Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THIRD EDITION
Ma t t h Ew S. Ka u FMa n , MD
Associate Director
Department o Emergency Medicine
Richmond University Medical Center
Staten Island, New York
n it in MiSh r a , MBBS, Fa CS
Assistant Pro essor
Department o Surgery
Mayo Clinic
Phoenix, Arizona
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
First Aid or the® Surgery Clerkship, Third Edition
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Names: Kau man, Matthew S., author. | Ganti, Latha, author. | Mishra, Nitin, author.
Title: First aid or the surgery clerkship / Latha Ganti, Matthew S. Kau man, Nitin Mishra.
Description: Third edition. | New York: McGraw-Hill Education, [2016] |
Matthew S. Kau man’s name appears f rst in the previous edition. |
Includes index.
Identif ers: LCCN 2016007057| ISBN 9780071842099 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 0071842098 (pbk. : alk.
paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Surgical Procedures, Operative | Clinical Clerkship |
Examination Questions
Classif cation: LCC RD37.3 | NLM WO 18.2 | DDC 617.0076--dc23 LC record available at
http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007057
in n
This book is designed in the tradition o the First Aid series o books. It is ormatted in the same way as the other
books in the series. You will f nd that, apart rom preparing you or success on the clerkship exam, this resource will
also help guide you in the clinical diagnosis and treatment o common surgical conditions.
The content o the book is based on the objectives or medical students as determined by the Association or Surgi-
cal Education (ASE). Each chapter contains the major topics central to the practice o general surgery and has been
specif cally designed or the medical student. The book is divided into general surgery, which contains topics that
comprise the core o the surgery rotation, and subspecialty surgery, which may be o interest but is generally consid-
ered less high yield or the clerkship. Knowledge o a subspecialty topic may be use ul i observing a related surgery
or i requesting a letter rom a surgeon in that f eld.
The content o the text is organized in the ormat similar to other texts in the First Aid series. Topics are listed with
bold headings, and the “body” o the topic provides essential in ormation. The outside margins contain mnemon-
ics, diagrams, summary or warning statements, and tips. Tips are categorized into Exam Tip , Ward Tip , and
OR tip .
x
H c n b
To continue to produce a high-yield review source or the surgery clerkship, you are invited to submit any sugges-
tions or correction. Please send us your suggestions or:
■ New acts, mnemonics, diagrams, and illustrations
■ Low-yield acts to remove
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partial entries, updates, corrections, and study hints are also appreciated, and signif cant contributions will be com-
pensated at the discretion o the authors. Also let us know about material in this edition that you eel is low yield
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Se c t io n i
Ho w t o Su c c e e d in t He
Su r g e r y c l e r kSHip
In the Operating Room . . . 2 Your Rotation Grade 8
1
2 SECTION I HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP
The surgery clerkshi is unique ong ll the edic l school rot tions. Even
i you re de d sure you do not w nt to be surgeon, it c n be very un nd
rew rding ex erience i you ro ch it re red. There re three key co -
onents to the rot tion: (1) wh t to do in the OR, (2) wh t to do on the w rds,
nd (3) how to study or the ex .
i h o p ra gR m. . .
One o the ost un things on the surgery rot tion is the o ortunity to
scrub in on surgic l c ses. The nu ber nd ty es o c ses you will scrub in
on de ends on the nu ber o residents nd students on th t service nd how
busy the service is th t onth. At so e l ces, being ble to go to the OR is
considered rivilege r ther th n routine rt o the rot tion. A ew ti s:
■ Eat be ore you begin the case. So e c ses c n go on or longer th n
l nned nd it isn’t cool to le ve e rly bec use you re hungry (re d
un re red!) or, worse, to ss out ro exh ustion. As student, your
unction in the OR will ost likely be to hold retr ction. This c n be
tedious, but it is i ort nt to y ttention nd do good job. Not ulling
in the right direction obscures the view or your ttending, nd ulling too
h rd c n destroy tissue. M ny students get light-he ded st nding in one
osition or n extended eriod o ti e, es eci lly when they re not used
to it. M ke sure you shi t your weight nd bend your knees once in while
so you don’t int. I you eel you re going to int, then s y so ething—
sk one o the surgic l techs to t ke over or st te discreetly th t you need
relie . Do not hold on to the bitter end, ss out, nd t ke the surgic l
eld with you (believe it or not, this h s ctu lly h ened; we rint this
dvice ro re l ex erience).
■ Find out about the case as much as possible be orehand. Usu lly, the
OR schedule is osted the night be ore, so you should be ble to tell. Re d
u on the rocedure s well s the tho hysiology o the underlying con-
dition. Know the i ort nt n to ic l nd rks. Re d u on the tient’s
H&P, with ttention id to PMH, PSH, edic tions, llergies, nd rel-
ev nt l bor tory nd r diology results.
