FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions
1.1.1. History of Architecture 2.3.2. DOLMENS
It is a record of man’s effort to build Several large stones capped with a
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth covering slab
and decline of architectural styles
which have prevailed lands and ages.
1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture
The particular method, characteristics,
manner of design which prevailed at a
certain place and time.
1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture
1.2.1. History
1.2.2. Society
1.2.3. Religion
1.2.4. Geography
1.2.5. Geology
1.2.6. Climate
2. PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
2.1. Influences 2.3.3. TRILITHON
2.1.1. History Organized groups of three stones, two
Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to vertical and a horizontal one at their top
3000 B.C.)
Hunting and food gathering
2.1.2. Religion
No organized religion
Burial rituals and monuments

2.2. Architectural Character

2.2.1. Construction System
Megalithic structures – large stones
2.2.2. Materials
Animal skins, wooden frames and
bones
2.2.3. Orientation 2.3.4. CROMLECH
Faces toward cardinal points A circle of monoliths / trilithons;
2.3. Examples enclosure formed by huge stones
2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths) planted on the ground in circular form
Single, large upright monolith, (Most imposing example: Stonehenge,
sometimes arranged in parallel rows England – 2000 B.C.)
reaching several miles

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Tomb architecture
2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave) Temple architecture
An artificially constructed mound of Obelisks
earth raised over a tomb or sepulchral Dwellings
chamber
2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Tomb architecture
Natural and artificial caves The Mastaba
Beehive hut The Royal Pyramid
Trullo The Rockhewn Tombs
Wingwam or tepee Two types of Temples
Hogan Mortuary Temples
Igloo Cult Temples
3. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPT (LAND OF THE PHARAOHS) Known Architects
3.1. Influences Imhotep – under king Zoser
3.1.1. History Semnut – worked for Queen
3200 B.C. to 1 A.D. Hatshepsut
Centralized omnipotent authority of the 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling Columnar and trabeated
on earth, sole master of its country and 3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
people
Subdivision of ancient Egypt:
The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X
The Middle Kingdom–Dynasties XI-XVII
The New Empire–Dynasties XVIII-XXX
3.1.2. Religion
Cult of many gods representing nature
Deep concern for immortality amounted
to near obsession; First requirement of
immortality- Mummification
Egyptians wished for fine burial
embalmment and funeral rites, a
permanent tomb or “eternal dwelling”
3.1.3. Geography and Geology
Nile River – travel and trade route
It consists of narrow strip of fertile,
alluvial soil along both banks of the
River Nile. Natural products like timber,
clay, brick and stone. Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals
Includes limestone, granite and Square pillar
alabaster. Polygonal column
For constructive/decorative Palm-type column
architectural work and vases and Bud-and-bell column
personal ornaments Foliated capital column
3.1.4. Climate Hathor-headed column
Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine Osiris pillars
(simplicity in design) 3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS
Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude
3.2. Architectural Character heat
3.2.1. DESCRIPTION 3.2.5. WALL
Monumental, immortal, permanent;
Classify them as:

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Massive walls to protect from fierce A sepulchral monument in the form of
heat of the sun and space for huge stone structures with a square
Hieroglyphics base and four sloping sides meeting at
Batter wall – diminishing in width an apex
towards the top Types : step, slope and bend
3.2.6. OPENING
No windows; skylights; roof slits;
clerestories
3.2.7. DECORATION
“Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings
Hieroglyphics
Sphinxes
Solar disc and vulture with spread
wings
Scarab – symbol of resurrection
Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing
fertility
Grapes symbolizes eternity
3.2.8. ORIENTATION
Towards the cardinal points
3.3. Examples
3.3.1. MASTABAS
Arabic for “bench”
A rectangular brick or stone structure
with sloping flat or recessed sides,
erected over a subterranean tomb
chamber that was connected with the
outside by a vertical shaft
Length is between 20 – 50 meters
Width is 15 – 37 meters
Chapel with a false door for offerings
to the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber
for the statue of the deceased. The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara
(near Cairo c. 2750 B.C.)

Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex,

Saqqara The Pyramids at Gizeh
Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara (finest rue pyramids)
Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara (near Cairo) c. 2700 B.C
Mastaba at Giza These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV
Mastaba at Beit Khallaf dynasty:
Khufu (Greek - Cheops)
3.3.2. PYRAMIDS Khafre (Greek.- Chepren)

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Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus)

3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS

Built along hillside the nobility, not
royalty

3.3.6. TEMPLES
Mortuary temples – In honor of
pharaohs
Cult temples – In honor of god

3.3.4. PYLONS
Monumental gateway to temples,
usually composed of two masses of
masonry with sloping sides flanking the
entrance portal

Temple of Hatshepsut
Designed by the royal architect
Senemut for Queen Hatshepsut
3.3.5. OBELISKS
Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually
granite, monolithic, square in plan with
an electrum-capped pyramidion on top
symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis
Came in pairs fronting temple
entrances
Height of nine or ten times the diameter
at the base with four sides featuring
Hieroglyphics

Great Temple of Abu Simbel

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The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia,
lower Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses
II, pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C.
Example of rock-cut temple
4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses

4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

4.1. Influence
4.1.1. History
5000 B.C. to 641 A.D.
3 Periods:
Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean)
Assyrian
Persian
4.1.2. Geography and Geology
3 zones:
Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the
Fertile Crescent
Mountains and plateaus from west to
east
4.1.3. Religion
Worshipped nature gods
4.1.4. Society
Religion determined society
City-state was under the protection of
the god of the city
The king is the representative and
steward
Socio-political system – “Theocratic
Socialism”
4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture
“Land between the Rivers”
Mesopotamia was located between the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the
present-day Middle Eastern country of
Iraq.
4.2.1. Architectural Character
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated
MATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil
ORIENTATION: Four corners towards
cardinal points
4.2.2. EXAMPLES:
ZIGGURATS
Rough pyramidal structures consisting
of stages, each succeeding stage
stepped back from the one beneath. It
supports an altar or temple.
“artificial mountains” of tiered
rectangular stages with temple at
summit
Ziggurat at Bulsippa
Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu
Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen
15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller
stages, upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine
Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each
4.3. Assyrian Architecture
4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Materials: some stone and timber are
available
DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding
chief portals
glazed bricks in blue, white,
yellow and green
Low relief sculpture in stone
Murals
4.3.2. EXAMPLES
Temples: With or without ziggurat
Palaces: Came with or without zigurrat
4.4. Persian and Median Architecture
4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
MATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was
used mostly for fire-temples and palace
platforms
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Persians
introduced the use of columns
4.4.2. EXAMPLES
DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house
with entrance at end rather than on the
long sides.

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Columned portico as entrance or Polygonal wall – advanced
vestibule technique, Hellenic
Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis period, no pith or tar
Palace of Darius Rectangular – no dowels
Palace of Xerses
Hypostyle Hall of Xerses
Hall of Hundred Columns (by
Darius)

5. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
5.1. Influences
5.1.1. History
Aegean Period Cyclopean wall
2 major cultures 5.2.2. EXAMPLES
Minoan (flourished in Crete) Minoan Architecture:
Mycenaean (mainland and others) Houses
Minoan architecture Megaron – single-storeyed house of
Mycenean architecture deep plan, columned entrance porch,
Ancient Greek architecture anteroom with central doorway, living
Archaic Greek architecture apartment or megaron proper, central
Classical Greek architecture hearth, columns supporting roof ,
Late Classical Greek thalamus, or sleeping room behind
architecture
Hellenistic Architecture
5.1.2. Religion
Nature worship, religious rites, sacred
games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their
gods live in nature, mountains,
assumed human form and was not free
from human weakness
5.1.3. Geography and Geology
Mainland: mountainous hinterlands
separated inhabitants into groups,
clans, and states
Archipelago and islands: sea was the
inevitable means of trade and
communication
5.1.4. Climate
Between rigorous cold and relaxing
heat
Clear atmosphere and intense light The Megaron
5.2. AGEAN PERIOD
5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Palaces: Palace of King Minos,
DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive Knossos, Crete 1600-1400
structures B.C.
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Two-part
capital: square abacus above and
circular bulbous echinus below
Wall: Cyclopean wall – large stones, no
mortar, clay bedding

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Mycenean Architecture:
Palace at Tyrins
Lion Gate, Mycenea
Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive
shaped type of subterranean
tomb constructed as a
corbelled vault and found on
pre-historic Greek sites
Treasury of Atreus
The best preserved “beehive
tomb”
Built into a hill and
approached by a long
passage, the dromos, leading
to the beehive shape round
tomb chamber, tholos
5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic)
5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: mostly religious
architecture
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“carpentry in marble” – timber forms
imitated in stone with remarkable
exactness
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: first columns
and entablature were made of timber
and terra cotta decorations
stone columns in 600 B.C.
THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base,
column shaft, horizontal entablature
(architrave, frieze, cornice)
DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN
DECORATION: Refinements used to
correct optical illusions; sculpture,
colors, mural painting
ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column
to correct the optical illusion
that it is thinner in the middle
5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic)
5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for
Roman building types not religious in
character, but civic
Dignified and gracious structures
Symmetrical, orderly
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Greek orders
OPENINGS: Clerestory – between roof
and upper wall
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Skylight – made of thin
translucent marble
Temple door – on the east
DECORATION: Mouldings - In
architecture, a continuous narrow
surface either projecting or recessed,
plain or ornamented, whose purpose is
to break up a surface, to accent, or to
decorate by means of the light and
shade it produces

Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa

(Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like)

Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in

the 5th century B.C.
Fillet Cavetto Scotia
Foremost among world –famous
building sites
10 structures:
Propylaea – the entrance gateway to
an enclosure (usually temple precincts)
as on the Acropolis, Athens
Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak Pinacotheca - building containing
gallery of painted pictures
ORIENTATION: entire groups of buildings Statue of Athena Promachos
laid out symmetrically and orderly Erectheion (group of buildings)
Doors oriented towards east Parthenon
5.4.2. EXAMPLES: Temple of Nike Apteros
TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure, Old Temple of Athena
sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an Stoa of Eumeses
established cult centre, sometimes it Theater of Dionysos
incorporates many buildings Odeon of Herodes Atticus

Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos) Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon

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hexastyle - 6 columns, term used
TEMPLES – not intended for internal by Vitruvius
worship; altar was outside, on the east octastyle - 8 columns
front decastyle - 10 columns
Parts:
COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to Temples: Planned by column
the rows of columns arrangement
PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled
room opening into the cella.
CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of
the god or goddess was placed
REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR
EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the
cella, often added for reasons of
symmetry. Its place might alternatively
be occupied by an enclosed adytum
(treasure room, sometimes interpreted
as a "holy of holies”
STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the
stepped foundation of a Greek temple
(known as the crepidoma)
CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually,
three levels upon which the
superstructure of the building is erected
STYLOBATE - The upper step of the
base of a Greek temple, which forms a
platform for the columns
PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a
portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally
behind a screen of columns.

