Chu'chug

HOI NUOC VA CHU TRINH THIET BI

BOiNG LUC HOI NUOC

s.i ader~Udc
5 .1.1. NNdc soi va hdi bao hoa kho (nu'dc va hdi nafdc bao hoa )
T rz»g t h a i
c u a » u o'c soi vh ho i b a o ho a k h o d uq c xa c d i n h k h i b i e t
nhiet do hoac ap sujetci 'ia chu»g. Tir b6»g nuac va ha i n u o c bao hoa t h e o
»hiet do soi hoac 6p suat soi ta co the tin> duqc tat ca cac thong so con lai .
5.1.2. Hdi bao hoa ~m
1- Do lzIzo z,a do aim
E lo'i bao h o a a i » ( l i o'i n »i j l ; i h o » h o p g i u a n u d e s o i v a h d i b a o h o a a
nhiet do bao hoa tu'o»g u»g. Bo kho duqc dinh ngh>a bAng bieu thu'csau:
Gi,
X
G„+G
tro»g d6: G~, (kg) - khoi luq»g hei ban hoa kho trong hei am
G„(kg) - khoi lu'q»g»uoc soi trong hei am.

Bo kho x la th awing
s o' trang thai c o ba n cu a ha i a m , n o c h o t a b i e t
luqng hei bao hoa kho chua trong 1 kg hei am.
Bo kho x th ay doi tu' x = 0 (duong gidi han duoi) den x = 1 (duong gioi
h an tren), 0 < x < 1 .
G ia tri y = 1 — x goi la do am cua hei, no cho t a b i e t l u qn g n ude bao
hoa (nuoc soi) chua trong 1 kg hei am.
70 CHUQNG 6

2- Cac thong so trqng t hcii cua hen a'm

B e xac dinh ddqc cac thong so' trang thai cua hei am chung ta p h a i
dnavao thong so co ban cua nude soi, hei bao hoa kho (tim tit bang thong
so nhiet dong cuanuc'tc va hei nu'ac bao hoa) va do kho x:
v„ = (1 — x) v + x v = v + x(v — v)

s. = (1 — x) s' + xs" = s' + x(s" — s') = s' + x

T.=

i„ = i' + r x

vx — v 1x — 1 s „- s '
X
v—v s"-s' 4 "- @ '

trong do: dau " ' " - chi trang thai nude soi
dau" " "- chi trang thai hoi bao hoa kho; r - an nhiet hoa hei.
U„ = (1 — x) u' + xu" = u' + x(u" — u')

Neu trong bang khong co cac giatri u" va u' thi noi ning duroc tinh
bhng cong thCfc sau:
Ux = lx P Vx

5 .1.3. Hdi qu a n h i j t

0 cung ap suat, ho i qu a « h i e t c o n h i e t d o t . cao hen n h i e t d o cu a h e i

b ao hoa kho t , . B o i v d i n ude chua soi vh hei qua n h ie t t h i a p s uat v a n h i e t
d o la hai thong so doc lap, trang thai cua ho'i qua nhiet deqc xac dinh k h i
b iet hai t h ong so. Trong bang noae chua soi va ho'i qua nhiet cac t r an g t h a i
t hu'ong xac dinh t heo hai t h ong so la ap suat vh n h ie t d o .

5.2 CACQUA TRINH NHIET BONG CO BAN CUA HO) NlNC

5 .2.1. Qua tr in h d a n g t ic h (v = c o n s t )
B o bien th ien noi n i n g :
hu = u2 — u, = (12 — P2v2) — (1, — P,v,) — ( 1 2 1 1 ) v ( P 2 - Pl )
2
C ong cua qua tri nh : l = pdv = 0
1

N hiet. luong cung cap cho qua tr i n h : q = b,u + l v i l = 0 do do q = b,u

5.2.2. Qua trinh dang ap ',p = const)
ku = U2 U2 — (12 — P2V2) ( 1 1 — P1V1) = ( 1 2 — 11) —(V2
P Vl )
2

pdv = p(v 2 v l ) d q = d u + de = di — vdp=di

1
 71

D o do: q = i ., — i ,

5.2.3. Qua t r in h dh n g n h i c :t (T = con.st,)

5u = u» — u ( j» p»i'» ) ( l i p> i v ' i )

clp
'

