A NE W A ND CO M P L E T E S E T

T RAV E R S E T A B L E S ;
S H O WI N G T HE

DI FFE R E NCE S OF L A T IT UDE

A ND T HE DE P R T UR E S A
T O E VE R Y M I NUT E O F T H E QU A D R A NT ,
A N D T O F I V E

P L A CE S O F DE CIM A L S ;

T O GETHE R WITH A T A BLE O F T HE L E NGT H S

OF E A CH DE GR E E O F L A T IT UDE

A ND

CO RRE S P ON DI NG E REE
D G O F L O N G I T U DE F R OM T H E EQUA TOR
T O T H E P OL E S WITH O T H ER T A B L E S U S E F U L T O T HE

S U RV E Y O R A N D C I V I L E N G I N EER .

M A JO R G E N E R A L
-
J . T . E OIL E A U ,

R O YA L (B E N GA L ) E N GI N E E R S .

TEN TH E D I T I ON .

(R E VI S E D A N D C OR R E C T E D .
)

N EW YOR K

D . VA N NOS TRAND C O M PA N Y ,

23 MUR R A Y A ND 27 WA R R E N S T RE E T S .

1 90 4 .
 PRE FA CE T O T HE S E VE NT H E DITION .

T HE first editi on of th e T raverse T able s ,

forming the prin cipal portion
of thi s work , was prepared c hi efl y for the u se of the o ffic ers of th e
R evenu e S urvey in India, as a sub sti tute for the m ethod of taking o ut

traver ses by logarithms ; operations with these table s being more si mple
and free fi om li abili ty to error than th e form e r m eth od of working ,
.

T he utility of th e traver se table and its vari ou s appli cation s both in , ,

navi ati on and

g g eod e si c o p er ati on s h ave l ong be en k n own an d m o st , ,

w ork s on the form er subje c t c ontain a traver se table for suc h angles and
di stan c e s as ar e suffici ent for all prac tical purposes at sea . General
tr averse t b l
aes been publi shed in Dr Hutto n s Mathemati cal
have also ’

T able s in Mackay s val uable w ork on th e M ethod of d etermining the

,
” ’

L ongitu de and by others but onl y to d egree s and quarter points :one
,
”
,

table onl y that of Mr John Gal e publi sh ed as an app endix to Adam s s ’

, .
,

Geometri cal and Geographi cal E ssay in 1 7 9 1 appears to have been

”

, ,

e xclusively inten d ed for th e u se of the sur vey or T hi s ta ble extends to .

every fifteen minute s of th e uad r nt t thr e p la c es of d eci mal s an d to

q a o e , ,

all di stance s fi om 1 to 1 0 0 ‘
. T he work i s o ut of print , an d altho u
gh a

con si d erable savin

g of tim e i s effe cted in worki ng traverse s by Mr . Gale s
’

arran
g em ent,
i t w as not consi d ered desirable to a do pt a si mil ar pla n
in thi s work , a s such a c ourse would have swell ed th e tables mu c h beyond
thei r present siz e, an d have increas ed the ex pense in a like proportion .

T o in sure ac c urac y in b
th e se ta les. the fi r st whi c h have been ex tended
to sin
gle m i n u t e s ,
b oth th e latitu d es an d d ep artu r e s h ave been c omputed
to s even plac es of d ecimal s, fi ve plac e s being retai ned as suffi c ient for

g eneral u se S e v era l mi nor tab les, u seful in surve i n , have been ad d ed ,

.
y g
and a ta le b of the lengt h of eac h d egree of lati tude between the e
q uato r

and the poles , an d of th e corres ondi n

p g d e ree
g of longitude, has been
iv P R E FA CE .

in tr od uced , whi ch wi ll be fo und us e ful in d e te r min i ng th e geograph i c al

p os ition of p lace s fro m their travers e s , a nd in th e c o n str uc ti on o f ma p s .

T he fir s t typog rap hical e di tion of th ese b

ta le s ve r y s pee d ily
proved as was anti cipated a valuable
, , acq ui siti on to th e y
sur ve or an d

c i vil engineer . T he work having been e xhauste d by sale an d presenta

tion, the publicati on of a se c ond edi tion was und ertak en in 1 8 7 2, and a

thi rd ed ition in 1 87 5, in w hi c h all error s in th e ori

g inal e dition ,

whi c h had been di scovered by personal exa mina ti on or c o mmuni cated to

the author, were correct ed , and the in timation of an y inac curac ies whi ch
might still b e found to exi st was solic ite d .

best thanks were tendered to the following gentlemen for

T h e author s
’

the ki nd aid rendered by them in their d esire for the perfection of

th e tables viz to Octavio Pico E sq
, S urveyor B uenos Ayres to
.
, ,
.
, ,

F Fran kli n E sq Ci ty Sur veyor s Offi c e B altim ore ; and to John W Deer
’
.
.
, , , .

in g E sq Surveyor General s Ofli c e Sydney One of th e above gentle

’
-
.
,
.
, ,

men remark ed that if surveyors &c in all parts of the world send in
, , .
,

di scovered errata the tables would b e p erfec tly free from erro r or mi s
,

print ; and the author in c onclu sion earnestly requested the c ommuni ca
, ,

tion of an
y errors whi ch might still b e found to exi st .

An o th er , the s eventh E d ition of these T ables havi ng bec ome necessary ,

the Aut hor avail s himself of the O pportuni ty of tend ering hi s warm than ks
to Henry M orres, E sq .
,
In sp ecting S urveyor San dhur st , ,
V ic toria, for
havin g pains of makin g a complete examination of the entire
been at th e

T able work and of comparing the same wi th manuscript computed under

-

his own dir ecti on for the intend ed publi cation of a similar work which ,

was however co ur teousl y g iven up by him becoming acquainted with

on

the e xi stence of the pre sent work . A man uscri pt copy of all th e erro rs
di sc overed was not onl y fully and freely communi cated to the Author but
a li st of printed an d circulated gr a tis in Au stralia
these errors was .

E very error pointed out by Mr Morre s has been check ed by re c om pu .

-

t ati on and has b e en co rrected in th e present E d i tion

,
T he introd uc ti on .

ha s eeb n car efully revi sed an d i t is hoped therefore that thi s E d iti on ,

m y, a by th e kind ai d notic ed and ackn owledged a ove, b be now found to

be al most, i f n ot altogeth er, free from error .

ed i ti o ns h ave been i ss ued , in most of wh ich fur th er c orre c ti ons

S i nc e 1 8 75 se ve r al oth e r

La ve be en m ad e .
 NO T ICE .

IT h as been brought to th e kn owledge of th e au thor of the se T a les, that b

an ed ition of the w ork , bearing an ex ac t c o py of the title -
page of th e

e di tion of 1 8 3 9, and d esignated T r a vers e T a bles, by the la te

é c ,

Col J T B oilea u, 3rd E di tion, by H F

. . . . . Civil E ngineering Col
lege ,
”
was publi she d som e year s g
a o, by M essrs . Higginbotham an d Co .
,

of Madras, an d w as up to a late date ad verti se d for sale in their c irc ulars .

T hi s ver y irreg ular proc eeding was carri ed o ut without th e san cti on or

authori t of th e author , an d Wit hout an c ommuni cati on h aving been

y y
mad e with hi m on th e su bject , an d was quite unnec essar y as at th e

tim e th e fi rst re print was mad e, there was still a su pply of the ori
g inal

e di ti on for sale with the publishers .

T he fri ends of MA JO R GE NE RA L J T
-
. . B O I L E A U, will b e glad tn know

that h e i s still i n the lan d of th e living, an d as h e has s ar ed no

p pains to

mak e thi s edi ti on of hi s tables in ever y sense worthy of confi denc e ,

he a sk s

those wh o may r e uir e

q to u se h is book , to ord er the work thr ough his

publi shers Messrs W H ,

. . . Allen and Co .
,
No . 1 3, Waterloo P lac e,

L ond on, S . W . or through th eir a ents a road

g b

Mr . G ilby i s not an swe rable for th e mi srepresentation regarding the death of th e

auth or . T h is was a gratui to us as sump ti on of th e P ubli sh ers , for whi ch th ey alone are

responsi ble.

L ondon, A ugust, 1 8 7 6 .
 I NT R O DU CT I O N .

A T R A V E R S E may b e defined as a circui t ous ro ute p erform ed on leavi n g any plac e on

th e earth s surface, by s tage s, i n diffe rent di rec ti ons , and of vari ous len gt hs, wi th a
’

vi e w of arrivi ng at any oth e r p la c e si tuate d dir ecti on wi th refe re n c e to th e

in an
y
former, and at any d i stan ce th e refrom whi ch cannot be re ach e d i n th e di recti on of
the shortes t line connec ti n g th e m . T he an gles whi ch th e stage s or statio n lines
form wi th th e meri di an are c alle d in n avi g ati on cours es, and i n geod esi c O p eratio ns
beari ng s , an d th e lines th ems elves dis tances ; the quanti ty of n orth i n g or southing
m ade i n each d is tance i s c alled th e def erence o f la ti tude, an d th e amount of c asti ng
or we sti n g i s termed th e dep ar tur e .

When th e c ours e o r he ari ng c or re s p onds wi th the meri di an, or wi th th e p erp en

dic ular to i t, there will i n th e latte r c ase be no difference of lati tude , and i n th e

fo rm er no d ep arture, an d th e di stan c e measured will itself exp ress the a mount of

north in g or south i ng , or of e asti ng or wasti ng due to th e change of p os i ti on . When ,

however, th e cour se or he ari ng does no t c orres p ond wi th th e meridi an or wi th t he

e
p pr en di c ular to i t, th ere will be for e very di stance meas ured a c e rt ain c orres p ondi ng

ch an ge b oth i n latitude an d longitude (or dep arture ) an d as these wi ll wi th

refer ence to th ei r p arti cul ar distance a nswe r th e c on di ti o n of o ur definiti on, th ey

may wi th p ropri ety be ter me d th e tr avers es of the dis tanc es , which i n fac t they
us ual ly are i n p racti c e T h e differenc es of la ti tude, and the dep artures may e asi ly
.

be c alcul ated, th e cours e or he aring and di s ta nce being given, or may b e found by
ins pecti on by certai n table s p re pare d for th at purp ose .

T ables whi ch sh o w by i n s p ection th e amo unt th e difierence

'

of of latitude, and the

termed T r averse ta bles , because, by thu r
'

d e parture for any beari ng and d istanc e are

me ans, th e resoluti on of traver ses i s effec ted wi th out th e necessi ty of h avi ng recourse

to c alc ulati on, an d they are of very ge ne ral us e in land and m ari time survey s, in
navi g ati on, and i n th e cons truc tio n of m ap s .

I t h a s been shown by vari ous wri ters, th at wh en th e di stance measured on a s ph ere

is a p ortion of a rhumb li ne, wheth er d r ect or o bli q ue i e when it ei th er coi nci d es
i
. .
,
vi ii I N TR O D U C T I O N .

wi th a p arallel of lati tude, or wh en i t cro sses several meri di ans obli quely , and form s
e qual an gles wi th th em all , th e differen ce of longi tude m a i n the form e r c ase b e
y
co nsid ere d as th e base o f a ri gh t an gle p l an e t ri an l
g ,e an d i n the latter cas e th e
c orresp ondi ng am o un ts of latit ud e and d ep arture, and th e dis tance i tself, m ay be
ac curatel
y re p res e nted bv the three si des of a ri gh t an led
g p l a ne tri an gl e N o w,
.

as a shi p s teered by a co mp as s, and s ai li ng on any course, ac tu al l m oves i n a rh umb

y
li ne, (th e di ffe ren ce d ue t o th e vari ati on o f th e co mp ass and to leeway not bein g
tak en i nto c on si d erati on, ) i t follows th at all cas e s of sai ling wh atever may be
re sol ved th ro ugh th e med i um of ri g ht angle d (p lane) T h ere exi s t,
h owever, so m any usefulwherei n the ap pli c ati on of th e travers e
work s on navi gati on,

table to nauti c al p urp oses i s ful ly e xpl ai ned , th at i t i s no t i ntend ed i n th e follow

i ng p ages to n oti c e th e subj ect furth e r, but to confine such rem ark s as may be mad e
en ti rely to th e a
pp li c ati o n of th e tables to ge o desi c o p eration s .

A s the length s of th e li nes to whi ch traverse tab le s li ed wh en com

are a
pp are

p are d wi th th e vast length of a grea t c i r cl e o f th e e arth extr emely small, an d as

with in li mite d di stances th e f

s ur ace of th e e ar th differs li ttle fr om a p lan e ,
th e error

arising from consi deri n g th e di s tan c e meas ured , an d th e di fference s of lati tude, a nd

d ep artures corresp on di n g th ereto as three si de s of a ri gh t an gled p lane t ri an gl e i s

so trifling, th at for all usefu l p urp ose s i t may be s afely di sregarded, for th e e ar th
b ei ng con si de red sph eri c al , an d th e le ngt h o f a de ree on i ts surface tak en at
g
3 6 5 1 5 4 6 feet, th e length s in feet of th e arcs of 1 0 20 , and 3 0 min utes, and of th ei r
corresp on di ng c h ord s wi ll be as follo ws :

L ength of ar cs

L ength of ch ord s

Differenc es 0 5
-

th at i s, i n a di sta nce of 1 1 ; mi les the differen ce b etwee n the ar c of a great c i rcl e o f

th e earth and i ts c h ord is only l 2 oth
-
of a foot, or about 2 3rds-
o f an i nch ; i t i s si x
inch es i n 28 miles, and o ne foot only i n 3 4 ; miles .

T h e difference bet ween the lati tude and dep arture con si dered as th e two legs of a

right angled sp h eri c al tri an gl e, an d as the b ase an d e

p pr en di cu lar of a ri gh t a n gl ed
l n e tri an gle , m ay be seen, by an i n sp e cti on of T able V , to be so s m all as n ot to
p a .

deserve any notice i n prac ti c e ; for i n survey i ng , meas ure d li nes seldom occ ur of m ore
th an 1 2oth p art th e len gth of th e di stanc e, 3 6 4 5 4 7 feet, assume d i n th e table,
-

i . e .
,
from 22 to 3 miles, and these c anno t be guaranteed to wi thi n an
y ap p roxi mate
li mi t of th e same accuracy , as g i ven b
the y th c orres p ondin g s ph er i cal value s
e are

resoluti on of a ri gh t angled p lan e tri angle N o p erson measuri ng with a c h ain, th e .

ins tr ument use d in th e most ac curate survey s not tri gonometrical, would p rete n d to
assure hi s meas ureme nts to 6 i nches i n 1 5 mile , or a bout 1 link in 1 3 7 c h ains ,

whi ch i s the greates t tabular error in lati tu de for thi s distanc e, and whi ch i n d e

S ee A rt Navigati on,
. vol . iii Nat ural P hi losop hy , by th e S oci ety for p romoting Useful Knowledge
. .
 I NT R O D U C T I O N .

p arture is less th an h alf th at amount .

*
As so me p ersons migh t, h owever, be of

opini on th at th e error is of suffici ent imp ortan ce to b e allowed for , I h ave ad ded two
c olu mns to th e table, to s how th e frac ti on al v alue of th e error c om p are d with th e
resul ts b
o ta ei n d b th e t able s t h e g rea test o f wh i ch ex c ee d s th e te n th ou s and t h
y ,

p art of th e r e sult b y a v er
y sm a ll q u an ti ty onl y I n pra c ti ce , as b efo re st ate
. d , m e a

sured lines of th i s len gth ne ver oc cur ; an d T able V . h as been arranged to th i s

di stance for th e sol e u

p p
r o se of sh owi ng th e am ount of error in very lon g lin es .

T able V I . sh ows th at for s mall di st ances an d wi th a mean bear ing, th e error i s less
i n p rop orti on th an for lon g lin es :thus th e tabul ar error for or 4 6 mil es , wi th a

beari ng 27
°
i s i n l atitude — f
24 42 eet, whi ch ,
if th e r ati o w er e th e s a m e , w o ul d for

0 5 with th e s ame be arin g, m ak e th e error

’
f
3 0 5 ee ;t b u t th e a ctu a l t ab ul ar
°
erro r

in l ati tude for a di stance 0 5

’
or 5 2 miles , i s only 0 7 6 feet, or l ess th an on e -
fourth
of th at d edu c ed by prop orti on from th e tabul ar error for i n d ep artur e i t i s onl y

one -
fifth ; an d in n ei th er c as e does it am ount to on e i nch i n 5 miles I n th e greater
.

beari n gs, th ough th e error i n latitude i s so m ewh at larger, i t i s still suffi ci ently sm al l
to b e neglected ; f or, taking th e greate st be aring i n T able V . or i t will be
found th at th e error i n latitude for a di stan ce 0 5
’
or 5 2 miles, i s l ess th an one -
third
of an i nch to on e mile, and th at i n dep arture it i s not three quarters of an i nch i n
si x mi le s, th e n umb ers being as follo ws :
Lati tude . Dep arture .

B earing
Distance B y S ph er T ri gono m . .

M iles B y the T able s

Feet T abul ar error

In both cas e s th e t abul ar error is so s mall , th at in sh ort di stan ces , an d with an y

b eari ngs , i t m ay b e s afely s ai d th at th e di fferen ce between th e sp h er ical co ordi nates , -

as d educed b th e stri ct r ules of m ath em ati c s, an d b th l uti n f ri h t an gled

y y e r es o o o a g
p lan e tri an gl e , i s so s m all as in p rac ti ce n ot to m erit any atten ti on .

T he sup
p o s i ti on ,
h owever, that the di stan ce, latitude, and d ep arture, th e e arth

being con sid ered sp h er ical , form th e three si d es of a ri gh t an gl ed sp h eri c al tri angle
d elin eated up on i ts sur face, is n ot in fact stri ctly true, for th ough i n th e elli p ti c
even

th eory th e di s tan ce an d l atitu d e m ay be

th e di fferen ce of c onsi dered as ar cs of a

g re at cir cle , th e d e arture i s invari abl

p y th e ar c of a s m all c ir cl e, o r p arall el to th e

e qu ator ; but thi s fact, h owever tr ue i n th eor , i s one whi ch will n ot affect th e accu
y
r ac
y of our resul ts i n pr ac ti ce L et us ill u strate thi s by an example
.

T akin g th e length of th e equ ator ial d egree of lon git ude as = 36 5 1 4 7 feet, and th e
l st degree = 36 5 0 9 1 5 l 5 feet, th e len gth also of a degree of la ti tud e b etween th e
°

M
°
p ar allels 0 8c 6 0 fe et, as obtai n e d by r B aily
’
s Formul a,
XL I I I , d educe d . .

T h e errors are not comp uted for th e dis ta nces , b ut fo r the tr a vers es ; i f referre d to th e d i stances they .

wo uld be s till les s th an sh o w n In the T a ble , b ut as i t i s th e er ro r i n th e res ul t s whi ch requires corre c tion.
the columns of tabular m ultip lier s h ave beeri ad d ed to s h o w h ow thi s n ew be d o ne
 I N ROD T UCTIO N .

from th e ellip ti c theory of the earth ( see ) w e m

T able IV
a y su pp os e t he qu
.ad ril a

teral fi gur e formed by th e equatorial and 1 st degrees of lon gitud e, and by th e degrees

of latitude connecti ng th eir extremi ti e s to be di vi ded by a di ag on al or comm on

hyp ote nuse into two right an gled sp h erical triangles, and we m ay thence , wi th th e
e quatori al d e ree of lon i tude and gi ven degree of lati tude, com ute th e len th of
g g p g
th e 1 st degree of longit ude by the rul es of sp heri cal tri gonometry The r esult

obtai ned by thi s m eth od will give th e length of th e 1 st degree

of lon gi tud e

feet, wh ere as by M r B ail y s Formul a th e length is found to be

’
.

feet, the differ enc e 1 7 9 of a foot, or 2 inch es and 1 7 th in a di stan ce of

°
-

6 9 miles, i s a qu an ti ty whi ch the mos t scr up ul ous p rac ti c al man will n ot feel dis posed
to n oti ce .

S urvey s m ay be di vi ded i nto

l st, S uch as ar e c arried on by sp h eri cal tri gonom etry .

2dl y , S uch as are conducted by th e rul es of plane tri gonometry .

S uch sur ve
y s as have for th eir j
ob ect th e m easureme nt of th e len gths of ar cs on

th e e arth s surface, or are un d ertak en

’
to fi x certai n eo
g g rap hi c al p oi nts for the con

structi on of th e sk eletons of large m ap s, i . s . to asc ertai n th eir p ositi on i n lati tude,

and in lon gitude wi th r eferen ce to an as su m ed l st m eri di an, b elong to th e h i gh er
bran ch , by sph eri c al tri gonometry
or sur vey i n g .

I n th e secon d branch , or survey i n g by p lane tri gonom etr y , m ay be cl as sed all such
as h ave for th eir obj ect ei th er to obtai n an ac curate l an of a li mi ted p orti on of
p
coun try wi th a vi ew to th e c alcul ati on of i ts are a, th e dem arc ation of certai n

boun d ar y li n es, as of estate s, m anors, p ar ish es, to wnsh ip s , 85C th e rep res entati on .

of th e varyi n g features of th e surfac e, as th e exten t of m ountains , woo ds, l ak es, rivers,

roads , to wns , vil l ages, li nes of co as t, 85C . or th e illustr ati on of th e d etails of an

y
line of country through whi ch it m ay be re qui red to c arry a road , c an al, or t h e lik e .

A cons iderable ac qu ai ntan ce wi th th e hi gh er branches of math emati cs i s nec ess ary

for th o se wh o ar e entrusted wi th survey s of th e first k in d ; but a suffi ci en t degr ee of

p erfecti on m ay be obtain ed in th e s e c on d kind of sur vey i ng by p racti ce , and a mode

r ate k no wled ge of th e rul es of p l an e tri g on om e try . I t h as b een wi th a vi e w of
as sisti n g th e l abou rs of th ose wh o m ay b e emp loy ed in surve
y s of th e latter descrip
tion th at th e acc o mp any ing tables h ave b een c al c ul ated ; an d I now rO
p p o s e to sh o w

h ow th ey m ay b e ap pli ed in p racti ce, p remis ing th at th e read er is ac quainted wi th

th e use of th e th eodoli te an d ch ai n ; i s , that h e c an obs erve an angle an d meas ure
. .

a di s tan c e, i n to whi c h two op er ation s th e fi eld work of survey s m ay b e re s olved .

T h ere ar e two des crip ti ons of s urvey to whi ch th ese tables are p ar ti c ul ar l
y a
pp li
c able ; vi z . a bound ary survey , of whi ch th e area is require d, and a route survey , of

which th e gener al line, or th e di fference of lati tud e an d longi tude ofi ts var i ous p oints
onl
y , n ot i ts ar ea, is s ou gh t :the former will by the tables p rove or di s p ro ve i tself;

th e latter c an onl y be ch ec k ed ei th er b s et of as tro nomi c al obser vati ons, or by

y a

re verse O p er ati ons .

 IN T RO D U C T I O N .

T h e first p art of each o p erati on in th e use of th e tables b eing th e red ucti on of an

angle formed b th m e ti n f tw li n t th n l whi h i th f th m f m
y e e g o o e s , o e a g e c e er o e or s

wi th th e m eri di an , and th en ce wi th th eir lengths to d educ e the values of th e lin es

on th e meri di an and on a line p er p endi cular to i t, i t b ecomes necessary , before th is
can be don e, to as c ertai n by obs ervation th e b earing of one lin e, wh enc e th at of all
th e others may be obtain ed; I s h all sh ow h ow thi s m a be done after a few remar k s
y
on th e m ann er i n whi ch angles are meas ured by and regi stered on th e th eo doli te .

L et N O Fi g 1 , rep resent any line in a sur vey , WO any oth er lin e intersecti n g th e
.

form er i n O N O W will be th e an gle formed by th eir i ntersecti on, an d 0 wil l be a

—
s ta ti on ; let N E S W r e res ent th e di vi ded circle of th e az i muth li m b of a th eod oli te
p ,

th e c entre of whi ch is m ade to coi n c i de wi th O , and let th e zero of th e li mb an d

verni er be j
ad u ste d to th e lin e O N . N ow, as th e te les cop e moves h ori zontall y on

th e c en tre of th e az i muth li mb, i ts Op

p o si te en ds wi ll des cribe propo rti on al arc s, or

will m easur e e qual an gl es at op p osi te si des of th e centre :i s , wh en th e fore en d

. . of

th e teles cop e p oints from O to N , the e

y e -

p i e c ewill p oi nt from O to S , or i t will

en d

di ffer 1 8 0
°
i n p osi ti on When th e fore
. end of th e tele s c op e i s moved from th e

directi on of th e li ne O N to th at of O W or through th e ar c N W whi ch subte nds th e

an gle , th e eNOW
y e p i e c e en d will h ave tr
-
a velled thr ou gh th e corr e s
p on di n g ar c S E ,

subten di n g th e altern ate e qual an gl e S O E an d as one verni er i s us uall l d u n d

yp ac e er

th e ey e p iec e of th e telescop e for th e conveni enc e of readin g th e angle regi stered

upon the li mb , th e an gle form ed by th e two li nes N O , O W, whi ch i s meas ured by

an d

th e fore radi u s of th e teles c op e from N to W is re gi stered b

y th e verni er corres on d
p
ing to th e b ack r adi u s of th e t eles cop e from S to E .

N ow as th e ob s erver follows th e e
y e -

p i e c e e n d of th e telescop e and th e verni er in

i ts m oti on r oun d th e di vi d ed circle of th e li mb , h e will in each sep arate

p osi ti on

im agine hi mself p laced at th e extremi ty of o ne of th e li nes formi n g th e angle to be

m eas ured, and looki ng towards th e c entre or th eir c omm on p oin t of i n ters ecti on,

i ns te ad ofbein g i n that p oi nt an d looki ng towar ds the extremi ty ; thi s cir cumstance,

i . s .
, the fac t of all an gles bein g regis tered and read on th e opp osite ar c of the cir cle
to th at on whi ch th ey are me as ur ed, and di ffering from th em in notati on, cons e

qu ently by m ay , unl ess great car e be tak en, lead to error i n the reducti on of th e
r egis ter e d an les to th ei r rel ati ve bear in s
g g .

I n m ost m odern th eodoli tes th e di vi si ons ar e nu mb ered round th e cir cle, from 0 °

to th e z ero, or bein g j
ad us ted to th e s ou th en d of th e comp as s n e edl e,

an d th e numb ers runni n g roun d by th e west (i s . th e left) to th e n orth an d eas t,

until th ey clos e agai n on th e south p oi n(

t i n Fi g 1 asI t i s e vi d ent un d
.er thi s

method of nu mb erin g th e di visions , wh i ch is th e most conveni ent for p rac tic e of any
hi th erto ad op te d, th at wh en th e verni er i s j
ad us te d to 3 6 0
°
or z ero, th e teles cop e
whi ch is su
pp os e d to be c olli m ated ac c urate ly in th e p l an e p as si n
verti c al g thr o ugh
th e z ero of th e vernier and c entre of th e i nstrument, p oints north, th e instrum ent
bein g j
ad us ted i n th e p l ane of th e m eri di an, an d any di st anc e m easured on a line in
a rolon ati o n o f th e axi s of th e teles c o p e fo rwar ds i s a di stan c e tak e n on a li ne in a
p g
xii I NT R O DU C T I O N
*
th e limb S imilarly , wh en
°
di recti on from south towar ds th e north , or towards 1 8 0 on .

th e an gle re gi stered is the obser ver will move in a directi on due west, or towards
° ° °
270 on th e li mb so 1 8 0 by th e verni er i ndi c ates a due south c ourse, or towards 3 60
th e limb , th e li mb , i n
° °
on and 270 a bearing due west, or towar ds 90 on all cases

bei ng 1 8 0 to o small wh en th e be ar in g
°
differin g as stated above ; regis tere d by
°
th e verni er i s less th an and 1 80 in excess wh en th e bearin g is more th an
So als o, wh en th e indi c ated by th e verni er is bet ween 0 and
an gle th e course
°

north an d eas t ; from 9 0 and 1 8 0 i t is bet ween south and e as t ; from

° °
i s b etween
from 2 7 0
° ° °
i t is b etween s outh and
°
1 8 0 to 2 7 0 west and to 86 0 i t is between
n orth an d west S ee the di vi si ons in Fi g I
. . .