In-antis – between anta and the front

Amphi-antis – at front and rear
Prostyle – portico at front
Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and
rear
Peripteral – on all sides
Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns
attached to naos
Dipteral – double line of columns
surrounding naos
Typical Greek temple plan Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but
inner columns
Temples: Column number terminology: omitted on flanks on
Technical term number of columns naos.
at front
distyle - 2 columns
tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used
by Vitruvius

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DORIC TEMPLES

Temple of Hera, Paestum

IONIC TEMPLES

DORIC COLUMN: stands without base

directly on stylobate; simplest
Had a timber origin
H=4 – 6 X base diameter
ENTABLATURE: H = 1 & ¾ the height of
Order

IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute

The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C.
Sculptor and general director: Phidias
Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates
and scroll capital; derived from
Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most
elegant; slender than Doric
H = 9 X base diameter
24 flutes separated by fillets

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ENTABLATURE: H = 1/5 the height of
Order
Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in
asianic examples), cornice

Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus

By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates
Sculpted by Scopas

CORINTHIAN TEMPLES

The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C.

Ionic building named after a mythic

Athenian hero Erechtheus; with
Caryatid porch
CARYATID – A female figure that
functions as a supporting column

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CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft
resembling the Ionic; more slender
H = 10 X base diameter
CAPITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 &
1/6 diameter high; designed by
Callimachus, inspired by basket
surrounded by acanthus leaves over
the grave of a Corinthian maiden
ENTABLATURE: same as Ionic
3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice
PARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl.
parodoi) Side entrance into the
orchestra of a Greek theater (one on
each side); the space between the
audience seating and the skene
building; primary entrance/exit for the
chorus and used by audience for
entrance and exit from theatre; also the
song sung by chorus as it first enters
the orchestra.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS:
PARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end
of skene
PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as
speaking place or locelon
EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the
2-storey skene building
DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata)
Horizontal walkway separating upper
and lower sections of theatron (Latin
cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in
Greek theatres concentric with the
outer wall; corresponds to Roman
praecinctio

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens

THEATERS: An open-air structure in the

form of a segment of a circle,
frequently excavated from a hillside,
with the seats arranged in tiers behind
and above one another
Parts:
ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front
of the stage in a theater, where the
chorus stood
THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place)
Alternate name koilon. Originally
referred to the audience space of the
Greek theatre, but later became
synonymous with the entire auditorium
consisting of the spaces for both the Greek theater plan
audience as well as the performance;
corresponds to Roman cavea.
SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind
the orchestra originally used for
storage but provided a convenient
backing for performances; corresponds
to the Roman scaena or scaenae

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Theater of Epidaurus
Designed by Polycleitos
Most beautiful Greek theater
DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS
PROPYLAEA: (meaning on page 8)
Propylaea, Athens
AGORA: An open square space used for
public meetings or business/social life
STOA: covered walkways or porticos,
commonly for public usage
The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens.
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PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for
entertaining distinguished visitors and
citizens
BOULEUTERION: Council house with
banked seats facing inwards
ODEION: building similar to theater used
for musical performance in Sparta, built
in the 7th or 6th century B.C.
STADIUM: foot race course
HIPPODROME: course provided by the
Greeks for horse racing and chariot
racing
PALAESTRA: Wrestling school
GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training
facility for competitors in public games
and all types of physical exercises
TOMBS:
The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
Most famous of all tombs
one of seven wonders of
ancient world; for king
Mausolos from his widow
Artemisia
The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
6. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
6.1. INFLUENCES
6.1.1. History
Centrally-located on the
Mediterranean, was able to serve as
intermediary in spreading art and
civilization in Europe, West Asia and
North Africa
ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.)
ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.)
6.1.2. Religion
Roman mythology slowly derived
attributes from Greek gods
6.1.3. Geography and Geology
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Italian peninsula; central and
commanding position on
Mediterranean Sea
voussoirs
6.1.4. Climate
Temperate climate in the North
Sunny in Central Italy
Almost tropical in south
6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE:
6.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: great builders and large
scale undertakings
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of
true and radiating arch
MATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino,
travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel
Earth for making terra cotta and bricks;
first use of concrete (300-400 A.D.) –
stone or brick rubble and mortar or KEYSTONE – the central stone of an
pozzolana – a thick volcanic earth arch or rib vault; sometimes carved
material IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: New Tuscan formed of a projecting bracket-like
Order moulding, on which the end of an arch
CITY PLANNING: two main streets—the rests
cardo (north-south) and the VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element,
decumanus (east-west)—a grid of typically a stone, used in building an
smaller streets dividing the town into arch
blocks, and a wall circuit with gates. EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an
6.2.2. EXAMPLES: arch
TOMBS: existed in great numbers INTRADOS – the interior curve of an
outside city walls in special necropolis arch taken from the inside of the
sites voussoirs
DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on
ARCHES: Arch of Augustus, Perugia each side of an arch, where the vertical
TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita, support for the arch terminates and the
Lanuvium curve of the arch begins.

6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: MATERIALS: Marble, mostly white

6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Concrete – to build vaults of a
DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical, magnitude equaled until 19th century
economic use of materials steel construction
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Greek orders COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: 4th & 5th
of architecture used as decorative Orders: Tuscan and Composite
features which could be omitted TUSCAN ORDER: simplified version of
Adopted columnar and trabeated style Doric Order
of Greeks H = 7 X diameter
Developed arch and vault system Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital,
started by Etruscans plain entablature
Combined use of columns, beam and COMPOSITE ORDER: combines
arch prominent volutes of Ionic with
acanthus of Corinthian

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Composite Order

ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/

tunnel vault, wagon vault with
intersecting vault, cross vault,
hemispherical dome/ cupola

WALL: The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best

preserved; Corinthian Order

CIRCULAR TEMPLE

Opus Quadratum
Opus Incertum

Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum

Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum

OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular

blocks, with or without mortar joints
OPUS INCERTUM – small stones, loose
pattern resembling polygonal walling
OPUS RETICULATUM – net-like effect
with fine joints running diagonally
OPUS TESTACEUM – brick facing
OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork
and small squared stone blocks
6.3.2. EXAMPLES:
Rectangular temples
The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect
preservation of roman buildings)
Temple of Vesta, Rome
FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek
Agora; central open space usually
surrounded by public building and
colonnades

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Trajan’s Forum
Thermae of Caracalla
BASILICAS: large public hall where law-
THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit
suits were heard; hall of justice;
Roman drama; Semicircular in plan
commercial exchange
and consisted of a tall stage building
abutting a semicircular orchestra and
tiered seating area (cavea)

The Theater, Orange

Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
Usuall plan: length twice the width AMPHITHEATERS: (literally double-
theaters) elliptical or circular space
THERMAE: Roman public baths, surrounded by rising tiers of seats used
containing large halls, with water at for gladiatorial and animal contests
various temperatures and many other
amenities such as libraries, and sports
arenas
3 parts: Main building, open space
outer ring of apartments
Main building: Dominant central hall,
symmetrically arranged rooms
Tepidarium – warm room
Frigidarium – cold water swimming The Colosseum, Rome
bath
Laconicum (sudatorium) – dry aweating
room
Apodyteria – dressing room
Unctuaria – Oils room

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CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing small garden (hortus)
(from hippodrome)

The Circus Maximus, Rome

TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs

Caemetaria
Monumental tombs
Pyramidal Tombs
Temple-shaped tombs
Eastern Tombs

TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch

built to celebrate victorious campaigns;
erected to emperors and generals

AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for

carrying water, usually an elevated
masonry or brick structure

Arch of Titus, Rome

DWELLINGS:
Domus – private house
Villa – country house
Insula – apartment block
Republican house, consisted of an
entrance corridor (fauces)
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
main room (atrium) open to the sky
with a central basin for the collection of
TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS
rainwater
BRIDGES
Series of small bedrooms (cubicula)
MEMORIAL COLUMN
Office area (tablinum)
PALACES
Dining room (triclinium)
FOUNTAINS
kitchen (culina), and perhaps a

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE NARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a
7.1. INFLUENCES church, generally colonnaded or
7.1.1. History arcaded and preceding the nave
313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from NAVE – part of the church between the
Judea to Rome; became the official chief entrance and the choir,
religion of the Roman Empire demarcated from aisles, by piers and
Two Historic Events columns
The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state AMBULATORY – a passageway around
religion) the apse of a church, or for
Transfer of power from Rome to circumambulating a shrine
Constantinople c. 330 APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or
7.1.2. Religion polygonal termination, usually to a
Christianity chancel or chapel
7.1.3. Geography and Geology BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at
Roman ruins served as quarries from the east end
which materials were obtained AISLE – part of the church, parallel to,
7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER and divided by piers or columns from,
7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly the nave, choir or transept
influenced by Roman art and CHOIR – part of the church where the
architecture; purpose of the Christian choir sits; normally the west part of the
church was to serve worshippers chancel (loosely applied to mean as
2 building types chancel)
Early Christian Basilica – Rectangular CHANCEL - that part of the east end of a
building with an apse for the altar at church in which the main altar is
one end. placed; reserved for clergy and choir
Martyrium – Circular building AMBO – where the Gospel and epistle
(Baptistery or mausoleum) was read
7.2.2. MATERIALS: made use as much as TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church
possible the materials from old Roman whose axis crosses at right angles the
temples which had become useless axis running from the chief entrance
7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof through the nave to the apse
of king and queen post trusses; vaulted
or domed
7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman
construction methods; an architectural
abstraction of the ideal Christian,
simple and plain on the outside, but
with a soul glowing and beautiful within.
(richly decorated interior space and
neglecting the exterior)
7.2.5. ORIENTATION: Façade faced West
Priest stood behind altar facing East
7.3. EXAMPLES
7.3.1. BASILICAN CHURCHES: based on
ancient Roman basilicas; erected over
the burial place of the saint to whom it
was dedicated
Parts:
ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in
front of and attached to a Christian
basilica

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7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX

BELFRY/CAMPANILE – a bell tower,
either attached to a church or standing
alone
BAPTISTERY
7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES: a separate building or
part of a church in which the
Sacrament of Baptism is administered
during Easter, Pentecost and
Epiphany; with the advent of infant
baptism, it was replaced by the Font