=
ds = . dq Tds. do d<.i q = T((s,. — s, )
7
q = d u + i ; l = q- A u

5.2.4. Qua trlnh doan nhiet (q = 0)

« i = u z- i ii = (i » - p » v » ) - ( i t - pi v »
q = p = hu + / , do do l = — Au

BAI TAP
5.1. Hai bao hoa am co ap suat p = 2bar, do khio x = Oi,9.

Hay xac dinh: The tich rieng v „ „ e n t ,anpi i „ , e n t r op i s „ , n o i n i n g u x .

Giai
Tu' bang noae va hoi nuoc bao hba pha.n phu luc (bang 15), theo ap
suat p = 2bar t a tr a du'qc cac thong so' sau:
v' = 0,0010605 m /kg v " = 0,8854m /k.g
i' = 504,8 kJ/kg i" = 2707 kJ('kg
s'"
s' = 1,5302 kJ/kg 'K = 7,127 kv7/kg'K.
Tif cong thu'c tinh cac thong so'qua hei bao hba ann ta co.
v + x( v vp ) 0>00 1 0605 + O >9 (p>88 >>4 0 00 '10605) p 7 9 7 ms / k~
= i' + x(i " — i') = 504,8 + () > 9 (2707 — 504,8) = 2486,8 kJ/k g
s' + x(s" — s') = 1,5302 + (),9 ('>t,127 — 1,5302) = 6 567kJ/kg oK

x
=
x P x = 2486,8. ) 0' — 2. 10' x 0,'797 =-' 2, 3d6. 10 J/k g = 2326 6 kJ/kg

5.2, Xac dinh entanpi, noi narig cua hei an> cr ap s ua't p = 13 bar, do kho x = 0,98
Dap so': i.„ = 2748,5 k.J/kg; u„ = 2541,3 kJ/kg

5.3. Mot binh k in co the tich V = 0,035 m c h L '(a 5 kg hei bao hoa am0 n h i e t
do t = 310"C.Xac dinh do kho, lu'
qng hoi bao hba kho vh luqng nuoc soi
trong binh.
Giai
The tich rieng cua hoi bao hoa am du'qc tinh:
V 0' 0 3 5
v = = =-
= 0,007 m / k g ; v x = v' + x( v" —v').
G 5
72 CHUONG 6

v X —v
V ay do kho x la: x
v—v

Tif bang nuoc va hei nu'o'c bao hoa, vdi nhiet do soi t.„ = 3 1 0 C chung
t a tra duqc : v' = 0,001447 m / kg; v" = 0,01832 m / kg
0, 007 — 0. 001447
Do do
0, 01832 — 0. 001447

G), — xx G
-

= 0,33x5 = 1 .65 kg
Lu'qng nu'oc soi G„ : G„ = G — Gi, — 5 — 1,65 = 3.35 kg
-

5.4. Bao hei cua lo hei co th e t ich V = 1 2 m c hCfa hon hqp nu'oc va hoi
G = 1800kg 0 ap suat 110 bar. Hay xac dinh do kho, luqng nu'o' c vh
lu'qnghei bao hoa, do kho tr
.ong bao hoi. 4

D ap so : x = 0 , 3 5 7 ; G i , -— 642,6 kg; G„ = 1157,4 kg

,4.~. Bao hoi co the tich V = 9 m , h a i p h a n b a th e t ich do chron mr'oc soi o' ap
suat p = 100 bar. Hay xac dinh luqng nunc soi,luong hei, do kho va
entanpi cua hei am tr ong bao hai.
Giai
2 2
T he tich cua nuc)c soi: V„ = — V = — x9 = 6 rn 3
3 3
Tit bang urro'c va hoi nu'ic ban hoa vdi ap suat p = 100 bar tr a du'qc cac
thong so' sau:
v' = 0,0014521 m' / kg ; v" = 0 ,01803 m / k g
i' = 1407,7 kJ/kg; i" = 2 725 kJ / kg ; r = 13 1 7 , 0 k J/kg
Lu'qng nude soi duqc tinh:
V„ V„ 6
" = 4.132 kg
v' 0,0014521
G„
The tich cua hei: Vi, — V= V „ = 9 - 6 = 3 m
-