■ Find out who you are working with. I you c n, do quick bibliogr hy
se rch on the surgeon you will be working with. It c n never hurt to know
which ers (s)he h s written, nd this y hel to s rk convers tion
nd distinguish you ong the ny other students they will h ve et.
■ Assess the mood in the OR. The ount o convers tion in the OR
directed to you v ries by ttending. So e re very into te ching nd will
eng ge you during ost o the surgery. M ny others ct s i you ren’t
even there. So e will inter ct i you ke the rst ove; others nuke ll
e orts t inter ction. You’ll h ve to gure it out b sed on the situ tion.
Gener lly, i your questions nd co ents ref ect th t you h ve re d
bout the rocedure nd dise se, things will go well.
■ Keep a log o all surgeries you h ve ttended, scrubbed on, or ssisted
with (see T ble I-1). I you re l nning to go into gener l surgery or
surgic l subs eci lty, it c n be use ul during residency interviews or con-
veying how uch ex osure/ex erience you h ve h d. This is rticul rly
true i your school’s strength is clinic l ex erience. The log c n lso be
use ul i you re requesting letter ro the ch ir n o surgery who
you h ve never worked with. It gives her/hi n ide o wh t you h ve
been doing with your rot tion. M ny rot tions will set ini u nu -
ber o surgeries you re to ttend. Try to ttend s ny s ossible, nd
docu ent the . This serves both to incre se your ex osure, nd con r
your interest.
HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP SECTION I 3
t ABl e i -1 . exam fa o a v c as l
o h Wards . . .
Be o n Ti me
Dr es s i n a Pr o f es s i o n a l ma n n er
Be Pl ea s a n T
The surgic l rot tion is o ten di cult, stress ul, nd tiring. S ooth out your
ex erience by being nice to be round. S ile lot nd le rn everyone’s
n e. I you do not underst nd or dis gree with tre t ent l n or di gno-
sis, do not “ch llenge.” Inste d, s y “I’ sorry, I don’t quite underst nd, could
you le se ex l in . . .” Be e thetic tow rd tients.
Be a wa r e o f Th e h i er a r ch y
a DDr es s Pa Ti en Ts a n D s Ta f f i n a r es PecTf u l wa y
Ta ke r es Po n s i Bi l i Ty f o r yo u r Pa Ti en Ts
Know everything there is to know bout your tients, their history, test
results, det ils bout their edic l roble , nd rognosis. Kee your intern
or resident in or ed o new develo ents th t he or she ight not be w re
o , nd sk or ny u d tes you ight not be w re o . Assist the te in
develo ing l n nd s e king to r diology, consult nts, nd ily. Never
give b d news to tients or ily e bers without the ssist nce o your
su ervising resident or ttending.
r es PecT Pa Ti en Ts ’ r i g h Ts
Vo l u n Teer
Be a Tea m Pl a yer
Hel other edic l students with their t sks; te ch the in or tion you
h ve le rned. Su ort your su ervising intern or resident whenever ossible.
Never ste l the s otlight, ste l rocedure, or ke ellow edic l student
look b d.
Be h o n es T
I you don’t underst nd, don’t know, or didn’t do it, ke sure you lw ys s y
th t. Never s y or docu ent in or tion th t is lse ( co on ex le:
“bowel sounds nor l” when you did not listen).
HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP SECTION I 5
k eeP Pa Ti en T i n f o r ma Ti o n h a n Dy
Use cli bo rd, notebook, or index c rds to kee tient in or tion, includ-
ing ini ture history nd hysic l, l b, nd test results t h nd.
Pr es en T Pa Ti en T i n f o r ma Ti o n i n a n o r g a n i zeD ma n n er
This is a [age] year old [gender] with a history o [major history such as
HTN, DM, coronary artery disease, CA, etc.] who presented on [date]
with [major symptoms, such as cough, ever and chills], and was ound
to have [working diagnosis]. [Tests done] showed [results]. Yesterday the
patient [state important changes, new plan, new tests, new medications].
This morning the patient eels [state the patient’s words], and the physi-
cal exam is signif cant or [state major f ndings]. Plan is [state plan].
The newly d itted tient gener lly deserves longer resent tion ollowing
the co lete history nd hysic l or t.
So e tients h ve extensive histories. The whole history c n nd rob-
bly should be resent in the d ission note, but in w rd resent tion it is
o ten too uch to bsorb. In these c ses it will be very uch reci ted by
your te i you c n gener te good summary th t int ins n ccur te
icture o the tient. This usu lly t kes so e thought, but it’s worth it.
Pr es en Ti n g Th e ch es T r a Di o g r a Ph (cXr )
3 “shuns” + “ABCDEFGHI”
1. Identi c tion (identi c y-SHUN)
– correct tient, edic l record nu ber, d te, nd ti e.
