2022 IEEE Global Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GlobConPT).
India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, India. Sep 23-25, 2022
Performance Analysis of Non-Ideal DC-DC
Positive Output Elementary Superlift Luo Converter
Ritambhra Katoch
Research Scholar
Delhi Technological University
2022 IEEE Global Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GlobConPT) | 978-1-6654-9365-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/GLOBCONPT57482.2022.9938219
New Delhi, India
ritambhrakatoch_2k20phdee12@dtu.ac.in
Abstract— The increased applications of Power electronic
DC to DC converters in various domestic and industrial
applications require attention to assess the performance
characteristics of converters. The various performance indices
of the converters are power transfer efficiency, high voltage
gain, low cost, low weight, simple circuitry, and high-power
density There are so many power converter topologies which
include isolated and non-isolated converters. The isolated
converters are compact in size, low weight, economical cost,
and minimum losses. In the conversion stages, there are voltage
building techniques developed which include voltage lift and
super lift techniques. In voltage lift technique, the voltage
increases stagewise in arithmetic progression, however in the
super lift technique the increase of voltage follows the
geometric progression. This results into an increase in the
voltage gain of super lift Luo converters largely and so it can be
employed in the applications which need the high voltage. In
this paper, the Non-ideal POESLL converter is considered, and
its performance is analyzed concerning its voltage gain. The
performance of POESLLC with and without implementation of
PI control has been successfully simulated and verified using
MATLAB simulation
Keywords— Super-lift Luo converter, PI, MATLAB, ESR,
Nichols -Ziegler
I. INTRODUCTION
DC to DC converters are becoming a very important part
of our daily electronic devices which includes mobile phones,
laptops, chargers, communication equipment, digital cameras,
computer hardware circuits, dental apparatus, regulated
power supplies, spacecraft supply system, electric vehicles,
and various applications used in industries. There is a
requirement of DC-to-DC converter for some devices
because the standard available DC sources are either very
high or low in voltage Hence, some sort of power conversion,
whether it is step-up or is step-down, both are required from
available DC source. As an example, generally mobile
phones have 3.7 V batteries. Charging of such mobile
batteries from a 12 V car battery would need a DC-to-DC
converter circuit because a 12 V is high charging voltage for
charging of 3.7 V battery. Furthermore, frequently used
embedded system circuits in transport vehicles and in
industrial equipments need either 3.3 V or 5 V DC power
sources. Therefore, step down power converters are used to
drive them from a 12V battery. DC-to-DC converters are also
used in domestic appliances. There are many DC-to-DC
power converters which are categorized into six-generation
types: The first generation[1]converters operate in single -
Quadrant mode and allow the range of power up to 100W.
These converters are categorized further into six categories
which include fundamental converters, transformer type
converters, developed converters, super-lift converters, and
978-1-6654-9365-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: College of Engineering - THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. Downloaded on February 01,2024 at 11:40:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Dheeraj Joshi,SMIEEE
Electrical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University
New Delhi, India
joshidheeraj@dtu.ac.in
ultra-lift converters. Three fundamental converters are 1:
Buck, 2: Boost, and 3: Buck-Boost converters. The power
conversion efficiency of these power converters is restricted
on account of the effect of ESRs. In Transformer type
converters there is isolation between its input and output
terminals which results into high isolation voltage properties.
They are useful for blocking noise and interferences[1]. So
due to these characteristics they can produce a cleaner and
desired DC output voltage. Voltage lift converters[2-4] are
well known for increasing the voltage transfer gain to a great
extent than conventional ones, these converters also minimize
the impact of parasitic effects. With these converters the gain
increases stage by stage in arithmetic progression.[4]. The
Super-lift/Ultra-lift [6] converters are very popular
fundamental converters for providing high energy conversion
efficiency with very high gain in voltage. With the use of
these converters the effect of parasitic elements can be
reduced. This results in increase of gain in power series. Two
and four quadrant operations are performed by the second-
generation converters with an output from 100 to 1000 Watts.
Due to the use of passive elements these converters are large.
The major application area of these converters is DC motor
drives. These include transformer based and developed multi
quadrant type Luo power converter. The third-generation of
the converters consist of passive elements such as capacitors
or inductors and are called switched-component converters.
They perform the operations in both two and four quadrant
resulting high output power. The fourth Generation Soft
Switching converters are also known as ZVS and ZCS
converters[6-8]. These converters have the advantage of zero
power loss, higher efficiency, and power density due to
turning on and off the switch at the moment when voltage
and / or currents are zero. The fifth-generation power
converters are known as synchronous rectifier DC-to-DC
power converters. These are used for applications where
power supplies requirement is of low voltage and strong
current. As this need cannot be fulfilled by the conventional
diode bridge rectifiers but synchronous rectifier is capable of
achieving these technical features. The sixth-generation
converters include eight topologies of two-element Resonant
power converter[9] thirty-eight topologies of three-elements
Resonant power converter and ninety-eight topologies of
four-element type Resonant power converters. The major
application area of these types of converters is military
equipment.
There are various modeling techniques used by the
researchers for the modeling of Switching converters. Miao
Zhu and Fang Lin Luo proposed a method for super-lift
converters which is in the form of graphical modeling. This
method elaborates the effects caused by equivalent series
resistances and forward voltage drop across diodes. The basic
1
 methods used in the modeling of power converters are Iin D1 D2
averaging and state-space modeling methods. Rodney H.G.
Tan and Landon Y. H. Hoo suggested the DC-DC converter
model, implementation, and simulation in the state-space iL iC1 iC2 Io
+ +
space modeling approach and compare it with the circuitry L C1
model. Jared A. Baxter and Daniel J. Costinett proposed VL VC1 +
+ - +
Converter Analysis using Discrete-Time State-Space Vin - V0
Modelling. M. I. Rahman, D. J,ovcic, and K. H. Ahmed C2 VC2 -
presented a model of a dual active bridge DC-DC converter - rL rC1 -
based on the Fourier series of the switching functions of the
converter and used the Fundamental harmonic approximation S rC2
method. Geoffrey N Love and Alan R Wood derived a small-
signal model of power electronic converter. . Small signal
analysis is used to know the response of a converter device to
small signal variations from a given operating value. The
small-signal analysis method is very important for designing Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of POESLLC
the robust control strategy which includes sliding mode
control and H-infinity control. There are various control Iin
techniques applied to converters for efficient and robust
operation of converters. The most common control method
applied is Proportional-integral-derivative[10] control and iL iC1 iC2 Io
about 90% of industrial applications use a PID controller due
to its simple implementation, simple and fast calculation as C1 VC1
L VL
well as higher efficiency and quality of control. Various R V0
researchers designed different types of controllers like Vin C2 VC2
proportional-Integral-Controllers [10] for different types of rL rC1
DC-DC converters, non-linear controllers like sliding mode
controllers[11]H-infinity controllers[12], AI-based controllers
named fuzzy logic, and Neural network-based control. All rC2
these controllers are employed to improve the stability and
transient response of DC-DC converters. A comparative
study of these control strategies is carried out further to
explore the best control method for a converter. Fig. 2. Equivalent Circuit for switching ON state