The tich rieng cua hoibao hoa kho o ap suat p = 10 0 ba r d a b i et , v a y

Vh V), 3
luqng hei se la: v ) Gi
-
= 166 k g
v" 0,01803
Do kho cua hei am trong bao hei:
G„ 166
0,0386
G„+ G), 4132+ 166
 73

E nta»pi cua hoi ; i i » :

i„ = i' + r x = 1 4 0 7,7 + 1317,0x 0,0386 = 1 . 458,5 kJ/kg

5.G. Mot lifo»g hoi bho hoa vari G = ] , 4 k g /s vo'i do kho la x = 0, 9 6, ap s u at

p = 20 ba r c huyen d(»ig t.ro»g o»g vo'i va» to'c (0 = 4 0 m/s . Ha y x a c
di»h du'o»g ki»h tro»g cua o»g.

(gaia i
I.ifu luo»g hoi chay tro»g ong:
f(j)
G = « p =
vq

o' d(<y: p - k l ioi l ifo'ng rieng cua hoi, kg/ m

f - ti('.'t (lie» ngang cua ong, in

(.l - (hf~')»g kiiih trong cua o'»g, ni; ( i i - t o'c do cua dong hai, m/s

v„ - the tich rie»g cua hoi A»i, m /kg .

Gv„ i(d 4Gv„.

TA co:
4 mo
Tu' bang»u'o'c va hoi nifac bao hoa vai p = 20 bar ta tim du'oc:
v' = 0,0011678 » i /kg ; v " = 0,09958 m / k g

Vl »(foe s()i co the tich r i eng ra't. »ho so voi hoi bao hoa, dong tho'i hai
c o do kho kha cao » e » :
v, = v + x (v — v) = xv

v,. = 0 ,9 6 x 0 , 0 9 9 5 8 = 0 , 0 956 i» ' / k g

4 x].4 x 0.0956
0,0652 m = 65 mm
;>,14x40

.i.V. H oi nifac co ip suat. p =16 bar chuyen dong trong difong ong vai v kn t o c
oi = 30 m/s . Hay xac dinh du'ong kinh t r ong cua o'ng trong hai t r u'ong
hap sau:
a) Biet. hoi co do kho x = 0,9
b ) Biet. hai co nhiet do t = 350' C .
Dap so: a) d = 75,4 mm
b) d' = 94,4 m m

5.8. Hoi bao hoa a»i colu' ong G = 500 kg/h vai ap suat p =100 bar, do kho
u lu'
x = 0,99, t.if bao hai cua lo hai chuyen vao bo qua nhiet. Sau khi qua bo
q ua nhiit., nhiet do cua hoi tang len den t 2 - — 550'C. Hay tinh lu'ong
 CHUONG 6

nhiet can cung ca'p cho bo qua nhiet ne'u bie't hieu sua't cua bo qua nhiet
q = 0,984 va boqua ton tha'tap suat cua dong hai khi qua bo qua nhiet.

Giai
Khi bo qua ton tha't ap suat thi qua trinh nhan nhiet cua ho'i trong bo
q ua nhiet la qua trinh d ang ap. Nhiet nhan du'qc cua hai trong qua tri n h
dkng ap la:
Q = bI = Gd i = G (i ~ — i,)

a day: i, - entanpi cua hoi am khi vao bo qua nhiet

i2 - entanpi cua hoi ra khoi bo qua nhiet.
Tu' bang nu'acva hai noae bao hoa, vdi ap suat p = 100 bar ta tim deqc:
t, = 310,96'C ; i ' = 1 4 0 7,7 kJ/kg ; i " = 2.725 kJ/kg; r = 1317,0 kJ/kg