2. Rot tion (rot y-SHUN)
– is this ostero nterior (PA) or ntero osterior (AP) l ?
– re the cl vicles t n equ l height nd c n you see both edi l con-
vexities?
3. Penetr tion ( enetr y-SHUN)
– the s in l colu n should beco e obscured h l w y down the edi sti-
n l silhouette.
A. Airw y
– tr che idline, without devi tion
– c rin nd bronchi visible, without distr ction
– look or resence nd osition o ETT—should be 2 c bove
the c rin
– look or neu o edi stinu ( er or tion)
B. Bones
– good ins ir tory e ort? (7–8 ribs visible)
– look or rib/cl vicul r/hu er l/stern l/sc ul r r ctures or joint
disloc tions
C. Costo hrenic ( ngle)
– look or blunting (he othor x/ leur l e usion)
D. Di hr g
– look or f ttening (COPD), he idi hr g
– look or ree ir under the di hr g ( neu o eritoneu )
6 SECTION I HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP
E. Esophagus
– can’t really see the esophagus, but can see presence o an NG or
OG tube. Make sure that it’s uncoiled, in the stomach, and not
in the lung.
– make sure the stomach is in the abdomen, not the chest (dia-
phragmatic hernia vs. rupture)
– look or pneumomediastinum (per oration)
F. Lung Fields
– look or airspace disease, opacities, pneumothorax, venous con-
gestion, hilar lymphadenopathy
– look or presence o chest tubes
G. Great vessels
– look or widening o mediastinum or mediastinal shi t
– look or presence o central venous catheters
H. Heart
– look or cardiomegaly
– look or retrocardiac opacities
I. Interval
– compare this f lm to the patient’s previous f lms to see changes.
A sample CXR presentation may sound like:
This is the CXR o Mr. Jones. The f lm is an AP view with good inspira-
tory e ort. There is an isolated racture o the 8th rib on the right. There
is no tracheal deviation or mediastinal shi t. There is no pneumo- or
hemothorax. The cardiac silhouette appears to be o normal size. The
diaphragm and heart borders on both sides are clear; no inf ltrates are
noted. There is a central venous catheter present, the tip o which is in
the superior vena cava.
(continues)
HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP SECTION I 7
Typ es o f No Tes
In addition to the admission H&P and the daily progress note, there are a few
other types of notes you will write on the surgery clerkship. These include the
preoperative, operative, postoperative, and procedure notes. Samples of these
are depicted in Tables I-3 through I-6.
t ABl e i -5 . Sam o a v n
p a s s: Abd m al pa
p s d x: Small b w l bs ru
p : S gm al small b w l r s w h d- - d a as m s s
S : Dr. A d g
Ass s a : Y ur n am H r
A s h s a: Get A (g ral d ra h al a s h s a)
eBL ( s ma d bl d l ss): 100
Flu d r pla m : 2000 rys all d, 2 u s FFP
Uo = 250
F s: 10 m ar d small b w l
D rm d um r, l vary
c m a s: n
W u d was l a / l a am a d/ am a d/d r y. (p k )
c l sur : 0-0 pr l r as a, 3-0 v ryl SQ s apl s r sk .
Pr dur l ra d w ll, pa r ma d h m dy am ally s abl hr ugh u . i s rum ,
sp g , a d dl u sw r rr . Pa was x uba d h o R a d ra s rr d
h r v ry r m s abl d .
t ABl e i -6 . Sam p s a v n
p s a v a : 1
p : c l r s w hdv r g l s my.
V a s:
i a a : F r ak lud all ral a d par ral f u ds a d t Pn .
F r u pu lud v ry h g r m all dra s, ub s, a d
F l y.
ph s a xam a : n par ularly lu g a d abd m al xam, a d mm
w u ds .
l abs:
Ass ssm :
pa :
Y ur R a Grad
M ny students worry bout their gr de in this rot tion. There is the erce -
tion th t not getting honors in surgery retty uch closes the door to obt in-
ing residency s ot in gener l or subs eci lty surgery (o hth l ology, oto-
rhinol ryngology, neurosurgery, l stic surgery, urology). While this is not
necess rily true, the edicine nd surgery clerkshi s re considered to be
ong the ost i ort nt in edic l school, so doing well in these is h ndy
or ll students. Usu lly, the clerkshi gr de is broken down into three or our
co onents.
■ Inpatient evaluation. This includes ev lu tion o your w rd ti e by resi-
dents nd ttendings nd is b sed on your er or nce on the w rd.
Usu lly, this kes u bout h l your gr de nd c n be l rgely subjective.