Plan

S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
S. Apollinare, Ravenna
S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
Baptistery of Constantine, Rome

7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th

century took place in the Catacombs
outside Rome; Christians objected to
cremation and insisted burial on
consecrated ground

Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the

site of St. Peter’s martyrdom)

Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna

Earliest tomb in cruciform plan;
sarcophagi still remain in the arms of
the cross

S. Costanza, Rome

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8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
8.1. INFLUENCES
8.1.1. History
330-1453 A.D.
Byzantium – Greek colony since 660
B.C.; Constantine, a converted
Christian transferred the empire from
Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D.
Empire was divided: Rome as western
capital and Byzantium (which later
became Constantinople) as eastern
capital (“new Rome”)
8.1.2. Religion
330 A.D. Constantinople became
capital to first official Christian empire
8.1.3. Geography and Geology
Where Asia and Europe meet,
separated by small body of water; most
commanding position and most
valuable part of eastern Roman Empire
8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
8.2.1. DESCRIPTION: mostly church
construction; discarded early Christian
style for new domical Byzantine style
(still the official style for Orthodox
churches) S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia
Basilican plan: early Christian Sophia or “divine wisdom”)
Domed, centralized plan – Byzantine Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical Isidorus of Miletus;
construction with classical columnar One of the supreme achievements in
style the history of world architecture;
8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: used Roman Structurally the dome rests on
Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style, pendentives between the four
Cubiform capital, shaped to form a supporting arches resting on four main
transition from square abacus to piers
circular shaft; dosseret block used as
deep abacus invented to enlarge
surface for receiving wide voussoirs of
arches or thick walls
8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes
Simple, Compound and special
designs
8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of
mouldings; decorative arches, internal
marble, mosaic and fresco decorations
8.2.6. ORIENTATION: Façade at west
8.3. EXAMPLES
8.3.1. CHURCHES
Centralized type of plan
S. Vitale, Ravenna

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9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Close alliance with Constantinople,
9.1. INFLUENCES influence of Byzantine culture, because
9.1.1. History of Venice and Ravenna
900-1200 A.D. Geography and Geology
Decline of the Roman Empire led to the Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for
rise of independent states and notions bricks and marble from hills
of Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc. Climate
King Charlemagne crowned emperor Extremes of heat and cold
by Pope in 800 A.D. established the 9.3.2. EXAMPLES:
Holy Roman Empire a title which lasted CATHEDRALS
until 1806; Basilican-type churches; flat, severed
Religious enthusiasm found physical facades across whole church, masking
expression in magnificent cathedrals division on nave and aisles
and monastic buildings Wheel window
9.1.2. Religion Central projecting porch on façade,
Growth of different religious orders often 2-storey with columns on
Monasticism became the most crouching beasts
important institution within the Church Roughly-carved grotesque figures of
(provided seclusion, assurance of men and beasts
salvation, only means of receiving Less refined in character due to use of
education) stone and brick instead of marble
The monasteries were the bearers of Ornament shows a departure from
culture and art classic precedent, instead its shows
9.1.3. Society rough northern European grotesque
Two major social institutions added styles
coherence: the Christian church and
Feudalism
9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by
classical traditions; concentrated on
beauty and delicacy of ornamental
detail; sober and dignified
Transition from flat wooden ceiling of
the nave to masonry vault
construction
Application of cross-groin vault,
consisting of four curved surfaces
(quadripartite vault)
Use of bay system
S. Ambrogio, Milan
Semicircular arches for openings in
walls
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
Massive enclosing walls and
S. Fedele Como
incorporation of towers into the
S. Michele, Pavia
church building proper
9.3. NORTH ITALY
CAMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque
9.3.1. INFLUENCES:
period; straight tower shafts, generally
History
standing alone as civic monuments or
Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia,
symbols of power rather than integral
Verona, Genoa
parts of church
Invasions and trade with northern
Europe through alpine passes;

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9.4. SOUTH ITALY
9.4.1. INFLUENCES:
History
Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine,
Muslim and Norman rule
Geography and Geology
Mountainous with limestone
Climate
Almost sub-tropical
9.4.2. EXAMPLES:
CATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in
mosaic decorations; Muslim influence
on use of striped marbles

Pisa Cathedral
Monreale Cathedral, Palermo Forms one of most famous building
groups in the world – campanile and
S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo Campo Santo
La Zisa, Palermo Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi
Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of
9.5. CENTRAL ITALY Pisa”
9.5.1. INFLUENCES: The wall is covered with white and pink
HISTORY marble.
Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa The dome at the Crossing is additional
Rich in pagan influence at later period.
Geography and Geology The Bell Tower was designed by
Great stone and mineral wealth at Bonanno
Tuscany – bricks, tufa, peperino,
travertine, marble 9.6. NORTH FRANCE
Ruins of classical buildings 9.6.1. INFLUENCES
9.5.2. EXAMPLES: Geography and Geology
CATHEDRALS Fine Caen stone
Concentrated on beauty and delicacy Pumice and tufa
of ornamental details, instead of new Climate
construction systems Wintery in north
Resembles early basilican churches in 9.6.2. EXAMPLES
plan CATHEDRALS
Remains of old buildings were less
abundant, greater freedom of
developing new style

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Semi-circular east end, as an
ambulatory with radiating chapels, is
common
Use of old Roman architecture features

St. Sernin, Toulouse

Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port
Angouleme Cathedral
9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE
9.8.1. INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Stone from mountains along Rhine
The Abbey S. Denis Timber from Baltic shores
Brick from Elber in the north
The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen Climate
S. Nicholas, Caen Summer and winter
9.7. SOUTH FRANCE 9.8.2. EXAMPLES
9.7.1. INFLUENCES CATHEDRALS:
Geography and Geology Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard
Abundant good stone, easily quarried influence
and freely used
Climate
Sub-tropical in south
9.7.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral

Worms Cathedral, Germany

Cruciform plan
Church of the Apostles, Cologne
Speyer Cathedral

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9.9. SPAIN Complex of circular towers, curtain
9.9.1. INFLUENCES walls
History City Walls of Avila, Castile
Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 9.10. ENGLAND
A.D.; continuous warfare against moors 9.10.1. INFLUENCES
gave a certain unity to the peninsula History
Christian influence Subject to roman conquest, preceded
Royal ties with France and England by the landing of Julius Caesar in 55
Geography and Geology A.D.
Iberian Peninsula is a great rock Ruled by Roman legions
massif – granite, limestone, red Geography and Geology
sandstone, semi-marble, no timber Remote from rest of Europe,
9.9.2. EXAMPLES dependent on sea routes
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Hardwood forest and stone
Used both Basilica and Greek-cross Climate
forms Low lighting, severe cold
Sta. Maria, Ripoll 9.10.2. EXAMPLES
St. Tirso, Sahagun CATHEDRALS
La Lugareja, Arevalo 3 foundations:
St. Martin de Fromista Old foundation – served by secular
Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia clergy
Monastic foundation – served by
regular clergy or monks, later by
secular canons
New foundation – to which bishops
had been appointed

Norwich Cathedral
St. Albans Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral
Bristol Cathedral
Carlisle Cathedral
Chichester Cathedral
Exeter Rochester
Oxford
Worcester
Canterbury Cathedral

Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of Romanesque
architecture in Spain

CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS

City Walls of Andalusia
Loarre in Aragon
Finest Romanesque Castle in
Spain Durham Cathedral

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MONASTIC BUILDINGS middle ages-works of the barbarian
Goths.
Considered as one of Europe’s
outstanding artistic eras.
This age saw the rise of new cities or
built on the foundations of old Roman
cities
Religion
Strongly influenced by religious men
and saints; extreme power and wealth
led to serious abuses in the church
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire 10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION:
CASTLES The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of
1500 castles in England, in 1100 to architecture, sculpture and painting
1200 A.D. The pointed arch, flying buttress and
Began as motte and bailey earthworks, rib vault
later citadels with stone and curtain Colored glass and tracery, rhythm
walls columns and bundled piers
Towers and spires-transcendental
character
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Windsor Castle
The largest inhabited castle in the
world and, dating back to the time of
William the Conqueror, is the oldest in
continuous occupation

Tower of London
Castle Hedingman, Essex
Orford, Suffolk
Conisborough, Yorkshire

10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

10.1. INFLUENCES Transverse section
HISTORY
Gothic age originated in France around
1150
Originally- Gothic- first used by
Renaissance critics as a derogatory
term for all art and architecture of the

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Erected out of funds provided by the
laity – not as part of monastic
establishments
Served as a library for illiterate
townspeople; biblical stories told, with
stained-glass and statuary

Sexpartite Vault
Point of departure from classic
10.3. FRANCE Vaulting framework of intersecting
10.3.1. INFLUENCES pointed arch ribs, which supports thin
History stone panels
1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453
A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began Difficulty of vaulting oblong
with England; restlessness compartments – overcome by using
Feudal system, tyranny of lords over pointed arches over shorter span and
common people sometimes retaining semi-circular
Religious zeal – Christianity was united arches for diagonal or longer spans
against Muslims; Crusades
10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Downward and outward pressures from
DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in vault were collected by meeting of ribs
reproach to this style – a departure at angles; oblique pressure was
from classic lines counter-acted by buttresses or flying
General use of “Pointed Arch” “L buttresses weighted by pinnacles
‘architecture Ogivale”
3 periods: Walls – less needed supports, released
PRIMARIE(1200 AD) from load-bearing function; invention of
“A lancettes” colored, stained glass window to adorn
Pointed arch and geometric traceried window-walls.
windows
SECONDAIRE (1300 AD)
“Rayonnant”
Circular windows, wheel tracery
TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD)
“Flamboyant”
Flame-like window tracery
10.3.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS

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Palais de Justice, Rouen

CASTLES
Built on mounds above rivers with thick
walls and small windows to resist
attack
Later adapted to make convenient
residences
Chateau de Pierrefonds
Notre Dame de Paris Chateau de Ambrose
One of the oldest French cathedrals;
begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully COUNTRY HOUSES
With the development of gunpowder
and new social order, country houses
took the place of fortified citadels
Still called “chateaux”

“flying buttress”

Reims Cathedral
Chateau de Josselin
Chartres Cathedral
Beauvais Cathdral Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Laon Cathedral Chateau d’O, Mortree
Soissons Cathedral

HOTEL DE VILLE TOWNHOUSES

Few examples because little municipal
life under the Feudal system
Hotel de Ville, Arras
PALAIS DE JUSTICE
Great halls in which kings and nobles
dispensed justice to their vassals
“Maisons noble” – French nobles
ceased to be feudal lords in castles
and erected, known as “hotels”
House of Jacques Couer, Bourges
Hotel de Cluny, Paris
10.4. ENGLAND
10.4.1. INFLUENCES
History

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High Gothic Style gained acceptance in
England under Henry II (1154-1189
A.D.) EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century)
10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.)
Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed
arches in Romanesque structures
Early English (1189 – 1307 A.D.)
equivalent to high Gothic in France –
also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed”
style
Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also Early English groined
called “Second Pointed” equivalent Early English groined vaulting vaulting with
to French “Flamboyant” style intermediate ribs
Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also
called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed” DECORATED (14th Century)
Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing
application of Renaissance detail
Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.)
Renaissance ideas take its mark

THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING

NORMAN

Ceiling Plan
Lierne vault Lierne stellar vaulting

PERPENDICULAR (15th Century)

Diagonal segmental rib

Sexpartite vaulting
Fan vaulting
REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow
(2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New
Waggon vaulting York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.

