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Example1.1.
For RC beam section with b/h=200/400mm, casted out of C20/25 concrete and
reinforced by s-400 φ10c/c150. Determine the moment curvature relationship of the
section?
a. 3φ14
b. 3φ24 h=400mm

[Use cover to longitudinal reinforcement bar 33mm]

As 1

b=200mm
Solution a. 3φ14
Step1: Summarize the given parameters
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa;
fcd=11.33MPa;
fctm=2.2MPa;
Ecm=30,000MPa
εc2=2.0‰
S-400 fyk=400MPa;
fyd=347.83MPa;
Es=200,000MPa
εy=1.74‰
Modular ratio n= Es/ Ecm n= 6.67
Geometry d=h-cover- φ/2=400‐33‐7=360mm
As1=3xπx(7mm)2=461.81mm2
Step2: Compute the cracking moment and corresponding curvature. [Mcr, Kcr]
I. Uncracked section properties.

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The neutral axis depth of the uncracked section

A1  b  h  200 x400  80000mm2
A2  (n  1)  As1  (6.67  1)  461.81  2618.46mm2
And considering the top fiber as a refrence axis
h
x1   200mm
2
x2  d  360mm
Therefore:-

x
A x i i

(A1  x1)  (A2  x2 )
 205.07mm
A i (A1  A2 )

The second moment of the area of the uncracked section

 bh3   200  4003 
I1      1066666666.67mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
A1  b  h  200 x400  80000mm2
A2  (n  1)  As1  (6.67  1)  461.81  2618.46mm2
h
y1  x   205.07  200  5.07mm
2
y 2  d  x  360  205.07  154.93mm

Therefore : -
II  I1  I2  (A1  y12 )  (A2  y 22 )
II  1066666666.67  0  (80000  5.072 )  (2618.46  154.932 )
II  1131574752.42mm4

II. Cracked section properties.

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The neutral axis depth of the cracked section

From equilibrium of forces carried by the concrete in the compression zone and the
tension force carried by the transformed concrete area in tension we have the
following expression.
1
b  kx d   nAs1(d  kx d )
2

2
Dividing the above expression by bd2 and denoting  = A s1/bd results in:
x
kx   [n  ]  2
 n ]
d
n  6.67
461.81
  0.006414
360  200
x  0.258d  91.023mm
The second moment of the area of the cracked section
 bx3   200  91.0233 
I1      12569042.224mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
A1  b  x  200 x91.023  18204.6mm2
A2  n  As1  6.67  461.81  3080.27mm2
x
y1  x   45.5115mm
2
y 2  d  x  360  91.023  268.977mm
Therefore : -
III  I1  I2  (A1  y12 )  (A2  y 22 )
III  12569042  0  (18204.6  45.51152 )  (3080.27  268.9772 )
III  273129472.51mm 4

III. Compute the cracking moment.

fctmII
Mcr =
yt
y t  h  x  400  205.07  194.93mm
.
Therefore
2.2  1131574752.42
Mcr = =12.77kNm
194.93
IV. Compute the curvature just before cracking.
Mcr
 cr =
EcII
12770000Nmm
 cr = =0.3767  10-6mm-1
N
30000  1131574752.42mm 4

mm2

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V. Compute the curvature just after cracking.

Mcr
 cr =
EcIII
12770000Nmm
 cr = =1.558  10-6mm-1
N
30000  273129472.51mm 4

mm2
Step3: Compute the yielding moment and corresponding curvature. [My, Ky]

Assuming 0< εcm <2‰ and from force equilibrium.

Cc  Ts
c fcd bd  As1fyd
As1fyd 461.81 347.83
c    0.197
fcd bd 11.33  200  360

From the strain profile

 cm  cm
kx  
 cm   y  cm  1.74

From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1

6   cm 
c   cm  kx  0.197
 12 
From the two equations above we can solve for  cm to be 1.208 ... Assumption correct!

1.208
kx   0.410
1.208  1.74
x  d  kx  360  0.410  147.6mm

 8   cm 
 c  kx    0.145
 4(6   cm ) 
z  d (  c )  360(1 0.145)  307.8mm

My  As1fyd z  49.442kNm

 cm 1.178  10 3
y    8.10  10 6 mm 1
x 145.44mm

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Step4: Compute the ultimate moment and corresponding curvature. [Mu, Ku]

Assuming a compression failure εcm =3.5‰, εy < εs <25‰ and from force
equilibrium.
Cc  Ts
c fcd bd  As1fyd
As1fyd 461.81 347.83
c    0.197
fcd bd 11.33  200  360

From the strain profile

3.5
kx 
3.5   s

From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1

 3 cm  2 
 c  kx    0.197
 3 cm 
From the two equations above we can solve for  s to be 10.88 ... Assumption correct!