If th e th eodoli te wer e adj uste d in th e p lane of th e m eri di an each ti me i t i s s et up ,

or at e ac h stati on in a sur vey , we sh oul d obtai n th e tr ue b e aring of e ach lin e at e ach

observati on
; b ut thi s O p erati on i s on e of consi d er able ni c ety, an d c ann ot b e p er

formed excep ti ng by reference to some one or m ore of th e h e avenly bodi es ; i t i s

usu al th erefore in p racti ce to fi x th e ins tr um ent onl y oc c as i on all
y i n th e p l ane of th e

m eridi an , and to obser ve th e b earings of th e first h ues of th e sur ve

y onl , and th e
y
an gles formed by th e i nters ec ti ons of e ach two of th e r em ai nin g stati on lines ; th e
b e ar in g of th ese li nes m ay th en be c omp uted wi th gre at facili ty , th e m eri di an s being
wi thi n li mited di stan ces consi d ered p ar allel strai gh t lines .

L et N S , Fi g 2, rep resent th e m eridi an of th e fi rst stati on A of a boundary sur vey ,

.

an d let i t be re uired to fi n d th e be arin f th t ti n li n A B B C & f th

q g o e s a o es , ,
c ,
o e .

irreg ul ar fi gure A , B , C, D A , in th e order of th e l etters, (wh i ch i s th e di recti on

.

th at sh ould al way s b e tak en , vi z , k eep in g th e boun dary on th e left h an d )

. S etti ng .

th e th eo dolite up at the first stati on A , let i t be accur ately ad usted j in th e p lane of

th e m eri di an, and obs er ve th e b e ar in g of th e fi rst si de A B re move th e i nstrum ent
t o G) B , an d ob serve b oth th e i nward an d out war d an le
g form ed by th e lin es A B , B C :
thi s i s done by a dj usti ng th e i ns tr um ent to th e b ack stati on A , by turni ng th e tele
s c op e roun d to th e ri gh t, i . e .
,
th e ey e -

p i e c e an d verni er to th e left until th e lin es

bi se ct th e fore staff C, wh en th e i nwar d an gle A B C will b e r e gi ster ed on th e li mb

of th e in str umen t, and mu st be re a d off and noted d own i n th e fi eld book ; -

n ext by
j
a d u stin g th e in str um ent to th e fore stati on C, an d by turning th e telesc op e (
or

verni er ) as b efore , u n til th e wi res b is ect th e b ack staff A , th e outwar d an gl e C B A

wi ll be r egi ster ed on th e li mb of th e ins tr um ent, an d m u st b e re ad off and entered

in th e fi eld b ook -
ag ainst th e inwar d angle . A ll th e re mai ni ng an gles ar e to b e

ob s erved in th e sam e m anner .

A s th e su m of th e i nward an d ou twar d an gle at e ach stati on sh ould togeth er

mak e up we h ave a read m eth o d for ch ecki n g th e observati on of every an gle

y

I t i s not neces sary th at the axi s o f th e telescop e sh ould be collimated ac curately wi th the zero o f the
vernier th e remark s in th e text will app ly eq ually to all th eod olite s , n o matter wh at th e in cli na ti on of the
l i th h th erni er and ce ntre o f th e i ns trument, to th at of the axis o f the telesco e, p ro vi d d
e
p
ne a n r oug e v
p a p ss g
o nly th at wh en th e axi s o f th e teles c ope i s brough t in to th e p lane o f th e meri d i an , th e z ero of t e verni er ll

a djus te d to 3 60 on th e limb , an d th at th e d ivi si on s are num bered as I h ave s up p o se d th em to be

°
.
 rNT RO D UCT I O N . xi ii

an th e sp ot ; th ere c an be n o excus e th erefore i n p rac ti ce for an error in an ob s er ved

an gl e , as an
y i n ac curacy wi th s uch facility of ch eck mus t b e th e consequenc e of

negl ect .

B , C, D,
'

L et li n es N ‘
S t
,
N S
3 S
, &c .
, be n ow drawn through th e several stati ons

&c .
p ar all el to N S , and th ey will b y th e hy p oth esis rep resent th e m eri di ans of th ose

s t a ti on s ; th ey will p as s th rou gh th e p oi nt of i nters ec ti on of e ach p ai r of fi nes, whi c h

m ay th erefore b e tak en as th e c entr e of th e i nstr ument, and used al ik e as th e c en tre

of meas urem ent, b oth of th e b eari ngs of th e li nes, as of the an gles whi ch th ey form
wi th each oth er.

Produc e th e li ne A B i n th e directi on B A to a , an d from A as a centre, descri be

th e S N a , m eeting th e line B A p roduced in a
arc T h e bearin g of th e first si d e A B .

whi ch h as b een ob served, and i s equal to th e an gl e N A B , will be indi c ate d by

th e th e odoli te b y th e e qu al an d op p osi te angle S A a, or (th e di vi s i ons b ei ng num bere d
from S . roun d to t h e W . or left) by th e arc S N a as sh own by th e dotted, c urve d,
is =28 1
°
arrow thi s ar e wh i ch is cons equently th e beari ng of A B as registered
on th e li m b of th e th eodoli te ; as th e m eri di an s drawn th rough all th e stati on s are

s up p os ed to be p ar all el, th e arc S N a may b e tr ans ferred to th e m eri di an N S of (DB , 9 2

wh ere takin g th e p oi nt B as a centre, i t will rep res ent th e b eari ng of A B wi th th e

s am e accur ac y as at A , an d a b ar e i n sp e cti on of th e fi gure will sh ow th at th e b e ar i n g

of B C i n th e di rectio n C B i e qu al to th e b earin g of A B (or th e arc S N a )

’
s 2 2
’

ad d ed to th e in war d an gl e A B C if, th erefore, we subtract 1 80

°
from th e su m of

th ese two arc s, we sh all ob tain th e b earin g of th e li n e B C in th e directi on bC, or

B C, as requi red . A gai n, transferri n g thi s ar c as ab ove, to th e meri di an N S 3 3

of Q C,
and takin g C as th e c en tr e ; th e b eari n
g of th e li ne C D in th e di rection D C is
e qu al to th e b e ar ing of th e p re c edin g li n e B C or th e are 8 3 b,
’
added to th e i nwar d
angl e B CD ,
from whi ch , if 1 8 0 be °
sub tr ac ted as before, th e bearing of C D in th e
di re cti on c D or C D whi ch was requir ed , will be obtai n ed, an d so on for all th e oth er

li nes, exc ep tin g G H , the bearin g of whi ch, i n th e dir ecti on H G , i s equal to th e
bearin g of F G, or th e ar c S f ad d ed to th e in war d F G H,
'
7 an gl e or i n th e dir e ctio n
re qui red H
g , or G H , it is equ al to th e sum of th ese ar c si ncreas e d by We
obtai n from th e above a very si mp le ex res si on
p for th e b earing by th e th eodoli te of
any li ne i n a s eri es, viz

b= B A j;

wh ere b i s th e b ear i ng of th e line B th at of th e li n e p recedin g in th e s eri es,

r equired,

both as in di c ated by th e in strument, and A th e i nwar d angl e form ed by th e m eeting

of th e two li nes , whi ch m ay b e exp r ess ed by th e followi ng
R ule — T o th e he ari n g b y th e th e odoli te of th e lin e p r ecedi ng th at of whi ch th e
bear in g i s sou gh t, ad d th e i nwar d forme d by th ese two lines an d th e s um of
an gle

th e two angl es incre ased or di minis h ed by ac cordi n g as they m ay be less th an,

or in exc ess of will be th e b earin g of th e li ne i n th e di recti on requi re d, as

regi stered on th e lim b of th e ins trum ent .

I t is nece ss ar
y, h owever ,
i n t aki n g out th e di fferences of lati tu de an d dep artures
 I N T R O DU C T I O N .

cor resp on di ng to e a ch line , to h ave not onl y th e beari ng by th e th eodoli te of th e h ue,

but th e redu ced bear in g, th at i s, th e angle whi ch it forms with th e meri di an co unte d

fron th e . north or south , towar ds th e eas t or west ; and this i s obtai ned as follows :
fl ute — To obtain th e reduc ed bearing wh en th e hearing by th e th eodoli te i s
°
bet ween 0 an d or N E , no reducti on is necess ar y ,
. .

90
°
an d or S E . .
,
subtrac t it from
1 80
°
and orW S . .
, subtrac t 1 80
°
from i t .

or N W i t from
°
270 and . .
, subtract

T he foll owi ng table exh i bi ts at one vi ew th e resul ts of th e sever al Op eration s in

worki ng a se t of traverses , both for th e p roof of the boundary , th e plotting of th e
m ap , or th e c omp utati on of th e are a ; i t m ay be co nsi d ered as di vided i n to t wo p ri n

cip al p ar ts :th e fi rst, from columns 1 to 1 0 inclusi ve, are p rep aratory , an d form th e

g rou nd work -
up on whi ch th e r esults obtai ned for th e p r ac ti cal ap p li cati on of th e
traverses dep end th e re mai ning columns 1 l to 23 i nclusi ve, are th e results so

o btained of th e wh ole of th e c olumns in th e table, two onl y are th e work of th e fi eld ,

vi z .
, c olumns 2 and 6 ; th e re mainder ar e all dedu ced from th em, an d with th e ex

c ep tion of th e th re e l as t, an d the ar eas , by ad di ti on and subtrac ti on ; th e various

roc ess e s in obtai ni ng th ese results will now be se ver ally exp lain ed .
p

A n i nsp e cti on of Fi g 1 w ill

. rend er these rules evi d ent .
XVI I NT R O D U C T I O N .

T he first colum n contai n s th e letters c orresp ondi ng to th e stati ons or an gles , an d the
s i d es ; th e sec ond colu m n th e observe d i nwar d angles whi ch are p l ace d opp o s i te t o the

mi ddl e letter or th e i nters ec ti on of th e li n es ; for example, th e angle 6 5 2 5

°
Opp osi te th e
’

letter B , is th e inward formed by th e lines A B , B C, and so for th e rest ; t he

an gl e

be arings by theodolite in th e third column ar e pl aced O p p osite th e letters d enoti ng

°
th e startin g end of th e lines ; thus , 2 8 1 4 0 Op p osite to A i s th e be arin g of th e li ne
’

A B , i n th e dir ecti on A B i t i s so p l aced to fulfil th e con diti on of th e r ul e, vi z th at

i t is th e b earing of th e p recedi ng lin e added to the i nward an gle r t whi ch gives
th e th eodoli te be ari ng of the line following ; and this arrangem ent will be foun d
very c on veni entfor plotti n g from ; column 4 c ontains th e cardi nal di recti ons of th e
reduce d bearing in th e fifth column .

T h e comp utati ons for th e b earin gs ar e th us m ade

O bs erved b earin g of the si de A B
‘

Inwar d angl e A B C add

B e arin g of th e si de B C
I nward angle B C D

B eari ng o f s i de C D re m ainder 210 16 S . W .

and so on till th e sid e G H, th e op erati on for whi c h will be t h us

B ea 46 N E
°
rin g of th e si d e F G
’
27 . .

I nwar d an gle F G H 1 19 09

B earin g of th e si de G H su m 3 26 55 N . W .

If th e be arin gs are work ed c orrec tly , th e b e arin g op p osi te A in th e las t lin e sh oul d
c om e out th e s am e by th e op erati on of th e rule as it was en tered by ob servati on in

th e first lin e, whi ch i t does in thi s table , an d furni sh es th e ch eck for thi s p art of th e

work .

T he c olu mns of reduced b earings ar e obtain ed in th e follo wi ng m ann er

B earin g of A B 28 1
°
40 N
’
. W . B earin g of B C 1 67
°
05 S E .

sub tract from 3 60 0 0 sub tract from 1 80

R educed beari ng di ff
. 78 20 N . W . R educed b eari ng B C di ff 1 2 5 5 S E
. .

an d so on for th e rem ain d er . T his p art of th e work may , h owever, by a very li ttl e

pra c ti ce, he p erform ed m entally .

A n oth er column c ontai ning th e ob s erve d o utward an gles is s om eti m es add ed

xviii INT R O D UCT IO N .

west c olumn s . W h ere th e su ms of th e travers e s do not ag ree , th e distan ces will

e i th er be m easur ed agai n, or as t here i s n o sur e m ethod o f verif i
y gn t he ac c ur ac
y or

C h ai n lin es m e asu red i n th e fie ld , i t is

-
u su al to di stribute th e errors i n L ati tud e and

Dep ar tur e p rop o rti on ally wi th th eir p rop er si gns, over th e se veral distan ces in th ei r
resp e c ti ve c olumn s , as h as b een d one i n th e exam le th e fi ures i n i talics d en otin
p , g g
th e c orrec ted num bers .

C olum ns 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3 , an d 14 r el ate to th e p lotti ng . T h ey are d erived from the

four p re c edi ng on es :th e travers es of th e first di stance ar e entered , wi th out an v
alter ati on , i n th ei r r esp e cti ve col umn s , Op p osi te to th e closing letters of th e stati on

li nes or di stan c es , whi ch are now d etermi nate T hus for th e d i stance A B , th e .

travers es N . 8 2 5 link s and lin k s W . ar e entered in c olumn s 7 an d 1 0, in

lin e wi th th e l etter A , d etermi ning th e p ositi on of the p oi n t B i n latitu de and de
as

tu t k n fr om A ; so th e e en tered i n c olum ns 1 2, 1 3 , a ai ns t th e letter B , as

p ar r e a e y ar g
i t i s th e p osi ti on of th e p oi nt whi ch h as been fixed , and not wh i ch has to be fixed , th at
is n o w re qui red to be sh own
m ay at first si ght app e ar to be ano
. T hi s arran gemen t

m alous, but I am sati sfi ed, by th e exp eri ence o f m any y ears p racti c e , th at i s th e m or e
’

conveni en t w ay to e nter th os e di stan c es wh i ch h ave to be l aid o ff, O p p osi te to th e

ini ti al letters of th e lin es i . e . th e stati ons wh enc e th e m e as urem ents c omm en ce d, and

whi ch sh ows i n i tself th e p oi nts wh enc e th ey ar e to be set off and suc h as h ave been
so l aid d own, O pp osi te to th e t er mi n al letter of th e di stan c e, th an to p l ac e th em all i n

th e s am e lin e ( g l
anes ,
b e ar in gs ,
d i stan c e s ,
an d tr avers es ) , as i s u s u ally d on e by
those wh os e t abul ar arr an gements h ave com e un d er m y n oti c e T h e fi rs t travers es .

bein g so entered re mai nd er

foun d by tak i ng th e sum or di fference o f
th en , th e ar e

th e lati tud es an d dep artures, i mme di ately su c c eedi ng e a ch oth er, accordi n g as th ey
are of th e sam e or of c on trar y den omi n ati on s , an d enterin g i t i n th e c olumn corr e

sp on di ng th ereto . T h us in colum ns
im m edi ately followin g, after 7 , 8 , th e num b er

N 8 2 5 link s, i s lat S
. li nk s th e difference of th es e two values (b ec aus e th ey
. .

are of di fferent d en omi nati ons) leave s S 5 8 3 2 li n ks to be e ntered in th e colum n s

1 1 , 1 2, in th e n ext vac ant li ne, or opp osite C . A gai n , th e n u mb er followin g i n

colum n s 7 , 8 , is li nk s ; whi ch h as to be ad ded to th e val u e l as t foun d, or

S 5 8 3 2 lh s
. .
,
b ein g of th e sam e den om i n ati on , an d th e sum S . li n ks entered in
colum n south , i mm e di ate ly foll owi n g th e bove,
a or in li newi th D . T h e d ep artures
I n co lu mn 1 3 , 1 4 ar e foun d in a simil ar m ann er an d th ese values ex ress th e
p
o si ti ons of th e s ever al stati on s :wi th re gard to th e firs t stati on, wh eth er N or S
p .

and E . or W . of i t, all b eing meas ur ed from th at stati on, or from a p oi nt i n th e

m eri di an p as si n g th rou gh it It i s th ese four . colum n s wh i c h ar e u sed for p lotti n g
th e stati ons an d di st an ces from , as will b e n ow exp lai n e d .

T h ere are sever al m eth ods foll owed in l ayi ng down, i . e .

p lo tti ng or m e tr e-s ting

a map from th e fi eld book , vi z -

.

l stL in ear p rotracti on

. .

2nd A ngul ar p rotr acti on

. .

3r d . B y th e m eth od o f c o or di n ates ,
-
i . e. by t rave rses .
 I NT R O DU C T I O N . xi x

l st . L inear p rotr a cti on .

— Wh en no an gles are t ak en , th e sk eleton of a survey con

si s ts of a s ste
y m of trian gles or trape zium s, all th e s i d es of wh i ch are m eas ur ed, an d

wh i ch m ay , th erefore, b e p rotrac te d, th e One from th e oth er T h is m eth od, wh en .

th e wh ole sur vey is di vi d ed first into a few lar ge fi gures , an d afterwards subd ivid ed
,

ad mits of cons id er able accurac as regar ds th e m ere p lotti ng, but i ts ap p li c ati on in
y
p racti c e is limi ted .

2 nd . A ng ular p r otra cti on .

— Fi rst Wh ere th e angles for med by th e stati on lines on e
,

wi th th e oth er, an d th eir len gth s, ar e u sed S econd ly Wh en th e be ari ngs of th e lin es
, ,

i . e :
th e an gl es whi ch th ey m ak e wi th th e m eri di an , and th ei r l en gth s, ar e em lo
p y ed .

B oth of th ese m et h ods ar e li able to i nduce error . I n th e former c ase, a faul t c om

mi tted in y an st age of th e work is i ncrease d th rough every followi ng step , so th at th ere

m ay ac cum ul ate as many multi p li ed errors as th er e are succ essi ve fi ne s to b e p rotracte d ;
i . e . e a ch li n e will b e affe c te d by th e sum of all th e error s c o mmi tte d i n th e p r ece di ng
s tag es of th e work . In th e se con d cas e, t oo, as th e p osi ti on of e ac h stati on dep end s
up on th e ac cu racy with whi ch i ts b e ar i n g and di stan c e h ave b e en p rotr ac ted from
th e s tati on i m m edi ately p rec eding, an error i n th e p o si ti on of an y stati on affects all
th ose wh i ch foll ow, bu t only to th e am oun t of th e e rror i tself :i t is not multip li ed
th rough e ach su c c e ssive stati on , as in th e form er c as e . T h ere i s, m oreover, less
li abi lity to i n p rotracti on by b earings,
err as th ose m us t know wh o ar e fami li ar wi th
th e subj e c t ; still th e m eth o d i s u n c ertain .

3 rd . T he m eth o d of p rotr a cti ng by c o or d i na tes ,

-
i . c by tra verses
. m ay .
—T his
be p erform ed in two way s :F i rs t, th e stati ons i n Fig . 2 m i gh t be lai d d own from
co lumn s 7 to 1 0 but as i t woul d be n ecess ar y , in order to p lot from th e m, to dr aw
r all el m eri di an s throu h e ach stati on, an d to lay d own e ach su cc essi ve stati on
p a g
from th at whi ch h ad b een p lotted b efore i t ; an d as each Op erati on woul d thus be
referred to a new p oi nt, i n i ts elf d ep end ent on th at whi ch p receded i t, th e s ourc es of

error b eco m e i ncre ased wi th th e nu mb er of fre sh stati ons to b e p lo tted i n :S econd ly ,

by referrin g each stati on se ar ately

p to th e m eridi an of stati on 1 b oth for latitu de
an d d ep arture,
y an error whi ch may occur i n l ay i ng down one p oin t i s n ot c arried
on th rough th e seri es , th e fi xi n g of th at p oint bein g an i solated op erati on , i nd ep endent
of every oth er i n th e survey T h e ad vantage of su ch a mode of p rotr acti on i s too
n t to n eed furth er comment T he app li cati on of th e four p lotti ng c olumns i s
a
pp ar e .

as follows :
Draw li N S Fi m ri di an , an d tak e an i t A i th
y nan
e ( g ) 3. to r
. ep re s ent a
. e y p o n n at

lin e to repres ent th e firs t stati on of a sur vey From A wi th an op eni ng of th e com .

p as ses li nk s , mark a p oi nt b north war d on th e meridi an, N S . .

,
and from 6,
lin e p erpendi c ular to N S wi th an op eni ng of th e co m ass es link s mark
on a . .
p
a p oi n t t o th e we st, whi ch wi ll be th e stati on B, Ab re resentin g
p th e a mount of

northi ng, and b B th e quantity of westing of th e (DB as referred to th e first stati on

or A A gai n, from A
. m ar k a
p oi nt c on th e m eri di an N S s ou th ,
li nk s ; . .

an d fr om c, on a p erp endi cul ar to N S tak e a p oint wes t li nk s, whi ch will be

.
xx I N T R O DU C T I O N .

QC N ext, from A m arh a p oint d on th e meri di an N S , south

. li nks ; an d . .

from d, in a p erp endi cul ar to N S , mark a point west link s, whi c h

. .

will be (9 D an d so on for th e rest ; j oin th e s t ati ons AB , B C, CD, &c , whi ch wi ll .

r ep re sent th e di stanc es m e as ured, in th e p resent case, th e com plete lines of th e

an d,

boun d ary . T h e detai ls of th e survey and the fe atur es of th e country are sup p osed to
be p ut i n, as i s usual, from th e field book , and wh i ch i t i s unnecessary to n oti ce furth e r
-

h ere, th e obj ec t bei n g merely to exp lain th e ap p li c ati on of the tables . T h e p r acti se d
surve
y or will fin d in th e ab ove descrip ti on, suffi c i ent to enable hi m to p l ot bou n d ar i e s

or m ap s , an d th eir li n es of ro ad but as the l atter may be more eas ily understood by

th e i n exp e ri en c ed from a s
p e ci al ill us trati on , I sh all , after ex laini ng
p th e re maini n g
c ol umns of th e T able, give an exa mp le of th e mode of map pi n g roads by traverses .

We h ave n ow to Cxp lain th e ad ap tati on of th e tables to th e c al c ul ati on of are as .

In c al cul ating the area of an en closure or boundary s urve

y i t i s n ec e ss ar
y to as s u m e a

m eri di an to whi ch to refer the d ep artur es of all th e s tati ons i n th e surve

y C olumn
.

15 c ontai ns th e dep artures of th e stations from an as s umed or da tum meri dian . T h is

shoul d on all o c c asi ons b e th at of th e westernm ost stati on in a bound ary survey ; as

th e north di fferences lati tude b ecome th en all p ositive mul ti pli ers , an d th e south all
of

n egati ve, but th e revers e i s th e c ase wh en th e m eri di an of th e eas tern stati on is selecte d .

Furth er, i t i s nec ess ary ei th er to as sum e a m eridi an at a sp ecifi ed di stan c e from th e
w esternm ost or e as ternm ost p o i n t of th e sur vey , or th e m eri di an of on e of th ose two

p oi n ts, to re fer th e d ep ar tur es of th e oth er st ati ons to or th e c al cul ati on of th e

ar eas would give two se
p ar ate s ets of o erati ons
p of th e s am e kin d as are m m per
formed to obtain th e sam e r es ult ; i . e . on e s et for th at p ortio n y yl
o f t h e su rvei n g to

th e eas t of th e as sume d d atum m eri di an , an d o ne s et for th at p ar t west of i t a n d a

sep arate entr

y woul d b e for th e fr ac t i ona l p arts of su ch li n es as mi gh t
n ec ess ar y

h ap p en to cross th e d atum m eri dian , as E F (Fi g, whi ch woul d d estroy th e

s
y mm etry of th e tabul ar arran
ge m ent, or would r en der it confus ed by the i ns ertion
of ad di ti on al c olumn s .

Colum n 1 5 c ontai n s th e dep artures of each stati on in our boun dar y , e as t of th e

meri di an of C D, whi ch i s stated as th e datum, b ec aus e most wes terly of t he G A ,

and, cons e uentl

q y, of A m
th e wh ole survey
er e gl an c e at th e p.lotti n g c ol um n h e a d e d
E . or W . will alway s en abl e us to d etermine whi ch stati on stands most to th e wes t, with
o ut referen ce to th e fi gur e :takin g th en th e d ep ar ture wes t of th e p oi n t D, or
li nk s, we must insert thi s val ue in c olumn 1 5 , O pp osi te to A for i t follows as a

nec ess ary con s equ en c e, if D i s 6 li nk s wes t of A , th at A must b e an e qu al

u n ti t east of D H aving first entered this val u e Opp osi te to A , i n c olumn 1 5,

q a
y .

th e rem aini ng entri es are obtained, by addin g or subtrac tin g s uc cess i vel th e
y
d ep artures in th e p lottin g columns 1 3 and 1 4 to or from thi s va lue, ac cordin
g as

th ey ar e of t h e s am e Or of difierent d enomi nati ons T h us , th e dep arture of

'

. A
@ ,
i n column 1 5 , is entered,
 I NT R O D UCT I O N . xxi

wi t h referenc e to th e meridi an of G) D E .

while th e dep of B in plotti n g c ol 1 3 , i s with

. . . reference to
th e meri di an of @ A W .

T h erefore th e dep of G) B wi th referenc e to th e meri dian

. of

G D is e qual to th e di fferen ce, to be entered in col 1 5 . E .

A gai n, Dep . of G) A , E . of mer of .

G) D, c ol l 5 = 6, 4 7 8
.
°

Dep . of G) C, W . of mer of . ) A , plotting c ol

G .

Difi Dep
‘

. . of (9 C, E . of mer . Of G) D . whi ch enter in

col . 15 .

A nd s o on , for all th e valu es

west i n p lotti ng c olumn 13 .

With th e eastern de p ar tures p roc ee d thu s

Dep . of G) A, E . of m er of . G) D, c ol . 15 .

De p . of (DF, E . O f m er of . G A , p lotti ng col I3 . .

S um = Dep . Of (9 F, E . of mer . of G) D wh i ch enter i n

col 1 5 . .

A gai n, Dep . of G A, E . of m er of . G) D, col . 15

Dep . Of G) G, E . of m er Of (9 . A , p lotting c ol 1 3 .

S um = Dep . of G) G, E . of m e r of ® . D 4 to be e ntered i n
c ol 15 , as above,
.

an d s o on for th e rest . We O btai n , th erefore, all th e val u es in column 1 5 , wh i ch i s

in vari ably by p l acing Op p osite to th e letter A , or G) A , th e gre atest dep arture
east,

wes t, in th e p rec edin g c olumn, and by si mply adding or subtractin g th e remai ning de
d are of th e s am e or of difi er ent
'

p arture s o f th e p re c e i n g two column s, accor din g as th ey

d enomi nation s C olumn 1 7 i s d eri ved from the p rec e din g by simp le ad dition T h us th e
.

val ue i n th e first lin e, i s ob tai n ed by ad ding to geth er th e fi rst and s econd li n es

in colum n 1 5, or so by ad di ng togeth er th e s e con d and th ird
lines Of th e s am e colu mn, we o b tai n th e valu e to b e entered in th e secon d lin e o f
c olum n 1 7, or an d so on for th e rest Th e en tri es in c olu mn

16 re resent
p th e li nes i n Fi g 4 , . as sh own by th e letters . T h us , the nu mbers 8 ,

opp osi te letter A i s th e dep of th e G

.
) A , E Of th e mer of G) D, or th e li ne A o , (Fi g
. . .

and th e n umb er opp osi te th e l etter B , i s th e dep artur e G) B , E , of th e same

m eri di an , or th e line B b in th e fi gure ; and i n li k e m ann er of th e oth ers .

