 1u 1 1 1 2 52 pϕ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r rsinθ
0 2 1
@w 2 @w 1 @2 w 1 @2 w cotθ @w w
B 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 C
B @r r @r r @θ r sin θ @ϕ2 r @θ r sin θ C
1 μBB C
2 @u 2cscθcotθ @w C
@1 1 A ð2:109Þ
r sin θ @ϕ
2 2
r 2 @ϕ
0 2 1
@ m 2 @m 1 @2 m 1 @2 m cotθ @m n
B 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 C
B @r r @r r @θ r sin θ @ϕ2 r @θ r sin θ C
2 ξB
B
C
C
@ 1 2 @l 1 2cscθcotθ @n A
r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ r2 @ϕ
References
Chang-Jian, C. W., & Chen, C. K. (2008). Bifurcation analysis of flexible rotor supported by couple-
stress fluid film bearings with non-linear suspension systems. Tribology International, 41(5), 367386.
Murthy, J. V. R., & Nagaraju, G. (2009). Flow of a couple stress fluid generated by a circular cylinder
subjected to longitudinal and torsional oscillations. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 2(10), 451461.
Ramanaiah, G., & Sarkar, P. (1979). Slider bearings lubricated by fluids with couple stress. Wear, 52(1),
2736.
Soundalgekar, V. M. (1971). Effects of couple stresses in fluids on dispersion of a solute in a channel
flow. Physics of Fluids, 14(1), 1920.
Stokes, V. K. (1966). Couple stresses in fluids. Physics of Fluids, 9(9), 17091715.
Stokes, V. K. (1984). Couple stresses in fluids. Theories of fluids with microstructure, 3480.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Kansas
University science bulletin, Vol. I, No. 6,
September 1902
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The Kansas University science bulletin, Vol. I, No. 6,

September 1902
Editor: Various
Release date: August 25, 2023 [eBook #71486]
Language: English
Original publication: Lawrence: Kansas University, 1902
Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book
was produced from images made available by the
HathiTrust Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN, VOL. I, NO. 6,
SEPTEMBER 1902 ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
THE
KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE
BULLETIN.
Vol. I, No. 6—September 1902.
(Whole Series, Vol. XI, No. 6.)

CONTENTS:
I.—New Fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of Kansas, J.

W. Beede.
II.—Variation of the Spiralia in Seminula Argentia (Shepard)

Hall, J. W. Beede.
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

Lawrence, Kan.
Price of this number, 15 cents.
Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

Kansas University Science
Bulletin.
Vol. I, No. 6. SEPTEMBER, 1902. { Whole Series,

{ Vol. XI, No. 6.
NEW FOSSILS FROM THE UPPER
CARBONIFEROUS OF KANSAS.
BY J. W. BEEDE.
With Plate V.
The following will be of interest and value in completing the faunal

succession of the uppermost part of the Carboniferous, as well as for
the biologic interest of one of them.
Ceriocrinus harshbargeri, n. sp. Plate V, figs.

1–1c.
The distinctive features of this species are: Surface ornamented
with both pustules and granules, large interradial supporting plate
above calyx, ten short, massive arms.
Description: Calyx basin-shaped, shallow, quite concave below.
Infrabasals partly covered, but located entirely within the body
cavity. Stem small and apparently round. The five basals are large,
recurved below the middle, concave in the center of the more
depressed part, four apparently hexagonal and one heptagonal, and
larger than the others supporting the interradial; all higher than
wide, sutures not much depressed. There are five large, massive
radials a trifle more than twice as wide as high, well beveled, faceted,
and apparently sagging a little on the upper articular surface.
Interradial large, fully half within the calyx, higher than broad, and
the upper portion very strongly curved inward. This plate supports
another entirely without the calyx, which is comparatively large and
appears to be pentagonal when seen from without, the two upper
sides being much longer than the rest, making the plate appear
triangular at first sight, fitting closely between the arms on either
side. The five brachial plates are large, contiguous save on the
posterior side, and produced into an obtuse spinous process. Much
of the upper surface of these processes is faceted, supporting the
costals, and in this manner giving the animal its greater lateral
diameter above the calyx, and affording more room for the massive
arms which, when closed, form a box around the inner part. The
costals are ten in number, two to each brachial, large, nearly three
times as broad as high, and convex. The distichals are sometimes
present and sometimes wanting, very broad and thin when present.
Arms ten, broad, outer surface of each nearly flat massive, composed
of two series of interlocking plates, each one of which bears a
pinnule. Pinnulæ long and narrow. The articular surface of the arm
plates is minutely crenulated. These plates decrease in length though
but little in height as they approach the tips of the arms. The surface
of almost the entire animal was ornamented with granules, and the
lower part with both granules and pustules.
Measurements: height. breadth. length.