In this paper, the simulink model of the non-ideal

POESLLC is developed and the performance is analysed in iL rC1 C1
rL L
both the open-loop as well as the closed-loop configuration
VL iC2
using MATLAB. The PI controller is developed and the iC1 VC1 Io

effect of step-change in input line voltage, as well as load, is +

observed in a closed-loop system.
Vin Vo
II. OPERATION OF POESLLC C2 VC2 R
The schematic diagram of POESLLC is presented in -
Figure. 1. The power converter is supposed to work in the
mode of continuous conduction. In this mode the duty cycle rC2
is D and switching period is T. The basic circuit elements of
POSELLC consist of one inductor L ,one MOSFET switch S
two capacitors named as C1 and C2, two diodes named as D1
and D2, and one R as load resistance. In addition to these the Fig. 3. Equivalent Circuit for switch-OFF state
equivalent series resistance of inductor and rc1, rc2 of
capacitors C1&C2 are also included. During switching on period DT there is increase of
current iL1 which is flowing through the inductor with
Mode1 operation: During switching on of switch S the increased input voltage Vin and decreases with (2Vin-Vo)
diode D1 gets forward biased and D2 gets reverse biased. The during off period (1-D)T. The ripple factor of the inductor
circuit diagram during switching on conditions is shown in current iL1 is given by
Figure. 2. During the switch-on period, the energy is stored in
௏೔೙ ௏ ೚ ିଶ௏೔೙
the inductor in the form of a magnetic field and charging of UiL1 = ‫ ܶܦ‬ൌ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻܶ (1)
capacitor C1 is started. The capacitor C2 is discharged ௅భ ௅భ

