FLUID MECHANICS

1. Upthrust F =V,Pi 8
2. When solid whose
a
density is less than the density of liquid
floats in it then, some fraction of solid remains immersed in
the liquid. In this case, ay
) Weight Upthrust =

(ii) Fraction of volume immersed

f=P
x
P
3. When 10. Volume Flow Rate
a solid whose density is more than the
liquid is density of dV
completely immersed in it, then upthrust acts on Q=Av or = Av
its 100% volume and dt
apparent weight is less than its actual
weight. 11. Continuity Equation
WappW -F
Here, F =
Upthrust on 100% volume of solid. Q =Q2
4. Relative Density (or Specific Gravity) of any
d_dV2
dt dt
Substance or
RD=Density ofthat substance A=Azv2
Density of water or Av = constant

Weight in air or 1
Change in weight in water when A
Completely immersed in it 12. Bernoulli's Equation
5. Effect of Temperature on Density
Pt Pgh+ P =constant
1+yAe 1
6. Effect of Pressure on
Density
or P
+Pgh +pvs =Pa *
pgha +
pví
P 13. ) v= /2gh =28htop
Ap
B
7. 1 Pa =1 Nm4, 1 Bar 10 Pa, 1 atm =1.013 x 10
=
Pa
Gauge pressure
absolute pressure atmospheric
= -

pressure
8. V
Pressure at depth h below the surface of
water, H-h
P

Po Gi) t=2H-h)
N
21bottom
8
h (i) R =vt 2/h{H
=
-

h) =

2,htop bottom
x
P Po t Pgh
(v) R max = H at h =2
Change in pressure per unit depth,
2
dp (V) Time taken to
dh
P8 empty a tank if hole is made at bottom.
9. Change in Pressure in Accelerated Fluids tA 2H
If container has an acceleration component a. in a8
x-direction and a, in y-direction. Then, 14. Barometer
dp = - pa

dx P P2

ap = - p (a, + 8) Po hpg
and or
dy h Po
P8
 najpterCTux

h is approximately 76 cm of mercury.
2r 6)8 or vr «r
Vacuum
Here, p =
density of ball and
G densityof viscous medium in which
ball is moving.

16. Surface Tension

F A W

Mercury
T = AA
r A W =T xAA

Cii) Ap =
for singlesurface andfor double surface
R R
15. Viscosity
ii) Capillary rise fall,
)F=-nA av-velocity gradient or

dy h 2r 2Tcos8 asR =
COS 8
(i) F = 6rnrv =
Forspherical ball Rpg rPs
 ELASTICITY
F
1. Stress = = restoring force per unit area. 8. Solids have all three moduli of elasticities, Young's
modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus. Whereas
liquids and gases have only bulk modulus.
Ax
2. Strain =
X
=change per unit original. 9. Every wire is like a spring whose force constant is equal to,
1
kA or k
3. Modulus of Elasticity
Stress 10. Potential energy stored in a stretched wire
E =
Strain
4. Materials which offer more resistance to external
deforming forces have higher value of modulus of 11. Potential energy stored per unit volume (also called energy
elasticity. density) in a stretched wire,
5. Young's Modulus of Elasticity U =x Stress xStrain
Y A Fl
Al/l AAl 12. Change in Length of a Wire
F Mg
A =Tr2 AY
and
Here, F is tension in the wire. If wire is having negligible
mass, tension is and
6. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity uniform throughout the wire change
in length is obtained directly. Otherwise by integration.
3=FA-4P or dp
B=/A
13. In case of solids and liquids bulk modulus is almost
AV/V AV/V constant. In case of a gas, it is process dependent.
In isothermal processB =B7 = pP
7. Shear Modulus of Elasticity of Modulus of In adiabatic process B =Bs = YP
Rigidity 14. Compressibility
1
Y-
_F/A B
15. When pressure is applied on a substance, its volume
F decreases, while masS remains constant. Hence, its density
will increase,
P
P1-Ap/B
Or
- a