Calyx 11 mm. 30 mm.
Basals (vertical) 5½ „ 12 „
Radials 9 „ 18+ „
Brachials 7 „ 17 „ 8 mm. beyond calyx.
Costals 4 „ 9 to 11 mm.
Distichals 2 „ 9 „
Arm plates 2 „ 3 to 5 „
Interradial 7 „ 6 „
Aside from the markings mentioned, the calyx is also ornamented

with depressions which look at first like borings of some kind, but
which have the same granular character as the rest of the surface.
Position and locality: Carboniferous, Upper Coal Measures,
Topeka, Kan., from the Osage City shales, over the Osage coal.
The type was collected by Prof. W. A. Harshbarger, in honor of
whom it is named. Type now in the collection of Washburn College.
In general appearance this species is strikingly like C. craigii
Worthen, but differs in the following respects: The body is not
smooth but highly ornamented, and the anal piece is much larger. In
all specimens of C. craigii that I have seen the body is smooth and
glossy, and shows (even when apparently unworn) no indications of
former surface-markings, while this species possesses both pustules
and granules, the latter covering about the entire specimen. In
mature individuals the interradial is much larger. Two smaller
specimens, probably younger ones of this species, are figured in the
accompanying plate, showing the relative growth of the calyx and
interradial. In both the ornamentation is the same as described in
this species. C. monticulatus Beede is from the same locality and
horizon, but has long, slender arms, brachials not spinous, and the
calyx is deeper. The most fundamental difference, however, is the
number of arms possessed by the latter species, the number being
sixteen or eighteen, while the one here described has but ten.
C. nodulifera Butts differs from this species in having a node at the
upper part of each basal and also on the radials. It also has more
acute and apparently longer spines. Mr. Butts makes no mention of
finer surface-markings. The Topeka specimen is from a much higher
horizon.
Aviculopecten subequivalvus, n. sp. Plate V,
figs. 3, 3a.
Shell thick, moderately large, subequivalvular, rather convex, quite
oblique, ears well developed. The hinge is nearly straight, the beak
does not project, the angle of divergence of its sides is about eighty to
ninety degrees. The left valve, exclusive of the ears, is ovate; anterior
ear well developed, obtusely angular, marked only by strong lines of
growth; the rise from the ear to the body of the shell is abrupt; the
marginal sinus separating the ear from the rest of the shell broad,
shallow, and ill-defined. The posterior ear is unknown. The anterior
margin below the ear forms an ovate curve, which is probably
continued on the ventral and postero-ventral margins. The surface of
this valve is apparently marked only by stronger and fainter
concentric lines except on the front and back sides, where there are
radiating rows of vaulted lamellæ. It is entirely probable that these
marks once extended over the entire surface, but have been worn off
from the more convex portions. Judging from another specimen, the
right valve is somewhat flatter than the left and quite as oblique.
Posterior ear very small and obtuse; anterior ear quite large, marked
by obscure, large, radiating ribs and probably vaulted lamellæ, as
well as strong concentric markings; separated from the shell by a
deep sulcus. Margin from the beak around the posterior to near the
middle of the shell is a regular ovate curve, antero-ventral margin
somewhat produced but rounded, extending obliquely toward the
beak until the deep byssal sinus is reached. Ornamentation as in the
other valve. In this specimen it seems that the radiating rows of
scales covered the entire surface before being worn away. Length, 36
mm.; height, 32 mm.; hinge, 17 mm.; thickness, about 5 mm.
Position and locality: Thin limestone, south of Dover, Kan., in
Upper Coal Measures. Type in author’s collection.
This shell may prove to be a Pseudomonotis, as the critical
characters are not well known. It is not liable to be confused with any
other shell from the Coal Measures.
Pinna lata, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 4.
Shell small for this genus, not very convex, probably plain except
the usual growth marks, acutely pointed at the beaks, which are
terminal. The angle of divergence of the shell is thirty degrees. This
species is based on three casts. The type is not distorted, but the
posterior end is broken away. There are two other specimens from
the same locality, but compressed dorso-ventrically, which show the