■ Ambulatory evaluation. This includes your er or nce in clinic, includ-
ing clinic notes nd ny rocedures er or ed in the out tient setting.
HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP SECTION I 9
How to Study
Ma ke a Li s t o f Co r e Ma t er i a L t o Lea r n
This list should ref ect common symptoms, illnesses, and areas in which you
have particular interest, or in which you eel particularly weak. Do not try
to learn every possible topic. The Association or Surgical Education (www
.surgicaleducation.com) has put orth a manual o surgical objectives or the
medical student surgery clerkship, on which this book is based. The ASE
emphasizes:
Symptoms and Lab Tests
■ Abdominal masses
■ Abdominal pain
■ Altered mental status
■ Breast mass
■ Jaundice
■ Lung nodule
■ Scrotal pain and swelling
■ Thyroid mass
■ Fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base disorders
■ Multi-injured trauma patient
Common Surgeries
■ Appendectomy
■ Coronary artery bypass gra ting (CABG)
■ Cholecystectomy
■ Exploratory laparotomy
■ Breast surgery
■ Herniorraphy
■ Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) surgery
■ Bariatric surgery
We also recommend:
■ Preoperative care
■ Postoperative care
■ Wound in ection
■ Shock
The core o the general surgery rotation consists o the ollowing chapters:
1. The Surgical Patient
2. Wounds
10 SECTION I HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP
3. Acute Abdo en
4. Tr u
5. Critic l C re
6. Fluids, Electrolytes, nd Nutrition
7. The Eso h gus
8. The Sto ch
9. S ll Bowel
10. Colon, Rectu , nd An l C n l
11. The A endix
12. Herni nd Abdo in l W ll Proble s
13. The He tobili ry Syste
14. The P ncre s
15. Endocrine Syste
16. The S leen
17. The Bre st
18. Burns
20. V scul r Surgery
24. C rdiothor cic Surgery
The other ch ters re so ewh t less i ort nt, s they ocus on subs eci lty
surgery. The subs eci lty ch ters re co rehensive nd less “high yield”
th n the bdo in l ch ters, but they re n excellent ri er or nyone con-
sidering going into subs eci lty surgery. We ke t the det il in these ch ters
due to eedb ck ro sever l students who w nted concise but co rehen-
sive overview o surgic l subs eci lties.
You will notice th t the ch ters discuss tho hysiology nd in gener l
lot o things th t see like they belong in edicine book. The re son or
this is th t the NBME clerkship exam covers the medicine behind surgical
disease. The ex does not sk s eci cs o o er tive technique. So, in w y,
you re studying or three distinct ur oses. The knowledge you need on the
w rds is the d y-to-d y n ge ent know-how. The knowledge you w nt in
the OR involves surgic l knowledge o n to y nd o er tive technique (see
OR TIPs). The knowledge you w nt on the end o rot tion ex in tion is the
e ide iology, risk ctors, tho hysiology, di gnosis, nd tre t ent o jor
dise ses seen on gener l surgery service.
a s yo u s ee PaTi en Ts , n o Te Th ei r ma j o r s ymPTo ms a n D Di a g n o s i s f o r
r eVi ew
s el ecT yo u r s Tu Dy ma Ter i a l
We reco end:
■ This review book, First Aid for the Surgery Clerkship
■ A jor surgery textbook such s Schwartz’s Principles of General Surgery
(costs bout $140), or L wrence’s Essentials of General Surgery.
■ A ull-text online journ l d t b se, such s www.mdconsult.com (subscri -
tion is $99/ye r or students)
HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP SECTION I 11
Pr ePa r e a Ta l k o n a To Pi c
Pr o ceDu r es
During the course o the surgery clerkshi , there is set o rocedures you re
ex ected to le rn or t le st observe. The co on ones re:
■ Intr venous line l ce ent
■ N sog stric tube l ce ent
■ Veni uncture (blood dr w)
■ Foley (urin ry) c theter l ce ent
■ Wound closure with sutures/st les
■ Suture/st le re ov l
■ Surgic l knots (h nd nd instru ent ties)
– Ethicon Endosurgery (ethicon.com) provides free knot-tying training kits
with instruction booklets for students. Simply go to their website, click “sur-
geons/clinicians” to contact a representative, and simply ask them to send
one to your house.
■ Dressing ch nges (wet to dry, s line, V seline g uze)
■ Incision nd dr in ge o bscesses
■ Technique o needle s ir tion (observe)
■ Ankle–br chi l index (ABI) e sure ent
■ Ev lu tion o ulses with Do ler
■ Skin bio sy ( unch nd excision l)
■ Re ov l o surgic l dr ins
■ Tr nsillu in tion o scrotu
H w Pr par r h cl al c l rksh p
exam a
I you h ve re d bout your core illnesses nd core sy to s, you will know
gre t de l bout the edicine o surgery. To study or the clerkshi ex , we
reco end:
2–3 weeks be ore exam: Re d this entire review book, t king notes.