through the load resistor R. The switching on mode is shown The voltage transfer gain is given by
in Figure. 2. ‫ ܩ‬ൌ
௏బ
ൌ
ଶି஽
(2)
௏೔೙ ଵି஽
Mode 2 operation: During switching off of switch S is
diode D2 gets forward biased and D1 gets reverse biased. The The input current marked as Iin equals (iL1+iC1) during turn on
energy stored in the inductor gets dissipates to charge the position and iL1during turn off position. The current iC1 in a
capacitor C2 and supply the load. The circuit diagram in capacitor is equal to iL1 during turn-off. During steady-state
switching off mode is shown in Figure. 3.

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 conditions the total charge inside the capacitors should not ௗ௩಴మ ோ ଵ
ൌ ሺோା௥ ݅௅ െ ሺோା௥ ‫ݒ‬஼ଶ (15)
change. ௗ௧ ಴మ ሻ஼మ ಴మ ሻ஼మ

݅௜௡ି௢௙௙ ൌ ݅௅ଵି௢௙௙ ൌ ݅஼ଵି௢௙௙ (3) The output voltage is given by

݅௜௡ି௢௡ ൌ ݅௅ଵି௢௡ ൅ ݅஼ଵି௢௡ (4) ௥ ோ ோ
಴మ
‫݅ܶܦ‬஼ଵି଴௡ ൌ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻܶ݅஼ଵି௢௙௙ (5) ‫ݒ‬௢ ൌ ሺோା௥ ݅௅ ൅ ሺோା௥ ‫ݒ‬஼ଶ (16)
಴మ ሻ ಴మ ሻ

If L1 is taken as a very large value then iL1 equals to the Average state-space modeling of converter
average value of current IL1. Hence, For the determination of transfer function model of
݅௜௡ି଴௙௙ ൌ ݅஼ଵି௢௙௙ୀூಽభ (6) POESLLC the most common method is the state-space
averaging method which can be summarized as follows.
ଵି஽ ூಽభ ଵି஽
݅௜௡ି௢௡ ൌ ‫ܫ‬௅ଵ ൅ ‫ܫ‬௅ଵ ൌ ݅஼Ǩି௢௡ ൌ ‫ܫ‬௅ଵ (7) The switch S of converter is on for DT duration and off
஽ ஽ ஽
for(1-D)T duration where D is the duty cycle and T is a time
The average value of input current is given by
period of switching cycle .The three steps are involved in the
‫ܫ‬௜௡ ൌ ‫݅ܦ‬௜௡ି௢௡ ൅ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻ݅௜௡ି௢௙௙ ൌ ሺʹ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻ‫ܫ‬௅ଵ (8) average modeling method

The ripple in output voltage V0 is given by Step1: Switching on mode(0<t<DT)