Entanpi cua hei vao bo qua nhiet:

i, = i,„ = i ' >+x(i ">-i '>) = i y+ryx> -— 1407,7 + 1317,0 x 0 , 9 9 = 2712 kJ / k g

T u' bang nude chua soi va hei qua n h i et , vdi a p suat p = 10 0 bar t a t i m
ddoc:
t = 500'C; i = 33 7 2 kJ/ kg ; t = 6 00 ' C ; i = 3621 kJ/kg
$00+600
V ay entanpi 8: t - — 550 C la:
2
3372+ 3621
3496 5 kJ/k g

Nhiet hai nhan deqc trong qua trinh dkng ap:

Q = G( i2 — iq ) = 500 (3496,5 — 2712) = 392,25 . 10 k J / h
392, 25. 10 — 109kW
Q
3600
Nhiet can cung cap c ho bo qua nhiet se l a :
Q. 109
Qc - -
-
-

-
— 110,8 kW
q 0,984

5.9. Hei am co ap suat p = 20 bar, do kho x = 0,98,lou lu'

ang G = 2500 kg/h
duqc dna vao boqua nhiet. Hai sau khi ra khoi bo quh nhiet co nhiet do
t2 = 400'C. Hay x5c dinh luqng nhiet ma hoi nhan duroc i bo qua nhiet
va ty sodeang kinh cua ong dan hoi khi vao va khi ra khoi bo qu4 nhiet
n eu gia thiet hei vao va ra co cung toc do, bo qua ton that ap su i t .

Dap so': Q = 1 , 25 . 10 6k J / h ; -'d1

-
= 0,8 1
 75

5.10. Nu'oc du'o'c cap v a o l o v o i i <A) lu'o» g G - = 90 0 . 1 0 k g / h n h i e t d o

= 180'C, ap suat p = 160 bar. Sau) khi »l;)a)) lpga.»g nhiet Q = 2270,4. 10'

kJ/h nuoc bie» thnnh hei va ra khoi lo hoi. Xi c di nh. trang thai cua hei ra
khoi lo la ho'i gi, co»hiet do bao »hie.u.

Oap sio'. Hei qua nhie t, co t =- 500'(..

5.11. H oi v a o b i n l i » g u 'ng cua tua b i» c o l u u l u c>ng 6 = 25 k g/ s d o k h o

x = 0,83. Vacuniet cua binh ngu'ng chi do cha.» khong p ,), — 712,5 mm
Fig, ap suat khi quyen p„ = 750 i»nn Hg. Hoi » gufng tu trong binh n g ung
0 ap suat k h ong doi tao thanh nude ngurig vh c.hay ra k h o i b i n h . H a y
xac dinh luo'»g nunc lam mat can cho binh»g ung, neu nhietdo nud'c lam
m at khi va o t „ , = 12-C va khi ra t, „,, = 23"C.

Giai
T ruo'c tien c h ung t a h a y v i e t p h u'Ong tri n h
ca» bang nh iet ciia binh ngung:
N hiet l u'o'»g cua ho'i nha ra t r oiig qua t r i n h in@= 23 C

ngu'ng tu duoc di)ng de lani nong nuoc lani ruat tu'

t ») de n t„ ,

G),( . — i') = G „ c (t „ . > — t„i ) t„, = 12 C

G) i (i..
Hi,nh 5.1
c (t„ .p= t„i)

Ap suat tuyet doi cua hai trong binh ngu'ng la:

37,5
'
p = p o — pr )' . =- 750 - i 1~,5 =- 37,5 Illm Hg ==- - — -

= 0,05 bar
-

750
Tu bang nuc'i
c va hei nude bao hoa voi p = 0,05 bar tim duroc:
t, = 32.8 8 ' C ; i ' = 137,83 kJ/kg; i " = 2561 kJ/kg; r = 2423 kJ / k g

Do do: i„ = i ' + r x = 1 3 7 ,8 3 + 24 2 3 x 0 ,83 = 2148,9 kJ/k g

N hiet dung r i eng cua nude: c „ = 1 kcal/kg do = 4,18 kJ/kg do

I Qh I = G) (i „ - i ') = G x r x x = 25 x 24 2 3 x 0 ,8 3 = 50.277 kw

Luringnude can lam mat cua binh ngung:

G„ 1093
= 1,093m / s
4,18(23 — 12) p„ 1000
76 CHUONG 6

5.12. C o hai b i nh h o i A v a B Pa t. iA Ps toie

( H.5.2). Binh A d u q c g i a
0
nhiet bhng hei trich tu' tua t2=110 C

bin co ap sua't pz = 6 bar, t,=60 C

A 9
tA = 260'C, binh B cung
II
d u'qc gia n h ie t b ang h ei Hinh 5.2 Ig

trich o cubatiep theo cua

t ua bin voi ap suat p B = 1,2 bar va tB = 140'C. Sau khi »going tu nude
tifbinh A chay don cap sang binh B nho' chenh lech 6p suit. Nu'oc cap
t u binh ngulxg cua tua bin co G „ = 8 kg/s di vao binh B o n h i et. do t ,
60'C, ra khoi binh B vao binh A co nhiet do t = 96,8'C, ra khoi binh A
co nhiet do t ., = 110'C. Tinh luqng hoi trich tu' tua bin vho cac binh gia
nhiet, cho biet hieu sua't sa dung nhiet cua hai bin h nh u tthau, qA = qB =
0,98.

Giai
T it' pA = 6 bar tr a b an g n unc va ho i n u de bao hoa ta t i n t d uqc nh ie t d o
bao hoa tu'ong u'ng ts A - — 158,84'C , i ' A = 670,5 kJ / kg, hai t,rich l a h o i qua
n hiet. Tu' b an g h o i q u a n h i e t v o' i p z -— 6 ba r va t A = 260"C t i m d u 'qc
iA -— 2975 kJ/kg. H o i s a u k h i n h a n h i e t s e t h a n h n u d e n«ung co i ' A don
s ang binh B .
L ao»g nhiet hoi nh a r a t r n» g bin h A c h o n u oc : Q , z = G A ( i A - i ' A )
Luqng nhietho'icap cho binh A: Qz - — g„z — —G„c„(t,> — t) -

G ii c ii ( 2 ) 8 8( 1 1 0 )
q A(iA — i'A ) 0 ,98 ( 2 9 7 5 - 6 7 0 . 5 )
Tu' bang nude va hoi nu'dc bao hoa voi Gs,iB
p = 1 2 b ar t i m du q c t s» = 104 8 1 C, I
~A • ~A
i'B - — 439,4 kJ/kg, nhu vay hoi vao binh B 0
t=96.S C G„,t, = so C
c ung la h e i q u a n h i et . T i f p B — 1,2bar, -

tB = 140'C, tra bang nude chu'a soi va hoi

q ua nh ie t t i m d u q c i B — 2755kJ/kg. Can
b 5ng nhiet cho binh B :
Nhiet do nu'dc ngung tu binh A cap cho binh B:
AAB Ga(t A ~ B)

Nhiet do dong hei trich nha ra cho binh B:

B = G B ( >B- > B)
 77

Nhiet thu'c te' truyen cho IIu'ac ca'p a b)u,h .8:

Q„B = r)B('QAB+ Q B ) = Gncn( t t l ) = )] B (l (-r,((l , g — I;I ) + G R ( l B — I 8) )
Nhu' vay: G„c„(t — t, ) G A ( i ',~ — i'II )
8x 4.18('96,8-60 ) 0.1 9 5 (670,5 — 439 4)
I)1>(i> — i'>) (i )I — i'II ) 0.9HI 2 ) .' 5 —439,4 ) (2755 — 439,4)

0,523 kg/s:=1882,8 kg/h

5 .13. Indi t r ich t i f t u a b i n vao binh boi p„. = 6,5 bar

x~ = 0,94
nhiet "..o ap suat ". = 6,5 bar, )uu )u'q;ng
GI,, d o k h o x = 0, 9 4 ( H . 5.3). Nuro'c I„,. = 15." C G„= 1kg
ngu'ng ra khoi binh hoi nhiet co nh)tet p„= 100 bar,
do nho hen n hiet do soi 2'C. Nui'o'c t„, = 110'C
cip co ap suat p„ = 100 bar, nhiet do
, tb= t , — 2' C
n u'oc vao t „ , = 110'C, nhiet do nu'o'c
ra tr» — 155"C. Hay xac dinh )u'qzIg Hinh 5.3

hoi trich GI, can de do't nong 1 kg nuo'c cap.