A ll th e ab ove o er ati ons , whi ch I h ave given at len gth for the sak e of exp lanati o n ,
p
are p erfor me d with such facility th at, with th e exc ep ti on of taki ng o ut th e traverses,
w hi ch oc cu i es a s om ewhat lon er ti m e, the wh ole table
p g m ay be filled up in a fe w
minutes . Colu mn 1 9 i s i n trod uc ed solely wi th a vi ew of fac i li tati ng th e c o mp utati on

Of th e ar eas, by bringin g th e b e m ultip li ed to geth er i nto j uxtap ositi on

n umbers to .

T h ey are th e di ffer enc es , of lati tud e, an d d ep artures as foun d by th e tables , for ea ch mes
 in m op o c rI O N .
' xxu i

th e p recedi n g T h e p roof of th e accuracy of th ese subtr acti ons i s , of co ur se ,

c olu mn .

th at th ei r sum s sh o uld, together, m ak e up th e len gth of th e li n e, of wh i ch th ey form

so m an y p arts T h us, th e i ntervals i n th e c olum n s o h e ad ed , be twe en A and B ,

.

to ge th er m ak e up whi ch i s th e length of th e li ne A B , and i s th e nu mbe r , th er e

fore, entered agains t th e letter B , in th e p recedin g li n e . T h e four th column contai ns

th e o ffs ets, wi th th eir p rop er letters of referen ce , as t ak en fro m th e fi eld book ; th e -

sum of e ach su c c ess ive i f o ffse ts b elo nging to the s am e stati on line
fif ,
th th e p a rs o

an d in th e sixth an d seventh c olum n are th e p roducts of c olum n s 3 and 4, or th e are a

between the ofisets r endi c ul ars , an d th e true b ou ndary

'

of e ach orti on c o n tain ed as p p

e
p
an d station l i n esT h e small tri an gul ar p orti ons ar e su ch sp ac es as li e wi th out th e
.

li n e O f p er p en di cul ars , an d whi ch will s om eti m e s oc c ur, even wi th th e greates t c are ,

in th e b ound ary m eas urem ents ; th ey ar e to b e avoi de d by m eas uri ng offs ets to th e
sa me p oi nt fro m th e two con ti guou s stati on lin es , whi ch i n our c om p utati on , I s up

p o s e ,
h as n ot b e en d on e, or th ey will b e n e ces s arily fi lled i n, i n th e m e as ur ement of

th e c r os s li n es T he s um of th e o ffs et ar e as R an d L ar e ad d ed u for e ac h s tation

.
p
line , be cause, wh ere th ey ar e to b e e mp loy e d for th e are as of th e subdi vi si on s, th ey
ar e r e uir e
q d in th e gross only , and n ot i n d e tai l A single sh eet of fools c ap p ap er.

will, i n n r al, c ontain th e wh ol e of th e c om p utati ons O f any bound ar s ur ve y

ge e y
m ad e wh i c h may oc cur 111 p rac ti c e
as ab ove, .

S uch i s th e us e of th e tables h erewi th p ubli s h ed , i n th e p lottin g of surve y s and th e

c alc ul ation of ar e as , every p orti on of whi ch , wi th th e exc ep ti on of th e o ffset ar e as , is

d eri ved by th e si mp le st p roc es ses , from th e two columns of fi eld work

- — th e ,
oh

s erved i nward an gles an d th e di stan c es me as ur ed T he O p erati ons ar e entirely

” ”
.

ind ep endent of m ap or fi gure, mech ani cal , th at th ey m ay be wor k ed ou t

an d ar e s o

by any on e wh o can add, s ub tr act an d m ul ti l , th ou gh h e m ay n ot und ers tan d th e

p y
,

ob e c ts or laws of
j th e p roc ess es , wi th th e m e degree of ac curacy
sa as if h e were to h ave
th e m o st p erfect k nowle d ge of bo th , sup p osin g only th at th e Ob served i nward
an gles — th e ob ser ved b earing of th e fir st line, and th e m easur e d di stances are c or

rectl
y state d by th e s ur ve
y or . In li k e m ann er of th e O ffs ets th e di stances,
with th eir p rop er letters O f referenc e and letters in di c ating th e stati on lines,
O ffse ts , .

bein g entere d by th e sur vey or from hi s fi el d book , th e comp utati ons , li k e th ose -

ab ove, re uir e n o k n o wle d ge O f th e survey and no referen ce to m ap or p lan, and are

q
so si mp le , th at th ey mi gh t fille d in by a s ch ool boy
be T his i s a matter o f c on -
.

si derable i mp ortan c e , for i t enables th e p rac ti c al survey or to d evote h i s o wn tim e

hi h i val uable to th e out d o or work , whi ch is th e most i mpo rtan t, re qui ri ng con
(w c s ) -

si derable j udgment and experi ence ,

an d, at ti m es , n o li ttle tri al of hi s in tegrity , and

to leave th e c omp utati on , whi c h re

qui res li ttle skill , to b e m ad e by th ose wh ose ti m e
is p aid for at a m uch lo wer rate, and is , c ons e quen tly , of less p ecuni ary c ons id er ati on

to th eir employ er I do not m ean to i nfer th at th e

. c omp utati on of th e areas wi th
accurac y and exac tnes s is n ot O f cons equ en c e ; far fr om i t for one o f th e j
ob ec ts of

all field work in bound ary

-
s ur vey s is to Ob tai n thi s resul t— o ut i t is o btai ned by suc h
 I N I R O DUC T I O N .
‘
$1 1 7

si mple means , and is so eas y il c h eck d

e , th at i t d oes not requ i re t h e i m m e d i a te
*
attenti on of a sur vey or whos e duti es are more p arti cular ly requi red in th e fi eld .

T he subdi vi s ions of a survey , b in g

e of les s cons equence i n most cases th an th e

g ross area, may be made i n the manner commonly p ractised, by th e m easure m ent of
c ross lines, and by th e reducti on O f the b oun dary p oly gon i nto as many s ub or d i n at e

fi gures as may be necess ary wi th reference to th e nature of the s ur vey . Wh ere ,

as

in th e case of an exten si ve p aris h c ontai ni ng many farms, th e are a of e ac h farm i s o f

cons iderable amount, i t will be found ad vis able to survey firs t th e b ound ary of

the p arish, an d to comp ute th e gross are a ; th en to survey th e bound ary of e ach farm ,
or of so much onl y of it as li es wi thi n th e p ari sh li mi ts, an d to comp u te th e areas
of each by the tables al so . T h e su ms of th e areas of all th e farms, d etermined by
thei r sep arate boundari es, sh ould e qu al th e gros s area O f th e p aris h , ascertai n ed by
th e surve of i ts bound ary , and th us a cer tai n means of c h eck i ng th e acc uracy of th e
y
work i s Obtai ned .

I n th e above re mark s i t h as, for th e s ak e of fac il itating th e expl anati on, been s up

d n ece r for al l re du cti on s to be m ade to th e m eridi an of th e first stati on ; and

p ose ss a y
th ough th ere ar e many advan tages attendin g th is mode work ing travers es , p ar
of

ti c ul arly wh en i t i s i nte nd ed to co mbi ne s eve ral s urve y s in to one m ap, or wh ere th e

g g p
eo r a h i c al p os i ti on s of p lac e s h a ve t o b e d ete r mi n ed ,
wi th reference one to th e

oth er , or first p oi nt, th e lati tud e an d longitu d e of whi ch is k n own , s till i t i s

to a

atten d e d wi th th e one i n convei n en ce , of a dj ustin g th e ins tr ument i n th e p lan e of th e

meri di an, wh i ch , to those unuse d to m ak i ng astron o mi c al obser vati ons, or to th e

c alculati ons n ec essar y in ap p ly in g th ose O b s er vati ons to p rac tic al uses, will al wa s
y
p resen t a s eri ou s ob s tac le :fo r th e si mp le p urp ose o f ob tai nin g th e area, h o wever ,
th e r el ati ve p i ti on of pl ac es, not consi d ered eo ra h i c al l , i t i s not at al l n ec es
or os g g p y
s ary to work by a tru e meri di an, for as , by our hy p oth e sis, th e meri di ans ar e wi th i n
certai n li mited di stan c es, c on si der ed as
p ar al le l s trai gh t li ne s, an
y sid e of any ri gh t

lined figur e, or any li ne i n serie s, m ay b e assu m ed as a b a se or meri d i an , an d th e

i ncli n ati on s (
or b eari ngs) of all th e oth er si d es wi th thi s si de m ay b e as certai n ed
al s o the di stan c es of all th e oth er s tati o n s , from th e stati on at ei th er en d o f th e
assum e d b as e , or fro m any p o i nt i n th at b ase , may be d eterm i n ed by c o ordin ates , -

an d th e are a ob tai n e d e xactly in th e s am e mann er as i f th e true di ffere nc es of lati

t ude an d th e d ep ar tures were re n ted by th ose lin es
p re s e .

To r en der this famili ar , l et us tak e a si m

p l e c as e, th at of a reg ular n t n for
p e ag o

i nstan ce (fi g . e ach si d e bei n g su pp os ed to m easure 2 5 ch ai ns, th e i nward an gl es

m easuring of course 1 08
°
e ac h . T he ar ea of th i s fi gu re obtained by th e for mula,

F or a clear and c omp reh en si ve d escrip ti on of th e T raverse S y s tem and G ales method
'
of S ur vey in g, th e
A uth or woul d re fer to a M anual of S urvey ing for I ndia
p ile d by C a
p taicom
n :It S my th , an d H L T h u illi.e r , . .

B engal A rtille ry , E d i ti on 1 8 5 5 , in w hi c h , at p age 2 6 8 , an example i s given o f th e mode of ap p lyi ng th e

c o rrecti ons i n L ati tud e an d Dep ar ture , where th e S um s of th e N orth an d S ou th and o f th e E as t and West
,

Columns d o no t agree . I n th e E xamp le at p g

a e XV . of th is Intro d u c ti on, th e difference of th e North an d

S outh Columns from th e mean i s 0 6 link , an d of th e E as t an d Wes t Columns is 0 6 5 link on ly , and th es e

d ifferences have been di stri bute d ap p roxi mately among th e di s tances as sh own by the figures i n i tali c ty pe.
xxvn i I NT R O D UCT IO N .

between H ar m s and R A R E L L Y, i n the N . W .

p rovin ces of th e B engal Pr esi dency ,
m ade i n th e y ear 1 8 3 6 , and will s erve to ill ustr ate th e appli cati on of th e tables to
t hi s k in d of work T h e firs t column refers to th e p ag e of th e fi eld book ; th e second
.
-

c ontains th e numbers of the s tati on s th e third th e n am es of th e villages or towns

i mmedi ately c onti guous to th e li n es , or through whi ch th ey m ay p ass, an d p r even ts

th e n ecessi ty of frequent referen c e to th e fi eld book ; i n th e four th

-
column ar e

e nter ed th e true bear in gs as regi stered on th e li mb of th e th eod oli te, i . e . th e oh

s er ved m agnetic b earin gs , corre cted for th e vari ati on of th e comp as s ; c olumns 5 to
th e en d ar e in all r esp ects si mil ar to th ose i n th e table, p ag e xv, num bered 4 to

1 4 , and are fill ed up as di recte d for th em T h e li nes across th e table are th e limi ts
.

of th e work of eac h i d wh eth er d ail y, morni ng, or evenin g work ; s uch

p er o , or

break s ar e n ecessar
y for
p rotr acti o n , an d c o nveni en t for refer en ce .

Fi gure 7 contains a few of th e fi rst station s p rotr ac ted on a scal e of ei gh t inch es

to a mile ; Fi gur e 8 th e wh ole of the li nes in th e firs t p orti on of th e work , or th at
p ar t betw een H a tr as an d D uri a
p oor T h e st at ions ar e p l ott
.e d i n th e follo wi n g
manner :draw y li n e Fi
( g )
an 7 t o rep res en t a m.eri di an , a n d as s um e any p oi nt up on

that lin e for th e first station of th e surve m k oi nt on t h e meri di an N of C l

y ar a p .

1 furlong link s, or link s (being th e 1 st entry , an d opp osi te to th e

numb er 2 i n the plo tti ng c olumn L a ti tude of th e table) , an d number thi s point 2 ’

from 2 on a lin e p erp en di cul ar to th e m eridi an, m ark a p oin t E

’
link s (bein g .

th e firs t entry , and also o

pp osi te to th e numb er 2 i n th e p lotti ng col umn Dep ar ture
of the table) , and thi s p oint will b e 6 2 . A gai n , fr om (9 1 in a directi on N .

li nks, i . e. 1 fur long lin k s, mark a p oi n t an d n u mb er it and from 3

’
on a li ne
e
p p
r en di cul ar to th e meridi an , set off a
p oi n t E . link s, wh i ch will b e CD3 and

p roc eed in a si mil ar manner for th e re m ai nin g stati o ns , tak i ng all th e val ues su c

cessi vely from th e plotti n g c olumn s, and lay i ng th em off as above from (9 1 ac cording
to th e i n di c ati on of th e c ardi n al letters ; draw lin es c onnectin g th e stati ons 1 , 2, 3 ,
&c .
, whi ch will represent th e m easured or stati on li n es of th e survey , from whi ch
di s tant obj ects ar e fi lled i n by inters ection, and n ear on e s by o ffsets i n th e us ual way .

I n p rotrac ting each p i ece of work i t will b e found conveni ent to fi x the extreme
oints firs t, and to fill i n th e i n term e di ate s tati ons afterwards I n Fi 8 th i ti n
p g , e p os o s . .

Of B atras and Dur i ap oor were first lai d down, and th ose o f th e s everal oth er i nterme

di ate p oints after this h ad been done gr at fac‘

ili ty i s thus afforded, also, for red uci n g

an d enl argi ng, or tr an sferrin g m ap s of sin gl e lin es of ro ad wh ere th e b earing of th e

lin e i s consid erable ; as will app ear evi d ent by an in sp ec ti on of th e figure, i n whi ch
th e di agonal, from th e first to th e las t stati on , becom es th e lin e of referen c e, th e

p p
er en di cul ar di stanc es of th e s ever al stati ons from i t, excep tin g t he few first, bein g
much less th an those from th e m erid ian i tself .

T he differen ces of l atitude and th e d ep art ures in th e colu mn of rem ar k s ent ere d

T h e p o si ti on up on th e pap er of the meri dian and fir st sta tion will dep end up on th e general directi on of
t he line to be sur vey ed .
 I NT R O D UCT I O N . xxi x

agains t t h e las t station i n e ach seri es, ar e comp uted from T abl e I V . and s erve to

determi ne th e relati ve e o
g g pr a hi c al p o s i ti o n of th os e s tati ons with r efe rence to the
first, or to an y oth er stati on i n th e s eri es T he positi ons of plac e s in m ap s are
.

d etermi n ed by si milar entri es, and are se t off by sc ales of m inutes an d secon d s from

meri di ans up on p arallels of lati tude, i n th e s am e manner as th e stati ons in Fi gures 7

and 8 were on a s c al e of mil es an d p ar ts . T hus , if i t were r equired to l ay do wn th e

p os i ti on of Duri ap oor in a m ap of I ndi a, th e lati tude and longitud e of H atras th e

fir s t stati on in th e survey b eing k nown , it would b e done i n the follo wi n g m ann e r

H ar a a s ° °
L at N L on g E 7 8
” ”
27 36 00 04 00
’ ’
. . . .

Duri ap oor diff L at N

. . . 02 4 9 4 di ff L on g E
. . . 04

°
Dur i ap oor true L at N . . 27 38 4 9 4 tr ue L on g E . . 78 08 0 1 2 0

Wi th th e true lati tud e and longi tude so found , th e p osition of th e vill age
woul d be fixed by th e i nters ec ti on of c O -
ordin ate s from th e n ear es t m e ri di an an d

p arall el of latitud e on th e m ap , an d th e p osi tion of an

y oth er p o i n t or
p l ace i n th e

s ur vey woul d b e lai d d own i n a si m il ar m ann er .

T h e tr avers e table m ay be ap p li ed to vari ous oth er us es , as i s fully exp lai ned in

-

work s c ont ai ni n g tables of n atural si nc e an d cos in e s , of wh i ch th ey are but an exten

s i on :there i s on e p urp os e, h owever, to whi ch th ey are p arti cul arl
y ad a ted
p ; vi z .

th e tracin g of r ai lway curves , wh ich i t i s m y i ntenti on n ow to exp lai n .

T he ap p li c ati on O f th e travers e table to th e tracing

-
of r ailway c ur ves d ep en ds
up on th e two following tri gon ometri c al formulae

1 T he c h ord of any arc twic e th e si n e O f h alf th e arc .

2 . T h e p erp en di c ul ar bi se ctin g a V ers ed s in e of h alf th e arc , or

c h or d and i ts arc radi us c o si n e O f h alf th e arc .

In th e traverse table d eparture -

r ep res ents th e s in e ; l ati tu d e ,
t h e c osin e, and

di stan c e an swers to radi us .

T o fix any nu mber of p oi n ts in a ci rcul ar arc, or i n th e wh ole c i r c um fe ren c e of

a circle, it is onl y ne c ess ary to k n ow th e length of th e ra di us of curvature, an d to

d etermine, by m e ans of th e ta bl es he c hord and versed sin e of any ar c, an d of its
,
-

subdi vis i ons Wi th th ese elem ents the positi ons of th es e points may be lai d down,
.

will be sh own resen tl

as p y .

When i t i s required to connect the e xtr emi ti es of t wo p o rti on s of a rail wa , not

y in
th e s am e s trai gh t li ne, termin ating at a di s tance from e ach o th er by a curve, th e
lin es of rai lway mus t be tangen t to the c ur ve at both p oi nts of contact :th ere c an,
th erefore, wh en th e cur ve is uniformly circ ul ar, be but on e length of radi us an d one
length of c ur ve whi ch will answer th ose c on di ti ons :s o al s o th ere i s on ly on e cas e

i n wh i ch th e c ur ve, if circ ular, ca n be uniform ; n am el , wh en th e an gl es form ed by

y
two strai gh t li n es of railwa
y wi th th e ch ord lin e c onn ectin g th eir extr emi ti es are, on
XXX INT R O D UCT I O N .

th e sam e si d e o f th e lin e, equ al :i n all oth er c as es a c o mbi n ati on of c urves of dif

ferent r adii if c ircul ar ar c s ar e i ntended to b e u se d wi ll be nec essary th ese will b e
reg ul ated by th e p arti c ul ar circ umstances of each i n di vi dual c as e :still , as every
c urve whi ch i t may be required in pr ac tice to tr ac e on th e ground c an be m ad e up of
a nu mber of cir cular ar cs , and as th e length of th ese s ever al arcs and th eir rad ii must
b e determi ne d b efor e th ey b e traced up on th e ground , thes e consi der ati ons d o n ot
c an

i n any way affec t th e ad op tion of th e m eth od by whi ch I p rop os e to determin e such

numb er of oi n t i n th u v m b n e c es for th e accurate di stributi on of
p s e c r e as a
y e s ar y
th e rail wa
y b ar s I s h all th er ef
.or e tak e th e si mp l est c as e wh i ch c an occur , —th at of

o ne uni form ci rcul ar cur ve , — and sh ow h ow a n u mber of oi nts i n i t m ay b e fixed i n

p
p r ac ti ce ; from whi ch th e a
pp li cati on of th e m eth od to c ombi ne d curves will be
read il un d erstood :for e ach su cces sive rti on, wh ere th e r adius of curvature vari es ,
y p o

will be treated , ac c ordi ng to th e r ul es l aid down, as an i sol ated arc , th e elem ents for
wh i ch (i . e . th e ch ord an d vers ed sin e of i ts subdi vi si ons ) b ei n g d eter mi n e d b y th e

t abl es, li d i n th s am e m anner for thi s rti on of th e gen er al c urve,

are a
pp e e arc , or p o

as for an
y oth er are c on si d er ed in i tself as a c om p lete cu r ve .

Wh en th e len gth of e ach ci rcul ar arc an d i ts r ad ius sh all h ave b een determined ,
it wi ll be foun d useful to h ave s om e g uid e to reg ul ate th e most sui tabl e arc or an gle

fo r wh i ch th e cur ve an d verse d si n e, in th e com m enc em ent of th e fi eld op er ations,

s h all b e d etermin ed :for i t i s n ec ess ar y , in avoi din g th e use of too lon g ch ord lines,
to tak e th e lon ge st p ossi ble vers ed s i ne, so far as it c an b e d one wi th out in cre asing
too mu c h th e length of th e c h ord . T h e followi ng tabl e h as been drawn up for
thi s p urp os e, an d c on tai ns th o se an gl es whi ch will, i t i s beli eved , be foun d m os t .
con

veni en t to c omm en c e wi th i n cu r ves wh ose radi us li e s between 1 00 0 an d feet,

or fr om 1 1} furlon gs to 7 t mil es, whi ch embr ac es al l such as us ual ly occ ur in
racti c e
p .

R d
a i us . A ngle C h ord .
Verse d 8 . A ngle . C h or d . V erse d 9 .

I t i s al way s advis able to m ak e us e O f an ar c or an gle i n th e c omm encement O f th e

ork of su ch nu mb er O f mi nutes , or d e grees an d mi nutes , as i s c ap abl e of bei n g

halved the g reatest number of ti mes w i th out i ntroduci ng th e fr ac ti on of a minute

 I N T R O DU C T I ON . m ;

t e
. .
, to t ak e s om e multipl e of 7
’
&c .
, ac c ordi n
g to th e len gth of th e
radius of curvatur e and th e num ber of ti m es i t m ay be n ec essary to bi s ect th e arcs t o

obtain a suffi ci e nc y of p oi nts for th e re qui red d egree of appr oxi m ati on to th e c ur ve .

T he inconveni enc e of usi ng such arcs as do

by 2 i nto whole minutes i s not s ubdi vi d e

evi dent :for, as th e table s are c alc ulated only to si n gl e mi nutes, th e in troducti on of

the fracti on of a min ute woul d i nvolve th e n ec es si ty of working out th e fr acti on al

p art b y p rop orti on .

L et wA , y G, Fi g 9 , . r e resent
p th e extremi ti es of t wo s trai gh t li nes of r ailwa
y
whi ch i t i s requi red to c onne ct by an uniform c ir cu lar c urve, of radi us I i m ile s , or

9 240 feet By r eferri n g to th e ab ove tabl e i t

°
th at 3 1 2 i s th e l m
’
. ap p ears an
g e o st
sui t a ble to th e com m en c em en t of th e work th i s i s a multi ple of d m ay b e
an

h alved six ti mes su cc essi vel

y wi th o ut i n tro du c i n g a fracti on . T he work in g lin es for
the s everal arc s m ay be found by the T ables as foll ows
°
3 12
’

°
1
’
36

9 24 0 C osin e S in e
Di stanc e or R ad ius 9 2 40

V ers ed si ne C h or d 5 1 5 9 82

and si milarly for th e lesser arcs . T h e li nes so found may be arr an ged in a table
as, below, for u se i n th e field .

Chord . H alf Ch ord . V er se d S ine .

°
12
’
3
1
°
36
’
2 58 1 29 9 04
° ° °

48
’
1 29 Ol °
2 26
24
’
0 63
12 022
’

It is unnecess ary to p roc eed furt her an d, i n tracing th e cur ve i n th e fi rst i nstanc e,
th e two l ast s ets of lin es wi ll not requi re to be u s ed .

T o fix p oints i n th e c urve on th e ground comm ence at th e end of e ith er strai gh t .

li ne of rail way , as at A in Fi g 9 , and in th e di rection of th e lin e p rod uc ed measure

.

d i s tances 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 fr om A , su c c essi vely , e q u al to th e h alf ch ords i n th e table, begi n

ni n g wi th the sh ortest :from th ese p oints er ec t a s et of e

p pr en di c ulars i nwar ds , eac h

e q u al to th e corresp on di ng vers ed sin c e i n th e table, whi ch wi ll give so many p oints

”
a
‘
,
a, a , i n th e c urve . T his i s undoubtedly th e best way of co mm en cin g , i t being
e as i er to produce li ne truly , and to dr aw a s h ort p erp e ndi cular from th e en d so ro
a p

T he word half ch ord i s used instead of sins, as more sui ted to th e nature o f the work to wh i ch i t is ap p lied.
xxxi i I N T R O D UC T I O N .

d uce d, th an fr om a sh ort li ne or ofi se t th e c om men c ement to dr aw a lon g li ne wh ic h

'

at

sh all be truly p erp end ic ular th ereto T here are s everal way s i n whi c h th e rem ai ning
.

o i n ts i n th e c urve mi gh t be fi xed ; t h e followin g i s , h owever , th e si mp lest, as i t i n

p
volve s onl y on e s et of m e as urements, th at of th e p erpe n di cul ars excep ted — Provi d e a
c arp enter s level, th e rul e of whi ch i s from ei gh t to ten feet lon g,
’
bri cklay er an d
’
s or

j
a d us t th e stan d ard to th e len gth of th e vers ed sine of th e l argest arc , or 3 6 04
fe e t P lac e th e level at B th e rul e or str ai h t edge i n th e s up p os ed direc ti on of
.
g
th e ch ord from A to C s tretch a lin e by th e edge of th e rul e, an d ad ust j th e two un ti l

t h ey c oin cid e :p roduce th e lin e and m eas ure a dis tan ce from A e qu al to th e ch ord

line i n th e table, or 5 1 5 9 8 fe et or from th e centre of th e level (whi c h of c ourse

bis e c ts th e ch ord) , eq ual to th e h alf ch ord, or 2 5 7 9 9 feet ; and this will determin e
th e n ext p oint C . R emove th e level to C, an d p ro cee d in a s imil ar m ann er un til

oth er fun d am ental p oin ts D, E , F, as far as th ey c an b e co ntin ued , are m ar k e d C on .

n ec t th e fun d am en tal p o i nts B C , C D, &c by li n es, whi ch will e q ual th e c h or ds of

.

th e n ext less ar cs , an d from th e mi d dle p oints of th es e lin es rai se perp en di culars out
wards , equ al to th e c orres p ond ing verse d si nes , wh i ch wi ll d etermin e a sec ond s e ri es

o f p oi nts 6, c, d , &c A gain, by c onnec tin g th e p oints B b, b C by li n es, an d

.

rai si n g p erp en di cul ar s from th e mi d dle of th os e li nes outwards, e qu al to th e ver s e d

sin es foll owi n g, a thi rd an d fou rth s eri es of p oin ts 6

1
c l
&c are d etermin e d ; .

an d s o th e p oi n ts may be m ultip li ed as far as is c on si dered n ec essar

y . In tr ac ing a

c ur ve of th e radi us s up p os ed above, i t will be unnec ess ary to p roce e d bey ond th e

thi rd s et of lin es , whe n th e vers ed si n e to a ch ord of 1 29 fe et i s onl thr ee i nch es
y .

In di stri buti ng th e rai l -

bar s, h owever, th e adj u s tmen ts m us t be car ri ed on to th e las t
s e t of lines, wh er e th e ch ord is n ear l
y equal to th e ordi n ary len gth of two b ars .

Where th e fi rst p oi nts i n th e c ur ve h ave b een d etermin ed as d ir ec ted ab ove, th ere

will al way s remai n a p orti o n bey on d th e l as t fund am ental p oint, un
to be m ark e d ou t

less th e ar c first use d will divi d e exac tly into th e wh ole cur ve, wh i ch s eldom h ap p ens to
be the c as e; th e rem aini ng p ar t m ay b e fill ed in, in th e followi ng m anner — L e t F, Fi g .