same characters as the type. The size is about that of Aviculopinna
americana Meek, but the form and markings as shown on the cast
are very different, and the beaks are terminal. Length of type along
hinge, 27 mm.; height (20 mm. back of beak), 11 mm.
Position and locality: Carboniferous, Upper Coal Measures,
Howard limestone, Topeka, Kan.
The small size, great angle of divergence at the beak and sharp-
pointed beaks easily distinguish this species from other members of
the genus from the Coal Measures.
Pleurophorus whitei, n. sp. Plate V, figs. 5, 5b.
Pleurophorus —? White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 77, p. 27, pl. iv, figs.
5–10.
Shell of medium to large size, transversely ovate, with the depth of
the shell greater at the anterior than at the posterior end. Beaks
moderately prominent, subterminal; umbonal ridge prominent,
extending obliquely to postero-ventral margin. Hinge straight or
arcuate, usually about three-fourths the length of the specimen. The
right posterior lamina is well shown on good casts. The anterior
adductor impression is usually prominent, being set apart by the
depression produced by the ridge behind it. The impression of the
two cardinal teeth is also visible. The anterior margin drops
obliquely downward from the beak nearly to the middle of the shell,
when it rounds, rapidly at first, into the ventral margin, which may
be straight, somewhat sinuous or even convex on approaching the
postero-ventral region: at the end of the umbonal ridge it rounds
rapidly into the posterior, oblique truncation, reaching the hinge at
an oblique angle. The lines formed by the hinge and ventral margins
converge toward the posterior, thus leaving the greatest depth of the
shell in front. Above the umbonal ridge the shell is obliquely
flattened to the hinge. The surface, as shown in excellent molds, is
ornamented only by fine lines of growth, which are sometimes a little
stronger beneath the beak than elsewhere, and weaken on and above
the umbonal slope.
Position and locality: This species is found in the Upper Coal
Measures, upper Wabaunsee stage, east of Barrett, Kan. This is the
only locality known to the writer where this shell, abundant in the
Permian, is found below the Wreford limestone. Types from Permian
west of Stockdale, Kan., “about 100 feet above Cottonwood
limestone.” Collected by Prof. E. A. Popenoe.
This species is extremely variable, as shown in Professor White’s
figures, above cited. The short shell with the posterior shallower than
the anterior end is in sharp contrast to most of the species of the
genus. In surface ornamentation it resembles P. tropidophorus more
closely than any other species. It is distinguished from P.
subcuneatus Meek by its short, thick form and larger size. This
species is the more abundant of the two in the Permian rocks of the
Big Blue series, while P. subcuneata only has been identified from
the Cimarron series.
Allorisma kansasensis, n. sp. Plate V, figs. 6,
6d.
Shell small, rather gibbous, transversely subovate. Beaks
prominent, incurved, approximate, located about one-third the
length of the shell from the anterior end. Anterior outline descending
obliquely from the beaks nearly to the ventral margin, where it turns
rather abruptly backward along the nearly straight basal edge to the
posterior extremity, where it rounds off regularly upward and then
forward to meet the hinge. The hinge is apparently straight and more
than half as long as the shell. The umbonal ridge is prominent,
rounded, ill-defined, fading away at the extremity of the shell. Above
this ridge is a depression which, with the smooth, elevated hinge,
would cause a strong keel on the shell back of the beaks. The
concentric ribs are prominent, fading out at the upper part of the
umbonal ridge and near the anterior border. These ribs are quite as
prominent on the casts as on the shell itself. On the central and
postero-central regions are the characteristic distant, radiating rows
of fine, closely set granules. The shell is less convex below and back
of the beak than on either side of this region, though it is not
concave. The length varies from 1.7 to 1.4 the height.
Position and locality: Upper Coal Measures, Howard limestone,
Topeka, Kan.
This species is very closely related to A. curta Swallow, but differs
from it in having a straighter hinge and a more remote beak. It is
from a lower horizon. In the latter respect it differs from
McChesney’s species also.
Paleontological Laboratory, Indiana University,