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TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS GOTHIC WINDOWS

Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof

Hammer – Beam Roof

Collar –Braced Roof

Aisle Roof

EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES GOTHIC DOORWAYS

Early English Gothic doorway

Gothic doorway;
Decorated style

Gothic doorway;
Perpendicular style
REFERENCE: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New
York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.

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10.4.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
(Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian
church that contains the seat of a
bishop. It is a religious building for
worship, specifically of a denomination
with an Episcopal hierarchy, such as
the Roman Catholic, Anglican,
Orthodox and some Lutheran
churches, which serves as a bishop's
seat, and thus as the central church of
a diocese
Westminster Abbey; most important
medieval building in England; largest
area and width (32 m. inside)
Yorkminster
Wells Cathedral
10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE
Salisbury Cathedral
MONASTERIES: Building complex of
monastic order – self – contained
community used by monks
PARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church,
Stock Essex
Breamore Church, Hants
Tity church, Essex
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CASTLES AND FORTIFICATIONS
Stronghold, also for administering
justice and dispensing hospitality
SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room
shelters of wood and thatch
townhouses on burgages or narrow
strips of land, limited frontage on main
street
COLLEGES: with chapel; communal
dining hall, library, small rooms,
staircases, storage. Brew houses,
gatehouse
MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and
wealthy trading families
Parts:
Great Hall, (sometimes aisled)
Chapel
Latrine chamber
Service rooms
Kitchens
Central hearth
TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased
number and variety of rooms;
Quadrangular court from which many
rooms entered directly. Battlement
parapets and fortified gateways used
for ornamentation
Penhurst Place, Kent
Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk
Chamey Basset Manor house,
Berkshire
Athelhampton Hall, Dorset
Hampton Court Palace
10.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Germany was a composition of
many states
10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Style came from France and not from
German Romanesque
10.5.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the
north – totally different external
appearance
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10.7. SPAIN
Ulm Cathedral
CASTLES: seen everywhere with old
fortified towns
Klingentor, Rothenburg
TOWN HALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg
CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House,
Nuremburg
HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg
The Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house,
Brunswick
10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS
10.6.1. INFLUENCES
History: Basins and delta of Rhine and
other rivers, number of medieval states
and cities; sea power, culturally
dependent on Germany and France
Towns competed with each other in
power and the arts – architecture as
products of civic rivalry in wealth and
splendor
10.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
French Gothic influence – Brabantine
style; German influence – hall churches
10.6.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example
of Gothic in Netherlands;
Antwerp Cathedral
SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
Town hall, Bruges
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Town hall, Louvain
Town hall, Brussels
Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges
Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent
10.7.1. INFLUENCES
History; Spanish inquisition in 1477
A.D. – brought national and religious
unity against the Jews and Muslims
Muslim capital of Toledo fell in 1085
A.D.; Moors were expelled from in
1492 A.D. with fall of Granada
10.7.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence,
horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery,
rich surface decoration of intricate
geometrical and flowing patterns
Gerona Cathedral
Burgos Cathedral
Most poetic of all Spanish
cathedrals
Toledo Cathedral
Salamanca Cathedral
Avila Cathedral
Segovia Cathedral
Granada Cathedral
Barcelona Cathedral
Seville Cathedral
The Cathedral of Seville, formally
Catedral de Santa María de la Sede
(Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See)
was begun in 1402, with construction
continuing into the 16th century. It is
the largest of all Roman Catholic
cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not
being a cathedral) and also the largest
Medieval Gothic religious building, in
terms of both area and volume
SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
Puerta Serranos, Valencia
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The Puerta Del Sol, Toledo
College of Sto. Gregorio, Villadolid
Palacio de la Audencio, Barcelona
Ducal Palace, Guadalajara
La Lonja de la Seda, Valencia
Castillo de la Mota, Medina del Camp
10.8. ITALY
10.8.1. INFLUENCES
History: Italy led the way in Europe, in
terms of art, learning and commerce;
Renaissance, cultural revival, took
place in Italy nearly in advance in
northern Europe
This arrested the development of
Gothic architecture in Italy (only one
Gothic architecture in Rome: St.
Francis of Assisi)
10.8.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Roman tradition remained strong;
combination of Greek inspiration,
Roman construction and Byzantine
decoration
Milan Cathedral (largest Medieval
Cathedral)
Doge’s Palace, Venice (grandest effort
in civic architecture during the
period)
Florence Cathedral
(aka S. Maria del Fiore) designed
by Arnolfo di Cambio; essentially
Italian in character without the
vertical features of northern
Gothic; the dome was designed by
Filippo Brunelleschi which
triumphantly blended with a Gothic
building
Sienna Cathedral (one of the most
stupendous undertakings since the
Pisa Cathedral); zebra marble
striping on wall and pier
Palazzo Vechio
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Palazzo S. Steffano
Palazzo Arcivescoville, Palermo
11. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
11.1. INFLUENCES
History; great inventions led to general
upheaval of this period – gunpowder,
mariner’s compass, printing by
movable types; attempt to understand
the ancient world, its values, literary
and artistic forms;
“Treatise on Architecture” by Vitruvius
in 1486;
Religious and intellectual unity of
Christendom had begun to fall
apart
Two principal Components of the style:
Revival of the classical forms (Re-birth)
Intensified concern for secular life
“Humanism” – people are rational
beings who possess within
themselves the capacity for truth
and goodness
11.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: the
Renaissance movement crated a break
in the evolution of European
architecture; characteristic of departure
from Gothic – classic Roman “Orders
of Architecture” used after a thousand
years; adoption of Byzantine structural
and decorative practices interwoven
with Roman and Romanesque
succession
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Orders were
standardized by Palladio, Vignola,
Scamozzi, used constructively and
decoratively
ROOF AND CEILING: high drums raised
above pendentives to accommodate
windows, decoration with classical
columns crowned with lantern
WALL: rusticated masonry walls;
rusticated wall angles called quoins
Quoins
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11.4. FLORENCE
11.3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Early Renaissance: period of learning,
designer’s intent on accurate
transcription of Roman elements
High Renaissance & Proto – Baroque:
became an individual style in its
own right; conflict between purists
and Proto – Baroque; also
Mannerist phase wherein practices
which had no Roman precedent
were interspersed with the usual
buildings were conceived in a non-
Roman way – a free, decorative
and illogical way, unsanctioned by
antique precedent
Baroque: highly enriched play of form
with multiform elements; architects
worked with freedom and firmly
acquired knowledge; true nature of
Renaissance as a distinctive style
began to emerge, baroque was
dramatic, rich, grand and alive,
with architecture, painting,
sculpture and minor arts being
used in harmony to produce a
unified whole
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Rococo: primarily French in origin;
rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls,
and crimped shells are worked up
together in a profusion and
confusion of detail, often without
organic coherence, but presenting
a lavish display of decoration;
Rococo is profuse, often semi-
abstract ornamentation and
lightness of color and weight.
11.4.1. INFLUENCES:
History: Florence, Genoa, Milan; one of
central, chief powers of Italy;
Medici family, founded by Giovanni de
Medici – commercial and political
power
European kings were richer and
powerful than the church and
nobility
The Medici Family of Florence ran the
town
Artists, excelling in several arts gaining
high status in society
Renaissance had its birth in Florence!
Wall: Rusticated masonry gave
massive and rugged appearance; also
defined by string courses crowned by
deep cornices
Openings: doorways at Genoa have
triangular and segmental pediments;
doorways are small yet imposing;
11.4.2. EXAMPLES
Palazzi – palace type building evolved,
built around a cortile or interior court
like medieval cloister; rugged fortress-
like character in contrast with
refinement of Renaissance churches
Early Renaissance examples
Filippo Brunelleschi – famous architect
Palazzo Medici – Riccardi, Florence
by Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo
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Palazzi – majesty and dignity; astylar
and cliff-like façade

Churches – centralized and compact in

plan; astylar façade treatment
Palazzo Strozzi, Florence Early Renaissance examples
by Benedetto de Majano, Luciano Laurana – famous architect
for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of
the Medici

High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque

examples
Bartolomeo Ammanati – famous
architect
Palazo Municipio, Genoa
Ducal Palace, Urbino
New Sacristy of S. Lorenzo Begun by Florentine Maso di
Michelangelo led the Proto-Baroque Bartolomeo
breakaway from academic formalism Luciano Laurana designed the façade,
with his design the famous courtyard and the great
entrance staircase
Baroque examples
Bartolomeo Bianco – famous architect High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque
Porta Pila, Genoa Donato Bramante – famous architect
Palazo Carignano, Turin; best known
building by Guarini

11.5. ROME
11.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Roman ruins supplied models
for new buildings, which served as
model for all of Europe; political
authority of pope in Rome
Revival of building in Rome brought by The Tempietto, San Pietro, Montorio, Rome
stable government, increased Architectural gem by Bramante
population and wealth
11.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Wall: frequently screened with
pilasters, both singled and coupled on
each storey, sometimes up to two
storeys to give grandness

Types of Pediments

S. Peter, Rome – most important building of

the period, with cathedral, piazza and
Vatican, forms a world-famous group
Triangular Segmental Broken 120 years, outcome of the works of
many architects under the direction of
11.5.3. EXAMPLES the pope:

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Bramante – design was selected from
several entries in a competition
(Greek cross, proposed a dome
similar to Pantheon)
Giulliano da Sangallo, Fra giacondo &
Raphael – proposed a Latin cross
plan; died
Baldassare Peruzzi – reverted to greek
cross; died
Antonio da Sangallo (the younger) -
submitted a slightly altered plan
with an extended vestibule and
lofty campanile and elaborate
dome
Michelangelo – (72 yrs. old) reverted to
Greek cross plan, strengthened
the piers of the dome and
redesigned the surrounding
chapels and apses. He completed
the drum of the dome before his
death. (present building owes most
of its outstanding features to him)
Giacomo della Porta & Domenico
Fontana – completed the dome in
1590
Giacomo da Vignola – added side
cupolas
Carlo Maderna - lengthened the nave
to form a Latin cross and added
the gigantic façade
Gian Lorenzo Bernini – erected the
noble entrance piazza (St. Peter’s
square) – 198 m. wide
Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome
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Completed plan in Latin cross
Baroque examples
S. Susana, Rome
S. Carlo alle Quatro Fontane
Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi
11.6. VENICE
11.6.1. INFLUENCES
Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona,
Brescia, Bergamo; greatness founded
on oriental commerce; sea-power,
semi-independence from popes
Merchants and commercial magnates,
each in rivalry with each other
11.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Lighter and more graceful than
Florentine architecture; buildings built
on a hundred isles of wooden and
stone piles; ubiquitous waterways,
spanned by charming bridges
Openings: doorways flanked by
pilasters and columns supporting
cornices and pediments
11.6.3. EXAMPLES
Palazzi – graceful balconies adding to
the play of light and shadows on the
façade; compact plans owing to
cramped sites
Churches – simple and aisle-less
Early Renaissance examples
Doge’s palace
Palazzo corner Spinelli, Venice
High Renaissance & Proto-Broque
examples;
Palazzo Bevilacqua, Verona
Palazzo Pompeii
Palazo Grimani, Venice
San Michelle’s greatest work
The Basilica, Vicenza
Baroque examples
Adapted to strict Venetian conditions;
sculptured carvings of maritime
theme
11.7. FRANCE
11.7.1. INFLUENCES
History: united to expel the English in
1453 – unprecedented unity, power
and splendor
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Napoleon Bonaparte as national figure;
France had united as a kingdom; Paris
as center
11.7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CAHRACTER
Renaissance radiated from Paris to all
parts of the country
Periods:
Early Period – combination of Gothic
and renaissance features; forming Chateau de Maisons – one of the most
picturesque ensemble; state of harmonious of all chateaux by
transition, Renaissance features Francois Mansart
grafted unto Gothic buildings
Classical Period – dignity, sobriety and ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS
masculine quality of its foremost St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
buildings St. Eustache, Paris
Late period – Louis the XV phase:
externally simple and less
classically pure
Louis XVI phase: return to
sober classicism - austere
and refined exteriors
Empire: (1790 – 1830
A.D.) rigid formality
11.7.3. EXAMPLES
SECULAR BUILDINGS St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church
Chateau de Bois By Salomon de Brosse
Chateu d’Azay-Rideau
Palaise de Fountainbleau

The church of the Val-de-Grâce

Chateau de Chambord by Italian,
designed by François Mansart and
Domenico da cortona
Jacques Lemercier

11.8. ENGLAND
11.8.1. INFLUENCES
History: great wars of 1800 and 1900;
continental travels closed to
Englishmen

Henry VIII – king and supreme head of

Palais du Louvre, Paris English church, dissolved monasteries
together with Tuileries, constitutes one and sold their estates; Stuarts gave
of the most imposing palaces in England closer ties with France and
Europe Italy

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Religion – Protestantism won converts
11.8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Early Renaissance – Elizabethan
Early renaissance – Jacobean
Late Renaissance – Stuart
Late Renaissance – Georgian
11.8.3. EXAMPLES
Early Renaissance – Elizabethan
examples; reign of Queen
Elizabeth; establishment of
renaissance style in England;
followed Tudor architecture –
transition style with Gothic features
and Renaissance detail Castle Ashby, Northants
Tombs and Fittings – Tomb of Henry
VII, Westminster Abbey, early Early Renaissance – Jacobean
exquisite Renaissance art examples
Elizabethan Mansions – statesmen, Jacobean Mansions – Hatfield House,
merchants and gentry needed Herts
mansions to suit their positions, Bramshill House, Hampshire
designed comprehensively by Blicking Hall, Norfolk
owner and chosen master Colleges
craftsmen, externally – towers, The Brodleian Library, Oxford
gables, parapets, balustrades, Merton College, Oxford
chimney stacks, oriel and bay
windows; viewing outwards rather Late Renaissance – Stuart examples
than inwards with forecourt,
gateways, angle pavilions, formal
gardens, fountains, terraces with
balustrades, topiary gardens,
orchards
Parts:
Central hall – centrally located;
more of a state hall, rooms around
a central court
Grand staircase
Long gallery
Withdrawing room or solar Banqueting House Whitehall, London
Kitchen and office at one end by Inigo Jones
Gatehouse at entrance side

Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire St. Paul Cathedral, London by Sir Christopher Wren

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Late Renaissance – Georgian Façade is plateresque masterpiece
examples The Alcazar, Toledo
Houses:
Planned as a simple symmetrical
square or rectangular block;
Swan House, Chichester
Moot house, Downtown Wiltshire

Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca;

façade covered with carved scallop
Blenheim Palace by Sir John Vanburgh shells

11.9. SPAIN &PORTUGAL

11.9.1. INFLUENCES
History – Spain was the leading
country in Europe in 1500’s, vast
hereditary possession of Spanish
monarchy, military conquest: Cape
of Good Hope, America,
Netherlands and Central Europe,
Mexico, Peru, Chile; Protestant
reformation gained few adherents
in Spain due to Christian unity
brought by anti-Moor struggle The Escorial, Madrid
11.9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Early Period – Renaissance details on
Gothic forms; influence by Moorish
art; plateresque, rich and poetic
style, minuteness of details similar
to silversmiths’ work, extremely
florid and decorative
In Portugal – Manueline style from
king Manuel I of 1495 – 1521 A.D. The Palacio Nacional, Queluz;
Classical Period – adherence to Italian exquisite Rococo country house
Renaissance art
Baroque Period – reaction to the Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloe –
correct and frigid formalism of one of the grandest Renaissance
Herrera and followers – classical churches in southern Spain
rules disregarded; The Sacristy of La Cartuja (Charter
Churrigueresque, fantastically house) Granada –extreme
extravagant expression, by Jose example of Churrigueresque
de Churriguera, 1650 – 1723 A.D.
Antiquarian Period – returned to 11.10. CENTRAL EUROPE
ancient classical model 11.10.1. INFLUENCES
11.9.3. EXAMPLES History – wars between Catholics and
Secular examples Protestants; Martin Luther as
The University, Salamanca

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dominating figure of Reformation; Ecclesiastical Examples:
invasion by Turks The Theatine Church, Munich –
Influence by universities on art and Baroque style by A Barelli and H
architecture; Heidelberg, seat of Zulalli
Humanist movement; printing and
literature sparked interest in
ancient Greece
Geography and Geology – central
position close to France and Italy
11.10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Renaissance influence from Italy and
France, deferred by 125 years
Periods:
Early Renaissance – introduction of
early Renaissance elements into Monastery, Melk Austria; one of most
Gothic buildings striking Baroque monuments
Proto – Baroque – Italian architects
carried Renaissance into Brevnov Monastery Church, Prague
Switzerland, Austria and Germany Karlskirche, Vienna
– emulated by local architects St. Michael, Berg-an-Laim, Munich
Baroque – local architects trained in Wiblingen Abbey Church
Italy The Wieskirche, Steinhausen – most
Rococo – great refinement in celebrated Rococo church
architecture and decoration
Antiquarian – return to ancient classical
models
11.10.3. EXAMPLES
Secular Buildings
The Rathaus –Heilbronn
Zeughaus, Gdansk, Poland – northern
brick architecture by Flemish
architect Arton Van Obbergen
The Loggia, Waldstein Palace, Prague
– stucco decorations by Italian
Bartolome Bianco
The Troja Palace, Prague by JB The Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen
Mathley by Dominikus Zimmerman, Rococo
decorations by Johan Zimmerman

12. 1800’S AND 1900’S: REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

12.1. BRITAIN
12.1.1. INFLUENCES
History – Age of Revivals, age of
innovations
Social – struggle of Industrial
Heidelberg Castle – Saalbau, Revolution, rise in population,
Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau urbanization, transport systems,
growth of middle class,
professionals and businessmen
Technology – improvements in
drainage and sanitation, cotton

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
manufacturing, steam power, coal- The Crystal Palace was one of the
gas, gas lamps, later electricity, most remarkable buildings in the
Lift or elevator. Inventions in 19th century; Housed in the Great
metallurgy – structural iron, cast – Exhibition in London c. 1851. it
iron, iron glass, steel, reinforced was destroyed by fire in 1936
concrete
Town halls, hospitals, public banks,
warehouse, department stores, fire
and police stations, exhibition
halls, university buildings, art
galleries, transport and industrial
buildings
12.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
styles By Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
Periods:
Early Victorian The King’s Cross Station, London by
High Victorian Lewis Cubitt
Late Victorian
Late Victorian & Edwardian
Aftermath
12.1.3. EXAMPLES
Early Victorian examples:

Westminster New Palace (houses of

Parliament), London by Sir Charles
Barry; non – classical design,
Gothic detail by Pugin; Victoria
Tower – Big Ben
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
by Islambard Brunel (pylons of
Egyptian character)

St. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale

Elmes (most magnificent neo-classical
monument Britain)

High Victorian Examples

All Saints, Margaret Street,
Westminster by William Butterfield
Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph
Paxton

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The University Museum, Oxford by
Benjamin Woodward (landmark of
High Victorian Gothic)
Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent by
Philip Webb for William Morris
The Train Shed, St. Pancras Station,
London by Engr. WH Barlow
(largest and most spectacular of
the High Victorian period)
Late Victorian & Edwardian examples:
Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley,
Yorkshire, England, 1906
Law Society, Chancery Lane, London
by Charles Holden
Truro Cathedral, Cornwall by JL
Pearson
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The Dreanery Garden, Sonning, Berks
by Sir Edward Lutyens
St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland by ES
Prior (adapts Gothic features)
Aftermath examples:
The Guildford Cathedral, Guildford,
Surrey, England by Sir Edward
Maufe
City Hall, Swansea by Sir Percy
Thomas
12.2. CONTINENTAL EUROPE
12.2.1. INFLUENCES
History – French Revolution and
Napoleonic Empire influenced
Europe; economic rivalry of France
and Germany; World War I
Growth of Communications, railways;
European countries acquired
colonies in other continents
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Ship building, steam power, Suez
Canal, International exhibitions of
science and industry; metal glass
construction, reinforced concrete
12.2.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
By Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,
repetitive use of standard bays in
plan and elevation to be enriched
with classical, Medieval or
Renaissance motifs as desired, as The Palau Guell, Barcelona by Gaudi
a convenient but dull formula for (seems to presage Art Nouveau in
the design of large complex its forms)
buildings of that age The Casa Mila, Barcelona by Gaudi
Periods: No. 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson (Hotel
1850 – 1870 A.D. Tassel), Brussels by Victor Horta
Comparable to High Victorian in Britain (first complete Art Nouveau
Renaissance revival established and building)
gained richness; growing interest
in Gothic architecture; structural
use of iron; major town planning
undertakings like the re-planning
of Paris by Baron Eugene Georges
Haussemann

1870 – 1914 A.D.