1 0 , rep resent the las t und am en tal p oin t fixed ; e e e , th e i mm edi ate p oi nts betwe en
f 1 fl

E and F, d etermin ed by p erp endi cul ar s on th eir res p e c tive c h ords ; adj us t th e le vel to
an
y vers ed sin e, as 9 0 4 feet for in s tan ce, an d lay it d own at F . From e, th e p oint
i n th e curve alr eady d etermin ed, whi ch ans wers to th e h alf c hord of th e vers e d si n e
°
90 4 feet, stretch a li ne, m ad e to c oin c i d e as above wi th th e edge of th e rule , an d

meas ure a d istan ce on i t, from e, equ al t o th e c orresp ondi ng ch ord , or 2 5 8 fe et, or

1 2 9 fe et from th e c entre of th e level, wh i ch will d etermin e ano th er p o in t f . C onnec t

F f by a strai gh t lin e, and fro m th e m id dl e of th e lin e Ff e rec t a e
p p
r en d i c ul ar

outward s, e qual to th e n ext less verse d s in e in th e T able, an d th e p oi n t f

’
will
be d e te rm in e d . In mi lar way th e p rocess m ay be continued until th e c urve
a si

clos es as n e ar to G, th e p oint of c ontac t wi th the second strai gh t lin e of r ail way , as

i s n eces s ary .

A s th e p oint s of meeting of th e s e ver al arcs in a co nti nue d c urve mus t h ave bee n
 E XPL ANAT ION A ND US E OF T HE T AB L E S .

T H E T as vs a si t T A B L E , p ages 1 to 9 1 .

T m s T able is an extensi on of a ta ble of n at ural si n es and cosi nes to si ngle min utes of a degree ,
th e lati tude and dep ar ture e nte red for each mi nute being multi ples of the natural c osi ne an d

s ins of that mi nute ment h ere followed i s di fi erent from that which h as been
‘

. T he arran
ge

obs er ved in general travers e tables hi th erto p ubli shed, in wh ich t he d istanc es are c arri ed acros s

th e Op en a e on the same li ne wi th th e beari n s or an les arran ed i n th e s i de

p g g g g mns from
c ol u

th e he ad to th e foot of th e p age , and vic e versd . S uch an arra nge ment i s i nconveni ent, inas
much as th e h as to travel p erhap s across th e whole op en p age to tak e out the trave rs es of
ey e

the several
p arts of a di stance , and th ere is alwa s a li abili t i n doin
y y g so to mi s s th e li ne an s wer

i ng to any beari ng , es
p e ci al l
y wh en the o e rati on
p h as to be re ea te d , as
p is someti mes the case ,

fi ve or si x times for t h e same dis tance . I n the p resent table th e ten lati tudes and ten d ep artures
for th e sa m e degree and minute ran e d each i n th e s ame vertical column a blank bei n left
are
g g ,

between th em, an d als o betwee n th e d i stances 5 and 6 , for con ven ience of refere nce . Great
facili ty i s afforded by thi s meth od of arrangement for th e p rincipal argument in entering th e
table s i s th e heari ng l
or an
g e wh i ch i s co ns tant for all th e c om onent num bers of a di stance ;
, p
and as i t i s by th e s um of the travers es of i ts p arts th at th e travers e of a whole d istance i s
obtai ned , i t bec omes an ob ec t, s o far as i t c an be done sy s te mati c ally , to bri n the lati tudes and
j g
dep artures for each angle i nto th e narrowes t p os sible li mi ts . T his it is beli eved h as been d one
i n th e table now p ubli sh ed ; th e first of i ts ki nd c arri e d out to si ngle mi nutes . or arran ed
g in
th e manner th erei n adop te d In enteri ng the tabl e for any hearing or angle th e degrees from
.
,

to 4 4 i nclusi ve will be found mark ed at th e h ead of th e page and from 4 5 to 8 9 at the

° ° ° °
0 ,

foot i n an i nverse order . B ut as the p resent arrangement p recludes th e poss ibility of more than
60 se ts of nu mbers in each op en
p g
a e i t will be necessary i n taki ng out the travers es for
,

th e next less wh ole de gree ,

°
whole d egrees , between 1 and 44 °
i ncl usi ve to . enter th e p a e of
g
degree th e wh ole d egree sough t. T h e minutes of each
’
and to us e th at 60 i n place of

degree fro m 0 ,
°
to 44 °
i ncl usi ve , g m
ran e fro th e left h and u
pp er corner of the left page at the ,

reck oned i n di rec t order to th e ri h t and from 4 5

° °
top of eac h se cti on and are to 9 0 th e re ve rse ,
g ,

i . e . they begin at th e ri gh t h and lower corne r of th e ri ght p age and are read i n i nverse ord er ,

at th e bottom of eac h secti on :every 5 th minute bei ng at th e ri gh t hand of the left page, and
l oth min ute at t h e righ t h and of th e right p age both downwards and u wards th ere ca n
e verv p .
 EX PL A NA T IO N A ND US E OF T HE TAB LES
‘

. xxxv

be no di ffi cul ty i n fi ndi ng read i ly any re quired mi nute i n an

y p ar t of th e page . T he rest of

t he arrangement i s too plai n to q

re uire any ex
planati on T h e m e thod of tak in g out a t raverse

in e ach of th e three c as es mentioned i n th e above e xplanati on i s as follows

E xa mp le 1 . Gi ven th e be ari ng of a li ne 2 6 °
N . W .
, and the d is tance 9 chains 59 links ;
re qui red th e d ifference of lati tude and th e dep arture .

H ere we must s ub sti tute 25 °

6 0 for 2 6
' °
as di rec ted above enter th e table and , at th e h ead
of th e page s eek for 2 5 degrees , from th e se cti on 6 0 (rec koned from the top) ; tak e out th e
’

differences of lati tudes and th e de artures s e arately for th e h undreds tone an d uni ts , i n th e
p p , ,

di s tanc e, as exp ressed by i ts si gnificant fi gures , from th ei r p rop er col umns i n the table, agree
ably to the desi gnati on at the head of th e p age , removi ng th e deci m al p oint of th e travers es
tak en out as many plac es to th e ri
gh t han d, as the fi gures i n eac h separate d p orti on of th e

di stance exceed those in th e correspondi ng n umbers of th e tabular di stanc e col umns :th e
di s tance li nks wi ll b e sep arate d into 9 0 0 4 0 , , and 7 li nk s , and th e trave rs es for each tak en

out s e aratel th u
p y s,

B earing .

26 °
or 25 °
60 N
’
. W .

N . 157 4 1 5 1 36 W .

T he difference of lati tud e will al way s be e x resse d b th e same c ardi nal le tte r N or S and
p y .

th e d ep arture by the sa me letter E or W as i ndi ca t e th e di recti on of th e bearing .

E xa mp le 2 Given the beari ng 3 8 27 S E

°
and th e dis tan c e 1 3 chains 2 9 lin k s , to find
‘
. . .
,

the di fferen ce of lati tude and th e dep arture .

S eek in th e table th e h ead from the sec tion ( the

’
at of th e p age for and 27 counting

min utes from the top ) , tak e ou t the differences of lati tude and th e d ep artures for th e p se arate

numbers comprisi n th e dis tance accor d in t t h i si gni ficant figures ; i for 1 0 0 0 , 30 0 , 2 0

g g o e r . e .
.

an d 9, re moving the deci mal p oint as direc ted before :th us

B earing . L ati tu de .

°
38 27 S E
'
. . 7 8 31 5 1

1 5 6 63

S . E .

E s a mp le 3 . R equired th e difference of lati tude and th e d eparture for a beari ng 7 9 4 5 S ° ’

. W .

and dis tance 1 6 7 cha ins 54 links .

°
T h e degree of the beari ng bei ng greater th an 4 5 will be found at th e foot of th e p age and ,

th e mi nutes mus t be reckoned from th e foot als o i n i nvers e order i e from ri h t to left ; th e
g , . .
,

differences of lati tude departures wi ll be tak en from th eir p roper col umns i n secti on
and

but accordi ng to the desi gnati on at the foot of the p age , th e distance will be separated i nto
,

70 0 , 5 0 and 4 ; the p rocess is th e same as i n th e examp les 1 and 2 , th us

.
xxxvi E XP L A N A T I ON A N D us e or T HE T A B L B s.

S 2 9, 8 1 25 9
' °

T he bas e and e r endic ular

p p of an i ncli ned pl an s may also be foun d by th ese tables , th e
le ngth of the plane and i ts i ncli nation to th e hori z on bei ng gi ven ‘ .

E xa mp le 4 I observed th e angle which a h i ll or ris i ng ground makes wi th t h e h ori z on

.

06 °
and meas ured its length 1 4 7 63 feet :re quired th e length of i ts base on th e p lane of

the h oriz on an d p er endi c ular he igh t

p .

L ength o r
Di stance .

° '
06 15 1 00

40
7

1 476 3 B as e 146 752 Perp . 1 60 7 2

T h is p roblem i s of great use i n s urvey ing, both i n d etermini ng the horiz ontal di stances
between places i n th e fi el d , and i n gi vi ng th e lengths of li nes meas ured out of th e plane of th e
horiz on for th eir p rojec tion i n map s and p lans .

T ABLE S I .
, II .
, III ,
p a
g es 92 , 93 . a nd 94 .

quently hap pens that measurements made i n one denominati on require to be converted
I t fre
i nto their e qui valents of anoth er de nominati on :for i nstance route s urvey s are general ly mea ,

s ured wi th i nstrume nts re is teri n d feet ; and ci rcumstances may oc cur , and do fre
g g y ar s or

quently happen , wh ere instruments cannot be readily

p roc ured, wh i ch i nd uce th e n ecessi ty of

making all meas ure ments of e very ki nd in one or other of th e above denomi nations , L and
however generally made in G unter s meas ure or in li nk s each the l OOOth p art of
'

s urve s are
y ,

a furlon ; and thi s i s th e mos t c onveni e nt of all meas ures for determi nin th f
g g e ac rea ge o a ny
exten t of surface ; b ut for ra h i c al u es th e s tan da rd uni t b ein th E n li h f t
e
g g p
o p p
r o s g e g s oo ,

th os e meas urements are mos t c on veni en t whi ch are mad e in this denomination , th e length of

degrees of lati tude an d longitude b ei ng most fre quently express ed in tables i n fee t also . T he
arran ement of
g these ta ble s q
re ui res no ex
pl anati on ; th eir use is as follows :

T ABLE I .
, p g
a e 92 .

E xa mp le 5 . R equi red the q

e ui val ent in chains , lin ks , and deci mals of li nks , to 1 8 6 } or

y ards .

B ase c o rresp ond s to la ti tu de, an d p p

er e n di c ula r to d ep ar ture.
 E XPL A NA T I O N A N D US E OF T HE T AB L E S . XXX VI ]

E nter th e table in th e col umns

designated yards and seek the numb er 1 8 6 th e first p f
, , art o

th e e quivalent for whi ch is noted at th e head across th e doub le col umn of yards and feet , and

is 8 ch ains in the las t column , on a li ne wi th th e number 1 8 6

’
mai ning p art of th e
is th e re

q
e ui valent , or 4 5 4 link s . T he d eci mal parts are taken out as whole numbers removi ng th e ,

deci mal point in the equi val ent n umber as many p l aces as i t i s removed i n the ori i nal th us,
g
for 2 5 y ard s take out the q 1 ch ai n 1 3 6 li nk s , or 1 1 3 6 li nk s, an d
e ui val ent
for 25 y ards
remove the d eci mal poi nt 2 places to th e left, whi ch will gi ve li nks for the e ui valent to q
2 5 y ards ; add t his to th e p art already obtai ned , and y ou will h ave l

li nks for th e equi valent to 1 8 6 2 5 y ards . T he work i s arran ed

g in th e followi ng manner

Yards . Cb . L ks .

1 86
1 1 36

1 8 6 25 Chs . lks . Am .

E xamp le 6 . Re quired the equi valent in chains , &c .

, to feet .

T he p rocesses are exactly similar to those desc ri bed above , and s i milarly arranged, th us

Feet . Ch . L ks .

654
7 10 6

F eet 6 5 4 7 Ch ai ns 9 9 1 9 6 1ks ,
'
. A ns .

As one furlong e qual s 1 0 ch ai ns or l 0 0 0 links , the e quivalent to any number of furlongs may
be d etermined wi th out the n ecessi ty of com utation or of referenc e
p to any table, by ad di n
g
a ci h er to th e fi ure e x ressi n th m b f f l th u 2 fu l n i s 2 0 chai ns ,
p g p g e n u e r o ur on
g ,
s s ; r o gs

l l furlon gs or 1 mile 3 furl ongs i s 1 1 0 ch ai ns , &c , .

T A B L E II .
, p g
a e 93 .

T hi s and th e following two tables h ave necessari ly bee n b rok en i nto two parts , the p age bei ng

too short to contain as many lines of figures as th e tables consi s t of .

E xa mp le 7 . A distance i s meas ured , 6 4 ch ain s 7 2 5 li nk s . I t is q

re ui red to convert th e
same i nto i ts q
e ui valent
in y ards and deci mals of yards
T here being two si gnific ant figures i n th e number of ch ains th e fi rst denoting te ns , the ,

q
second units , th e e ui valen ts must be taken out for each s ep aratel
y E nte r th e c olu m n o f .

ch ai ns corres ondi n t th i ni fi n t fi i th fi t t f th t bl w h i t i n x t
p g o e s g ca gures n e rs p ar o e a e e re s a e ac

deci mal multi p le of that number, or in the fi rst or second p art of th e table , accordi n
g as th e
nu mber of li nks is more or less th an 5 0 when th e wh ole di stance i s l ess than
, 1 0 chai ns , th e
fi rst p art of the e qui val ent value is found in the same column under the number of chai ns and ,

in a li ne wi th the number of links i n th e c olumn so desi nated th l st t f th e qui al e nt v

g e a
p ar o e

i s found i n th e colu mn headed deci mals of y ards , of whi ch th ere is one for each part of th e

table .T h e dec i mal parts of li nk s are tak en out as dir ec ted above , and the p roce sse s are

arra n ed as follo ws
g
 I XP L A N A T IO N A ND US E OF T HE TA B LES

Chs . lka 1 4 2 3 9 5 0 yds

-

. A ns

T A B L E II I .
, p age 94 .

T he arran ement and method of usi ng th is table is i n every resp ect s i milar to the last
g .

E xamp le 8 . Gi ven the length of a li ne in a survey , links . R equi red its equi valent
in feet and deci mals .

feet . A na .

T A B L E IV p g
a e 95 .

T his table is c al culate d by the F ormula xliii p age 1 1 6 of M r F B aily s A s tronomical

’
.
, , .

T ables and F ormula ; th e co mp ression of the earth at th e poles bei ng as s umed an d th e

mean degree of lati tude taken at 8 6 45 4 7 feet T he first ten degre es of latitude and longi tude
.
,

a nd afterwards e ver fi fth d w m ut d b th F m ul th i n t m d i t d

y e gree , e re co p e y e or a , e er e a e eg rees

being filled i n by i nterp ola tion, by di fferences carried out as far as su c h could be done . T he
degrees of lati tude are calc ulated for th e lati tudes of mi ddle p oints :for i nstance the
t hei r ,

degree in th e table on a li ne wi th th e number 2 7 i n th e first c ol umn i s th at degre e wh ich ,

extends from lat 2 6 .

°
to lat 2 7 .
°
and i n like manner of th e res t T he degrees of .

longi tude are com utedfor th e parallels of latitude exp ressed by the numbers i n th e same line
p
i n the col umn de signated di s tance from th e e ua tor ”
q .

T he us e of thi s table i s to convert th e tabular traverses exp ressed i n uni ts of li near meas ure
into their q
e ui valent val ues of lati tude and longi tude i n a rc :i . i n degrees , mi nutes , seconds,
e .
,

&c for that part of the earth s s urface to which the travers es belong ; but before exe mp lify ing
’
.
,

the p rocesses in p erforming this red uc ti on, i t ma be useful to i ve few general re marks on
y g a

th e p ri nciples up on whi ch s uch reducti ons de end

p .

I n th e explanati on , g i ve n in th e I ntrod uc ti on , of th e ada tation of traverse tabl es to s urve i n

p y g ,

the s urface of th e earth , wi thi n th e li mi ts of each s et of op erati ons , h as been consi d e red as a

p l ane , and the meridians as p arallel s trai h t

g lines ; th e re lati ve lengths of th e dis tance , di ffer
e nce of lati tude, and d eparture , h ave been s tated , not only to be accurately exp ress ed by t he

th ree si d es of a ri h t an led l n trian le but to be truly p rojec ted by th e cons truc ti on of th a t

g g p a e g
-
,

triangle up on th e map both of th ese statements are, conformably with the hy pothesi s stri c tly ,

true , an d boundary i nd eed map s of s mall extent, may be p roje c ted wi th s uffi c ient
s urvey s or

a cc uracy for all acti cal urp oses by th e rules gi ven i n the text I n route survey s , also wh e re
p r p .
,

the general li ne li es near to meridian or arallel of lati tude , the res ul ts so obtai ned ap proxi
a
p
mate ve ry nearly to th e truth ; but wh e re a cons i de rable e xten t of country h as to be map p ed ,

or where th e general li ne of a s ur vey trave rs i ng th e meridians at an q

o bli ue ang le h as to b e
 E XP L A N A T I O N A ND US E OF T HE TA B LE S .

repres ented , we are co mp elled to abandon our hy pothes i s — th e , c on vergence of th e meridians

bei ng s e nsi ble m extensi ve map s on any p art of th e earth s s urface ,
'
but i n a much greater
l egree in the hi gher lati tud es than near to th e eq uator ; t h e refore while we may s till consi de r ,

each i ndi vi dual s tati on to be c orrec tly p roje cted by the i nte rs ec tion of c o ordinates from t h e

neares t meri dian and

p arallel of lati tude on a map if we
, only take the necessary p recaution i n

the field of correc ti ng our bearings , wh e th er true or magneti c , by obse rvati on , as often as the

inclination of th e meri dians becomes s uffi ci ent q

to re ui re i t to be d one , —still , a correction wi ll
be necessary to convert th e dep arture bet ween any two distant s tati ons , as by the
o btai ned

traverse tables , i nto the q

e uivalent di fference of longitud e in are between the same places A .

milar would be nece ssary i n th e tabular di fi ere nces of lati tud e but th at the variati on
'

si correc ti on ,

i n th e length of th os e degrees lati tud e ly i ng near to each othe r is

of so s ma ll as t o be i n
cap able of rep resentati on , exc ep ti ng i n map s of very large s cale , and extendi ng over reat
g
ons of th e e arth s surfac e
’

p or ti .

To obtai n th e di fferenc e of lati tude and the depa rture for any bearing and dis tance with ,

p e rfec t acc uracy , by th e traverse tables , i t is essenti al that th e dis tance shoul d be an obli ue q
rh urnb li ne ; i . e .
, a p orti on of a s p i ral c utti n
g all th e me ri di ans o ver whi ch i t
p ass es at the

same angle ; but where the li nes are s o sh ort, as in a s urvey i s gene rally th e case th e d iffe re nce
,

be twee n th e le ngth s of a s traight li ne a c i rc ular arc , or a rh umb li ne , d rawn be twee n an two

,
y
s ta ti ons , i s inap pre ci able , and we may therefore cons i der our s tation li nes as so many rhumb
li nes ; an d , cons e quently , th e difi erenc e of la ti tud e and th e dep artures bet ween any two dis tant
'

p lac es , as ded uced from th e intermedi ate li nes i n a s urvey , to be the same as if it had been
obta i ne d from a rh u mb d istance meas ured betwee n those p laces .

and di fie rence of lon i tude have i n the r ules gi ven for a

'

T he departure g l i
pp y gn th e
, travers e

tables be en c onsi dered as i dentical

, and t h is also , confor mably with th e hy p othesis above men
ti oned , i s s tri c tly th e cas e . T he meridi ans are not , h owe ver, p re al ly arallel , though wi th i n sh ort

di s tances th ey may be so considere d i n p rac ti ce, but con verge to wards th e poles ; and th e degre es

of longi tude i ns te ad of be ing e ual, as th ey are

, q as su med to be i n the th eory of the p aralle li s m
of the meri dians decrease i n the
,
sa me di recti on :therefore th e d ep arture and di fference of longi
tude cannot any longe r be considered as i dentical ; for an q
e ual a mount of dep arture, i . a. , th e same

n umber of will measure di fi erent arcs of longitude, acc ording

'

linear uni ts , to the dis tance from

q
th e e uator at whi ch th e departure may be reckoned T h us at the e uator, . , q a departure = 6 0 8 6
one minute of longi tude wh ereas at 8 9 i t meas ures nearly
°
feet measures , a degree, and
p ro

p o rti onatel
y at all i ntermediate s tages . I n meas uri ng an obli que distance , th erefore , i t is evident
that, su
pp osi n
g th e d is tance to be di vided i nto a nu mber of i nfini tely s mall par ts or i ncreme nts ,

t he amoun t of dep arture d ue to each i ncre ment ou

gh t to be rec k oned in a rc of lon i tude at i ts
g
own d is tanc e from th e q
e uator, and that th e d ep arture for the whole di s tance wh en conver ted
into longit ude , wi ll qual the s ums of all the elementary arcs of longitud of eac h increment in
e e

th e distance . O n moving from th e equator toward s the p oles these elemen tary arcs wi ll be ,

c onti nually decr eas ing and th e contrary i n travelli n

,
g from th e
p o le s towards th e e q uator ; bu t

the re will be a ce rtai n p oi n t betwee n th e two extre mi ti es of each dis tance, or a c e rtain mea n
p ar a llel of la ti tude , up on wh i c h i f th e whole dep arture be
, reckoned , i t will exp ress th e true

di fierence of longi tude between the two extre mi ti es of th at

T h is mean p arallel is
'

d is tan ce .

alway s hi gher th an th e mi ddle p arallel between th ose extre mes , b ut i n t h e con s truc tion of ma s
p ,

wh ere th e meas u re d d i s tances are s h ort and th e i n te rvals be t we e n w h i c h t he re d uc ti on of

,
xl xxrrlxnxr l o x A ND us e or wa s m e w s .

dep arture i nto l ongit ude tak es p lace are s mall, i t will gi ve results s uffi ciently near to the truth
if we rec k on th e departure upon the mi ddle p arallel be twe en th e two e xtreme p oi nts of any
di stance .

I f th e figur e of th e earth were truly sp h eri cal all degrees of lati tude woul d be e ual while q ,

th e d egrees of longitude would d ecrease in th e di rect ratio of th e cosine of th e dis tanc e from th e

e quator ; b ut , owi ng to th e s p h eroi dal figure of the earth , the degrees of lati tude are not e u al, q
but increase from th e e quator to the p ole s , th e degrees of longi tude d ecreas i ng in that direc ti on
a rati o sli ghtly difierent from that m entioned above T he greates t di ffe re nce b etween
'

in . any

degrees of lati tude wh ich occ urs about 4 5 from th e

°
two s ucce s si ve e uator, i s 6 3 feet, 10 5
,
q or

feet i n mi nute being rath er less than 1 1 i nches i n mile T hi s di fi erence dec reases
'

on e , one .

both towards th e q
e uator an d p oles , and i s too s mall to q
re ui re the attenti on of the prac ti c al

man , unles s wh en hi s o e rati ons extend over a surface of

p many degrees b ut i n longi tude th e
differenc e i ncreases from 5 6 fe et between th e q
e uato ri al and fi rst degrees , to 6 3 9 3 feet at th e
ol s a nd , th erefore , though not ve ry s ensi ble at fi rs t, i t soon becomes s o e ven th rou h th e
p e
g ,

mi nute s and s ec onds of eac h degree .

I sh al l now show th e us e an d pp al icati on of T able I V i n th e red uc ti on o f trave rs es taki n

.

g ,

as examp le s th e reduc ti ons ente re d i n the c olumn of remarks i n th e table at a e xxvi i

p g .

E xa mp le 9 . Re qui red th e di fference of latitude and of longi tude i n a re between H atras

and Duri apoor , and th e true lati tude and longi tude of th e latter place , th e tabular t raverses
being N 3 M , 1 fi g 9 1 9 3 lk s , and 4 M 0 fi g
. , . . . l ks E . th e lati tude of B atras bei n
g
°
N 27 °
and i ts lon i tude 7 8
’
.
g 0 4 E .

R ed uc e th e t abular traverses to feet :di vi de th e tabular difference of lati tud e so reduced by

th e value of on e mi nute or s econd of lati tude in a li ne wi th th e numbe r c orres ondin
p g ne a res t

to the lati tude of th e starting p oi nt , i n th e column desi gnated di s tance from the q
e ua tor an d

th e qu oti e nt will be th e di fference of lati tude q

re uired i n a re . A dd to or subtract thi s di fference
from the lati tud e of the start i ng p oint accordi ng as i t may be of th e same or of a di ffere nt d eno ,

min ati on and i t will gi ve th e true lati tude of the plac e requi red
, T ak e th e mi ddle lati tude .

betwe en th e s ta rti ng p oint and that for which th e di fference of longitude i s required and cor ,

rect th e value of one minute or secon d i n the t able for th e , number in th e column des ignated
di stance from q
e uato r,
”
corresp onding neare s t to that of the middle lati tude . Di vide th e
tabul ar di fie ren c e of longi tude re d uce d to feet by th e c orrec te d minute
'

value of one or sec ond ,

and the quotient will gi ve th e di fference of longitude i n a re re quired which being ad ded to ,
from th e longitude rom Greenwich
or subtracte d , (f ) of th e s tartin
g p oin t as above , wi ll give
th e true l ongi tude of the p la ce re q ui red .

F eet .

T hree mi les 5 840 F our mi les

O ne furlong 660 8 6 4 li nk s (T abl e II I )

9 1 9 li nk s (T able I I I .
) 60 6 54 - '

8 di tto, (di tto)

°
3 ditto, (d itto) °
1 98

R ed uce d di ff long . . E .

Re duced di ff lat . . N .

Lat . of Hatras N . 27 °
36
'
value of l
’
of lat for No
. 2 8 in T able IV
,
605 9 ] and
"4 n e arly , for th e diff of lati tude in
'

1 7 1 06 7 38 60 5 9 l g °
ives or N . 02 4 9 0 -
. a re,
xlii E X PL A N A T I O N A N D US E or T HE T AB L E S .

29 8 6 1 8 7 7 x
~
00 0 0 3 5 6 1 0 63 correc ti on .

1 0 63

T rue sph eri cal 29 8 62 9 4 0 diff . of lati tude re ui red q

T abular departure . 20 9 0 9 4 5 5 x
°
0 000 3 64 c orrec ti on .

76 1

T rue spherical 20908 6 9 4 departure re uired q .

To rend er such tables gene rally p

a
p li c able it would be necessar
y to e xte nd T able V to a ll .

s uch distances as us ually occur in ti ce and to beari n s at l eas t for eac h si n le degree b u t
p rac ,
g g
it will a by T able V I as also by what h as been sai d at page i x of th e I ntrod ucti on th at
pp e ar ,

difi e rence s betwee n th e tabular and sp herical traverses are so small for s uch lines as occur
'

th e

in p racti ce th at th ey do not merit our attenti on .

T he f ollo wing T heorems will exp la i n the p ri ncip les of survey i ng , p lo ttmg , a nd ca lcula ti ng

A rea s by the T ra verse T a ble .

T H E O RE M I

IN any l
p y
o
gon any one si de is q
e ual to th e s um of all th e rectan
gles of each of th e oth er

s i des drawn into th e c osi ne of th e an

gle m ade b
y th at s i d e wi th th e ro osed si de
p p .

L et A B CDE F F
( gi 1 2 ) b olygon ; th en will A F = A B cos A + B C os CB AF
.e a
p c . . A

+ CD cos . CD A A F + DE. cos . DE A AF +E F cos . BE A AF .

F or drawi ng li ne s from th e
, s everal angle s res p ec ti vely p arallel and r endi cular
p p
e to A F , i t

will be
Ab AB cos . B AF
Bb BC CB b = B C c os CB AF,
’
be
’
cos . . A

dD CD C Dd = C D cos CD AF,
’
ed
’
. cos . A

de E DE DE e = DE DE AF ,
’ ’
e . c os . c os . A

eF EF . cos . E Fe = E F c os . EF A AF .