Bap so: GI, = 0,098 kg hoi /kg nu'oc

5 .14. Iioi ba o ho a a m a a p s uat p = 0 ,3. bar, do k h o

Gh,tn
x = 0,98 di vao btnh IIguig kieu hort hqp (H.5.4).
N ude la m m a t di vao c o t „ = 15' C. N u o c
G
G = G I , + G „ ra k h o i b t n h c o n h iet d o bi o h o a
(nhiet do soi) t, . Hay xac dinh ) using»u'dc )am
Hinh 5 . 4
mat G „ can t h i e 't, IIe'u cho biet. lu'oIIg ho'i bao
hoa am di vao G), = 580 kg/)t,

Drip so': G„ = 9240 kg/h

5.15. Noi hOi eh&a luqng hoi bao hoa am G = . 8000 kg 8 ap suat p I = 4 bar,
d o kho x = 0 , 0 015. Ngu8i ta cap cho no )u'qng nhiet Q = 3 0 0 k w t r o n g
dieu kien dong tat ca cac van thi ap sua't tang len de'n 10 bar. Xac dinh
thoi gian can thiet dot nong de ap sea't tang )en nhd tren va xac dinh do
kho.
Giai
Vi tat ca cac van deu dong nen day la qua trinh ding tich cua hei
n u'oc. Nhiet cap vao trong qua trinh dang tich bang bie'n thien noi n a n g :
= G . bu = G ( ux2 u xI ) I ~ux =
Ix2 I xI+ v x ( P I - P 2 )
VIX ')X Xr VI - V I+ XI( v I V I)
78 cHUONG6

Tu' bang nuoc vahei bao hoa, voi p =4 bar ta tim duqc:
v'~ = 0 0010836 m /kg ' v "y
= 0,462m /kg

v,„ = 0.0010836 + 0.0015(0.4624 — 0,001836) = 0 , 0 0 1776 m / k g

N goai ra ta co : v~. = V .p = v g + x g ( v ">- v ' > )

Tu' bang nuoc va ho'i nude bao hoa vdi pz - — 10 bar tim duqc:
v'~ = 0.001273 m /kg; v"~ = 0,1946 m /kg

(v» — v'~ ) 0 001776-0 001273

D odo t a c o : x,
v ">- v', 0,19 6 4 0, 0 0 1 2 73
E ntanpi : i„ , = i',+x, (i ", - i ' , ) = i ' , + r , x ,

T u' bang nu'dc va hoi noae bao hoa vai p = 4 ba r t a co :

i' = 604,7 kJ/kg ; r> — 2 133 kJ / k g

i „> — 604,7 + 0,0015 x 2 1 3 3 = 607,9 kJ/kg

Entanpi i „ , : i „ , = i 'z+ x,r> .

Tif bang nuac va hei bao hoa vdi p~ = 10 bar ta co:

i'~ -— 762,7 kJ/kg ; r~ -— 2015 kJ/kg
i» - — 762,7 + 0,00335 x 2 0 1 5 = 769,4 kJ/kg

V ay h u „ d u q c t i n h :

x l xp — 1x] + vx(p i pg)

= 769,4 — 607,9 + 0,001776 (4 — 10) . 10 . 1 0 = 1 6 0 , 4 k J/kg

N hiet do hai nhan deqc: Q„ = G. hu = 800 0 x 1 6 0 , 4 = 1,283.10 kJ

1,283. 10
T hoi gian can t h i e t :
Q 300x 60

5.16. M ot b inh k i n t h e t i c h V = 0, 2 m ch Cfa mot l u q ng h ei b ao h oa am o

n hiet do t , = 180"C, do am y = 5%. Sau mot t ha i g ian n ha t d in h d e r a
ngohi troinguoi ta do duqc ap suat p~ = 9 bar. Hay xic dinh do kho cua
hoi 8 trang thai cuoi, lu'qng nhiet cua hoi nha ra moi truong. Bieu dien
qua trinh t ren do thi i — s.
Dap so': xz = 0,85; Q „ = 298 kJ