Use of metals intensified, especially in
exhibitions; academic architecture
Antique forms instead of Renaissance
In Holland and Scandinavia, less
pretentious, more humane, rational
architecture, use of brick
In Spain, creative flowering by Antoni The Votivkirche, Vienna by
Gaudi Heinrich von Ferstel (Neo-Gothic)

ART NOUVEAU (1890 – 1906 A.D.)

Free of any historical style; floral style,
freely-shaped writing forms;
deliberate simplification of
structural elements in building and
interiors, handmade objects and
furnitures
12.2.3. EXAMPLES
Domestic buildings
Court Gardener’s House,
Charlottenhof, Potsdam by Schinkel
Schloss Linderhoff, near Obermmergau
by Georg Von Dollman for Ludwig II of The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris by
Bavaria (German Rococo-like style) Paul Abadie (Neo-Byzantine)

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

The Victor Emmanuelle II Monument, Rome

by Giuseppe Sacconi
The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
By Gaudi (Art Nouveau)

Public Buildings:

The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam by

The Schauspielhaus, Berlin by KF von
Schinkel (Greek-revival style, neo-
classical)
The Altes Museum, Berlin by Schinkel
(Greek-revival)
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen by
MGB Bindesboll (Greek-revival)
HP Berlage (Neo-Romanesque)
The Opera House, Cologne by
J. Raschdorf (French neo-
Baroque)
The Post Savings Bank, Vienna by
Otto Wagner (Art Noveau)
Commercial Buildings:
The Halles Centralles, Paris by
Victor Baltard
Gare du-Nord, Paris by Hittorf (Neo-
Classical)
Gare de L’est, Paris by FA Duquesney
(Neo-Renaissance)
Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate
Works, Noiseil-sur-Marne by Jales
Saulnie

The library of St. Genevieve, Paris by

Henri Labrouste (Neo-
Renaissance)
The National Library by Labrouste
The Opera House, Paris by JLC
Garnier (Neo-Baroque)

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construction, non-load bearing
curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper, as America’s
single greatest contribution to
architecture
12.3.2. EXAMPLES
Domestic Buildings:
The White House, Washington D.C.
The Entrance Pavilion (Eiffel Tower), official residence of the president
International Exhibition 1889, Paris by James Hoban (Irish architect)
by Gustave Eiffel, extensive use of (English Palladian style)
glass and iron

The Galerie des Machines, The Robie House, Chicago by

International Exhibition, Paris by Frank Lloyd Wright
CLF Dutert (architect) & Victor
Contamin (engineer)

Metro Station, Place de la Bastille,

Paris by H. Guimard (Art Noveau)

12.3. AMERICA
12.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
3 PERIODS:
Post – Colonial (Neo-Classic elements) Monticello, near Charlottesville,
First Eclectic Phase – (Greek revival, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (3rd
Gothic and Egyptian styles American president – Palladian
Second Eclectic Phase: style)
with 2 main streams – Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina by
• Gothic Revival by HH RM Hunt (first American architect
Richardson trained at Ecole Beaux-Artes)
Louis Sullivan (early French Renaissance
Frank Lloyd Wright chateau)
• Ecole des Beaux-Artes, Stoughton House, Cambridge,
Italian and French Massachusetts by Mckim, Mead
Renaissance, ancient and White (shingle-style)
Greek and Roman, late Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois
Gothic (more academic in (first important work of Frank Lloyd
character) Wright aka Prairie House)
Structural experiment and Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin
achievement: metal frame by Frank Lloyd Wright

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Religious Buildings: The Public Library, Boston by McKim, Mead and
The First Church of Christ Scientist, White (similar in elevation to St. Genevieve,
Berkeley, California by Bernard Paris)
Maybeck
Trinity Church by HH Richardson (One
monument of American
architecture – Neo-Romanesque)

The Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. by

Henry Bacon (Greek Doric style)

Unity Temple, Oak park, Illinois by The Chapel and Post Headquarters,
Frank Lloyd Wright U.S. Military Academy, West Point
New York by Cram Goodhue and
Educational, Civic and Public Buildings: Ferguson
The Temple of Scottish Rite,
Washington D.C. (Masonic
Temple) by John Russel Pope
(similar to Mausoleum,
Halicarnassos)

The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia

by Thomas Jefferson (first Neo-
Classical monument in America
based on Maison Caree, Nimes)

The Reliance Building, Chicago by

Burnham, and Root (from 4 – 16
storeys)
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia by
William Strickland (Greek revival)
based on Choragic Monument of
The United States Capitol, Washington D.C. Lysicrates, Athens
(seat of U.S. Government; one of the The Marshall Field Wholesale
world’s best known buildings first designed Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois by
by Dr. William Thorton, Palladian lines) HH Richardson (7 – storeys, load
The National Academy of design, New York by bearing wall construction
PB Wight (Venetian Gothic in style) The Auditorium Building, Chicago,
Illinois by Dankmar Adler and

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Louis Sullivan (10 storeys, Neo-
byzantine interior)
13. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
13.1. INFLUENCES
13.1.1. History – technological advancement:
13.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
The Monadnock Building, Chicago by
Holabird & Roche (south half);
Burnham & Root (north half)
The Second Leiter Building, Chicago
(metal-framed building; 8 storeys)
The Gace Building, Chicago by Louis
Sullivan and Holabird and Roche
(8 storey)
The Schlesinger-Mayer Store by Louis
Sullivan (suggestion of Art
Nouveau style)
The Wainwright Building, St Louis by
Adler and Sullivan (10 storeys)
The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo,
N.Y. by Frank Lloyd Wright
The Woolworth Building, N.Y. by Cass
Gilbert (241 m. high with 52
storeys; Gothic style)
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Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb
and Harmon (85 storeys)
curtain wall, steel; plate-glass
Arts and Crafts Movement, awakened
a social conscience among
architects
Art Nouveau was short-lived
Famous Names
Walter Gropius – created proto-type of
modern architecture: free standing
glass sheath suspended on a
structural framework, curtain wall –
Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
1918 A.D. founded the “Bauhaus”
(famous German school of Design)
Peter Behrens
Adolf Meyer
Tony Garnier, France – steel span of
80 m. at Lyons
Max Berg – 65 m. diameter centennial
Hall at Brelau, 1912 – 1913 A.D.
Eugene Freyssinet, France – Parabolic
vaulted hangar at Orly, near Paris
Robert Maillart, Switzerland – flat slab
method
Ludwg Mies Van der Rohe –
(German/American architect; 1919
competition – glass sheathed 20
storey skyscraper; Famous for his
dictum “Less is more” and “God is
in the details”
Le Corbusier – (Original name is
Charles Edouard Jeanneret)
• “a house is a machine for living” -
houses should be designed as
machines serving specific
purposes;
• Le Corbusier – 5 points for
contemporary architecture
• The Pillar:
• Functional independence
of skeleton and wall
• The open plan
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• The free facade
• The roof garden
JJP Oud – The Netherlands; part of “de
Stijl” (group of geometric-abstract
artists of Theo van Doesburg
Eric Mendelsohn, - Germany; dynamic
sculptural quality
Marcel Bruer
Richard Neutra – Austria Sydney Opera House by
Rudolf Schindler – Austria Jorn Utzon of Denmark
Frank Lloyd Wright – USA
Louis Sullivan – USA
CFA Voysey – UK
Charles Rennie Mackintosh – UK

13.1.3. EXAMPLES
Dulles International Airport Building by
Eero Saarinen

Einstein Tower, Potsdam by

Eric Mendelsohn

Parliament Buildings, Brasilia by

Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer

Notre-Dame-du-Haut
Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier

Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.

Johnson Wax Co. Building by By Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright

The United States Pavilion at Expo ’67,

Falling Water, Pennsylvania Montreal by Buckminster Fuller

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
The Chrysler New York by
William Van Alen (Art Deco style)
Lever House N.Y. by Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill
Post Office Tower, London by
architects of the Ministry of Public
Building and Works
University of East Anglia, near Norwich
in Norfolk by Dennis Lasdun
Barbican Housing Project, London by
Chamberlain, Powel and Bon
Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
by Kenzo Tange
Palazetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome
Olympics by Pier Luigi Nervi and
Annibale Vitellozzi (1958)
The General Motors Technical Center,
Warren, Michigan by Eero
Saarinen
The Railway Terminus, Rome by
Montuori and Associates
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World Trade Center N.Y. by
Minoru Yamasaki (destroyed
during the “9/11 terrorist attack”)
New World Trade Center by
Daniel Liebskind
14. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
14.1. INFLUENCES
14.1.1. History – 622 A.D. year of the Hegira
when Mohammed moved from
Mecca to Medina; in 10 years
Mohammed made framework of
religion and military organization
charged with spreading the faith
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic
tribes to carry Islam into Central
Asia and westward to the Atlantic,
along trade routes into Africa and
India, Turks and Mongols
Always established a cultural tie with
Arabian heartland with annual
pilgrimage to Mecca as a once-in-a
lifetime obligation
Tribal groups – public life was reserved
for men; women had a secondary
role – for domestic and agricultural
work
Self-contained groups of different
religions – Christians and Jews
“People of the Book”, beliefs were
based on revelations and
teachings contributory to Islam
Freedom of worship and self-
government; spread of Islam is
associated with military conquest
and racial movements; Arab
expansion north and west out of
Arab peninsula
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14.1.2. RELIGION Basic conservatism discourages
Last of three great religions of the innovations and favors established
Middle East; complete philosophy forms
of life and government, one god Symmetry and balance in the concept
Allah, Mohammed is the prophet of perfect creation; centered upon
Faith is held to be god’s will for creation God
14.2.2. OPENINGS
3 Works:
Koran, revelation through Mohammed
Hadith, book of sayings and Injunctions
Law from tradition and example;
Acceptance of the transitory nature of
earthly life; personal humility and
abhorrence of image worship Ogee arch Horseshoe arch
14.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Countries of Western and Southern
Asia and Northern Africa
Isolated communities like Zanzibar,
Madagascar and China
Lately, all over the world Cusped arch Pointed arch
Countries already rich in building
tradition 14.2.3. DECORATIONS
14.1.4. CLIMATE Variety of mouldings, friezes,
Territories fertile by virtue of irrigation crestlings, abstract and geometric
rather than rainfall; tendency to motifs, in lieu of human and animal
seek shelter from sun forms
14.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Motifs from calligraphy, floral
14.2.1. Description abstraction and geometric
Islamic architecture is a product of the interlacement
rapid conquest of diverse Carvings in bas relief
territories by a people with no Stone inlay and mosaic
architectural tradition Patterned brickwork
Synthesis of styles under one Carved stucco
philosophy but in many different Ceramic facing and mosaic
circumstances Glass mosaic
The Islamic way of life had a profound Painting
impact on its architecture: Timber inlay
No essential difference in techniques Pietra dura
between religious and non- Arabesques
religious buildings Screen or pierced grilles in marble
Important architectural endeavor is 14.2.4. ORIENTATION
normally expended on buildings Related to a principal axis, the Kibla
having a direct social or Axis extended into a formal landscape
community purpose as an integral part of the design
Decorations tend toward the abstract, 14.3. EXAMPLES
using geometric, calligraphic and Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid
plant motifs, with a preference for (Turkey) – small prayer house
a uniform field of decoration rather
than a focal element