May 22, 1902.
Explanation of Plate V.
All figures about natural size. Drawings by C. McK. Beede.
Ceriocrinus harshbargeri.
Fig. 1. Right posterior view of type.

Fig. 1a. Diagram of anal plates of same.
Fig. 1b. Surface detail enlarged.
Fig. 1c. Diagram of basal view.
Fig. 2. Calyx of another specimen, probably of this species.
Fig. 2a. Diagram of a portion of posterior view of another slightly
smaller specimen, showing variation in size of anal
plate.
Aviculopecten subequivalvus.
Fig. 3. View of type. One side incomplete.

Fig. 3a. Opposite valve of another specimen.
Pinna lata.
Fig. 4. View of type, a left valve.

Pleurophorus whitei.
Fig. 5. Type specimen; cast of a left valve on the same slab as

the two following and the cephalothorax of a large
limuloid.
Fig. 5a. Cast off a broken specimen, showing the anterior
muscular impressions.
Fig. 5b. Specimen of different outline.
Allorisma kansasensis.
Fig. 6. Imperfect cast, showing strong concentric undulations

impressed upon it.
Fig. 6a. Lateral view of type. Shell exfoliated in front.
PLATE V.
VARIATION OF THE SPIRALIA IN
SEMINULA ARGENTIA
(Shepard) Hall.
BY J. W. BEEDE.
With Plate VI.
Owing to the systematic importance and the rarity of good