10 days be ore exam: Re d the notes you took during the rot tion on your
core content list, nd the corres onding review book sections.
5 days be ore exam: Re d this entire review book, concentr ting on lists nd
ne onics.
2 days be ore exam: Exercise, e t well, ski the book, nd go to bed e rly.
1 day be ore exam: Exercise, e t well, review your notes nd the ne onics,
nd go to bed on ti e. Do not h ve ny c eine ter 2 p.m.
12 SECTION I HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP
s Tu Dy wi Th f r i en Ds
s Tu Dy i n a Br i g h T r o o m
Find the roo in your house or in your libr ry th t h s the best, brightest
light. This will hel revent you ro lling slee . I you don’t h ve bright
light, get h logen desk l or light th t si ul tes sunlight (not t nning
l ).
ea T l i g h T, Ba l a n ceD mea l s
Ta ke Pr a cTi ce eXa ms
Ti Ps f o r a n s wer i n g Qu es Ti o n s
P k c ards r h Wards
The ollowing “c rds” cont in in or tion th t is o ten hel ul during the
surgery rot tion. We dvise th t you ke co y o these c rds, cut the out,
nd c rry the in your co t ocket when you re on the w rds.
14 SECTION I HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE SURGERY CLERKSHIP
SECTIO N II
Hig H-Yie l d Fa c t s Fo r
t He s u r g e r Y c l e r ks Hip
The Surgical Patient 17 Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal 143
Wounds 25 The Appendix 167
Acute Abdomen 35 Hernia and Abdominal Wall Problems 175
Trauma 43 The Hepatobiliary System 185
Critical Care 61 The Pancreas 215
Fluids, Electrolytes, and Nutrition 73 The Endocrine System 229
The Esophagus 91 The Spleen 257
The Stomach 107 The Breast 265
Small Bowel 123 Burns 283
15
H I G H - YI E LD F A C T S I N
t He s u r g ic a l pa t ie n t
Preoperative Evaluation 18 t h r o mbo c yt o Pen iA 20
An es t h et ic h is t o r y 18 c o AGu l o PAt h y 21
t h e As A Ph ys ic Al s t At u s c l As s if ic At io n s ys t em 18
Nutritional Assessment 21
e vAl u At e Air w Ay 18
Antibiotic Prophylaxis 21
Cardiac Risk Assessment 18
b y t yPe o f s u r Ger y 21
Pulmonary Risk Assessment 18
General Postoperative Complications 21
r is k f Ac t o r s f o r Pu l mo n Ar y c o mPl ic At io n s 18
Go Al s t o r ed u c e r is ks 19 Common Complications 22
w Ays t o d ec r eAs e c o mPl ic At io n s 19 il eu s 22
Cl o st r id iu m d if f iCil e c o l it is 22
Hepatic Risk Assessment 19
d vt /Pe 22
c Au t io n s 20
w o u n d in f ec t io n 23
Renal Risk Assessment 20
Instructions to Patient 23
Pr eo Per At ive e vAl u At io n 20
n Po 23
d iAl ys is 20
b o w el Pr ePAr At io n 24
Hematological Assessment 20 u s u Al med ic At io n s 24
Pr eo Per At ive l Abs 20
An emiA 20
17
18 HIGH-YIELD FACTS IN THE SURGICAL PATIENT
evAl u At e Ai r wAy
WARD TIP M ll ti Cl ssi c tion (Figure 1-1) redicts di culty o intub tion. Test is
er or ed with the tient in the sitting osition, the he d held in neutr l
Stress test is positive i ST depressions osition, the outh wide o en, nd the tongue rotruding to the xi u .
> 0.2 mVare present or i there is an
inadequate response o heart rate to
■ Class I: Visu liz tion o so t l te, uces, uvul , nterior nd osterior
stress or hypotension. tonsill r ill rs.
■ Class II: Visu liz tion o so t l te, uces, uvul .
■ Class III: Visu liz tion o so t l te, b se o uvul .
■ Class IV: Nonvisu liz tion o so t l te.
ExAm TIP
ExAm TIP
Pulmonary Risk Assessment
■ Absolute Contraindication to
Surgery: DKA r i s k f Act o r s f o r Pu l mo n Ar y co mPl i cAt i o n s
WARD TIP
WARD TIP
Hepatic Risk Assessment
■ FEV1 < 70% predicted indicates
There re two ethods to deter ine He tic risk: The Child’s Cl ssi c tion increased risk.
(see T ble 1-1) nd the Model or End-st ge Liver Dise se (MELD) (see below). ■ I VO2 > 20, patient not likely to have
t a Bl e 1 -1 . ch ’ c f
pulmonary complications.