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Calipin – successor to the prophet as
military, judicial or spiritual
leader of Islam
Kibla wall – mosque wall perpendicular
to the kibla axis

Mosque or Jami
Principal place of worship, Friday
prayer; inward-looking building
whose prime purpose is
contemplation and prayer; no
positive object of attention or
adoration; maybe used as a school
place for transactions, storage for
treasures, place for hearing official Dome of the Rock or Kubbet-es-Sakhra,
notices Jerusalem (most important Islamic
structure) great central dome covering
the summit of Mt. Moriah, from where
the prophet is believed to have made
his ride to heaven

Mihrab – niche oriented towards

Mecca The Great Mosque, Damascus
Mimber – raised platform for (earliest surviving mosque; stood
ceremonial announcements in walled temenos)
Iwan / Ivan – open-fronted vault facing
a court
Bab – gateway
Sahn – courtyard of a mosque
Minaret – tower from which a call to
prayer is made
Harem – women’s or private chamber
of a house or palace
Selamlik – men’s or guest’s quarters
Kibla / kible – axis oriented towards
Mecca
Muezzin – caller who summons the
faithful to prayer Dar al-Imara and mosque Ibn Tulun,
Imam – man who leads congregation in Cairo
prayer

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The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia
The great Mosque, Cordoba
The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul

14.3.1. SINGLE CELL BUILDINGS

Kiosk or Chattri (India)
Used in isolation as an ornamental
pavilion emphasizing the roof or
providing a focus in a pleasure Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
garden
Chinli kiosk, Istanbul

14.3.2. Madrassah (Egypt) Medrese (Turkey)

Religious college and mosque
Madrassah and tomb of Sultan Hasan,
Cairo
Inje Minare Medrese, Konya, Turkey

14.3.3. SARAY OR SERAI The Taj-Mahal, in Agra, India, built

Palace under Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan in memory of his favorite
wife, Mumtaz Mahal

Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra

15. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

15.1. INFLUENCES
15.1.1. Succession of emperors and dynasties,
warring states
Philosophers:
Confucius, code of ethics and
The Alhambra, Granada, Spain – education
fortified palace and complex of Lao-Tzu, Taoism
buildings set in gardens; one of Shih Huang Ti, emperor
most elaborate and richly
decorated Islamic palaces Emergence of theorists, thinkers,
14.3.4. HAN OR CARAVANSERAI schools of philosophy
Hostel Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
14.3.5. TOMBS Foreign trade by land and sea
Tomb of Ismail, the Samanid & Chinese were banned from going
Bukhara, hemispherical dome abroad
superimposed on a perfect cube 15.1.2. RELIGION
building Confucianism
Gur-i-mir, Samarkand (Tamerlane’s Code of social conduct and philosophy
family museum) of life, family and ancestor worship
Tomb of Iltumish, India Taoism
Universal love as a solution to social
disorder
Buddhism
15.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
23 provinces

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Larger than Europe in area
1/13 of total land area of the world
Metals, timber, bamboo, clay
15.1.4. CLIMATE
North, severe winters
South, warmer
15.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
15.2.1. Construction System – Mesopotamian
influence in use of arch and vault
15.2.2. Materials – timber and brick,
sometimes combined – timber
structures raised on stone or brick
platform; stone for important
edifices
15.2.3. Roof and ceiling – chief feature,
supported on timber uprights,
independent of walls; a sign of
dignity to place roofs one over the
other, up-tilted angles, with
dragons and grotesque ornaments
15.2.4. Openings – square headed windows
and doors, lined with oyster shells
or rice paper for effective subdued
lighting
15.2.5. Decoration – colors are integral part of
architecture, dragons, fish and
grotesque ornaments in glazed
terra cotta
15.3. EXAMPLES
15.3.1. Temples
Consists of successive open courts
and porticoes; kitchens,
refectories, sleeping cells for
priests, steps, gateways, bridges
15.3.2. Pagodas
Pagodas – most typical Chinese
building, formerly of religious
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significance, later secular nature or
monuments to victory; usually
octagonal in plan, odd number of
stories (9 – 13), repeated roofs,
turned-up eaves, slopes to carry
each storey
15.3.3. Pai-lous
Ceremonial gateway, basic symbolic
structure; serves as entrance to
temples and tombs, as
monuments to eminent persons
Constructed of wood or stone
consisting of two or more upright
posts formed by horizontal rails
having one or three openings
15.3.4. Tombs – not of great architectural
value
Xian tomb
Tomb of Qin Shi Huandi near Xian 36
years to build; after construction,
covered with a 150 foot hill of
earth, escaping detection for 22
centuries; subterranean vault
contains an army of 6000 to 8000
fully-armed terra cotta soldiers, in
battle formation, along with houses
and chariots; no two men looked
alike, all six feet tall – said to be an
exact replica of the emperor’s live
honor guards, in marching position
with real weapons
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15.3.5. Palaces
Imperial palaces and official residences
were isolated, 1 – storey pavilions
resembling temples
15.3.6. Houses
No noble country houses; generally 1 –
storey; governed by building
regulations limiting the dimensions
and number of columns;
Emperor – bays
Prince – 7
Mandarin – 5
Ordinary citizens – 3
15.3.7. Bridges
15.3.8. Fortifications
The Great Wall of China – most
famous of ancient Chinese
buildings by Shi Huang Ti; 3700
miles long (1/20 of the earth’s
circumference) from Pacific Ocean
to Gobi desert; gray granite
blocks-enough building materials
to make a 2.40 m. high and 0.90
m. thick wall around the equator;
used whatever materials were
available in the locality – sand,
twigs, stone, pebbles, adobe and
earth
16. JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
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16.1. INFLUENCES
16.1.1. History – Chinese influence, feudalism
with castes of emperors and
nobles, shoguns , military and
people; for 200 years, closed to
outside world, isolation from
foreign influence;
1854 A.D. commercial treatise with
America and Europe entered into
war with China and Russia
16.1.2. Religion – Shinto, indigenous
polydemonism, Buddhism
16.1.3. Geography and Geology
Principal island Honshu
Smaller islands at north and south, off
the eastern coast of Asian
mainland; prevalence of
earthquakes, hilly and forested,
un-stratified volcanic stone –
granites and porphyries
16.1.4. Climate – winter and summer, heavy
rainfall
16.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
16.2.1. Description – largely derived from
China, but always maintained its own
special characteristics of lightness and
delicacy ; refined
16.2.2. Columniation, capitals – columns of
Chinese form
16.2.3. Roof and Ceiling – dominant feature,
exquisite curvature
16.3. EXAMPLES
16.3.1. Temples – Shinto temples are
distinguished from Buddhist
temples by Torii gateways; Torii
have upright posts supporting 2 or
more horizontal beams;
worshippers must pass under this
for prayers to be effective
Torii
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Buddhist temples are entered through
an elaborate 2 – storey gateway,
surmounted by a room under an
ornate roof
Pagodas – square plan; mostly 5
storeys, 45 m. in height, virtually
suspended around a central
timber, stable against earthquake
shocks
Japanese Pagoda
Palaces – simple type, principal hall 6
corridors to 3 different pavilions for
the emperor’s family; sometimes
protected by concave batter walls
and a moat
House – unpainted wood without any
surface treatment; no other
architecture reveals the structural
and aesthetics qualities of wood
Typical 1 – storey rectangular plan,
vestibule, veranda engawa, living
and dining
Guest rooms
Recess for flowers and art
Rooms for host and hostess
No distinction between living and
sleeping apartments, all futon or
beddings are stored in closets
during daytime
Room size determined by “Tatami
floor” coverings 1 ken x ½ ken
(1.80 m. X 0.90 m.)
Tea Houses
Bath Houses
17. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
17.1. INFLUENCES
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17.1.1. History – influence from Central Asia
through mountain passes in the
north, from Persia and Graeco-
Roman Western Asia through
Baluchistan (Afghanistan)
Excavations at Harappa and Rajasthan
(in present-day Pakistan) indicate
close links of Indus Valley-
Harappan culture with that of
Mesopotamia
Successive military and economic
incursions brought art and
architecture in Aryan, Persian,
Graeco-Roman, Sassanian,
Muslim, Portuguese, French and
English
17.1.2. Religion
Hindu
From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan
invaders
An individual act – only Brahmans can
officiate religious practices
Buddhist
Concentrated in monasteries and
stupas or shrines
Salvation or Nirvana
Jain
Salvation through successive rebirths
Rigid asceticism and avoidance of
injury to any living creature
17.1.3. Geography and Geology
Mountain ranges in the north
Sea on the south and east to west
Indus and Ganges were trade-ways
and sites of first cities
17.1.4. Climate – varied climate, in east,
summer and winter; very heavy
rainfall, warm and humid country
17.2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
17.2.1. Architectural Character – shrines
designed for congregational use,
large groups of worshippers;
mouldings of bulbous character,
often heavily under-cut – strong
shadow lines
Ornament is restrained in character
and extent; painted wall decorations
and bas-relief as social records
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17.2.2. Examples
17.3. JAIN ARCHITECTURE
Stambhas or Laths (monumental pillars standing free
without any structural function) circular or octagonal
shafts
Stupas – shrine or domical mounds
with rails, gateways, processional 17.4. HINDU ARCHITECTURE
paths, crowning umbrella;
regarded as symbols of the
universe
Chaityas – Assembly hall
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Viharas – Monasteries; quadrangle
surrounded by veranda
17.3.1. Architectural character
Periods:
Early Jain
Early rock-cut caves
Exact stone copies of wood or
thatch structures
Late Jain – 1000 to 1700 A.D.
Temples in central India
Central shrine with a dome or
sphere cover
Lighter and more elegant than
Hindu temples; careful site
selection; temple cities on sacred
mountains
17.4.1. Architectural Character
Small unit shrine called garbha-gira
Spire-shaped sikhara roof
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing
and music
Sikhara - a Sanskrit word translating
literally to "mountain peak", refers
to the rising tower in the Hindu
temple architecture of North India
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18. FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
18.1. INFLUENCES
18.1.1. History
PRE-COLONIAL
Immigrants of Malay origin, primitive
food gatherers and hunters
In 3000 B.C., joined by more advanced
race from Indonesia
Barangays as tribal system
Converted to Islam in 1300 A.D.
Trade center of the Orient
18.2. Examples
SPANISH RULE
1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought
Christianity
Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal,
unsuccessful revolt by Emilio
Aguinaldo
AMERICAN RULE
Islands cede to America, as a result of
defeat in war with the USA,
fighting, self-government
Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean
Strategic position – in the path of Far
East trade
Volcanoes, mountains, seas
Forests: molave, guijo, yakal, narra,
pine
Bamboo, coconut palm, cogon, grass,
rattan, nipa,
Clay, limestone, adobe, marble,
gypsum, granite, coral stone
Metals
18.2.1. PRE-COLONIAL DWELLING FORMS /
HOUSES
Caves – basic amenities found in the
cave are the paga (sleeping board)
and hearth used for cooking and
providing warmth during cold
seasons
Lean-to (2 types)
a. wind shield or one sided lean-to
w/ or w/o flooring
b. single-pitched roof w/ rafter
support