B ut —A b , a nd A b, as ex res sed a bove ,

p is in effect s ubtr acti ve , because
the cos ine of the obtus e an
gl e B A F is n egative , conse uently , q
cos B AF + E O . c os CB A AF
as i n the p ro osi ti on
p .A li ke d emonstrati on wi ll ap ply , muta tis muta nd is, to any oth er poly gon
Cor 1 . . I n li k e manner th e portion of any si de contai ned betwee n eith e r of its extremi ti es
and a r endi cular
p p
e drawn from any an
gl q
e to th at s id e i s e ual to th e sum of th e rec tangl es of

each of th ose si deslyi ng between the r endi cular and the extre mi ty drawn in to th e cosi ne
p p
e

o f the an le mad e by th at s i de wi th th e i ven si de i

g g ,
. e .
,

A d = Ab . cos . B AF .
+ B0 . cos . CB A AF + CD . cos . DC A AF .

T hi s an d th e follo wi ng T heorem are ta k en fro m th e 3 r d vol ume of Dr . H utton s Course of M ath e mati cs ,
’

Art P olygonometry , page 1 6 1 , to whi ch the

. read er is referre d for much useful information on th is sub ect.j
 r u no u n s . xlii i

Cor. 2 . If a strai gh t line be drawn through a l

p yg
o on in any directi on th e , sa me will be
true of th at porti on of th e s trai gh t line contai ned wi th in th e poly gon as of any oth e r si d e and

h ence we obtai n th e firs t p a rt of th e rule for plotti ng or p rotrac ti ng by th e meth od of co -

ordi

nates gi ven at
p g
a e xix of th e I ntroducti on .

T H E OR E M I I .

T h e p erpendicular l e t fall from th e h ighes t p oi nt or s ummi t of a p olygon up on th e oppos i te

s i de or base i s eq ual to th e s um of th e roduc ts of th e si des comp ri s ed be twee n th e s ummi t
, p
and th e base into th e sines
, of th ei r p res ec ti ve i ncli nati on s to th at base .

T h us , i n th e p recedi ng figure Cc = C B s in . CB A F A + B A si n A .
, or

Oe = C D s in CD . A A F + DE
. s i n. DE A AF + E E . sin . F .

as 1 8 e vi den t from an i nsp ec ti on of th e fi gure .

Car 1 . . I n li ke manner Dd = DE , sin . DE A AF + B F. s in . F, or Dd = C B . si n . CB A FA .

+ BA . s in . A —CD si n . CD A A F .

Cor 2 If a s trai h t li n e be d rawn th rough a polygon in any di rection , the s ame will be
. .
g
true as re ards
g th at p orti on of th e strai gh t lin e cont ai ned wi thi n th e polygon as of any other

s i de , and h en c e we obtai n th e se cond p art of th e rule for plotti n

g or
p rotrac ti n b
g y t he meth od
of co ordinates above referred
-
to .

T n nonnn II I .
‘

I f th ere be any p oly gon an d an indefini te strai gh t line lyi ng wi thout the sa me , and if lines be
d rawn from th e extre miti e s of each si de of th e p oly gon perp endicular to tha t line th en re ck oning ,

th e si des from any g le r ound the p oly gon

one an , ei th e r i n di rec t or i nverse order, and c alli ng

thos e si des p os i ti ve wh i ch li e i n one di rection, as as cen di n

g , and th ose si des n egati ve whi ch li e

1 11 a contrar
y directi on , i . e . descendi ng, or th e revers e , -
twice the area of th e p oly
g on wi ll
be q
e ual to th e differenc es between the sums of the p rod ucts of th e p e r endic ulars
p from eac h

p osi ti ve si de multipli ed by th e natural c osi ne of th e i nclinati on of tha t side wi th th e i ndefi ni te

strai
gh t l i ne , and th e s u ms of th e p roduc ts of the p erpendi culars from each negati ve si de in to
th e natural cosi ne of th e i ncli n ati on of th at sid e wi th th e i ndefi ni te strai h t li ne
g .

L et A B C D E F G H A ( g )
F i 4 be . any
p oly
g on ; NS an i n defin i te s trai h t
g line whi ch i s
,

here d rawn to touch the poly gon at th e p oint D Draw perp end ic ul ars E h A a , B b &c from .
, , .

th e extremi ties of each s ide ; i e from all the angles of th e p oly gon meeti ng th e i nde fi ni te line
. .

N S , i n the p oi nts It , a , b, &c ; th en will th e p orti ons ha a b be 0 D &c , of th e li ne N S

.
, , , . .

intercep ted between th e p erp endiculars from each si de rep resent th e cosi nes of th e i ncli nati on s ,

of the si des , H A A B B C C D &c

, , , , wi th th e li ne N S . T h e si des , A B , DE , F G , G H which ,

li e in a di recti on ascendi ng, in order of enu meration will be p osi ti ve ,

an d the si des , B C, CD,

E F , H A , whi ch li e i n a di recti on d esc endi ng wil l be , negative .

Now i t i s evident by an i nsp ecti on of th e figure th at th e area of th e p oly gon A B C DE F G H A

,

i s equal to th e ar ea of th e wh ole fi gure, or p oly gon h f F G H h, less th e area of th at porti on

of i t forming th e p olygon hf F E D C B A H h :but th e are a of th e wh ole p oly gon hf F G H h
is q
e ual to the sums of th e areas of th e trap ez oi ds h g G H gf F G A n d th e area of th e .

T h is T h eorem is th e same in efiec t w i th th at given i n A dams s Ge ometrical and Grap hi cal E ssay s, 8 vo ,
’ ’
.

1 80 8, p age 3 3 2, and c o mmonl y k no wn as G ale s Uni ver sal T h eo rem, b ut i t is expressed in more ge neral terms
’
.
xli r r n s o a nu s .

ol
p yg on hf F E D O B A H h i s q
e ual to th e s ums of th e are as of the trapez oid s (h a A H —o u

A B) b c C B 0 D0 4 (f
e F E — c D E ) :but twi ce th e areas of the trapez oi d s are

s eve rally as follows :viz .

T wic e th e a re a o f hg G H
.

(H h G g) x g h .

T wi ce n G = (G g + Ff ) x fg ; als o,

T wice the area of h a A H —b a A B = (H h A n

) x ha (B b + A o
) x a b.

T wice bc C B (B b + C c
) x b c

T wi ce c DC —c c D
-

T wi ce e f F E —e Dl (E e -
l Fj )
-
X e f —E e x De .

T h e refore , s ubtrac ti ng th e las t s e t of areas fro m th e fi rs t , and arrang ng all the

i
p os i ti ve areat

toge th e r, i t wi ll be,
T wice th e are a of the p oly gon A B C DE F G H A ,

( (H h G e) x x a t» + (E e x 7
D 07

A gain
In F ig 5 it may be p roved th at twi ce th e area of the p olygon AB CDE F GHA i s e ual to the
. q
sums of th e areas H
(A a /t
) x a h
(E h + G g) x g h ( g
G F f) x fg ( f
F

+E e
) x e
f) ) B b) x a b (B b C c) x b e (0 0 x c D + B e x De );
and in li k e manne r o f any o th er l
p yg
o o n .

If th e li ne NS be a meridi an , th en wi ll th e s everal p erp endi cul ars (wi thi n a li mi ted di stance
surface ) th e d ep artur es of th e extremi ti e s of th e si d es from the
’
on th e earth s rep resent

meridi an , and the p ortions of th e li ne NS interce pted between the p erp endi cul ars will q
e ual

th e differenc es of lati tude between th em, wh ence we d educe th e rule for th e calc ulati on of

area s by th e traverse table , as exp lained at p ages xx et seq of th e Introducti on . .

Al s o , by taking any sid e of a p oly gon whi ch , being p roduced , will n ot out any of th e oth er

sid es , and by drawing p erp endicul ars from all th e angle s of th e p oly gon to th at sid e , or to a line

p r od uced in th e directi on of th at si d e , th e above theorem furnishes th e rule for fi nding the

area , i ndep endent of th e meri di an, and afford s a very useful p rac ti cal method of determi ning
th e content of a boundary sur vey , as has been exp lained in th e Introd ucti on at p age
 I
D F F E R E NC E OF I
L A T T UD E A ND D E PA RT URE . D8 0 ‘ 0 .

M .

02 0 9 9999 0 . 0 9 99 9 9 0 04 9 99 99 0 0 0 1 1 6 0 5 0 9 9 9 99
1 9 9 99 9 0
°

1 9 99 99 0 1 9 99 9 9 0 0 0 23 2
2 9 9 99 9 0 2 9 9 999 0 2 9 99 9 9 0 0 0 349
°

3 9 9 999 0 3 9 99 9 9 0 3 9 99 99 0 0 046 5
4 9 999 9 0
°

4 9 999 9 0 4 9 99 9 9 0 0 0 58 1

5 9 9 9 99 0
°

5 9 9 99 9 0 5 9 9 99 9 0 0 0 6 9 8
6 9 999 9 0 6 9 99 9 9 0 6 9 99 9 9 0 0 08 1 4 6 9 9 999
7 9 9 9 99 0 7 9 9 9 99 0 7 9 99 9 9 0 0 09 3 0
8 9 9 9 99 0 °
8 9 9 9 99 0
1 0 0 0000 58 9 9 99 99 5 7 9 9 9 9 99 0 56 9 9 9 9 99 0 0 1 1 6 3

0 9 9 9 99 12 0 9 999 9 1 3 0 9 9 99 9 1 4 0 9 9 99 9 0 0 0 40 7 0 99 9 99 0
°

1 9 9 998 19 999 8 0 1 9 99 9 8 1 9 9 99 8 0 0 0 8 1 4 1 9 9 99 8 0
°

2 9 9 99 8 29 999 8 0 2 9 99 9 7 0 0 1 2 9 9 99 7 2 9 9 99 7 0
°

3 9 99 9 7 0 0 1 39 9 9 97 0 3 9 99 9 7 0 0 1 3 9 9 9 9 6 0 0 1 6 28 3 9 99 96 0
’

4 9 9997 49 999 6 0 0 1 74 5 4 9 999 6 0 0 1 4 9 9 99 5 0

°

5 9 9996 5 9 9 9 95 0 0 2 59 99 9 5 0 0 24 43 5 9 99 9 4 0
°

69 99 9 5 00 2 44 3 6 9 9 99 4 69 9 99 4 0 0 28 50 6 9 999 3 0
°

7 9 9 99 5 79 9 99 5 00 2 79 2 7 9 99 9 4 79 999 3 0 0 3 25 7 7 9 999 2
89 9 9 94 00 3 1 41 8 9 9 9 9 3 0 0 3 40 3 89 99 9 2 0 0 366 5 89 999 1 0 0 39 26
9 9 9 99 5 0 0 3 48 9 9 9 99 4 00 3 4 90 9 9 99 9 2 0 0 37 8 1 99 99 9 1 0 0 40 7 2 9 9999 0 0 0 43 6 3

22 0 9 9 99 8 0 0 06 40 0 9 99 9 7 0 0 0 66 9 0 9 999 7 0 0 069 8 0 9 9 99 7 0 0 0 7 2 7
a

09 999 8 0 0 06 1 -
r

19 9 99 6 0 0 1 22 1 19 9 9 96 0 0 1 2 8 L 1 9 9 99 5 0 0 1 3 38 1 9 9995 0 0 1 3 96 1 9 999 4 0 0 1 4 5 4 e
r

29 99 94 0 0 1 83 2 29 9 99 4 29 9 993 0 0 200 7 2 9 999 2 0 0 2094 2 9 99 9 2 0 0 2 1 8 1 a

e

39 99 9 2 0 0 24 4 3 39 9992 3 9 9 99 1 0 0 26 7 6 3 9 9 9 90 0 0 27 9 2 h
s

49 9 99 0 0 0 30 5 4 49 9 9 90 4 9 99 88 0 0 3 34 5 4 9 99 87 0 0 3 4 90 49 99 8 6 0 0 3 6 36

5 9 9 9 88 0 0 3 66 5 5 9 9 9 88 59 9 9 86 0 5 9 9 98 5 0 0 41 88 5 9 99 8 4 0 0 43 6 3
6 9 9 9 86 0 0 4 2 76 6 9 9 9 86 69 9 9 84 0 6 9 9 98 2 0 0 4 88 6 69 99 8 1 0
7 9 99 8 5 0 0 48 8 6 7 9 99 84 79 9982 0 0 53 7 9 99 80 0 0 558 5 7 9 99 7 8 0
8 9 9 9 83 0 0 54 9 7 8 9 9982 89 9 9 79 0 0 60 8 9 9 978 9 99 7 6 0
9 9 9 98 1 37 9 9 99 7 7 0 0 66 9 9 9 97 5 0 9 9 99 7 3 0

0 9 99 9 5 0 9 999 5 0 0 09 3 3 3 0 9 99 9 5 0 0 0 9 0 9 99 9 4 0
1 9 99 9 1 1 9 999 1 0 0 186 1 9 99 90 0 0 1 9 19 9 990 00 1 9 78 1 9 9 9 89 0
29 9 98 7 2 9 99 8 7 0 0 27 9 2 9 9 9 8 6 0 0 28 29 99 8 5 00 296 7 2 9 99 8 4 0
3 9 99 83 3 9 9 98 2 0 0 3 72 3 9 9 9 8 1 0 0 38 3 9 39 99 8 0 00 39 5 6 3 9 99 7 9 0
4 9 99 7 9 4 9 99 7 8 0 0 4 65 4 9 9 9 7 7 0 0 4 7 99 49 99 7 5 00 49 4 5 4 9 99 7 4 0

5 9 99 7 5 5 9 9 9 74 0 0 5 58 59 99 7 2 0 0 5 7 5 9 59 997 0 0 0 5 93 4 5 9 996 8 0 0 6 1 0 8
6 9 99 7 1 00 63 1 2 6 9 99 6 9 0 0 65 1 5 69 9 967 0 0 6 7 1 9 69 99 6 5 0 0 6 9 23 6 9 99 63 0 0 7 1 26
7 9 99 6 7 00 72 1 3 7 9 9 90 5 0 0 7 44 6 79 9 9 6 3 0 0 767 9 79 9 96 0 0 0 791 2
8 99 96 3 00 81 1 5 8 9 9 9 61 0 0 8 377 89 9 9 5 8 0 0 86 3 9 89 9 955 0 0 8 90 1 8 9 9 9 5 3 0 09 1 6 2
9 9 99 5 9 00 90 1 7 28 9 9 9 9 56 0 0 9 308 99 9 9 54 0 0 9 5 99 99 99 5 1 0 0 98 90 9 9 9 9 48 0 1 0 1 8 1

0 9 9 99 2 00 1 1 9 2 42 0 9 9 9 9 2 00 1
1 2 2 1 13 0 999 9 2 0 0 1 25 0 0 9 99 9 1 00 1 27 9 0 9 99 9 1 0 0 1 30 8
1 9 9 9 85 00 238 5 1 9 9985 00 2 443 1 9 99 8 4 0 0 250 1 1 9 9 9 83 00 25 5 9 1 9 99 8 2 0 0 26 1 7
2 9 9 9 78 00 35 77 2 9 9 9 77 00 366 5 2 9 9976 0 0 3 75 2 29 9 97 5 00 38 3 9 29 9 974 0 0 39 2 6
3 9 9 97 1 00 47 3 9 99 7 0 00 48 86 3 9 9 968 0 0 5 00 3 3 9 9967 00 5119 39 9 965 0
°

4 9 9 96 4 00 59 4 9 9 962 00 6 1 08 4 9 99 60 4 9 9959 00 639 9 4 9 99 5 7 0

°

59 99 5 7 0 071 59 9 955 00 73 3 0 59 9 9 53 0 0 7 5 04 50 9 9 5 0 0 0 76 7 9 5 9 99 48 0
°

69 99 50 0 0 83 6 9 9 9 47 00 855 1 69 994 5 0 0 87 5 5 69 9 9 42 6 9 99 40 0 °

79 9 943 0 7 9 9 9 40 00 9 773 79 9 93 7 0 1 0 00 6 70 9 9 34, 0 1 0 2 3 8 7 9 99 3 1 0 °

89 9 9 36 0 8 9 99 3 2 01 0995 89 9 929 89 9 9 26 0 1 1 5 1 8 8 9 99 2 2 0
° °

19 99 99 2 9 0 1 8 9 9 99 2 5 17 9 9 99 2 1 0 1 2 5 08 1 6 9 9 99 1 8 15 9 9 99 1 4 0
°

51 09 99 8 9 0 5 2 0 9 9 9 88 0 0 1 5 1 2 5 3 09 99 8 8 0 0 1 5 4 1 5 4 09 99 87 0 0 1 5 70 5 5 0 9 99 8 7 0
19 99 7 8 0 1 9 9 9 7 7 0 0 30 25 19 9 9 7 6 0 0 30 8 3 19 99 7 5 0 0 3141 1 9 99 7 4 0
29 99 6 7 0 2 9 9 96 5 0 0 4 5 3 7 29 9 96 4 0
°

29 9 96 2 0 0 47 1 2 2 999 6 1 0
39 9 9 56 0 3 9 99 54 39 9 9 5 2 0 0 6 1 66 39 9 9 50 0 0 6 28
4 9 99 4 2 0 0 7 5 6 2 49 9 9 40 0 0 7 7 0 8 49 9 9 38 0 0 78 5 3 4 9 99 3 6 0

59 99 3 1 0 0 9 0 7 5 59 9 9 28 0 0 9 2 4 9 5 9 9 9 2 5 0 0 9 4 24 59 99 23 0
69 99 1 9 69 99 1 6 0 1 0 79 1 69 991 3 60 99 1 0 0
79 9 908 0 1 2 1 0 0 79 9 90 4 7 9 9 90 1 79 9 89 7 0
89 98 9 7 89 9893 8 9 9 8 8 8 o 1 4 l 36
°

89 9 88 4 0
08 9 9 9 8 8 5 0 1 5 1 25 0 7 99 9 88 1 0 1 5 4 1 6 06 9 9 9 8 7 6 05 99 98 72 0

if . n . Dep . L at. M . M

na n . 89 .
0 mm
. D FF
I C
E R EN E 0 5
°
LA TI TU DE A ND P R T UR E
DE A .

3 9 99 9 8

1 9 99 8 1

3 9 99 5 7
 DI FFE R E NCE OF I
L A T T UD E A ND DE PA R T URE .

L at
.
l De p .

2 0 9 99 83 0 0 4 0 999 8 2 0 0 5 0 99 9 8 2 0 0 1 8 90
1 9 99 6 5 0 1 99 9 6 1 0 0 3 78 1
°

2 99 9 4 8 0 °

2 9 99 46 0 0 5 6 71
3 9 9 9 30 0 8 9 99 28 0 0 75 6 2
°

4 9 99 1 3 0 4 999 1 0 0 0 9 45 3
°

5 99 8 9 6 0 °

5 99 89 2 0 1 1 3 43
6 9 98 78 0
°

6 9 9 874 0
7 9 9 86 1 0 0
° °

8 9 9 84 4 0
57 9 9 9 8 26 0 55 99 8 2 1 0
9
1 3 0 9 99 77 0 9 99 76 0 1 5 0 9 99 76 0
1 9 99 54 1 9 99 5 3 0 1 9 99 5 2 0
2 9 99 32 2 9 99 30 0 0 6457 2 9 99 2 8 0
3 9 99 0 7 0 0 8 60 9 3 9 99 0 4 0 0 8 7 25
4 99 88 7 4 9 9 884 0 1 0 76 2 4 9 9 88 1 0 1 090 7
5 9 9 8 64 5 9 9 860 0 1 29 1 4 5 9 98 5 7 0 1 3 0 89
6 9 9 84 2 0 1 4 86 3 6 9 9 8 37 6 9 9 83 3 0 1 5 2 70
7 9 9 8 1 9 0 1 69 8 6 7 99 8 1 4 0 1 72 1 9 7 9 9 809 0 1 74 5 2
8 9 9 79 7 8 9 9 79 1 0 1 9 3 71 8 9 9 78 5
4 7 9 9 9 774 0 2 1 233 46 9 9 9 768 0
°

4 5 9 9 9 76 2 0 21815

23 0 9 99 70 0 0 24 1 4 24 2 5 0 9 9 96 9 0 °

1 9 99 4 1 0 048 28 1 9 9 9 40 0 1 999 38 0
° °

2 9 99 1 4 2 9 99 1 2 0 0 7 24 2 2 9 99 1 0 0 2 9 99 0 8 0
° °

3 9 9 88 6 0 0 3 9 9 88 3 3 9 9 880 0 3 9 9 8 77 0
°

4 9 9 8 6 1 0 1 1 780 4 9 9 8 57 0 1 4 9 9 8 54 0 1 2 07 0 4 9 9 850 0 1 22 1 4 99 8 4 7 0
’

5 9 98 3 3 0 1 4 1 3 6 5 9 9 8 29 0 1 5 9 9 8 25 0 1 448 4 5 9 98 20 0 1 46 5 59 9816 0
°

6 9 980 5 0 1 6 49 2 6 9 9 800 0 1 6 9 9 79 6 0 1 68 9 8 6 99 79 1 0 1 710 6 9 9 7 86 0

°

7 9 9 777 0 1 884 8 7 9 9 7 72 0 1 7 99 766 0 1 931 3 7 9 9 76 1 0 1 9 54 7 9 9 75 5 0

8 9 9 75 0 8 9 9 7 44 8 9 9 73 7 0 2 1 72 7 8 9 9 73 1 0 21 98 8 9 9 72 4 0 °

9 9 9 72 2 38 9 9 9 7 1 5 3 7 9 9 9 70 8 0 2 41 4 1 3 6 9 9 9 70 1 0 2 4 43 3 5 9 9 9 694 0 24 72 3

0 9 9 96 5 0 3 2 0 999 64 0 0 26 7 5 3 3 0 9 99 6 3 34 0 9 99 62 0 3 5 0 9 99 6 1 0 0 2 76 3
1 9 99 3 0 0 1 9 99 2 8 0 0 5351 1 9 99 2 6 1 9 99 25 0 1 999 23 0 0 5 5 26
29 9 8 9 5 0 2 99 89 2 0 0 80 2 7 2 9 9 8 90 29 9 8 8 7 0 2 99 88 5 0 0 8 28 9
°

3 9 9 8 60 0 1 3 9 9 856 0 1 07 0 3 3 9 9853 0 °

3 9 98 50 0
°

3 9 9 84 7 0 1 1 052
4 9 98 2 5 0 1 4 9 9 8 21 0 1 3 3 79 49 9 81 7 0 °

4 9 98 1 3 0 4 9 9 8 09 0 1 38 1 5

5 9 9 790 0 1 5 9 9 78 5 0 1 60 5 5 5 9 9 780 5 9 9 7 75 0
°

5 9 9 770 0 1 6 5 78
6 9 9 75 5 0 1 6 9 9749 0 °

6 9 9 743 0 1 89 3 4 6 9 9 73 8 0 °

6 99 73 2 0 1 9 34 1
7 9 9 720 7 9 9 71 3 0
°

7 9 9 70 7 0 2 1 639 7 9 9 700 0
°

79 9 69 4 0 22 1
8 99 68 5 8 9 96 77 0 °
8 9 96 7 0 0 24 3 44 8 9 9 66 3 0
°

8 9 96 5 6 0 2 48 6 7
9 9 96 5 0 9 996 42 0 °

27 9 9 9 6 26 0
°

25 9 9 9 6 1 8 0 2 7 63 1
I
0 9 99 5 6 0 9 99 5 6 0
°

43 0 9 99 55 0 0 299 5 0 999 5 4 0 4 5 0 9 99 5 3 0 0 30 5 3
1 9 99 1 3 0 1 9 99 1 2 0 1 9 9910 0 0 5 99 1 1 9 990 8 0
°

1 9 990 6 0 0 6 1 07
2 9 9 8 70 0 2 9 9 8 68 0
°

2 9 9 86 5 0 0 8 98 29 9 8 62 0 2 9 9 8 60 00 9 161
3 9 9 8 27 0 3 9 9 8 24 0 1 3 9 9 8 20 0 1 1 982 39 9 81 6 0
°
3 9 98 1 3 0 1 221 5
4 9 9 78 4 0 4 9 9 780 0 1 4 9 97 7 5 0 1 4 9 78 4 9 9 77 1 0
°

4 9 9 76 6 0 1 5 269
5 9 9 7 41 0 5 9 9 73 6 0 1 59 9 730 0 1 797 4 5 9 9 72 5 0
°
5 9 9 720 0 1 8 3 23
6 996 9 2 6 9 9 68 5 0 20 9 6 9 6 9 9 6 79 0 °
6 9 9 6 73 0 2 1 3 76
7 9 96 5 4 0 7 9 96 4 8 7 9 9 6 40 0 2 39 6 5 7 9 9 633 0
°

7 9 96 26 0 24 43
89 961 1 0 8 9 9 60 4 8 9 9 5 96 8 9 9 5 88 0 °
8 99 5 80 0 2 74 8
99 9 568 0 9 9 9 560 0 2 1 7 99 9 551 0 299 5 7 1 6 9 9 9 5 4 2 0
°

1 5 9 9 9 5 33 0 30 5 3

0 9 99 4 7 0 0 9 99 4 6 0 5 3 0 9 9 9 46 0 0 328 6 5 4 0 9 99 4 5 5 5 0 9 99 44 0
° °

1 9 9 89 5 0 1 9 9 89 3 0 1 9 9 89 2 0 0 6 5 72 1 9 9 890 1 9 9 888 0
° °

29 9 8 43 0 2 9 9 84 0 0
°

2 9 9 838 0 0 9 8 59 29 9 832 0 °

3 9 9 79 1 0 3 9 9 78 7 0
°
3 9 9 784 0 1 3145 3 9 9 7 80 0 1 3 9 9 776 0
9 9 739 0 °

4 9 9 734 0 4 9 9 7 30 0 1 6 43 2 4 9 9 72 5 0 1 4 9 9 72 0 0
° °

5 99 6 8 1 0 5 9 96 76 0 1 971 8 5 9 9 6 70 0 1 5 9 9 6 64 0 °

6 99 6 28 0 6 9 9 6 22 0 2 3 00 5 9 96 1 5 0 2 6 9 9 60 8 0 °

7 99 5 7 5 0 7 9 9 5 68 0 2 6 29 1 9 9 5 60 7 9 9552 0
1 °

8 9 9 5 22 0 8 9 9 51 4 0 29 5 7 7
90 1 6 9 0 99 9 460 0 3 28 64 9 99 4 50 0 3 9 9 9 44 0
0 '
 D I F FE R E NC E (‘ F L A T l T UDE AND D E PA T U
R RE .