M 1p 2p 3p
Serum albumin, g/dL > 3.5 2.8–3.5 < 2.8 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
(HIT).
Prothrombin time, < 4.0 4.0–6.0 > 6.0
prolongation (seconds)
cAu t i o n s
WARD TIP
■ W tch or rolonged elev tions in drug levels in tients with reo er tive
Atelectasis and/or pneumonia a ect
liver dys unction.
20–40% o all postoperative patients.
■ Acute he titis is rel tive contr indic tion to surgery.
■ Atte t to control scites rior to elective surgery, with f uid restriction,
diuretics, nd nutrition l ther y.
Pr eo Per At i ve evAl u At i o n
ExAm TIP ■ Check blood ure nitrogen (BUN) nd cre tinine.
■ Esti te reo er tive cre tinine cle r nce (Cockcro t G ult equ tion):
Pneumonia has the highest morbidity
and mortality o all pulmonary [(140 – ge) × Ide l body weight in kilogr s]/72 ×
complications. The mortality o elderly Pl s cre tinine ( g/dL)
patients with postoperative pneumonia ■ M int in intr v scul r volu e.
is 50%. ■ Ensure electrolytes re re leted; correct cidosis.
■ Di lysis tients should be di lyzed within 24 hours rior to surgery to
best control cre tinine, electrolytes, nd ure ic l telet dys unction.
d i Al ys i s
WARD TIP
■ Over ll ort lity or di lysis-de endent tients: 5% (even when di lyzed
Remember that f uid mobilization within 24 hours o surgery).
typically occurs on postoperative day ■ Acute ren l ilure th t develo s in erio er tive eriod requiring di lysis
2 or 3. is ssoci ted with ort lity o roxi tely 50−80%.
■ Morbidity: Shunt thro bosis, neu oni , wound in ection, he orrh ge.
Hematological Assessment
An emi A
t h r o mb o cyt o Pen i A
t a Bl e 1 -2 . r p v B by p c
100,000–150,000 Unlikely
co AGu l o PAt h y
Nutritional Assessment
■ Ide l body weight (IBW) = 50 kg + 2.3 kg/inch over 5 t ( le) or WARD TIP
45.5 kg + 2.3 kg/inch over 5 t ( e le).
■ Body ss index (BMI) = kg/ 2. The most common complication in
■ Loss o > 10% body weight in 6 onths or seru lbu in level o dialysis is hyperkalemia (in nearly one
< 3 is oor rognostic indic tor. third o patients).
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
WARD TIP
b y t yPe o f s u r Ger y
To determine source o a renal problem:
1. In gener l: Ce zolin. ■ FENa > 1 = intrinsic damage
2. G strointestin l (GI) surgery: Ce zolin nd etronid zole. ■ Speci c gravity = 1.010 in ATN
3. Urologic rocedures: Ci rof ox cin. ■ UNa < 20 in prerenal
4. He d nd neck: Ce zolin or clind ycin nd gent icin.
OR TIP
Common Complications
Cl o s t r i d i u m d i f f i Ci l e co l i t i s
d vt / Pe
t a Bl e 1 -3 . W ’ c pe
f r o m h is t o r y /e x a m s co re
Hemoptysis 1.0
Treated or malignancy (current, within last 6 months, or under palliative care) 1.0
s c o r e in t er Pr et at io n
t o tal s co re Pr o Ba Bil it y o f Pe r el at iv e r is k
Instructions to Patient
WARD TIP
n Po
Remember that the bowel prep is a
■ To decre se the risk o s ir tion with intub tion, tients should re r in source o iatrogenic f uid loss. Elderly or
ro solids 6–8 hours rior nd ro liquids 2–3 hours rior to surgery. chronically ill patients may not tolerate
■ In bowel surgery, when tients require bowel re s, the dur tion o NPO this loss without IVf uid replacement.
y be receded by d y o cle r liquids only with the re to cle r the
bowel o stool nd cilit te the o er tion.
24 HIGH-YIELD FACTS IN THE SURGICAL PATIENT
b o wel Pr ePAr At i o n
WARD TIP
■ Ty es:
Aspirin and NSAIDs inhibit platelet
■ Mech nic l re : F cilit tes o er tion.
activity and exacerbate bleeding.
■ Or l ntibiotics (neo ycin, erythro ycin b se, etronid zole): N dir
Holding Plavix in patients with drug-
b cteri l count t co ence ent o o er tion i doses given t 1 p.m.,
eluting cardiac stents may cause acute MI.