material of the brachial framework of the brachiopods, any light on
the extent of individual variation of these parts is of considerable
importance. In the spring of 1899 the University of Kansas received
from Prof. C. N. Gould a set of ten specimens of Seminula argentia
(Shepard) Hall that show the position of the spires. These specimens
were all from the same horizon in the Lower Permian. The University
also had another specimen showing these characters, as did a
specimen in the writer’s collection. Recently the study of these
specimens was taken up and some remarkable results developed.
Both valves of this species are quite convex and not infrequently as
broad as long. The older specimens are quite ventricose. However,
the shell is subject to a considerable variation in form. Four of the
twelve specimens studied were somewhat compressed, but it so
happens that three of these approach the normal type very closely,
while the fourth does not vary from it greatly. Those showing
greatest variation have not been subject to any visible external
deformation. The specimens under discussion are of about the
average size and form.
The normal position of the spire is with its apex pointing to the
side, near the line where the valves meet, at, or a little in front of, the
middle of the shell, which is also the widest point. In the central part
of the shell cavity the edges of the spires nearly meet. In front they
flare apart, leaving a large, subcircular opening. For convenience, in
this paper, this opening will be spoken of as the frontal aperture of
the spiralia. It will also be necessary to orient the specimens so that
definite positions may be referred to. For this purpose we will
consider the specimens as front toward (back away from) the
observer, with the brachial valve uppermost.
A specimen from the Topeka limestone, Upper Coal Measures, at
Topeka, Kan., shows the spires with the apex of one of them pointing
almost directly forward toward the anterior end of the shell, turned
through a horizontal angle of about ninety degrees from its normal
position, while, as nearly as may be determined from the specimen
as cut, the apex of the other one is directed toward the median line of
the pedicle valve just in front of the hinge. This specimen was
selected to be ground, because it was a good specimen, of normal
form. Another specimen (No. 3), from the Permian of Cowley county,
Kansas, has the apices of the spires turned at an angle of about forty-
five degrees or more in a vertical direction, causing the point of the
spire to be located near the middle of the right side of the brachial
valve, while the other points to the opposite of the pedicle valve. The
spire is quite flattened, approaching disk shape, with the apex quite
obtuse and the frontal aperture very narrow and almost slit-like (this
may be partially due to a very slight compression, but the
compression, if present, is so slight as to modify it very little), owing
to the position of the spires in the shell, which prevents their flaring
much at the front. The shell is not an old one, and, for this reason, is
somewhat less ventricose than many adults. The young specimens
are much flatter than the old ones in this species.
The spiralia of No. 10 are turned in a similar manner, but through
a much smaller angle. The frontal aperture is typical, as is also the
general form of the shell. The spiralia are conical, and the tips
probably acute. In No. 6 the position of the spiralia, their form and
that of the aperture are normal. Nos. 6 and 9 show spines on the
spires. The spines are closely set, thick, blunt, and nearly twice as
long as broad. In fact, some appear to be nearly as large at the tips as
at the base. In No. 9 the spires are normal, except that, instead of
being flaring conical, they are more in the shape of a folded shield
shape with acute apex. In other words, the frontal aperture is
produced by the dorso-ventral compression of the entire cone rather
than the flaring of the frontal portion. The apex of the left spire is
bent somewhat downward. The position of the spiralia in No. 7 is
about normal, the tips obtuse, the spires almost perfectly depressed
conical, frontal aperture only slightly wider than the space farther
back on the side next the brachial valve. No. 5 has apparently been
compressed laterally, through this compression did not affect the
positions of the spiralia, for they are normal. They appear to have
been of the typical form in every respect. In No. 8 the spires seem to
have been turned through a slight vertical angle, though the
incompleteness of the specimen prevents a close study of position.
The form was apparently normal, except that the lower edges may
have been somewhat pressed inward. Nos. 1 and 4 are about normal
throughout. No. 2 is normal as far as can be seen, except that the
apices are turned through a small vertical angle. The anterior portion
of the pedicle valve is crushed in. No. 12 is normal throughout.
It is unfortunate that none of the specimens show the crural
attachment of the spiralia. Such structures must certainly vary in
order to support the spires in their various positions.
The above facts would seem to indicate the following conclusions:
First, in those spire-bearing brachiopods in which the form of the
shell does not govern the position of the spires, the Athyridæ in
particular, the spires may be subject to a considerable variation in
both position and form. Second, that the crural supports are
probably so modified as to accommodate the spires in their various
positions.
In the light of the foregoing, it will be seen that in the future it will
be necessary to study the structure of several specimens before using
small variations of internal structure in these shells as bases for
group divisions.
One might expect greater individual variation among the Flint
Hills specimens, owing to the physical changes that were taking place
during the close of the Carboniferous and the early Permian; changes
which soon caused this species, together with many others, to
become extinct. However, this cannot be said of the most striking
case (No. 11) from the Topeka limestone. It would seem that such
variations as are found in Nos. 3 and 11 would be decidedly
detrimental to the well-being of the animal, though the latter of the
two seems to have been a vigorous individual.
Indiana University, Bloomington,

April 8, 1902.
Explanation of Plate VI.
Drawings by Sydney Prentice, except No. 12, which is by C. McK.
Beede.
All specimens natural size.
Seminula argentia. Variation of spires.
Fig. 1. Specimen brachial side up.