JAPANESE INVASION
December 1941
Puppet government
Liberation by the US under Gen.
McArthur in July 1945

INDEPENDENCE in 1946
3rd largest English speaking nation in
the world
Citadel of Christianity and democracy
in East Asia
Mixture of races; Malay, Chinese, Tree-house
Spanish Generally built in the forked branches
of high trees (6-18 m.) or high
18.1.2. Religion stumps (4.5 - 6 m.) w/c serves as
Roman Catholics foundations houses are anchored
Islam to nearby trees by means of rattan
Protestants
Aglipayan Cordillera Region
Iglesia ni Kristo Isneg
Kalinga
18.1.3. Geography and Geology Bontoc
Archipelago of 7100 islands Ifugao
3 main island groups – Luzon, Visayas Panay Region
and Mindanao Mindanao & Sulu Region

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Badjao Vigan Houses
Samal Antillan Houses
Yakan Ivatan Houses
Maranao
Ivatan First floor
Mangyan Zaguan – for caroza
Subanun Quadra – horse stable
Mandaya Bodega – store room
Second floor
18.2.2. Spanish Churches Stairway
Calasiao, Pangasinan Caida – ante-sala from stairs
2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon Sala – living room
Dalinao Comedor – dining room
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte Dispensa – pantry
By Fr. Joseph Ruiz Letrina or comun – toilet
Sinking bell tower Baño – bath
Las Piñas Church Azotea – open terrace
By fr. Diego Cera Aljibe – water cistern
Loboc, Bohol Cuarto, alcoba – dormitorio
Biggest number of murals on walls Entresuelo – vault
and ceilings Balcon – balcony
Manila Cathedral Patio – courtyard
By Bishop Domingo Salazar
Miagao Church, Iloilo Early American Period
By Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Notable architects:
Morong Church, Rizal Daniel Burnham – (“Father of City
Exquisite Spanish Baroque style Beautiful Movement” - city
By Fr. Blas dela Madre plan of Manila and Baguio
Panay Church William Parsons
Largest bell from 30 sacks of coins Juan Arellano
donated by townspeople Tomas Mapua
Quiapo Church 1st registered architect in the
Restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose country
Maria Zaragoza Alejandro Legardo
San Agustin Church Antonio Toledo
By Fr. Juan Macias Carlos Baredo
San Sebastian Church
One first steel building Masonic Temple, Escolta – 1st
Steel from Belgium by Eiffel concrete building in Escolta
Taal Church, Batangas Philippine Normal School
By Fr. Martin Aguirre Philippine Normal University
Biggest church University of the Philippines
Sta. Ana Church Padre Faura
By Fr. Vicente Ingles National Museum
Restored by Juan Nakpil Intendencia Building – adjacent to
Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City Manila Cathedral
By Jose maria Zaragoza Luneta Hotel – 2nd hotel in Asia
Sto. Niño Church, Cebu French Baroque style
By Diego de Herrera Army and Navy Club – rest and
recreation for American
18.2.3. Spanish Houses soldiers

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De La Salle College – by Tomas
Mapua Commonwealth Period
Rizal Monument Obelisk Notable architects:
Sta. Isabel College Juan Nakpil
1st National artist for
architecture
Pablo Antonio
2nd National artist for
architecture
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Baretto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro
Leandro Locsin
3rd National artist for
architecture
Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons

Far Eastern University Main Building by

Pablo Antonio (Art Deco)

UST Main Building by Roque Rueno

The Metropolitan Theater, Manila

By Juan Arellano (1931)

The Manila Hotel (1st hotel in Asia; 1st with

elevator) by Parsons, renovated by Locsin
in 1975

The Quezon Institute by Juan Nakpil (1930)

The Post Office Building, Manila by Juan Arellano

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Agriculture & Finance Building
Crystal Arcade, Escolta
Lyric Theater, Escolta by Juan Nakpil
Ideal Theater by Pablo Antonio
Jai Alai Building – demolished in 2001
Art Deco, streamline style
Ambassador Hotel by Fernando Palma Hall Melchor Hall
Ocampo – 1st skyscraper in the Both by Cesar Concio
country (4 storeys)
Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo
Antonio
Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro
Regina Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro

Rizal Provincial Capitol by Ruperto Gaite

The Quezon Monument (Art deco) by

Federico Ilustre Church of the Holy Sacrifice by Leandro Locsin
UP (thin shell structure)

Philippine Atomic Research Center, Quezon City by

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio Cresenciano De Castro

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World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenus by

Alfredo Luz
Commercial Bank & Trust Building by Juan Nakpil
(Folded Plate Construction)

Insular Life Building, Makati City by Cesar Concio

Church of St. Andrews by Locsin

Philamlife Building, Manila by Carlos Arguelles

Iglesia Ni Kristo Cathedrals by Carlos
Santos Viola

The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza

Engineering and former architecture building at
UST by Julio Victor Rocha (using “Brise-
Soleil” – sun breaker)

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San Miguel Corporation Headquarters by Mañosa

Brothers and Landscape architect I.P. Santos Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila by Alfredo Luz

Cultural Center of the Philippines by Locsin

Development Academy of the Philippines by
Felipe Mendoza

Sulu Hotel by the Mañosa Brothers

Benguet Corporation Building by Locsin

Philippine Stock Exchange

Building, Makati

GSIS Building (Senate Building) by Jorge Ramos

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Ateneo Professional Pearl Farm Resort

Schools
San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias

Mary Immaculate Church Coconut Palace or

“Tahanang Filipino”
By Francisco Mañosa

Churches: Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and

Jose Maria Zaragosa

Las Piñas Church by Fr. Diego Cera Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles
restored by Juan Nakpil

Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
(sinking bell tower)

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Loboc Church, Bohol (biggest number of Morong Church, Rizal (Spanish Baroque style by Fr.
murals on walls and ceilings) Blas dela Madre

VERNACULAR TERMS:
Abang – dowel
Alahado – flush
Alero – eaves
Alulod o kanal – gutter
Andanyo – scaffolding
Asinta – laying of CHB
Asolehos – wainscoating tiles
Bagad – wall post
Calasiao Church, Pangasinan (2nd best bell tower) Balangkas – framework
by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Baral de Kadena – chain bolt
Barandillas – baluster
Batidura – astragal
Batidura – fillet
Baytang – tread
Biento – spacing
Biga – beam
Bisagra –hinge
Bolado – projection
Caida – hall
Canal – groove
De Bandeha – panel door
Miagao Church, Iloilo by Dish rack – bangguerahan
Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Dos aguas – gable roof
Dotal – floorboards
Dulang – low table
Dutcha – shower
Escombro – earth fill
Escondro – crushed stone
Estanyo – Nikolite bar
Estanyo – soldering bar
Estopa – oakum
Guililan – floor sill
Hamba pintuan – door jamb
Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Haspe – wood grain
(biggest church)

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Hiero – iron Suelo – flooring
Hulog – plumb bob Sombrero pintuan – door head
Kaballete – ridge roll Tabike – exterior siding
Kabilya – reinforcing bars Tabla – wood plank
Kalinya –aligned Takip silipan – riser
Kantero – mason Tambak – fill
Kanto mesa – miter Tapon –plug
Kanto – corner Tirante – bottom chord
Kapatas – foreman Trabe anzo – horizontal stud
Kilo – truss Trankilya – barrel bolt
Kisame – ceiling Tuerka – nut
Kontratista – constructor Tubo de Banada – downspout
Kostilyahe – ceiling joists Unosinotra – alternate/staggered
Kostura – mortar joints Vaciada – rabbet
Krokis – sketch plan
Kuling – girder
Ladrillo – brick
Larga masa – concrete slab
Lastillas – sand & gravel
Latero – tinsmith
Lingueta – GI strap
Liyabe – anchor
Madre de Escalera – closed stringer
Masilya – putty
Media Cana – quarter round
Medya Agua – awning
Palitada, plaster
Pasamano – window sill
Paupo – mortar
Pendulum – king post
Pergola – trellis
Pie de Gallo - brace
Pilarete – vertical stud
Pitsa – washer
Piye – feet
Piyon – laborer
Plantsuela – wrought iron strap
Poleya – wiring knob
Poste – column
Prigadero – sink
Pulgada – inches
Rebokada – scratch coat
Reostra – purlins
Rimatse – rivets
Rodapis – baseboard
Senepa – fascia board
Sepo – girt
Sibe – lean-to-roof
Sinturon – collar
Soleras – floor joists
Staka – stake

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Good Luck and May the odds be ever in your favor

-Ar. Jose Martin S. Gutierrez

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