2 p.m., 11 p.m., the d y rior ( or 7 a.m. c se).
u s u Al med i cAt i o n s
Wo u n d s
Introduction 26 Factors A ecting Wound Healing 29
25
26 HIGH-YIELD FACTS IN WOUNDS
Introduction
By def nition, the end result o any surgical case is wound healing. Surgeons
def ne a success ul surgical case as one in which the patient survives, the
pathology is removed and/or corrected, and the patient’s wound heals.
To accomplish this, it is important to understand the processes involved in
wound repair, and ways in which these processes can lead to complications.
EXAMTIP
Steps o Wound Healing
Pha ses of wound hea ling:
Hemostasis and Inf ammation ■ Coagulation
Proli eration ■ In lammation
Maturation ■ Collagen synthesis
Remodeling ■ Angiogenesis
■ Epithelialization
■ Contraction
Co a g u l a t i o n
i n f l a mma t i o n
■ The signs o in lammation are pain, swelling, heat, erythema, and loss o
unction.
■ In lammation occurs as a result o the wound’s being invaded by polymor-
phonuclear neutrophils (PMNs, rom the initial wound through the irst
48 hours), and macrophages (peak numbers at 24 hours).
EXAMTIP ■ Macrophages are essential or wound healing.
■ Bacteria, cellular debris, and other oreign materials are also cleared rom
Macrophages are essential or wound the wound site by the macrophages and PMNs.
healing. ■ Impaired by steroids and other immunosuppressants, congenital, or
acquired immune-de icient states.
Co l l a g en Syn t h eSi S
epi t h el i a l i za t i o n
WARD TIP
■ Occurs with the migration o epithelial cells over the wound de ect.
Epithelialization o surgical wounds
■ Integrity o the basement membrane is restored as type IV collagen and
closed primarily is usually complete by
other matrix components are deposited.
24–48 hours.
■ Foreign bodies, such as suture material, and necrotic tissue remain sepa-
rated rom the wound by the migrating epithelial cells.
■ Once this step has occurred, the wound is essentially waterproo ed.
Co n t r a Ct i o n a n d r emo d el i n g EXAMTIP
■ Process by which the surrounding uninjured skin is pulled over the wound Platelets are the rst cells to act
de ect and the size o the scar is reduced. in wound healing, ollowed by
■ Made possible by the action o myo ibroblasts, which possess a contraction macrophages and neutrophils.
mechanism similar to that seen in muscle cells. Fibroblasts appear last.
■ A long process that takes many months be ore it is complete.
■ Do not confuse wound contraction with scar contracture, as the latter occurs
after wound repair has ceased. Scar contracture can lead to undesirable
e ects since architecture o the surrounding tissue may become distorted.
■ Maturation o the scar occurs over the next 9 months to 2 years, character-
ized by cross-linking o collagen and clinical lattening o the scar.
Cl ea n
WARD TIP
For a wound to be considered “clean,” the ollowing must be true:
■ Wound created in a sterile and nontraumatic ashion, in an area that is Risk o in ection or wounds:
ree o preexisting in lammation. Clean—2%
■ The respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract was not entered. Clean-contaminated—5%
■ All persons involved in the case maintained strict aseptic technique. Contaminated—15%
Dirty—35%
Cl ea n -Co n t a mi n a t ed
■ The respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract was entered, but there
was no signi icant spillage o its contents (e.g., eces), and there was no
established local in ection.
■ There was only a minor break in aseptic technique.
Co n t a mi n a t ed
■ There was gross spillage rom the gastrointestinal tract during the procedure.
■ The genitourinary and biliary tracts were entered in the presence o local
in ection (e.g., cholangitis).
■ The wound was the result o recent trauma.
■ There was a major break in aseptic technique.
d i r t y/ i n f eCt ed
■ The wound was the result o remote trauma and contains devitalized tissue
and/or purulent material.
■ There is established in ection or per orated viscera prior to the procedure.
28 HIGH-YIELD FACTS IN WOUNDS
SeCo n d i n t en t i o n
■ Type o healing seen ollowing closure o wounds that are not approxi-
mated with sutures.
■ Reason or not using sutures may be (1) that the wound edges cannot be
apposed because the de ect is very large (e.g., donor site o skin gra t) or
(2) that the surgeon chooses not to close the wound primarily because o
the high risk o in ection.
Primary Intention
Epithelialization
Connective Tissue
Repair
Secondary Intention
Contraction
Epithelialization
Tertiary Intention
Contraction
Connective Tissue
Repair
TA B L E 2 1 . Fa c t r A ecti g W He a l i g
Systemic Loca l
Age Mechanical injury
Nutrition In ection
Trauma Edema
Metabolic diseases Ischemia/necrotic tissue
Immunosuppression Topical agents
Connective tissue disorders Ionizing radiation
Smoking Low oxygen tension
Foreign bodies
Reproduced, with permission, rom Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al. Schwartz's Principles
of Surgery. 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004: 235.
t h i r d (d el a yed p r i ma r y) i n t en t i o n
WARD TIP
■ Type o healing seen ollowing closure o wounds in which there is obvi-
Sutures are utilized in primary and
ous gross contamination at the incisional site (i.e., the wound is classi ied
delayed primary intention healing only.
as contaminated or dirty).