3.5
kx   0.243
3.5  10.88
x  d  kx  360  0.243  87.48mm

  cm (3 cm  4)  2 
 c  kx    0.1011
 2 cm (3 cm  2) 
z  d (  c )  360(1 0.101)  323.64mm

Mu  As1fyd z  51.99kNm

 cm 3.5  10 3
u    40.01 10 6 mm 1
x 87.48mm

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Step5: Plot the moment vs curvature diagram.
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Solution b. 3φ24
Step1: Summarize the given parameters
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa;
fcd=11.33MPa;
fctm=2.2MPa;
Ecm=30,000MPa
εc2=2.0‰
S-400 fyk=400MPa;
fyd=347.83MPa;
Es=200,000MPa
εy=1.74‰
Modular ratio n= Es/ Ecm n= 6.67
Geometry d=h-cover- φ/2=400‐33‐12=355mm
As1=3xπx(12mm)2=1356.48mm2
Step2: Compute the cracking moment and corresponding curvature. [Mcr, Kcr]
I. Uncracked section properties.

The neutral axis depth of the uncracked section

A1  b  h  200 x 400  80000mm2
A2  (n  1)  As1  (6.67  1)  1356.48  7691.24mm2
And considering the top fiber as a refrence axis
h
x1   200mm
2
x2  d  355mm
Therefore:-

x
Ax i i

(A1  x1)  (A2  x2 )
 213.6mm
A i (A1  A2 )

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The second moment of the area of the uncracked section

 bh3   200  4003 
I1      1066666666.67mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
A1  b  h  200 x 400  80000mm2
A2  (n  1)  As1  (6.67  1)  1356.48  7691.24mm2
h
y1  x   213.6  200  13.6mm
2
y 2  d  x  355  213.67  141.33mm
Therefore : -
II  I1  I2  (A1  y12 )  (A2  y 22 )
II  1066666666.67  0  (80000  13.62 )  (7691.24  141.332 )
II  1235089593.48mm 4

II. Cracked section properties.

The neutral axis depth of the cracked section

From equilibrium of forces carried by the concrete in the compression zone and the
tension force carried by the transformed concrete area in tension we have the
following expression.
1
b  kx d   nAs1(d  kx d )
2

2
Dividing the above expression by bd2 and denoting  = A s1/bd results in:
x
kx   [n  ]  2
 n ]
d
n  6.67
1356.48
  0.0191
355  200
x  0.393d  139.60mm

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The second moment of the area of the cracked section

 bx3   200  139.603 
I1      45342452.27mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
A1  b  x  200 x139.60  27920mm2
A2  n  As1  6.67  1356.48  9047.72mm2
x
y1  x   69.8mm
2
y 2  d  x  355  139.60  215.4mm
Therefore : -
III  I1  I2  (A1  y12 )  (A2  y 22 )
III  45342452.27  0  (27920  69.82 )  (2618.46  215.42 )
III  302858916.6mm 4

III. Compute the cracking moment.

fctmII
Mcr =
yt
y t  h  x  400  213.6  186.4mm
.
Therefore
2.2  1235089593.48
Mcr = =14.58kNm
186.4
IV. Compute the curvature just before cracking.
Mcr
 cr =
EcII
12770000Nmm
 cr = =0.34464  10-6mm-1
N
30000  1235089593.48mm 4

mm2
V. Compute the curvature just after cracking.
Mcr
 cr =
EcIII
14580000Nmm
 cr = =1.605  10-6mm-1
N
30000  302858916.6mm 4

mm2

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Step3: Compute the yielding moment and corresponding curvature. [My, Ky]

Assuming 2‰< εcm <3.5‰ and from force equilibrium.

Cc  Ts
c fcd bd  As1fyd
As1fyd 1356.48  347.83
c    0.587
fcd bd 11.33  200  355

From the strain profile

 cm  cm
kx  
 cm   y  cm  1.74

From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1

 3 cm  2 
 c  kx    0.587
 3 cm 
From the two equations above we can solve for  cm to be 4.08

4.08‰>3.5‰, implies that the concrete in the compression zone has crushed even
before the reinforcement in the tension zone has yielded.
Hence the section has reached its ultimate moment capacity, along with the
corresponding curvature, before the yielding of the reinforcement.
Step4: Compute the ultimate moment and corresponding curvature. [Mu, Ku]

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Assuming a compression failure εcm =3.5‰, εs < εy and from force equilibrium.
Cc  Ts
c fcd bd  As1 s  As1(Es   s )
A 1356.48  200000   s
c  s1 s   0.33725 s
fcd bd 11.33  200  355

Where εs is in ‰.
From the strain profile
3.5
kx 
3.5   s

From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1

 3 cm  2 
 c  kx    0.33725 s
 3 cm 
From the two equations above we can solve for  s to be 1.636 ... Assumption correct!

3.5
kx   0.681 ... Indicates a brittle failure!
3.5  1.636
x  d  kx  355  0.681  241.755mm

  cm (3 cm  4)  2 
 c  kx    0.283
 2 cm (3 cm  2) 
z  d (  c )  355(1 0.101)  254.43mm

Mu  As1(Es   s )z  112.93kNm

 cm 3.5  10 3
u    14.477  10 6 mm 1
x 241.755mm

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Step5: Plot the moment vs curvature diagram.
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Step6: Comparing the two diagrams.
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