0 999 36 0 9 9935 0 0 3 606 0 9 99 3 3 0

1 9 9 8 72 0 1 9 9 8 70 0 0 72 1 2 1 9 9 86 7 0
2 9 9 8 08 0 2 9 9 80 5 0 1 08 1 8 2 9 9 80 1 0 1 09 0 5
3 9 9 744 0 1 3 9 9 7 40 0 1 44 2 4 3 9 9 73 5 0 1 454 1
4 9 9680 0 1 4 9 96 75 0 1 80 3 1 4 9 9 66 9 0 1 8 1 76

5 9 96 1 6 0 2 5 9 96 1 0 0 2 1 6 37 5 9 9 60 3 0 21 8 1 1
6 9 9 5 52 69 9 5 45 0 2 5 2 43 6 9 9 537 0 2 54 4 7
99 48 8 0 2 7 9 9 48 0 0 2 88 49 7 9 9 47 1 0 29 0 8 2
8 9 9 42 4 0 3 8 99 41 5 0 3 24 5 6 8 9 9 40 5 0 3 2 71 7
9 9 9 360 0 35 77 1 9 9 9 3 50 0 3606 2 9 9 9 3 39 0 3 63 5 3

0 9 99 2 5 0 0 386 7 0 9 99 2 2 0 03 925
1 9 9 8 52 0 0 76 1 9 9 8 50 0 0 7 73 5 1 9 9 84 8 0 0 7 79 3 1 9 9 84 5 0 0 78 5 1
2 9 9 7 78 0 1 15 2 9 9 77 5 0 1 1 60 3 2 9 9 772 0 1 1 690 2 9 9 768 0 1 1 7 77
3 9 9 70 5 0 1 53 3 9 9 700 0 1 547] 3 9 96 9 6 0 1 5587 3 9 96 9 1 0 1 5 70 3
4 9 96 31 0 1 91 4 9 9625 0 1 9 3 39 4 9 96 20 0 1 4 9 96 1 4 0 1 96 29
5 9 9 5 57 0 230 59 9 551 0 23 20 7 5 9 9 5 44 0 23 3 8 1 5 9 9 53 7 0 235 5 5
6 9 9 48 4 0 2 68 6 9 9 4 76 0 2 70 74 6 9 9 46 8 0 2 72 78 6 9 9 46 0 0 2 74 8 1
79 9 41 0 0 3 07 7 9 9 40 1 0 3 09 4 2 7 9 9 39 2 0 3 1 1 75 7 9 9 38 3 0 3 1 40 7
8 9 9 3 36 0 8 9 9 3 26 0 348 1 0 8 9 9316 0 3 50 7 2 8 9 9 30 6 0 3 5 33 3
48 9 9 9 26 3 0 47 9 9 9 25 1 0 3 86 78 9 9 9 240 0 3 8 96 9 9 9 9 229 0 3 925 9

22 0 9 99 1 4 23 0 9 99 1 3 0 04 1 58 0 9 99 1 2 0 04 1 8 7 0 9 9 9 1 1 0 042 1 6
1 9 98 29 0 0 8 2 58 1 9 9827 0 08 3 1 7 1 9 9 8 24 0 0 83 75 1 9 9 8 22 0 0843 3
2 9 9 740 0 1 24 7 5 2 9 9 736 0 1 2 56 2 2 9 9 733 0 1 26 49
3 9 96 58 0 1 6 5 1 7 3 9 96 54 0 3 9 96 49 0 1 6 7 50
‘

4 9 9 5 73 0 206 4 7 4 9 9 56 7 0 20 7 92 4 9 9 5 61 0 2 09 3 7 49 955 5

5 9 9 488 0 24 776 5 9 9 48 1 0 2495 1 5 9 9 4 73 0 25 1 25 5 9 9 46 6

6 9 9 40 2 0 28 9 06 6 9 9 39 4 0 29 1 09 6 9 9 38 5 0 2 9 31 2 6 9 9 3 77
79 931 7 0 330 3 5 7 9 9 30 8 0 3 3 268 7 9 9 2 98 0 3 3 500 7 9 9 288
8 9 9 232 0 3 71 6 4 8 9 9 22 1 0 3 7426 8 99 2 1 0 0 3 76 88 8 9 9 1 99
38 9 9 9 1 4 7 0 4 1 29 4 37 9 9 9 1 35 0 4 1 58 5 36 9 9 9 1 22 0 4 1 8 75 3 5 99 9 11 1

3 2 0 9 99 0 2 3 3 0 9 990 0 0 0 44 49 34 0 99 8 99 0 04 4 78 3 5 0 9 98 9 8 0
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5 1 1 80 8 4 77 5 5 1 1 66 9 4 7 7 69 6 5 1 1 5 30 4 7 7845 5 1 1 3 92 4 7 799 4 5 1 1 25 2 4 7 8 1 42
5 2 4 9 24 5 2 4 76 5 5 4 5 938 5 2 46 0 6 54 6 109 5 2 4 448 5 4 6 2 79 5 2 4288 5 4 6 449
6 5 80 3 9 6 1 39 6 0 786 1 61 41 8 1 6 0 76 8 2 6 1 43 72 6 0 7 5 04 6 1 45 64 6 0 7 3 24 6 1 4 75 5
73 1 1 5 5 6 8 22 5 8 7 2 0 95 6 6 2 24 23 5 7 7 2 07 5 8 6 2 26 3 6 56 7 2 0 5 60 6 2 2 849 5 5 7 2 0 36 1 6 2 3 06 1

0 7 29 1 6 0
°
I2 0 7 28 9 6 0 0 845 4 1 3 0 7 28 76 0 0 8 4 75 1 4 0 7 28 5 7 0 0 849 7 1 5 0 7 28 3 7 0 0 851 8
1 4 5 83 3 12 6 1 4 5793 1 2 6909 1 4 5 75 3 1 2 69 5 1 1 4 571 4 1 1 4 5 6 74 1 2 703 6
2 1 8 7 50 2 05 2 1 86 90 2 0 53 64 2 1 8 6 30 2 0 5427 2 1 85 7 1 2 0 5 49 1 2 1 85 1 1 2 0 5 5 54
2 9 1 667 27 3 2 91 587 2 7 38 1 8 2 9 1 50 7 2 7390 3 2 9 1 428 2 73 9 88 2 9 1 348 2 740 73
3 0 4 58 3 34 2 3 0 4 48 4 3 4 22 73 3 0 4 38 4 34 23 79 3 0 4 28 5 3 4 24 85 3 0 4 1 85 3 4 2 59 1

4 2 7 500 4 1 0 4 2 738 1 4 °
42 72 6 1 4 1 0 85 5 4 2 71 42 41 09 8 2 4 2 70 22 4 1 1 1 09
5 1 04 1 7 5 1 027 8 4°

5 1 0 1 38 4 7 9 33 1 5 0 9 9 99 47 94 7 9 5 0 9 8 59 4 7 9 6 28
5 2 33 3 4 5 8 3 1 74 5°
5 2 30 1 5 5 4 780 7 5 8 28 56 54 79 76 5 2 26 9 6 5 4 8 1 46
6 0 6 2 50 6 1 5 90 1 6 0 607 1 6 1 60 9 2 6 55 892 6 1 6 2 83 6 0 5 71 3 61 64 7 3 6 0 5 5 33 6 1 666 4
49 7 2 9 1 6 7 6 2 43 35 7 2 8 968 6 2 4 5 4 7 4 7 7 2 8 7 69 6 2 4 75 9 4 6 7 2 8 5 70 62 49 7 1 4 5 72 8 37 1 62 51 83

21 0 7 2 7 1 7 0 0 86 4 5 0 7 2 69 7 0 0 8 66 6 23 0 7 26 77 0 0 8 6 8 7 24 0 7 26 5 7 0 0 8 70 8 25 0 7 26 3 7 0 0 8 729
1 4 5 434 1 2 7 29 0 1 4 5 394 1 2 73 32 1 4 5 35 4 1 2 7 3 75 1 4 5 31 4 1 2 74 1 7 1 4 5 2 74 1 2 74 5 9
2 1 8 1 52 2 0 5 9 35 2 1 80 9 2 2 0 5 9 99 2 1 8 0 32 2 0 60 6 2 2 1 7 9 72 2 06 1 26 21 7 9 1 2 2 0 6 1 89
2 90 86 9 2 745 8 1 2 90 78 9 2 7 46 6 5 2 9 0 70 9 2 74 75 2 90 6 2 9 2 7 48 3 5 2 9 0 5 49 27 49 1 9
3 0 358 7 3 4 3 22 6 3 0 34 8 7 3 4 3 33 2 3 0 338 7 34 3 43 3 0 3 28 7 3 4 35 43 30 31 87 3 4 3 649

42 63 0 4 4 1 1 8 71 42 6 1 84 4 1 1 9 42 60 6 4 4 1 2 1 2 4 2 5 9 44 4 1 2 25 2 4 2 5 8 24 4 1 23 79
50 9 02 1 4 2 051 7 50 8 8 8 2 4 2 06 50 8 742 4 2 08 1 5 0 8 60 2 4 2 0 96 1 5 0 84 6 2 4 2 1 1 09
52 1 7 39 5 4 9 1 62 52 1 5 79 5 4 9 3 52 1 41 9 5 5 2 1 25 9 5 4 96 70 5 2 1 099 5 4 9 8 39
‘

60 4 45 6 6 1 7 80 7 60 4 2 76 6 1 79 60 40 9 7 6 °

6 0 39 1 7 6 1 8 378 6 0 3 73 7 6 1 8 5 68
39 7 2 7 1 74 6 2 64 5 3 3 8 72 69 74 6 3 7 72 6 7 7 4 6 2 6 8 76 3 6 7 265 7 4 6 2 708 7 3 5 7 2 63 74 6 2 729 8
°

3 1 0 725 1 7 0 0 885 6 0 7 249 7 0 0 88 7 7 3 3 0 7 24 77 0 0 88 9 8 34 0 7 245 7 0 0 89 1 9 3 5 0 7 243 7 0 0 8 9 40

1 4 5 0 34 1 2 77 1 3 1 4 49 9 4 1 2 77 5 5 1 4 49 5 4 1 2 779 7 1 4 49 1 4 1 2 78 39 1 4 4 8 74 1 2 7 8 8 1
2 1 7 55 2 2 0 6 5 69 2 1 74 9 2 20 6 63 2 2 1 74 3 2 2 06 69 6 2 1 73 7 1 2 0 6 75 9 2 1 7 3 1 1 2 0 6 8 22
2 90 0 69 2 7 5 4 26 2 89 9 8 9 2 75 5 1 0 2 8 9 9 09 2 75 5 9 4 2 8 9 8 29 2 7 5 6 79 2 8 9 748 2 7 5 763
3 0 25 8 7 3 4 42 8 2 3 0 24 8 6 3 4 4 388 3 0 23 8 6 3 4 44 9 3 3 0 2 2 86 3 4 4 5 99 3 0 2 1 8 6 3 4 4 70 4

4 2 5 1 04 41 31 3 9 42 4 9 84 4 1 3 26 5 4 2 4 8 64 4 1 3 39 2 4 2 4 7 43 4 1 35 1 8 4 2 4623 4 1 3 64 5
5 0 7 62 1 4 2 1 995 50 74 8 1 4 8 2 1 43 5 0 7 34 1 4 2 2 29 1 5 0 720 1 4 2 24 3 8 5 0 7 060 4 2 25 8 6
5 2 0 1 39 5 0 08 5 2 57 9 9 79 5 0 1 0 21 5 7 98 1 8 5 0 1 1 89 5 7 96 58 5 0 1 35 8 5 7 9 49 7 5 0 1 5 27
6 0 26 5 6 6 1 9 70 8 60 2 4 76 6 1 9898 6 0 2 29 6 6 2 00 8 8 60 21 1 5 6 2 0 278 6 0 1 935 6 2 04 6 8
29 7 2 5 1 74 6 2 85 6 5 2 8 72 49 73 6 2 8 7 7 6 2 7 7 2 4 77 3 6 2 89 8 7 7 2 45 73 0 8 9 1 98 25 7 243 72 0 8 9 409

1 0 7 2 31 6
4 0 0 906 7 42 0 7 2 29 6 0 0 90 8 8 43 0 7 22 76 0 0 9 1 09 0 72 25 6 0 69 1 30 15 0 7223 6 0 69 1 5 1
1 4 46 3 3 1 2 8 1 34 1 4 45 93 1 2 8 1 76 1 4 4553 1 2 821 8 1 4 45 1 3 1 2 8 26 0 1 4 44 7 2 1 2 8 302
2 1 69 5 0 2 0 72 0 1 2 1 6 8 90 2 0 7 2 64 2 1 68 29 2 0 732 7 2 1 6 76 9 2 0 7390 2 1 6 70 9 2 07453
2 89 26 7 2 7 6 26 8 2 8 9 1 86 2 76 35 2 2 89 1 0 6 2 7643 7 2 8 90 2 6 2 76 5 2 1 2 889 45 2 7 6 60 5
3 0 1 584 3 4 5 33 6 3 0 1 483 3°
3 0 1 3 83 3 4 5 546 3 0 1 28 2 3 4 5 65 1 3 0 1 1 82 3 4 5 75 6
4 2 390 0 4 1 4 403 4 2 3 78 0 4°
4 2 3 6 59 4 1 46 5 5 4 2 35 3 9 4 1 4 78 1 4 2 34 1 8 4 1 4 90 7
5 0 62 1 7 4 2 34 7 5 0 6 0 76 4°
5 0 5 9 36 4 2 3 76 4 5 0 5 79 5 4 2 39 1 2 5 0 5 65 4 4 2 4059
5 7 8 5 34 5 0 25 3 5 7 8 3 73 5
°
5 7 8 21 2 5 0 2 8 74 5 7 80 5 2 5 0 30 4 2 5 7 78 9 1 5 0 3 21 0
6 0 08 5 1 6 2 1 60 6 0 06 70 6°
6 0 04 8 9 6 2 1 98 3 60 0 3 0 8 6 2 2 1 72 6 0 0 1 27 6 2 23 6 1
1 9 7 2 3 1 68 6 2 06 7 2 1 8 7 2 29 6 7 6 2 0 88 2 1 7 7 2 2 7 66 6 2 1 092 1 6 7 2 25 6 5 6 2 1 30 3 1 5 7 2 23 64 62 1 5 1 3

1 0 7 21 1 5
5 0 0 9 27 7 5 ; 0 7 20 95 0 0 9 29 8 5 3 0 7 20 7 5 0 0 9 3 1 9 5 4, 0 7 205 5 0 0 9 3 40 5 5 0 7 20 3 4 0 0 9 36 1
1 4 4 23 1 1 2 8 5 54 1 4 4 1 90 1 2 8 59 6 1 4 41 50 1 2 8 6 38 14 41 1 0 1 2 8 6 80 1 4 40 6 9 1 2 8 72 2
2 1 63 46 2 0 78 3 1 2 1 628 6 2 0 78 94 2 1 6 22 5 2 0 79 5 7 2 1 6 1 65 2 0 80 2 0 2 1 6 1 04 2 0 80 83
2 88 46 2 2 7 7 1 09 2 88 3 8 1 2 77 1 9 3 2 8 8 30 1 2 7 7 2 76 2 8 8 2 20 2 7 73 6 0 2 8 8 1 39 2 7 7 444
3 0 0 5 78 3 4 6 38 6 3 0 0 4 77 3 4 649 1 3 0 0 3 76 3 4 6 5 96 3 0 0 275 3 4 6 700 3 0 0 1 74 3 4 6 80 5
4 2 2 69 3 4 1 5 663 42 2 5 72 4 1 5 7 8 9 4 2 24 5 1 41 591 5 4 2 2 3 30 4 1 60 4 1 4 2 220 9 4 1 6 1 66
5 0 4 80 9 4 2 4 9 40 50 46 6 8 4 2 5 0 8 7 5 0 4 5 26 4 2 5 23 5 0 43 8 5 4 2 5 38 1 5 0 4 2 44 4 2 5 5 27
5 7 6 9 24 5 0 4 21 8 57 6 763 5 0 43 86 5 7 6 60 2 5 0 45 5 5 7 6 440 5 0 4 72 1 5 7 6 2 79 5 0 48 89
6 4 90 40 6 2 34 9 5 64 88 5 8 6 2 3 6 84 6 4 8677 6 2 38 7 6 4 8 4 95 6 2 4 06 1 6 4 8 31 4 6 2 4 25 0
72 1 1 56 6 2 2 77 2 0 8 72 0 9 5 4 6 2 2 9 8 2 0 7 7 2 0 75 2 6 2 31 9 0 6 72 05 5 1 6 2 3 40 1 7 2 0 349 6 2 36 1 1

Dep . L at
. 17. Dep .
I L at.
 D I FFE R E NCE OF LAT IT UD E

2 3 1 9 85 2
3 3 49 8 1 3

4 3 79 78 4

5 3 3 9 70 5
6 5 69 6 7 6
7 3 99 63 6

2 797

2 1 83 91
2 3 1 1 88
3 3 39 86

4 3 6 78 3
5 09 5 80
5 3 23 77
6 3 5 1 74
7 2 79 72
°

0 725 97
1 4 5 1 54
79 2
2 9 0 38 9 2 9 0 3 09
8 3 29 8 7 3 3 2 88 7

4 3 5 58 4 4 3 546 4
5 081 82 5 3 8 0 42
5 80 779 5 50 1 7 7
°

5 80 6 1 9
°

6 5 33 77 6 1 8 9 4 9
°

6 5 31 9 7
°

3 3 7 2 5 9 74 6 3 7 7 21 3 2 7 25 7 74
°

37 0 3 89 83 38
1 4 4 754
2 0 6 9 49
2 3 9 5 88 2 3 95 0 8
3 3 1 8 85
4 3 43 8 2 4 3 4 26 2
5 0 6 779 5 0 66 39
9 1 76 5 790 1 6
6 5 1 5 74 6 3 1 39 3
7 3 3 9 71

21 96

2 1 6 5 88
m rm nnficn D
or L AT I T U E AND DE PA R T UR E .

5 748 24
6 466 77
71 8 5 3 1 7 1 83 28
‘

0 71 65 0 0
°

1 4 3 300 1
°
1 43 260
2 1 49 5 1 2 0 9 274 2 1 48 90
2 3 660 1 2 790 32 2 3 6 5 20
3 3 8 25 2 3 4 87 9 1 33 8 1 51
4 3 99 0 2 4 1 85 49
5 3 1 5 5 3 4 3 830 7 5 0 1 41 1
5 7 3 20 3
6 4 48 5 4 6 3 78 2 3 6 M 67 1
°

7 1 6 5 0 5 6 3 758 2 7 1 63 02

0 3 996 6 0 7 1 42 6
1 4 2 89 4 1 3 9932 1 4 2 85 3
2 1 434 1 2 09 8 9 8 21 4280
2 3 5 789 2 7 9 865 2 3 57 07
3 5 723 6 3 4 9 83 1 3 5 7 1 34 3 4 9 9 3 5

4 2868 3 4 1 9 79 7 4 3 8 5 61 41 9 9 2 2
5 00 1 30 4
5 7 1 5 78 5 5 9 780 5 59 8 96
6 4 30 25 6 3 969 6 6 42 8 42
7 1 44 72 6 3 96 6 3 35 7 1 4269 6 3 9 8 7 1

0 7 1 243 0 7 0 1 73
1 4 0 34 7
2 1 37 3 0 2 1 0 52 1
23 49 7 3 2 806 9 5
3 3 6 21 7 3 3 08 69
35 0 7 1 223 0 7 0 1 94
2 1 36 69 2 1 05 83
23 4 89 2 2 3 0 7 7 8
3 5 6 1 1 5 8 50 97 3

4 3 7 338 43 1 1 67
4 9 8 70 4 4 3 1 21 7 4 9 85 6 1 43 1 36 2
5 3 9 9 47 5 6 1 390 5 69 78 4 53 1 55 6
6 4 1 1 90 6 3 1 5 64 6 4 1 00 7 63 1 75 1
7 1 2 434 7 0 1 738 25 7 1 2230 70 1 9 46

0 71 03 9 0 70 330 25 0 71 0 1 8 M O40 1
1 4 0 76 1
21 3 1 1 7 2 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 30 5 5 2
2 3 4 1 5 6 2 3 1 5 23 2 8 407 4 2
3 55 1 95 3 3 1 90 4 3 5 5 0 92 3

4 3 6 2 34 4 3 2 28 4 43 6 1 1 1 4
4 3 72 7 3 4 9 26 6 5 4 9 7 1 29 4
5 3 8 31 2 5 3 3 046 5 68 1 w 5 3 3 21 1
°

6 3 9 35 1 6 3 3 427 6 3 9 1 66 6 3 36 1 3
1 6 7 1 0390 7 0 3 80 8 71 0 1 8 5 7 3 40 1 4

5 4 0 70 8 34 0 7 0 58 7
2 1 2 50 2 21 1 76 1
23 33 36 2 8 2348
3 5 4 1 70 3 5 29 35
0 7 0 8 1 3 0 7 06 0 7
1 412 1 5
2 1 24 40 2 1 1 8 23
23 3 25 3 2 3 2 43 1
3 5 40 6 7

43 5 00 4 43 35 22 4 3 4 8 80 4 23 6M
°

4 9 5 838 49 41 1 0 4 9 5 69 4 4 3 4 254
5 6 6 67 2 53 469 7 5 66 5 0 7 5 6M 2
°

6 3 7 5 06 6 °
6 3 7 3 21 6 3 5 4 69
06 7 0 8 340 7
’

M . Dep
.
I L“ .
T AB L E I I .
-
For converting Chai ns and Link
s into Y
ards and Deci mals of Ya rds .

Yds . Yd s . Yd s . Yds .

99 1 21 1 65 1 8 7
99 1 21 1 65 1 87
99 1 21 1 65 1 87
1 21 1 65 1 8 7
1 21 1 65 1 87
1 00 1 22 1 66 1 8 8

1 00 1 22 1 66 1 88
1 00 1 22 1 66
1 00 1 22 1 66 1 88
1 00 1 22 1 66 1 88
101 1 23 1 67 1 89

1 01 1 23 1 67 1 89
101 1 23 1 67 1 89
1 01 1 23 1 67 1 89
1 02 1 24 1 68 1 90
1 02 1 24 1 68 1 90

1 0 2 1 24 1 68 1 90
1 0 2 1 24 1 68 1 90
1 0 2 1 24 1 68 1 90
1 03 1 25 1 69 191
1 03 1 2 5 1 47 1 69 191

1 03 1 25 1 47 1 69 1 9 1
1 03 1 25 1 47 1 6 9 1 9 1
1 04 1 26 1 48 1 70 1 9 2
1 26 1 48 1 7 0 1 9 2
1 04 1 26 1 48 1 70 1 9 2

1 04 1 26 1 48 1 70 1 92
1 04 1 26 1 48 1 70 1 9 2
1 05 1 27 1 49 1 71 1 93
105 1 27 1 49 1 71 1 93
1 05 1 27 1 49 1 7 1 1 93

1 05 1 27 1 49 1 7 1 1 93
1 06 1 28 1 50 1 7 2 1 94
1 06 1 28 1 50 1 72
1 06 1 28 1 50 1 72 1 9 4
1 06 1 28 1 50 1 72 1 9 4

1 06 1 28 1 5 0 1 7 2 1 94
1 0 7 1 29 1 5 1 1 73 1 9 5
1 0 7 1 29 1 5 1 1 73 1 9 5
1 0 7 1 29 1 5 1 1 73 1 9 5
1 0 7 1 29 1 5 1 1 73 1 9 5

1 08 1 30 1 5 2 1 74 1 9 6
1 08 1 30 1 5 2 1 74 1 9 6
1 08 1 30 1 5 2 1 74 1 9 6
1 08 1 30 1 5 2 1 74
1 08 1 30 1 5 2 1 74 1 96

1 09 1 31 1 53 1 75 1 97
1 09 1 31 1 53 175 1 97
1 31 1 53 1 75 1 97
1 09 1 31 1 53 1 75 1 97
1 10 1 32 1 54 1 76 1 98
T AB L E I II
.
—For converti ng Ch ains and Links i nto Feet and De i mals of F eet c .

Ft . Ft
. Ft . Ft .

1 6 5 2 3 1 29 7 3 6 3
1 65 297 36 3
1 66 2 32 2 9 8 3 6 4
1 66 29 8 36 4
1 67 29 9 3 65
1 68 366

1 68 234 8 00 366
1 69 30 1 3 67
1 70 302 3 68
1 70 30 2 36 8
1 05 1 71 30 3 36 9

1 0 6 1 72 30 4 3 70
1 0 6 1 72 3 70
1 0 7 1 73 30 5 3 7 1
1 0 8 1 74 3 0 6 3 72
1 0 8 1 74 3 0 6 3 72

1 09 1 75 30 7 3 73
110 1 76 30 8 3 74
1 10 1 76 30 8 3 74
111 1 77 30 9 3 75
1 12 1 78 31 0 3 76

112 1 78 3 1 0 3 76
113 1 79 3 1 1 377
1 14 1 80 3 1 2 3 78
114 1 80 3 1 2 3 78
115 1 81 3 1 3 3 79

116 1 82 31 4 38 0
1 16 1 82 31 4 380
1 17 1 83 31 5 38 1
118 1 84 31 6 38 2
118 1 84 31 6 38 2

119 1 85 31 7 38 3
1 20 1 86 31 8 384
1 86 31 8 3 84
1 21 1 87 31 9 38 5
1 22 1 88 3 20 38 6

1 22 1 88 3 20 3 86
1 23 1 89 32 1 38 7
1 24 1 90 3 22 38 8
1 24 1 90 3 22 38 8
1 25 1 91 323 38 9

1 26 1 9 2 3 24 390
1 26 1 9 2 3 24 39 0
1 2 7 1 93 32 5 39 1
1 2 8 1 94 3 26 39 2
1 28 1 94 3 26 3 92

1 29 1 9 5 8 27 39 3
1 30 1 9 6 3 28 39 4
1 30 1 9 6 3 28 39 4
1 31 1 9 7 3 29 39 5
1 32 1 98 3 30 39 6
 D V A N NOS T R A ND CO MP A N Y S
’
.

ANDERSON, G L . .
, AH . . C
( p n
a ta i of U . s
. Artillery ) .

Ha nd book for the use of E lec tric ians in the o ra ti o n a n d care

o f E lec trica l Mac hine ry and A p 11 t of th e mted S ta tes
c oast Defe nses p
Pre are d un er the d irectio n o f the L ie u te na nt
.

Ge ne ral Commanding the A rmy With ta b .

illustra ti ons 8 v o , cloth , illustra ted

. S3 00 .

AND ERS ON J W , . . Prosp ec tor s ’

Handbook . A Gui de
f th P
or p t
e ros e c o r a nd T ra v ell er i n searc h o f Me tal bea ring -
o r o th er
V l u b l Mi l
a a e ne ra s . E ig hth E di ti on , revi sed 8 vo , clo th . . $1 50

AND ERSON W , . On th e Conversi on of Heat in to W ork .

A Prac t ical H a nd b o ok on H ea t -
e ng ines . T hi rd E di ti on . Illus
tra te d l 2mo , c loth
. .

E
AND S , L
V egetable Fats and
. ils : T h ei r Pra cti cal O
Pre pa ra tion Purifica tion a nd E m p lo me nt fo r a rio us V
p
,

T h e 1 r Pro erties , A d ultera t io n and ami na ti on A .

fo r O il Ma nufac ture rs a nd R e fi ners , Ca ndle , S oa and Lub ri ca tin g

p
o il M a nufac turers , a nd t he O il and F a t In d us t ry 1n ne ra l T ra ns .

la te d fro m the Ge rma n With 9 4 ill us 8 vo , clot m,. . .

An imal Fats an d Oils . T h ei r Practi cal Pr od u c

ti o n , P uri fi ca t i o n a nd Uses for a gre a t va rie ty of urp o ses ; t h e i r
p
Pro e rties , Falsifi c ati o n an d E xa mi na ti on A a nd b o o k fo r .

M anufac turers o f O il a nd Fa t P ro d uc ts , S oa a nd Can dle M ak e rs , p

ric ulturi s ts , T a nners , e tc T ra nsla te d b y Cha rles S a l te r . .

ith 6 2 illus tra ti o ns 8 ve , c lo th . net , 8 4 00

Dryi n g Oils , B oile d Oil, and S oli d an d Li quid D ri e rs .

A p
ra c t ic al work fo r m a nufac ture rs of O ils , arn is h es , P rin t i n g V
Ink s , O ilcloth an d L ino leum , O il ca k es , Pa ints , etc 8 v o , c lo t h , -
.

illus tra te d net , 8 5 00 .

Iron Co rrosi on , A nti fouling

-
an d A n ti -
c orr o s i v e
P a in ts T ra n sla te d fro m th e Ge rma n b y Cha rles S al te r
. Ill u s .

tra te d with eng ra ving s a nd hal f t on e cuts 8 v c , c lo th ne t, 3 4 0 0 -

. . .

Oil Colo rs , and Printers ’

Ink . A Practi cal H a n d
b oo k t rea t ing o f Linseed o il , B o iled O il , Paints , A rtis ts C o l o rs ,
-
’

p
L a m b lac k , a nd P ri nte rs Ink s (b lac k a nd colo red )
’
T ra n s l a t e d .

fro m th e Ge rm a n b y A rth ur Mo rris a nd Herbert R o b so n W it h

p
.