■ An example o where delayed primary closure is o ten used is ollowing
removal o a ruptured appendix. In such cases, the parietal peritoneum
and ascial layers are closed, and antibiotics are administered. The skin
and subcutaneous tissue are not sutured until 3–5 days later a ter bacterial WARD TIP
contamination has decreased.
“Don’t take down a dressing until a ter
POD #2 unless told to!”
Factors Af ecting Wound Healing
See Table 2-1.
WARD TIP
Cl a SSi f i Ca t i o n
pa t h o p h ySi o l o g y
Treatme t
■ Wound abscesses (superf cial SSIs) require incision and drainage ollowed
by thorough irrigation.
■ Deeper SSIs may require surgical debridement. EXAMTIP
■ Systemic antibiotic therapy is required or deep SSIs; they may or may not
be required or super icial SSIs, depending on the severity o the in ection. ■ “Salmon-colored”drainage rom a
■ Peritoneal abscesses (organ/space SSI) may be treated by CT-guided per- postop abdominal wound—think
cutaneous drainage; those that cannot be drained percutaneously require fascial dehiscence.
open drainage.
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
The benef ts o surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis are maximized i the cho-
sen antibiotic:
■ Provides appropriate coverage against the most probable contaminating
organisms.
■ Is present in optimal concentrations in serum and tissues at the time o
incision.
■ Is maintained at therapeutic levels throughout the operation.
g en er a l p r i n Ci p l eS
h ema t o ma
Ser o ma
Wo u n d f a i l u r e (d eh i SCen Ce a n d i n Ci Si o n a l h er n i a )
d ef iti
■ Occurs when there has been complete or partial disruption o one or more
layers o the incisional site.
■ Termed dehiscence i it occurs early in the postoperative course be ore all
stages o wound healing have occurred (complete disruption).
■ Termed incisional hernia when it occurs months or years a ter the surgi-
cal procedure (at least the skin is intact, i.e., partial disruption).
Ca e
Poor operative techniques that may lead to wound ailure include the
ollowing:
■ Suture material with inadequate tensile strength. Since absorbable sutures
lose their tensile strength rather quickly, nonabsorbable sutures should be
used to close the ascia.
■ Inadequate number of sutures. Sutures should be placed no greater than
1 cm apart; i placed greater than 1 cm apart, herniation o viscera may
occur between sutures.
■ Too small bite size. Sutures should be placed no less than 1 cm rom the
wound edge; i placed closer to the wound edge, the ascia may tear.
■ Stitches tied too tight (ischemia).
Treatme t
■ Immediate treatment o wound dehiscence involves minimizing con-
tamination o the operative site by the placement o sterile packing. The
patient must then be brought back to the OR to reclose the incision.
■ Incisional hernia must be treated promptly, especially i the patient is
symptomatic (e.g., abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting). This is because
strangulation o the bowel may occur, resulting in necrosis and increased
morbidity. Incisional hernias are repaired by repairing the ascial de ect,
with or without the use o a synthetic mesh to rein orce the de ect.
Hypertrophic scar and keloid ormation (both are raised above skin level):
■ Keloids spread beyond the margins o the original wound and are pain ul.
■ Common in A rican-Americans (genetic predisposition).
■ Commonly seen around the earlobes and the deltoid, presternal, and
upper back regions.
■ Hypertrophic scars usually subside spontaneously, whereas keloids need
treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injection, topical application o
silicone sheets, or the use o radiation or pressure. Surgery is reserved or
excision o large lesions or as second-line therapy when other modalities
have ailed.
H I G H - YI E LD F A C T S I N
Ac u t e Abd o me n
35
36 HIGH-YIELD FACTS IN ACUTE ABDOMEN
Acute Abdomen
Def i n i t i o n
Pr ipi a i g r Pallia iv Fa rs
WARD TIP May include:
■ Change in position.
Kehr’s sign is pain re erred to the ■ Association with ood (better, worse).
le t shoulder due to irritation o the ■ Pain that wakes one rom sleep (signif cant).
le t hemidiaphragm. O ten seen
with splenic rupture and residual
pneumoperitoneum a ter laparoscopy. Ra ia i
■ Biliary tract pain may radiate to the right shoulder or right scapula (due to
right hemidiaphragmatic irritation).
■ Splenic rupture pain may radiate to le t shoulder.
■ Kidney pain may radiate rom ank to groin and genitalia (loin to groin).
■ Pancreas pain may radiate to back.
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