Uொ ஽ ௏೚ ௗ௫ሺ௧ሻ
U‫ݒ‬௢ ൌ = (9) ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܤ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (17)
஼మ ௙಴మ ோ ௗ௧
Based on equations (1) (2) (3) and (11) &considering ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (18)
20% and 5% ripple in inductor current and output voltage the
value of inductor and capacitors are calculated and the where,
Simulink model of POESLLC is developed with the set of
parameters as shown in Table 1. ି௥ಽ
‫ ۍ‬௅ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ې‬ ଵ
III. STATE SPACE MODELLING OF POESLLC ‫Ͳێ‬ ିଵ ‫ۑ‬ ௅
A1 = Ͳ ଵ ൪
During the continuous mode of operation, the dynamics ‫ێ‬ ௥಴భ಴భ ‫ ۑ‬,B1 =൦
௥಴భ ஼భ
of the converter can be expressed in the form of circuit ‫ێ‬ ோ ‫ۑ‬
parameters and state variables.The number of state variables ‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ
ሺோା௥಴మ ሻ஼మ ‫ے‬
Ͳ
in the POESLLC are equal to the number of inductors and ܴ
capacitors and the current or voltages of these elements can C1 =ቂͲ Ͳ
ሺܴ൅‫ ʹܥݎ‬ሻ
ቃ, D1=ሾͲሿ
be identified as state variables. The converter considered in
this paper consist of one inductor and two capacitors as a ିଵ ಴మೃ ௥ ଵ ோ
energy storage elements . Therefore three state variables can ‫ ۍ‬௅ ሺ‫ݎ‬௅ ൅ ‫ݎ‬஼ଵ ൅ ሺோା௥಴మ ሻሻ ௅ ௅ሺோା௥಴మ ሻ‫ې‬ ଵ
be defined as iL,1,vC1 and vC2 ‫ێ‬ െͳ ‫ۑ‬ ௅
A2=‫ێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ۑ‬, B2=቎ ቏
In switching mode operation : ‫ͳܥ‬ Ͳ
‫ێ‬ ܴ െͳ ‫ۑ‬ Ͳ
The current in an inductor is given by: ‫ۏ‬ Ͳ ሺܴ൅‫ ʹܥݎ‬ሻ‫ے ʹܥ‬
ሺܴ൅‫ ʹܥݎ‬ሻ‫ʹܥ‬
ௗ௜ಽ ି௥ಽ ଵ ௥಴మ ோ
ൌ ݅௅ ൅ ܸ௜௡ (10) C2 =ቂሺோା௥ Ͳ
ܴ
ቃ, D2=0
ௗ௧ ௅ ௅
಴మ ሻ ሺܴ൅‫ ʹܥݎ‬ሻ

The capacitor voltages are given by

StepʹǣSwitching-off mode '7W7 
ௗ௩಴భ
ൌ
ିଵ
‫ݒ‬ ൅
ଵ
ܸ (11) 
ௗ௧ ௥಴భ ஼ଵ ஼ଵ ௥಴భ ௜௡ ௗ௫ሺ௧ሻ
ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܤ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (19)
ௗ௧
ௗ௩಴మ ିଵ
ൌ  ൌ ‫ݒ‬஼ଶ (12) ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (20)
ௗ௧ ሺோା௥಴మሻ಴మ
The average state model equation
ௗ௫ሺ௧ሻ
The output voltage is given by ൌ ‫ܣ‬ᇱ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܤ‬ᇱ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (21)
ௗ௧
In switching-off mode: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ܥ‬ᇱ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ᇱ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (22)
ௗ௜೗
ൌ where,
ௗ௧
ିଵ ௥಴మ ோ ଵ ோ
ቀ‫ݎ‬௅ ൅ ‫ݎ‬஼ଵ ൅ ቁ ݅௅ ൅ ‫ݒ‬஼ଵ െ ‫ݒ‬ ൅ ‫ܣ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ ܦ‬൅ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻ (23)
௅ ோା௥಴మ ௅ ௅ሺோା௥಴మ ሻ ஼ଶ
ଵ
‫ݒ‬௜௡ (13) ‫ܤ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ܤ‬ଵ ‫ ܦ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ଶ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻ (24)
௅

Capacitor voltages are given by: ‫ ܥ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ଵ ‫ ܦ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ଶ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻ (25)

ௗ௩಴భ ିଵ ‫ ܦ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ܦ‬ଵ ‫ ܦ‬൅ ‫ܦ‬ଶ ሺͳ െ ‫ܦ‬ሻ (26)

ൌ ݅௅ (14)
ௗ௧ ஼ଵ

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 Eq. (23),(24),(25) and (26) represents the non linear average
state space model of POSELLC converter.