Fig. 2. This specimen shows spires viewed with pedicle
side partly removed.
Fig. 3. Pedicle view, showing part of spire.
Fig. 3a. Above individual, brachial side up.
Fig. 4. Brachial side of fig. 4a.
Fig. 4a. Pedicle view of specimen, showing position of
spires.
Figs. 5 and 5a are the brachial and pedicle views of a somewhat
laterally compressed specimen.
Fig. 6. Pedicle view of specimen.
Fig. 6a. Brachial view of fig. 6.
Figs. 7 and 7a are the brachial and pedicle views of a specimen.
Fig. 8. This figure probably shows the brachial side of
specimen, while fig. 8a is the opposite side.
Fig. 9. Brachial view.
Fig. 10. The pedicle view of a specimen, and fig. 10a the
brachial side of the same.
Fig. 11. Brachial valve nearly ground away, to show spire.
The sickle-shaped structure is probably the base
of the opposite spire. Beede’s collection.
Fig. 12. Specimen with brachial valve largely broken away.
All specimens but No. 11 in collection of University of Kansas.
PLATE VI.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KANSAS
UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN, VOL. I, NO. 6, SEPTEMBER
1902 ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

Ebook Micro and Nanofluid Convection With Magnetic Field Effects For Heat and Mass Transfer Applications Using Matlab PDF Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ebook Micro and Nanofluid Convection With Magnetic Field Effects For Heat and Mass Transfer Applications Using Matlab PDF Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Micro and Nanofluid Convection with

Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and

CHAKRAVARTHULA S.K. RAJU

SURESH KUMAR RAJU S.

For Information on all Elsevier publications

Publisher: Matthew Deans

1. Background to micro- and nanofluids 1

2. Mathematical modeling of equations of couple stress fluid in

3. Mathematical model of steady incompressible nanofluid for

4. Mathematical model for an incompressible unsteady nanofluid flow with

5. Mathematical model for incompressible unsteady nanofluid fluid flow with

6. Stefan blowing effect on nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet

6.5.2 Concentration profile 104

7. Nonlinear unsteady convection on micro and nanofluids with

8. Comparison of steady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid flow

9. Comparison of unsteady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid

10. Implementation of boundary value problems in using MATLABs 169

10.1 Introduction to MATLABs 169

Dr. Chakravarthula S.K. Raju, GITAM School of Science,

Dr. C.S.K. Raju works at GITAM University in India. Dr.

Dr. Ilyas Khan received his PhD degree in applied mathe-

Dr. Suresh Kumar Raju S. is originally from India and cur-

Dr. Mamatha S. Upadhya has 21 years of teaching experi-

Background to micro- and nanofluids

:rω 1 β v rω:ðrωÞT ð1:5Þ

Mkl 5 αv ωr;r δki 1 β v ωk ; l 1 γωl;k

Mathematical modeling of equations

2.1 Basic flow equations

2.2 Equations of motion

it converts Eq. (2.10) into

Here, ωk;qq 5 ωk;11 1 ωk;22 1 ωk;33 .

2.3 Equations of motion by stress tensor

2.3.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

where 1; 2; 3 denotes the x; y; z components of velocity and differentiation with

The Kronecker delta is defined as

And the alternating pseudo tensor is defined as

The stress tensor matrix can be given by:

Eq. (2.18) is transformed to give the shear component

T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:34Þ

2.3.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:51Þ

2.3.3 In the spherical coordinates system

The material derivative in spherical coordinates can be expressed by:

2.4 Equations of motion by vector calculus

2.4.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

2.4.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

Since, for cylindrical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 1

2.4.3 In the spherical coordinates system

Since, for spherical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 rsinθ

Title: The Kansas University science bulletin, Vol. I, No. 6,

Release date: August 25, 2023 [eBook #71486]

Original publication: Lawrence: Kansas University, 1902

Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

(Whole Series, Vol. XI, No. 6.)

I.—New Fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of Kansas, J.

II.—Variation of the Spiralia in Seminula Argentia (Shepard)

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,

Price of this number, 15 cents.

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

Vol. I, No. 6. SEPTEMBER, 1902. { Whole Series,

The following will be of interest and value in completing the faunal

Ceriocrinus harshbargeri, n. sp. Plate V, figs.