56 fi g ures a nd d ia gra m s 8 vc , clo th , 2 1 2 ages net, $ 2 5 0

.

ARNOLD, E . A rmature Windings of Di re ct Cur r e n t -

Dy na m os E xte ns i o n a nd
. ca o n o f a Ge ne ra l Wi n d i n g A ppli t i
R ule T rans la te d fro m the o rigi na l Ge rma n b y F ranc i s B
Wi th numero us illus tra tions 8 vo , cloth
. .

DeG ress , M E . . . . .
 SCIE NT I FI C P B L I CA T IO NS U . 3

R O
A N L D, R .
,
Dr . Ammoni a and Ammoni um Com
und s A P rac ti ca l Manual fo r Ma nufa c ture rs , Che mists , Gas
.

nginee rs a nd Dry sal ters S eco nd E d i ti on 1 2m o , $2 00 . .

A rt of Dy ei ng Wool , S ilk and Cotton . T ransla ted from

th e Fre nc h of M B ell ot t , M Mac uer an d M L e Pile ur D A
. . q .
’

p
First ublis hed i n E nglish in 1 7 8 9 8 vo , clo th , illust ra ted , net .

AS H E , S . W .
, and KE ILEY J ,
. D . Electri c Railway s ,
T h eore ti c ally a n d P t i lly T t
ra c ca re a e d . With 200 d iag ra ms and
en g ra vin g s R ea . d y S pt 1 904 e .
, .

AT KINS ON ,
A . A .
,
Prof .
(Ohi o Un i ve rsi ty) . Electri cal
a nd M ag ne ti c Cal c ula t io ns , fo r t h e
E lec tri c al E ng i nee rs a nd use o f
A rtisa ns , T eac he rs , S tud en ts a nd all o t h ers inte res t ed in th e
T he o ry a nd A pp
li c a tio n o f E lec tric ity and Magne tis m S econd .

E di ti on , revis ed 8 vo , clo th , illus tra te d

. net, .

AT KINS ON ,
P . The Elements of Ele ctri c Ligh ting .

in c lud ing E le c tric Ge ne ra t io n , Measure m e n t , S to rag e an d D i s

t rib utio n T enth E diti on , fully revi sed a nd new ma tter add ed
.

Ill us tra te d l 2mo , c lo th .

T he Elements of Dyn ami c Electri city and Mag

ne ti sm . F ourth E d i tio n . 1 20 illust ra ti 1 2mo
o ns .
, c lo th . $2 00

Power T ransmi tte by Ele ctri ci ty an d i ts A pp li

ca tio n b y th e E le c tri c M oto r, including E lec tric R a ilway Con
s truc t io n F ourth E di ti on , fully revi s ed , new
.

l 2 m o , clo t h , illus t ra te d “

A UCHINCLOSS W ,
. S . Link and V al ve Moti ons Si m
p li fi e d Ill
. us t ra ted wi th 29 woo d c uts a nd 20 li t h og ra h ic pl a tes ,
to ge th e r wi th a T ra vel S ca le , a nd nume ro us use ful ta b e s . F our
teenth E d i ti on , revi s ed 8 vo , clo th .
$2 00

A XON W E , . . A . T he Mech ani c s ’

Fri end . A Collec ti on
fR
o i pts ece P rac ti cal S uggest io ns re la tin to A ua ria , B ro nz
and
ing , Ce me nts , Dra wi ng , Dy es , E lec tricity , G di ng , lass worki ng ,
'

G -

q
Glues , Ho ro lo g y , L a c ue rs , L o co m oti ves , M ag netrsm , Metal wo rk -

ing , Mod elling , P h o to h

p y ,
P y ro tec h ny , R a ilwa y s , S old ers ,
S tea m e ngi ne , T ele gr p y , T axi d e rmy , V a m is h es , Wa te roofing ,
’ a
-
-

a nd Mis ce ll a ne o us l 0 0 ls, I ns trume nts , M ac h ines and ceases

c onnec te d wit h t h e Ch e mrca l a nd M ec ha ni c A rts . With numero .

d ia gra ms and wood cuts l 2mo , clot h , illustra te d 8 1 50

.

AYR T ON, H . The Electri cal A rc . Wi th num erous fig

ure s , di agra ms a nd pl a tes . 8 vc , clot h , illustra te d 8 5 00
.
 D V A N NOS T R A N D CO M PA NY S
’
.

A YR T ON, W . E .
,
Practi cal Electri ci ty . A L ab o
ra to ry a nd L ec ture Co urse for the fi rst y ea r stud ents of E le ctrical -

E ng i nee ring , b ased o n th e Inte rna tional De finit io ns of the E lec tri
cal U nits V o l I , Curre nt , Pre ssure ,
. cc , E nergy ,
.

a nd Cel ls Co m lete ly re writte n and c o nta ining many

p
.

and d ia g ra ms 1 m o , clo th . .

B A CON ,
F . W th e Ri ch a r d s e am
A T reatise
S t en gine on -

Indi ca to r, wrth d i re c tions for its use B y Cha rles T Po rte r . . .

R e vis ed , with n otes and la rge ad di tio ns as d evel o ed b y A me ri can p

ra c tic e ; wi th a n a e ndix co nta ini n
g useful formul ae a nd rul es pp
o r eng i neers Ill us tra ted F ourth E di ti on
. l 2mo , clo th . . .

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14 D V A N N O S T R A ND CO MP A NY S
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DYS ON, S . S . Pra cti cal T estin g of R aw Materials . A

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T t d g phi lly
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With h pt th
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B e ing a R e o rt o f a T our p
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pp
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FIS HER H K C an d DAR B Y W C

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m
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GOODE VE , T . M . A T ext book -

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,
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G IFFIT HS ,
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Fo li o , ha lf m o ro c co
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HA E DER , ,
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-

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Descri p ti ve Ge ometry , wi th Num erous Problem s and

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Ill ust ra te d . S eventh E di ti on . 1 2mo , clo th

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. .
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22 D V A N NO S T RA ND COMPA NY S
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HEA P ,
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, .
 S CI E NT I FI C P U B L ICA T IO NS . 23

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US N . . . T h e A voi dan c e of Colli si o n s
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HOLME S ,
Electri c Ligh t Pop ul arly Exp lained
A . B . The .

F i fth E diti Ill t t d 1 2m onpp . 40 us ra e . o, a er .

H OPKINS N M Model Engines and S m all B oats New

, . . .

M th d
e o f E gi d B il
s o M k i g wi th h pt
n El ne a n o er a n , a c a er o n e
m t y S hi p D ig
en a r dC t ti 1 2m l th es n an o ns ruc on . o, c o .

H OUS T ON E J an d KE NNE L L Y A E
,
. Algebra Made
.
, ,
. .

E y as B i g l pl ti f th M th m ti l F m l
e n a c e a r ex a na on O e a e a ca or u a
P f T h mp
.

f o und i n Dy m l t i
ro M hi y
. d o so n s
’
na o e ec r c
-
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P ly ph
o El t i C
a se t With fig d
ec r c m pl 8 ur re n s . ures a n exa es . vo ,
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T h e Interp reta ti on of Mathem ati c al F orm ula Wi th

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HOWA RD, C R
Earth work Mensurati on on th e B asis
P i m id l F m
. .

ula; t i i g S im pl
'

of th e d L b
‘

r s o a or n a n n e an a or 8 a -

Meth o s o o a n n
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HUB B A RD, E . The Utili zati on of Wood -

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urce of Ch emi ca l Prod uc ts fo r A rtifi c ia l Wood
,

T an F uel , as a
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-
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H an d b o o k fo r E ng i nee rs B o ile r ma k e rs ,
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26 D VAN NO S T R A ND CO MPA NY S
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, .
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Desi gni ng an d Constructi on of Mach ine Geari ng .

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JUPT NE R ,
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(T h e C o ns t i tu t i o n o f I ro n Allo y s a n d I ro n ) T ra ns la ted fro m

p
.

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KANSA S CIT Y B RIDGE ,

T HE . Wi th an A cc ount of
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°

i p p
.

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KA PP ,
G .
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CE . . E lec tri c T ran smi ssi on of Energy an d
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Dy nam os , Motors ,
Altern a tors an d Rotary Con
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H S immons , Wi th nume rous dia g rams a nd figures

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. .

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,

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fi
. . .

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,
A B . .
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EM . . A Han dbook of R o ck s . F or Use
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, Illustra ted . .

3 2mo mo ro c c o , g ilt
,
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K E NNE DY, R . Modern Engines and Power Generators .

V ol I . A Pra ct i c al Work o n Prime Mo ve rs a n d th e T ra nsmi ssi o n

.

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M H .
, S WAN ,
H .
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1 2mo , c lo th .

KING W H
,
. . L essons an d Practi cal Notes on S team ,
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-
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W
,

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KIR KA L DY, W . G . Illustra ti ons of Davi d Ki rk aldy ’

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z8 $
.

2
28 D V A N NOS T R A ND CO MP A NY S
.
’

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t L o uis
p
. .

Illust ra te d b y 3 0 d o ub le age engra ving s 4 to , c lo th -

.

KL EIN J ,
. F . De si gn of a H i gh -
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no tes , S econd E di ti o n ,
p
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Lieut .
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K NOT r, c G . .
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. . .

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LA MB ORN ,
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 D V A N NO S T R A ND COMPA N Y S
‘

30 .

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( g
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O KWOOD T D Electri ci ty Magn eti sm and Ele c tro

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L UCE , S B .
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Com . T ext book -
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,
Prof . Colum bi a Univ . Gas En gi ne Desi gn .

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“
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LUPT ON ,
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a es . 8 vo , c lo t h , illust ra te d , 28 0 a ge s . net, $3 50 .

L UQUE R , L . M .
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T h e Pra c ti ca l Me tho d o f I d e n tify i ng M ine ra ls in R o c k S e cti o n s

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M A CC ORD, C . W .
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-
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p
-

p ro ce ss es of la y m g o ut t h e m o v e m e nts , p
a a ti n g t h e a lv e fo r
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trate d 4 to , clo th
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 D V A N NO S T R A ND CO MPA NY S
’
32 .

MA CKIE JOHN ,
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MA CKR OW , C T h e Naval A rch i tec t s an d S h i p b uil d er s

.
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’
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, , ,

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h
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’

p
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MA IL LOUX ,
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MARKS E , . C R . Mechan i cal Engi neering Materi als

lh i P p a nd T rea tme nt in Co ns truction 1 2mo ,
’ ‘
e r e rtl e s clo th ,
ill t t g
r .

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M c CUL L OCH , R . S .
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34 D V AN NOS TR A ND COMPA NY S ’

MODERN MET EOROL O GY . A S eri es of Six

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’

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MO R E ING, C A . .
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g
a s . . .

p
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clo th 00

MOS ES , A .
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p
,

S ta nd o i nt S econd ho us a nd 8 v o , clot h , 3 3 6 ill us

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- -
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1 2mo , ot h , ill us t ra te $2 5 0 . .

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A .
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numero us diag ra ms Po ck et si ze L ea th er 50 . . .

MURPHY J , . G .
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fo r Mining E ng inee rs . With H ints fo r Investors in Mining

Pr0 p erties . 1 6mo , mo ro c c o tuc k s 00
 SCI E NT I FI C P U B L ICA T I O NS . 35

NA QUE T , A . L egal Ch emi stry A Gui de to th e Detecti on

.

Falsi fi catio n of Writi ngs A d ulte ra tio n o f Al imenta r

,
y
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J p
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T ransla ted , wi th ad ditio ns , i nclud ing .

a li st of b ooks and mem o irs on T oxicolog y , et c , fro m t he Frenc h , .

b JP B a tte rsha ll , Ph D , with a Preface by C F Chandler,

h
. . . . . .

P D M D , LL D 1 2mo , cloth
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NA S MIT H , J . The S tuden t ’

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t rati ons .

NE UB UR GER , H .
,
an d N ALO HA T H
, T e c
. h n ol ogy of
P etroleum T h e Oil Fi el ds of th e
. Wo rld : their Histo Ge og
rap h y and Ge olo A nnual Prod uctio n, Pro ti o n and velop
ment Oil well T rans ortatio n o f
-
et ro le um b
y L and p
a nd Sea S to rage of etroleum
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p la te s T rans late d fro m the Frenc h , b y o hn Ge dd es Mc Intos h

. J .

8 vo , clo th , illus trated net,

NEWAL L , J W . . Plai n Practi cal Directi on s for Drawi ng ,

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g
a c h ine o r Gea r Cutter so as t o give fi
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i ngs cludi ng a Full S et of T a les o f R e fe rence Fold in
3
.

p late s 8 vo , cloth
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WLANDS J ,
. T h e Carp enters ’
an d Joiners ’
A ssi stant :
p
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p
a nd S t re ngt h o f Ma te rials , a nd t he Mec h a ni ca l Pri ncl p les of
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Hand railin g ; al so , a Co m lete T rea tise on S ines ; a nd an Illus
-
p
tratad Glos sa ry o f T erms used i n A rc hitect ure and B uild i ng .

Illustra te d Foli o , ha lf moroc co

. .

NIPHE R , F E . .
,
A M . . T h eory of Magneti c Measurem ents ,
witll
'
an A pp en dix o n t he Meth o d f L
o t S queas1 2mm a res
;
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clotll 3
NUGENT , E . T reati se on Op ti c s ; or, Li gh t an d S i gh t
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Fim A rt and Ind ust rial Pursuits With 1 03 illus tratl ons l 2mo ,
l
. .

c oth sl 5 0
O
O C NN
’
OR H , . T h e Gas Engineer s ’
Pock et -
book . Com
T a b les , Notes a nd Me mora nda relating to the
ris ing Manu
act ure , Dist rib ution and Use of Coal g as a n d t h e Co nst ruction -

o f Gas work s -
.
36 D V A N NOS T R A ND CO M PA N Y S
.
’

E
OL S N . J . C .
,
Prof . T ext book -
of Quantitative Ch emi c a l
.

A naly s is b y Gra vi me tric , E lec troly tic , o u e r c a n Gas o metric Vlmti d

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’

th e
g fi
-
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A nal y s is o f Pure S a lts , o M i nerals a nd T ech ni m Pr ueta

“
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O S B ORN ,
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1 2 mo , lea th e r .

O ST ERB ERG M , . S y n op si s of Current Electri cal L i tera

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O UDIN, M . A . S ta n dard Polyp h ase A pp aratus an d fi stems .

Wit h ma ny diag ra ms an d fig ures . T hi rd E di ti on ,

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PA LAZ , A Sc D . . A T re ati se on In dustri al Ph otometry ,

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g
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PA RRY E J B S c ,
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. .
,
. .

and A tifi i l P f m
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PA RRY , L . A .
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the a nd s o f m a nufa c ture rs , th e me d ic a l ro fess ion , sanitary p

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PA RSHALL H ,
. F ,
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ag e pl a tes , 65
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38 D V A N NOS T R A ND CO MPA NY S
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.

PHILLIPS , J . Engineering Ch emi stry . A Practi c al

T rea tise fo r th e us e o f A naly t ica l Ch e mis ts , E nginee rs , Iro n
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Gold A ssay in g . A Practi cal Handbook gi vin g th e

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'

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, .

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PLANT E , G . The S to ra ge of Ele ctri cal Energy , a

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W
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 D V A N NO S T R A ND CO MPA NY S
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ST ODOLA , A Dr . T h e S team T urbine . With 3 0 0 di a

w ns
wens te in
an d illus tratio ns . A uth orize d t ra ns la tion by Dr L C . . .

S T ONE , R Gen l ’
. New Ro a d s an d Road Laws in th e
Unit ed S tates . 200 pa ges , wi th num e rous ill us tra tio ns . 1 2mo ,

S T ONEY, B . D . T h e Th eory of S tre sses in Girders and

S imila r S truc ture s O b serva tions o n the A . With
li catio n o f pp
to Pra c ti c e ,a n d T ab les O f S tre ng th , a n d o th e r Pro ert ies p
di ti on . wi th numerous a d d itions o n
Gra hi c S ta t i cs , Pilla rs , S teel , Wind Press ure , O sc illatin S tresse s ,
Wor ing Lo a d s R iveting , S tre h and T es ts o f l aterials
, i .

p
7 7 7 ag e s , 1 4 3 illus an d 5 foldi ng p te s 8 v o , clo th .
-
. .

ST UA RT ,
C . s .
, USN . . . Lives an d Works of Civil an d
M ilitary E ng in eers of Am e ri ca . With 1 0 t l pl t s ee -
a e engravi ng s .

8 vo , clo th .

T h e Naval Dry Dock s of th e ni te d S tate s Illus U .

mted wi th 24 fi ne e ngraving s on steel F ourth E diti on 4t )

z 00
. .

l tl
o l $6

S UFFL ING, E R . . th e A rt
T re ati se on of Glas s Pai ntin g .

Prefa c ed wi th a R evi e w of A nc ient Glas s . With engra vi ngs a nd

colored lates p . 8 vo , c loth ne t, $3 50

S WEE T S H ,
. . S p e ci al Rep ort on Coal , S h owi ng i ts Di s
t ib ti
r Cl
u on , Cos ts d eliv ere d o ve r Different R o utes
ass i fi ca t io n , a nd
t V i u P
o ar o s o ints i n t h e S tate o f Ne w York a nd th e Princ i a l p
Cities on th e A tlanti c Co as t With ma s 8 v o clo th $3 00 . p .
, .

S WOOPE ,
C . W . P a cti cal L essons in Electri ci ty : Prin
p
E x erime nts an d A rithm e ti c a l Pro b le ms
c i p l es , An E le ment a ry .

T ext b o ok
-
With n um erous tab les , fo rmula , and two 1a in
p
.

stm c tion la tes 8 v o , clo th , illust rate d F i fth E di tio n net,

. . . .
 SCIE NT IF IC P UB L ICA T I O NS . 51

T AIL FE R , L . Practi cal

th e B le aching of T reati se on
L inen and Co tto n Y arn and Fab ri cs With t able s a nd d iag rams . .

T ra nsl a ted fro m th e French b y oh n Ge d d es Mc I n to sh 8 vo , J .

cloth , illustra ted . . net,

T EMPL ET ON W T h e Practi cal Mech ani c s Work sh op

, .
’

C mp i C mmi m
i ? h n
o a n on t i ty f th t u f l
o a var e se u
g . e rea . o e os
ul
r d f m l
es an l S i or wi th m u t bl
u a n ec a l ca c e nce , nu e ro s a es
f p
O ti l d t
ra c d l l t dca lt f ilit ti g m h i l
a a an c a cu a e res u s ac a n ec a n ca
p ti
o e ra R i d d
o nsl g d b y W S H tt n
. 1 2m
ev se an en ar e . . u o . o,
s2 00

T ES L A , N . Exp eriments with Alternate Currents of Hi h

Pote ntial an d H h F A L ec t u re d eli v e re d b efore t e
'

uen c
t i e
r
qE y .

I nst i tution o ec r c f n eers , L o n d on With a ortra it . p

a nd b iog ra ca s e c ph i l k t h f t
o e auth or With fi gures and d ia .

g ram s 1 2m.o , cl o th , ill us tra te d N e w E di ti on . .

TH OM C and JONE S W H T elegraphi c Connecti ons

, , .

mb
e mg R t M t h d m Qu d pl
rac T l g ph y 20 full
ecen e o s a ru ex e e ra
p g pl t
.

a e m l d O bl g 8
a es , so l th e co ore . on , vo , c o

T HOMA S , C . W . Paper mak ers Handbook -

’
. A Practi cal

TH OMPS ON , A . B . Oil Fi elds of Russia and th e Russi an

A Practical Hand book on th E xpl
e ora
P ti rcl e r
lp
es ,
a ip escr
T l ti
rans a on
P p ti ro er es .
and a map
8 vo , cloth ,
ne t,

T H OMPS ON, E . P .
, ME . . How to Mak e Inventi ons ;
Inve nt S c ien c e and an Art A Pra ctical Guid e for
'

o r, as a .

Inventors . eco nd

Roentgen Ray s an d Ph enomena of th e An ode an d

C th d
a P i i pl
o e . li c atio ns , and T h eo ries
r nc Fo r S tud ents ,
es , A .

T eac h ers , P h si c ia ns , o to ra p h ers , El ect ri c ians a nd others

g
.

A ss iste d b u is M Pi 0 et , N D C H o dg es and L ud wig

g3
-

. . . .

Gutmann , E With a c 1 p te r on Ge neral iz a tions , A

. ents ,
T h eo ries , K l nd red Ra di ations and P henomena By fesso r .

Wm A nth ony 50 d iagrams , 40 half tones 8 vo , cloth

. .
-
. .
52 D V A N NOS T R A ND COMPA NY S
.
’

TH ORNL EY , T . Cotton Combi ng Ma chines . With Nu

merous tables , e ng ra vi ngs and
illust rated , d iag rams . 8 vo , clo th ,
net, 83 00 .

Illus t ra t ions ; T h e S ilve r L ap Ma f

chi ne R ib bo n L ap Mac h ine and Dra w fra me Genera l Desc rip -

tion o f t h e Heilm a nn Co mb er ; T h e Cam S ha ft ; T h e De ta c hi ng

and A ttac hi ng M ec h a nis m of th e Co m b e r ; T h e Du lex Co mb e r ; p
R esetting of Comb e rs ; T h e E rect ion of a H eilmann Co mb e r ;
S t0 p Motio ns ; ari ous Calcula tio ns ; V
ario us No tes and Dis V
c ussi o ns ; Co tto n Co mb in g Mac hi nes o f Co nt inental Ma k e ; In d ex .

O
T DD, J WH A
. L L
,
W andB Prac ti cal S e am a n shi p , . .

for U i th Mse h t S ni :i l d i g ll e di y b
e rcj t ; an erv ce nc u n a or na r su ec s
l
a so St m S m eahi p W k L ifti g A i d i g C ll i
ea a ns Wi , rec n , vo n o i s on . re
S pli i g Di pl
c n m t , d y t hisg a ce b k w
en an e ve r n e no n
by m
sea f th p t den F i fth o 24 7 illu
e resen a s
tra tio ns and dia grams . 8 vo , c o th . . net,

T OOT HE D GEA RING . A Practi c al Hand book for Ofi ce s

d W k h p
an By or s o s . a Fore man Patte m ma k e r . 1 84 illus tra
t io ns . 1 2mo , clo th $2 25

T R AT MA N, E E R . . . R ailway T rack and T ra ck work-

.

With o v er 200 ill us t ra tions . 8 vo , clo t h $3 0 0

.

T RAVE RS E T AB LE , S h owi ng Lati tude and Dep arture

fo r eac h Qua rte r Deg ree of the Qua drant , and fo r Dista nces fro m 1
to 1 00 , t o wh i c h is a pp
end e d a T ab le o f Na tural S ine s and T a n

g en ts fo r eac h fi v e m i nut es o f th e Qua d ra n t (R e rin te d fro m . p

S crib ner 8 Pock et T ab le B ook ) Van N os trand a S ci ence
’ ’
.

1 6 m0 , clo th 80 5 0
Moroc c o $1 00

T R E VE R T , E
H ow to B uild Dy nam o el e ctri c
. a chinery , -
M
emb ra c ing T h eo ry , Des i ing, and Con struc tion o f D 0 8 a nd
Moto rs With a e n i ces on Field Ma et a n A rma ture
. pp
Wind ing , Ma s ment of Dy namos and oto rs , and seful U
T ablem f Wire a ug es 8 vo , cloth , illustra ted $2 5 0 . .

Electri city and i ts Recent App li c ati on s . A Practi cal

T rea tise fo r S tud e nts a nd A ma teurs , wi th a n Ill us tra te d Dic tionary
of Elec t ri c al T e rms a n d Phrases 1 2mo , cloth $2 00 . .

T UCKER , J . H .
,
Dr . A Manual of S ugar An aly si s, in
cluding th e A pp
li c a ti on s i n General o f A naly tical Meth o d s to the
S uga r Ind ustry With an Introd uction on th e Chemist
. of

Cane s ugar , Dextrose , L evulose a nd Milk sugar

- 8 vo , c o t h , -
.
54 D V AN NO S T R A ND COM PA NY S
.
’

VA N WAGE NE N ,
T . F . Man ual of Hy drauli c Mining .

Fo r th e Use of th e Practical Miner . R evi sed a nd enla rged ed iti on .

1 8 m o , cloth .

VIL LON ,
A . M . Practi cal
th e L e ath er In dustry T reati se on .

With ma n ta bles and illust ra tions and a co i ous ind ex A tra ns p .

la tion o f illon s T ra ite P rati ue d e la F a b rica ti on d es Cuirs et

’

d u T ra v a il d es P ea ux, by rank T A d d y ma n , B S c
”
8 vo . . .
,

clo th , illus trated net, 31 0 00 .

E
VINC NT , C . A mm oni a and i ts Comp oun ds : th ei r
Ma nufac ture a nd U T rans la ted from the Fre nc h b y M
ses . . J .

S alte r . 8 vo , clo th , ill ustra ted net, .

V OLK , C . Haulage and Windi ng A pp li ances Used in

Mines . With pl t a e s an d engra vings . T rans la te d fro m th e Ge r
ma n 8 vo .
. clo th , illustrate d . net $4 00 ,

V ON GE OR GIE VICS , G . Ch emi cal T e ch n ology of T extil e

F ib res :t hei r O rigin , S tructure , P re a ra tion , Was hing , B lea c hing ,
Dy e ing , P rinti ng , an d Dress in g rans la te d fro m t h e Ge rm a n .

b Ch a rles S alte r With ma ny d ia grams and figures 8 vo , cloth ,

p
. .

ustra ted 306 a g es . ne t, 3 4 50 .

C onte nts — T h e T e xt ile F i b res ; Was hin , B lea ch ing , an d Ca r

.

g
b o niz ing ; Mo rd a nts and M ord a nting ; Dy ei ng , Printing , Dress i ng
a nd Fin is h ing ; I nd ex .

Ch emi stry of Dy es tufl s . T ransl ated from th e S econ d

Germ a n ed i ti o n b y Chas S alter . . 8 vo , clo th , 4 1 2 p a ges . net,

WAB NE R ,
R . V en tilati on in Mines . T ranslated from
th e Germ an b y Cha rles S alter
. With pl a tes an d eng ravi ngs
p
. .

8 v o , c loth , illus trat ed , 24 0 ag es . ne t,

WA DE E J , . . S ec ond ary B atteri es : th eir T h eory , Con

s truct i o n a nd Use With innum era ble d iag ra ms an d fi res
p
. .

8 vo , clo th , illustrated , 4 9 2 ag es . net,

WA LKER ,
F . CE . . A eri al Navi gati on . A Practi cal
Hand b o ok on th e Co ns tructi on o f Di rigi ble B alloons , A é rosta ts ,
A é m p lan es and A é ro rnoto rs With d iagrams , ta b les and illus
p
.

t ra tio ns . 8 v o , cloth , illus trated , 1 5 1 ages net, .

WA LKER W H S crew Prop ulsi on Notes on S cre w

, . . .

P p l i
ro it R i d Hi t y
u s on 8 l th $0 7 5 s s e an s or . vo , c o

WAL KER S F Electri c al Engineering in Our Homes

, . .

a nd Works ho A P rac ti cal Trea t is e o n A uxil i a ry E lec tric a l

A p p a ra tlrs . herd E d i ti on , revis ed , with nu merous i llus tra ti ons .

8 vo , clo tll
 S CI E NT I F IC P UB L I CA T I O NS . 55

WAL KER s F Electric Li gh ting for Marine Engineers

,
. .
,
H w t L ig h t S hi p by th E l t i L ight nd H w t K
or o o a th e ec r c a o o ee e
A pp tu i n O d
ara 1 03 ill 8
s l th S nd E di ti
r er 00 . us .
, vo , c o eco on . .

WAL LING B T L ieut Com , . an d MA RT IN JUL IUS

.
, . .
, .

E lectri cal I nstallati ons of th e nited S tates Na vy U . With ma ny

di ag rams and engra vings 8 vo , cloth , illus trated . I n P res s .