TABLE I. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF POESLLC

Parameters Name Symbol Value
Input voltage Vin 20 V
Output voltage Vo 60 V
Output power Po 72W
Load resistance R 50 Ω-80 Ω
Inductor L 100 μH
Capacitor C1 2200 μF Fig. 6. Open-loop output voltage with load variation
Capacitor C2 700 μF
The open loop response of POESLLC is shown in Figure.
Frequency f 50KHZ 4. Though the proposed converter exhibits good voltage gain
Duty cycle D 0.5 in open loop, but it is not achieving desired output. Also,
ESR inductor rL 0.12 Ω when it is subjected to input and load variations it is unstable.
In Figure. 5 variation of output voltage with step change in
ESR capacitor rC1 0.2 Ω
input voltage is shown. It is evident from the figure that in
ESR capacitor rC2 0.1 Ω case of open loop system the desired output voltage is not
maintained constant and continuously changing. When the
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION input voltage is changed from 20 volt to 24 volt (+20%
permissible limit) the output voltage becomes 56 volt to 67
A. Open Loop Simultion V. On the other hand when input voltage change from 24V
The Simulink model of POSLC for open-loop to16 V(-20%) the output voltage reaches to 44 V. This leads
configuration is constructed by using a fixed DC source as to highly unstable output voltage whenever there is variations
shown in the Figure below. PWM technique is used for the in input line voltage.
duty ratio required for the desired voltage. The open-loop
Figure.6 shows the response of open loop POESLLC to
configuration is subjected to input line variation and load
the step change in load from 80 ohm to 50 ohm. As the load
variation within permissible limits and the scope results are
decreases from 80 ohm to 50 ohm the voltage output
shown in fig below:
increases and with increase in load from 50 to 80 there is a
drop in voltage. As a result output voltage is not maintained
at constant value.
B. Closed-loop Simulation
The MATLAB Simulink model of Closed-loop
configuration of POESLLC is constructed. The proportional
integral control is employed to form a feedback control
system. In the feedback system, the controller output will
decide the pulses to the MOSFET switch and the output
voltage is maintainedby the PI control action. The PI
controller parameters are tuned by Nichols -Ziegler’s method
as shown in the table to get the desired output. Also, the
controller performance is investigated concerning changes in
Fig. 4. Open Loop response of POESLLC
input and load variation. The scope output of Closed-loop
POESLLC is shown in Figure. 8.

Fig. 5. Open-loop POESLLC voltage output with input voltage variations

Fig. 7. Closed Loop Block Diagram of converter with PI controller

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 TABLE II. [13]: NICHOLS-ZIEGLER’S CHART FOR CONTROLLER GAINS
ASSESSMENT

Type of
Kp Ki Kd
controller
P 0.5Kcr 0 0
PI 0.45Kcr 1/1.2Pcr 0
PID 0.6Kcr 0.5Pcr 0.125Pcr

Figure. 11 Steady state Inductor current

Fig. 8. Closed loop response of POSELLC

Fig. 11. Figure. 12 Steady- state Closed -loop output voltage

Thus, in the presence of PI controller the converter

Fig. 9. Closed loop POESLLC output voltage with input variations
Fig. 10. Closed-loop POESLLC output voltage with a variation in load
The closed loop response of POESLLC is shown in
Figure. 8. The output is reaching the steady state output
voltage with 0.4% overshoot and 0.02 settling time. Figure.9
shows variation in the output voltage of POESLLC converter
when the input voltage changes from 20 V to 24 V (20% of
line disturbance). It is found that as there is change of voltage
from 20V to 24 V. There is an overshoot of 5.4V which settle
quickly to desired output voltage within 0.03 settling time.
Similarly, when the input voltage changes from 24 to 16 V
the overshoot voltage is equal to 8.3 V with a settling time of
0.03 s.
performance is very much improved. It is providing desired
output as well as when it is subjected to input variations the
controller quickly exhibits its desired output with a settling
time of 0.02s. Also, there is a step-change in load at three
instants 0.25,0.5 and 0.75 respectively which leads to a
change in output as shown in Figure.10. The overshoot
percentage is only 0.4% in case of step change of load from
50ohm-80ohm.The control action of PI pushed the output
voltage to the desired level within a settling time of 0.07 s for
increase in load and 0.01 s for decrease in load. It is also
evident from Figure. 11 and Figure.12 that the ripple in
inductor is 2.4 A and voltage ripple is 0.3 V.
V. CONCLUSION
The performance analysis of POESLLC for both open-
loop and feedback systems with PI is analyzed. It is being
concluded from the results that the proposed converter is
exhibiting good voltage gain in open loop configuration but
there is enough deviation from the desired value when the
open-loop model is subjected to load and input variations and
leading to an unstable system which is further improved with
PI control where Kp and KI values are provided by the
Nichols-Ziegler method. The closed-loop system is subjected
to load and input variations and the system quickly
maintained the desired output for any change in line input
and load with overshoot percentage of 0.4% and settling time
of 0.02s.’

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