WA LLIS TA YLER ,
A .
J . Modern Cy cle s, a Pra cti c al
H an db oo k on T h eir Co ns truct ion and Re p ai r . With 300 illustra
ti ons 8 vo , c lo th
. . .

Motor Cars , or Power Carria ge s for Comm on R o ad s .

With num erous illus trations . 8 vo , clo th

B earings an d L ubri c ati on A Handb ook . for Every

use r o f Mac hinery F ully illus trated 8 vo , clo th . . . . 50

Refri gerating an d Ice maki ng Machinery A Desc rip -

.

ti
ve T ti f th
rea f p se m pl y ing
or f ig ti d
e us e o erso ns e o re r e ra n an
i
ce~ m k i g i t ll ti
a n nd th 8
ns a a l th ill t t d $ 3 00
ons , a o ers . vo , c o , us ra e .

Rei ri erati on an d Cold S torage : being a Complete

pra c t i t ti n t h t nd
rea i f
se f ig tio 6 00 e ar a s c ence o re r era on
p g 36 1 di g m nd figu
.

a es , 8 l th
a ra ts a res . vo , c o ne ,

S ugar Ma chinery A Descrip tive T re ati se d evote d .

,
to th e M used in th e M anufact ure o f
Ca ne an d $2 00

WANKL YN J , . A . A Practi cal T re ati se on th e Exam

ina tio n of Milk and its Deriv ativ es , Cream , B utt er and Ch ees e .

$1 0 0
.

A Practi cal T reati se on th e Exam

T enth E di tion . 1 2mo , cloth .

WANS B ROUGH W , . D . Th e A B C of th e Difl erenti al

Calculus . 1 2mo , cloth $1 50 .

WA RD J , . H . S team for th e Milli on . A Pop ular T reat

is e on S tea m , an d its a ppli ca tio n
Navigation 8 v o , cloth . .

WA RING , G . E .
, J
r. S ewerage and Land
I ll ust rated w ith w ood cuts in th e text , a nd full p g -
a e
56 D V A N NOS T R A ND CO MP A NY S
.
’

WAR ING , G E . .
, J r
. Modern Meth ods of S ewage Di sp osal s
fo r T owns , Public I n t it ti
s d I l t d H
u o ns S d an so a e ouses eco n
26 0 p g
.

E diti on , revi s ed a nd l g d
en a r e Ill
. Cl th a es . us . o .

H ow to Drai n a House . Pra cti c al Info rm ati on for

Househ old ers . T hi rd E ditio n, enl a rged . 1 2mo , c loth

WAT S ON E , . P . S m all Engin es an d B oilers . A M an ua l .

of Co ncis e S p
Di rect io ns for the Co ns t ruct io n o f S m all
and ec i fi c
and B o ilers o f Mo d e rn T y p es fro m fi v e H o rs e
p ow er d own to m o d el s i z es I llus tra ted w ith Num ero us Dia .

g rams and Half to ne Cuts 1 2 mo , clo th-

. .

WAT T ,
A . Ele ctro -

p l a ti ng and E le c tro -
renning of Metal s :
b e ing a new edi t io n of Alexan d e r Wa tts E lec t ro De
’
it i o u -

Wit h p
.

R evi s ed a nd la rgely rewri tten b y A m 0 1d Phili , B .

num ero us fi gures and engra vi ngs 8 v o , c lo th , ill us trated , 6 8 0

p
.

ag es ne t, $4 5 0

Electro—
metall urgy Practi c ally T reated . Eleventh
E d i ti on , cons id erab ly enla rged . 1 2 m o , clo th . $1 0 0 .

T h e A rt of S oap m aki ng A Practi c al an dbo ok of

-
. H
t h e Manufac t ure o f H a rd and S o ft S o a s T o ilet S e a e tc Ih p
p
, .

c lu d i n
g m a ny N ew P roc ess e s an d a Ch a ter o n t h e v e ry o f ,

Gly ce ri n e fro m Was te L y es With illus tratio ns F i fth E d i tion .

,

revi s ed a nd enla rged 8 v o clo th . $3 00 ,

T h e A rt of Le ath er Man ufacture : being a Practi cal

Ha nd b oo k in w h i h th O p
c ti n f T i g Ce era o s o a nn n urry i n an d
p
, ,

L e ath er Dress ing D es c rib e d , a n d th e P rin c i es o f

a re F ully
p
T anning E x la ined , and ma ny R ec e nt P roc es ses I ntrod uc ed .

With num erous illus trations S econd E di ti on 8 vo , cloth $4 0 0 . . .

WEAL E J , A D i c t
.i on ary o f T erm s Use d i n A r chi te c ture ,
B uild ing E ng in eering M ini ng M etulla rgy A rc hwo lo gy th e F in e
ppli
, , , , ,

A rts , etc , w ith exp la na to

. o bse rv a t i o ns connected w ith a ed
S c i en c e a nd A rt F i fth . d i ti on , revi sed a nd corrected . 1 2m o ,
’2 50 .

WEB B H L , . . A Practi c al Gui de to th e T esting of In su

la ted Wires and Cables . Illust ra ted 1 2 mo cloth .
, $1 00

Th e T elep h one Han dbook . 1 28 Illustrati on s . 1 46

p ag es . 1 6 mo , cloth $1 00 .

WEEKE S ,
R . w . T h e Desi gn of Al ternate Current T rans
fo rmers . Illust ra te d . 1 2mo , clo th
 D VA N NO S T R A ND CO MPA NY S
’
58 .

WIL LIAM S ON R , . 8 . On th e Use of th e B arometer on

S urvey s a nd R e co nno issa n ces Pa rt I Mete o rology in i ts Co n . .

nec t io n with H y so me try Pa rt II p

B arometric Hy p somet . .

With illustrati ve ta b les and c lo th $1 5 . . .

Practi cal T ables in Meteorology and Hy p sometry ,

in
co nn ec ti on wi th th e use of th e B a ro m ete r . 4 to , c lo th $2 5 0

WILS ON , G . Ch em i stry, w
In organi c
i th New N o ta ti on .

se d a nd e nla rg e d b y H G Ma da n N ew ed i ti on 1 2m >
Ri
ev
66
. . .

c ot $2

WE LS ON ,
F . N . Th e oreti cal and Practi cal Grap hi cs .

A n E d ucatio nal Co urse o n th e T h eo ry an d P rac ti cal A p a t io ns

p
o f Desc ri t iv e Geo m e t an d M ec h a n ical Dra wing a re d . gigp
for stud ents in Ge ne S c i ence , E ng raving , o r A rc h i te cture .

T hi rd E di tio n , revi s ed 4 to , c lo th , illust rate d . net, $4 00 .

Note taki ng , Dim en si oni ng

-
and Lettering . t
4 ,
o Cl oth ,
ill ustra te d : ne t,

T hi rd A ngle Meth od of Making Worki ng Drawi ngs .

4 to , c lo th , ill ust ra t ed . . ne t ,

S ome Math ematic al Curves, and T h ei r Grap hi cal

Co ns tructio n . 4 to , clo th , ill ust ra ted ne t,

Practi cal Engi neering Drawi ng an d T hird An gle

P ro j ec t io n . 4 to , c lo th , illus tra te d . net,

S h a d e s , S h a d ow s , an d Linear Persp ective .

4 to , Cloth .

illus tra te d . ne t,

Descri pti ve Geometry Pure and A p pli ed , wi th a

c ha pt er on H igh e r P la ne C urv es , a nd th e H elix . 4 to , c lo th
i llus tra te d . net,

WINKLER , C .
, and LUNGE , G . Handbook of T e c h ni cal
Gas A na ly s is
-
With fig ures a n d d iag ra ms S econd E ng li s h ed i
. .

ti on . T ra nsla te d from t h e th i rd g rea t ly e nla rg ed Germa n e d iti on ,

wi th so me ad d it i ons b y Georg e L ung s , P h D 8 v o , c lo t h , illus . .

tra ted , 1 90 ag es p .

WOODB URY ,
D . V . T re ati se th e V ari ous
on Elem ents
of S ta b ili ty i n t he Well p r ortio ned Arch With numero us
o
p tn
-
.

ta bl es of th e Ul ti m at e a nd e el T h rus t . 8 vo , ha lf m o ro cc o .

Illus tra ted .

 SCI E NT I F IC P UB LICA T IONS . 59

WRIGHT ,
A C . An aly si s of Oi ls and Alli ed S ubstan ces .

8vo, clo th , l llustrat ed , 24 1 p a g es net,

Meth od for T esting Pai nters Materi al s 8 vc

Si mple ’
.
,
l th 1 60 p g
c o , a es n t e ,

WRI GHT T W Prof (Uni on College ) Elements 0

, . . . .
’

M h i ; i l
ec a n cs m ti K i ti d S t ti
nc u With p e a cs , ne cs an a cs a
pli ti
.

ca o ns . i d d l g d 8 l th $2 5 0 rev se an en a r e . vo , c o .

WYNKOOP R Vessels an d V oy ages as Regulated by

, .
,
Fed eral S ta tutes and Treasury Instruc t io ns an d Decls ions 8
n
.

$2

YOUNG J E Electri cal T esting for T elegraph Engineers

, . . .

Wit h A pp di i ti g f T bl
en 8 l th illu
ces c o ns s n o a es . vo , c o , s .

YOUNG S EA MA N S MA NUAL Compiled from V ari ous ’

.

A t h i ti
u or d I llu t t d wi th N m
es , an u O ig i l d S l t
s ra e u e ro s r na an e ec
D ig es f th U
ns , f t h U it d S t t
or M ei g S h ip d th
se o e n e a es u n s an e
Marim S c h ools . 8 v o , ha lf roan .

Z IPS ER J . T extil e R aw Materi al s an d Th eir C onversi on

Y
,
i n to a rn s T h e stud y o f the R aw M a teria ls an d th e T ec hno lo g y
p
.

o f t h e S i nn A T e xt b oo k fo r T extile , T ra d e a nd
'

P ro c ess -

p
.

hig her T ec hni c S c ho ols as a lso for self in struct ion .B a se d u o n -

.

th e o rd inary sy lla bus a nd c urri c ulum of a nd R o y al

Wea vi ng S cho ols T ranslated from th e . S a lter .

8vo , cloth , illust rated

 Ca ta log ue o f the V o n N os l m na ’

S cience S er ies .

HE Y in a u n i or m ne a t, a nd a ttr ac ti ve m 8mo ,
T p t p f f
are u u , or . 1

P ri c e 50
boa rd s . volu m e T he s ubjec ts a re of a n c en ts p er .

emi ne n tly s c i en ti fic c h a r ac ter a n d embr a c e a wid e ra nge of top i c s , a nd

a r e a mp ly i llu s tra te d w he n the s ubje c t de ma nd s .

No . 1 CHIM NE Y S FOR F UR NA CE S A ND S T E A M B O IL E R S
. By .

R A rms tro ng , C E T h i rd A m erica n E d itio n R ev is ed and

p pp
. . . .

artly re w ri tte n , w it h a n A e nd ix on
“
T h eo ry o f Chi m n e y
Draug ht , b y F E I d ell M E
”
. .
, . .

No . 2 S T E A M B OILE R E PLO S IO NS
.
-
By Z X . erah Colburn . New
E d i t ion , rev is ed b v P ro f R H T h urs to n . . . .

No 3 PR A C T ICA L DE S IGNI NG OF R E T AINING WA LL S B

F
-
. . .

Ar t h u r a c o b , B A F o urth J . . ed it io n , with ad d iti ons b y P ro .

W Ca in . .

No 4 PR OPO R T IO NS OF PINS US E D IN B R IDGE S

. . B y Charles
pp
.

E B e nd er, C E S e c on d ed i tio n , w ith A

. e ndix . . .

No 5 . VE NT ILA T ION
. O F B UIL DINGS . By W . F . B utl er S ec ond .

ed it i d it d on , re e -
e and enla rg ed b y J m es A
a Gre enl ea f, C E
i p
. . .

N w d iti e e on n ress .

No 6 O N T HE DE S IGNING AND CONS T R UC T IO N OF S T O R A GE

. .

R es e rv o i rs B y A rth ur ac o b B A S econ d A meri ca n ed ition ,

. J , . .

revis ed w ith a d d itio ns b y E S h erma n Go ul d

,
. .

No 7 . S UR CHA R GE D AND DIFFE R E NT FO R M S OF R E T AINING

.

wa ll s B y a m es S T a t e , C E
. J . . .

No 8 . . A T R E A T I S E O N T H E COM PO UND S T E A M E NGINE By -

.

J o hn T um b ull , Jr 2nd ed itio n , re vis ed b y P ro f S W R o b ins o n

. . . . .

No 9 . . A T R E A T I S E ON F UE L . B A rth ur V
A bbo tt , C E . . . Foun d ed
o n t h e o rig in al trea tise o f C W ia m S i em ens , D C L
'

. . . .

No . ro . CO M PO UND E NGINE S T ran sl ated from th e Frenc h of A . .

M allet S ec o nd ed iti o n , re v ised w ith res ul ts o f A m eri c an Prac

.

ti c e , b y R i c h a rd H B uel , C E . . .

No xx T HE OR Y or AR CHE S
. . . B y Prof . w . Alla n .

No . rz .T H E O R Y OF O US SOIR AR CHE S V . By Pref . Wm . Cain .

S econ d edi t io n , rev is ed and enla rg ed .

60
 D V A N NO S T R A ND COMPA NY S
’
.

31T HE SA NI T AR Y CO NDI T IO N OF CIT Y A ND CO UNT R Y

.

Dwellin g h ouses B y George E Waring , Jr

-
S e cond editio n ,
. . .

.
32 CAB LE MA KING
.
-
FOR S US PE NSION B R I DGE S . By W .

Hild enb rand , C E . .

33 . ME CHA NICS or VE NT ILA TION . B y George w . R after, C E . .

New and revis ed ed ition .

34 FO UNDA T IO NS
. B . Prof .
Jules Gundard, CE . . T rans
la ted fro m th e F ren c h . eco nd ed l tl on .

35 T HE ANE R OI D B AR OME T E R : I T S CONS T R UCT ION AND

.

U se . p
Com iled b y George W P ly m ton E ighth edi tion, . p .

revis ed and enl a rg ed .

36 . MA T T E R AND M O TIO N . By J . Clerk M axwell, M A . . S econd

A m eri ca n edi t io n .

NO 3 7
. GE O GR A PHI CA L S UR E YING : I T S US E S ,
. V ME T HO DS,
an d R es ults B y Frank De Y eaux Ca r enter, C E
. p . .

No 38. . X
MA IM UM S T R E S S E S IN FR AM E D B RI DGE S . B y Prof .

William Cain , A M , C E New a nd revise d edi tion . . . . .

No 39. A HA NDB O O K O F T H E E LE CT R O MA GNE T I C

.
-
T E LE
g a h
r p
B y A E L oring
. F ourth ed ition , revise d
. . . .

No . 0. T R ANS MI S S IO N OF PO WE R B Y COMPR E S S E D AIR . By

b ert Z a hn er, M E New ed ition , in ress . . p .

No 4 1
. . S T R E NGT H O F MA T E R IA L S . By Willi am Kent , CE
. .
,
E d ito r E ngin ee ring News . S eco nd ed i tio n .

No . T HE O R Y O F
2. S T E E L CO NCR E T E AR CH E S , AN D O F -

s ult ed S truct u res B y P rof Wm Cain T hird edi tion , . . . .

th oroug hly re vised .

No 43. . WA VE AND OR T E V X MO TIO N . By Dr . T h om as Crai g,

of J o hn s p
Ho k ins Un i v ers ity .

No 4 4 T UR B INE WH E E L S
. . . B y Prof . W . P . T rowbri dge, Columbi a
Co llege S eco n d editio n
. . R evis ed .

NO .
4 5 T H E R M O DYNA M I C S
. By -
. Prof . H . T . Eddy , Uni versi ty
O f Cinc inn a ti N ew ed i tio n , in
. p ress .

4 6 I
. C E M A I N
-
G M A CHINK
E S F rom th e F r en c h of M L e Dou x . . .

R ev is ed b P ro f
y E Dento n , D S . J
a cob us , a nd A R ies e nb e rg e r
. . . . J . .

F ifth ed i ti on , re vised .

47 . LINK A GE S : T HE DIFF E R E NT FO R M S AND US E S O F

A rticu la te d L ink s . By D C De R oos J . . . .

4 8 T
. H E O R Y O F S O LI D A ND B R A CE D E LA S T I C A R CH E S
B y Wi llia m Ca in , C E . .

49 . M O T IO N O F A SO LI D IN A FL UI D . B y T h omas Crai g, Ph D . .
 S CI E NT IFI C P U B L I CA T I O NS . 63

No so DWE LLING HO US E S : T HE IR
. . SA NI T A R Y -
CONS T R UO
ti o n and A rrang em nts B y P rof W H Co rfi eld . . . . .

No 5 1 . T H E T E LE S COPE : O PTI CAL PR INCI PLE S IN OL E D IN

. V V
th e Co ns t ructi o n o f R efra cti ng a nd R eflec ti ng T elesc o es , wi th p
a n ew ch a t er o n th e E voluti on of th e M o d ern T eles c o e , a nd a p
B i bliog ra to d a t e p
Wi th d iag rams a nd fold i ng lates B y . p .

o mas 0 an S eco nd ed it io n , revised a nd e nla rg ed. .

No 5 2 . IMA GINAR Y QUA NT I T IE S : T H E IR GE OM E T R ICA L IN

.

te rp re ta t i o n T rans late d from th e F renc h of M A rg a nd b y

. .

P rof A S H ard y. . . .

No 5 3 IND UCT ION COIL S : HOW

. MA DE A ND H OW US E D .

E lev e nth A m e rica n e ditio n .

No 5 4 . . K
INE MA T IC S OF MA CHINE R Y B y Prof Ale x B . . . . W .

K enn ed y With a n in trod uction by P rof R H T hurston

. . . . .

No 5 5 S E WE R GA S E S : T HE IR NA T UR E AN D O R IGIN A
‘

. . By
V
. .

d e a ro na S eco n d ed it ion , rev ised an d enla rged

. .

NO 5 6 T HE A CT UA L LA T E R AL PR E S S UR E OF E AR T HWO R K
.

j
. .

B y B e n B a k er, M Ins t , C E . . . .

No 5 7 . INCAN DE S CE NT E LE CT R I C LIGH T ING

. A Prac ti c al De .

s cri ti o n p
o f th e E d iso n S y stem B
y L H L a t im er T o . . . .

w h ic h is a d d ed th e Des ign an d O p e ratl o n o f I n can d esc en t S ta

tions , by C J
F ield ; and th e Maximum E ffi ciency o f Incan d es c ent
p
. .

L am s , b y o hn W H ow ell J . .

58 . VE NT ILA T ION OF COA L M INE S . By W . Fai rley , M E . .

,
an d Geo . J . A nd ré .

NO 5 9 R AILR OA D E CONOMIC S ; O R , NO T E S
. . WIT H CO M ME NT S .

B y S W R o bins o n , C E . . . .

No . 60 S T R E NGT H O F WR O UGHT IR O N
.
-
B R I DGE M E MB E R S .

B y S W R o b ins on , C E
. . . .

6 1 PO T AB LE WAT E R , A ND M E T H O DS OF DE T E CT ING
p
.

I m uri t i es B y M N B ak er . . . .

No . 6 2 T HE O R Y O F T HE GA S E NGINE
. B y Dou -
. ald Clerk T hi rd .

ed iti o n With ad ditio nal m atter E d ited by

. . E I d ell , M E
. . .

NO . 6 3 HO US E DR AINA GE AND S A NI T AR Y PL UM B ING

.
-
. By W .

P Gerha rd
. T enth ed ition . .

No 64. . E L E C T R O MA GNE T S -
. By A . N M ansfi eld
. .

. . K
No 6 5 PO C E T LO GA R I T HM S T O FO UR PLA CE S O F DE CIMA L S .

In clud i ng L og a rith ms of N umb ers etc . .

NO 6 6
. DYNA MO E LE C T R IC MA CHINE R Y
. By S P -
. . . T h om p son .

With an I ntrod uction by F L Po p e T h ird ed ition , rev ised

‘

. . . .

No 6 7 HYDR A ULIC T AB LE S FOR T HE CA LCUL A TI ON OF T HE

. .

Dis c h a rg e th rmrg S ew ers , Pi a nd Co nduits B ased on .

“
K utter s Fo rm‘l16
’
By P y nn . J . .
 D V A N NO S T R A ND CO MP A NY S
.
’

68 S T EA M HE A T ING
. B y R obert B ri ggs
-
. . T hi r d edi ti on, re
vis ed , with ad di tio ns b y A R W0 lfl
'

. .

69 CHE MICA L
. PR OB L E M S . By Prof .
J . C . Foy e . Fourth
edi tion , revis ed an d enla rged

7o . E XPLO S IVE MA T E R IAL S . B y Li eut . John P Wi ener . .

7 1 DYNAMI C E L E CT R ICIT Y
. . By Joh n Ho p k ins on , J . A .

S hoolb red , a nd R E Day . . .

7 2 T OPO GR APHI CA L S UR E YING

. B V . George J . S pec h
P rof A S Ha rd y , o hn B McM aste r, and
. . . J . F Walli ng
. . S econ
ed itio n , rev is ed .

S YMB O L I C A LGEB RA OR , T HE A LGE B R A

W
73 .
‘
OF AL GE
b ra i c Numb e rs B y P ro f . . illia m Ca in .

.
74 T.E S T IN
‘
G MA CHINE S : T HE IR HI S T O R Y, CONS T R UO
tion an d Use . B y A rth ur V A bb ott . .

7 5 R E CE NT P R O GR S S IN DYNAM O E LE CT R IC MA CHINE S
. E -

pp
.

B eing a S u le m en t to Dy na m o e l ectric M ac h inery By -

p
.

P rof S y lv an us P T h o m son
. . .

7 6 M O DE R N R E PR O DUCTI E
. V GR APHI C PR O CE S S E S . By
L ieut a m es S . J
P e ttit , U S A . . . .

.
77 S T
. A D IA S U R E YI NG T h e T h
oy
e r of V . S tadi a Measure
ments B y A rth ur Wins low
. F ifth ed l tl o n . .

78 . T HE S T E A M E NGINE -
INDICA T O R A ND IT S US E . By
W . B L e V an
. .

79 . T HE FIGUR E O F T HE EAR T H . B y Fran k C R oberts, C E . . .

. 8 0 HE A L T HY
. FO UNDA TIONS FO R HO US E S . By Glenn
B rown .

81 . WA T E R
ME T E R S :COMPARA T I E T E S T S O F V
Deli v ery , e tc D is tin ct iv e features O f th e Worthington ,
.

ned y , S i em ens , and H ess e m eters B y R oss E B rowne . . .

82 . T HE PR E S E R A T ION OF T IMB E R B Y T HE US E OF A NTI V

se p tics B y S am uel B eg ster B oulton , C E
. . .

. 8 3 ME CHA NI CA L
. INT E GRA T OR S . By Prof . Henry S . H
S ha w , C E . .

. 8 4 FLO W O F WA T E R IN OPE N CHA NNE L S , PIP E S ,

. CON
d ui ts , S ew e rs , etc With T ables B y P Fl y nn , C E . . . J . . .

85 . T HE L UM INIF E R O US E T HE R . B y Prof De V olson . Wood .

so HANDB OO OF MINE RALOGY: DE T E R MINA T ION K DE

p United
.

s c ri ti o n , a n d Class ifi ca ti on c f Mine rals F o und in th e

S ta tes B y P ro f. C F oy e Fifth edition, revi sed. J . . . .
66 D V A N NOS T R A ND CO MP A NY S
.
’

No . 10 3 . T HE MICR O S COPICA L E XAMINA T ION O F PO T AB LE

Wate r . With Diagrams B y Geo W R a fter . . . . S econd edition .

No. 1 0 4 . VA N NO S T RA ND S T AB LE BOO FO R CI IL A ND ME ’ -
K V
c ha ni c a l E ngin ee rs Co m iled by Pro f Geo W Ply m ton . p . . . p .

No . 105 D E T E R.MI NA NT S A n In trod uc ti on to th e S tud y . of, wi th

E xam les a nd A p
lica tions B y P rof G A Miller pp . . . . .

No 106 COM PR E S S E D AIR E x eriments u pon th e T ransmi ssi on of

p .

p pp
. .

P ow er b y Co m resse d A ir i n P a ris (P o S y s te m )
’
s By .

Pro f A B W K enn ed
.

. T h e T ra nsm iss io n a nd Dis t rib utio n

. . .

o f Po w e r fro m Centra l tatio ns b y Co m rmsed A i r B y Prof

W C Unw in Ed ited by F E Id ell
. .
°

. . . rd edi tio n . . . .

No . 10 7 G RAP
. HAI CA L M E T HO D FO R S WING B R I DGE S A .

Ra tiona l a nd E as Gra p hical A naly s is o f th e S tress es in O rd ina ry

S wing B rid es f
a
ith an I ntrod uct io n o n the G ene ra l T h eo
j
.

m p hic S tatics , w ith F olding Plates B y B e n a mi n

Lg
f .

a ue .

No . 10 S LI DE
8 . A L E DIA GRAM S -
V V
A French M eth od for Co n .

s truc ting S lid e v alv e Diag ra ms B y L loy d B a nk so n , B S ,

-
. . .

As s is ta nt N a val Co ns truc to r, S N a vy 8 F olding Pla tes U . . . .

1 0 9. T H E M E A S UR E M E NT O F E LE C T R IC C UR R E NT S E lec .

trica l M eas urin I ns trum ents By a m es S win b urn e M e te rs . J

B y C H Wo rdi ngham
.

fo r E lec tri ca l ne rgy E d ited w ith . . . .

,

P refa c e , b T Co m merfo rd Martin With Fold ing Plate a nd

y
. .

Num e ro us llus tra tio ns .

1 10 T R A NS I T IO N CUR V E S
. A Fi eld book for E ngi neers, Co n .
-

ta in ing R ules and T a b les fo r L ay ing o ut T rans itio n Curves By .

Walter G F o x , C E . . .

1 1 1 GA S LIGH T ING A ND GA S FIT T ING

.
-
S p ecifi ca ti ons an d -
.

R ules fo r Gas i ing -

pp
No tes o n th e A d vanta g es o f Gas fo r .

Coo k ing a nd H ea ting , an d Useful Hi nts to Gas Co ns umers S ec o nd

B y Wm Pa ul Ge rh ard , C E
.

edi tio n , re w ri tte n an d enla rged . . . .

A PR IM E R O N T H E CA L C UL US B y E S h erman Gou ld,

’
1 1 2 . . .

M A m S oc C E T hird edi tio n , revis d and enla rged

. . . . .

e .

1 1 PHYS ICA L PR OB LE M S and T h ei r S oluti on

3 . . By A . B our
g g
o u n o n ,
fo rm e rly A ss is tan t a t B elle vu e H os ita l p .

1 14 M A N
.U A L O F T H E S LI D E R UL E B y F A H als ey , . . . of
t h e A m e ri can M ac hin ist T hird ed i tio n c o rre c te d
“
.
, .

1 1 5 T RAT AB L E VE R S E
S h owi ng th e Di fference of Lati tu d e .

p
.

and De a rt ure fo r D is ta nces B etw ee n 1 a nd 1 00 a nd fo r A ng le

s to

Quarter Degrees B e tw een 1 Deg ree and 90 Degrees (R e rinte d . p

from S c ri b ner s Poc k et T a ble B oo k )
’
.
 u ~ M D Q TT Y 1

s rm'
s n s n ow

A N I NI T I A L P I N! or 2 5 C E N T S
W I L L DE A DDEDDE D FO R FA IL U R E T O R E TU R N
T H I S DO O R O N T H E DA T E DU E l H E PE N A L T Y
‘ ’
.

W I L L IN C R E A ' E TO 8 0 C E N T . O N T H E F O U R T H
DA Y A ND TO ‘I . OO ON T HE DE V E N T H DA Y
O V ER DUE .

L D 21 —
95m