5.17. N g0'oi ta d ot n o n g 1 k g h a i n u d e o a p s u a t p, = 10 b ar , n h i e t d o
240 C de'n tz — 350'C trong dieu kien ap suat khong doi. Xac dinh
lu'qng nhiet ma hoi nhan duqc, cong thay doi the tich va luqng thay doi
n oi ni n g .
 79

Giai
B ay la qua t r i n h d ang 6p cua khi t hu'c, nhie.t trang qua t r i n h d a n g a p
dirac tinh : q„ = Ai = i ~ — i,

Tif bang noae va hai nu'dcbao hola vdi p = 10 barr ta tra dirac nhiet do
s oi tu'ang chig t ,. = 179,88'C. 0 day t , = 240'C > t , , v a y h a i a t r a n g t h a i
dau la hai qua nhiet. Tis bang nude chiesa sc i wa hei qu,a nhiet tim dirac:
p > = 10 bar, t , = 240'C t a co: i > — 2918 kJ / k g

p, = 10 b ar , t . . = 35 0 ' C i, = 3156 k J/kg

Vay nhiet ma hai nhan dirac: q = 3156 — 2918 = 238 kJ/k g

C ong thay doi the tich trong qu5 trinh dang ap : l ,2 -— p(vz — v>)
Tu' bang noae chu'a soi va hai qua nhiet: p > - — 10bar; t > -— 240'C
ta co: v , = 0,2274 m / k g
p 2 = 10 b ar , t 2 = 3 5 0' C v z -— 0),282:2m /kg

Vay: l,2 = 10. 10 (0,2822-0,2274) = 54,8.10 J / k g

Theo dinh luat nh iet dong I:
Au + l~ g Au : q - 1, 2 = 238 — 54. 8 = 183,2 J/kg

5.18. Hai bao hoa kho a ap suat p = 10 bar sau kh i g i a n n a d i n g n h i et , a p

s uat cuoi pz -— 1 bar.Xac dinh luang nhiet can cap cho hai va cong thay
doi the tich. Bieu dien qua trinh tren do thi i — s.
Giai
Nhiet t r ong qu i tr in h dhng nhiet dirac tfnh:
T(s~ -s, )

p, = 10 bar
p,y 1 bar
80 CHUONG 6

0 day s , =s", (hei bao hoa kho), T = T , . T u b an g nunc va hoi nuac bao
h oa voi p , = 10 bar ti m d uo c s "> —
- 6,587 kJ/kg do, t . = 179,88' C = 18 0 ' C .

T rang tha i 2 l a h o i qua n h iet co p 2 —

- 1 bar, t.> — t> = 180 C t u' bang nude
-

chua soi va h oi q ua n h i et ti m d uoc: s., = 7 7 43 kJ / k g do

v, = 2. 07 8 m / k g , i 2 = 2835 kJ/kg.

D o vay: q T -— (180 + 273) (7,743 — 6,587) = 524 kJ/k g

Tu' dinh luat nhiet dong I suy ra:

q = d u + <; l ,2 = q T — ~u
hu = u> — u> = (r2 — p2v.> ) — (>> —
p>v> )

Tu bang hoi nuac bao hoa vai p, = 10 bar ta co:

i> —
- i", =2778 k J / k g ; v , = v", =0,1946 m /kg

Do do:
h ,u = (2835 — 1. 10 x2,078. 10 ) — (2778 — 10. 10 x0.1946. 10 ) = 4 3,8 kJ / k g

l,, = qT — hu = 524 — 43,8 = 480,2 kJ / k g

5 .19. Hoi nuoc 0 ap sua't p, = 6 bar, t , = 2 0 0 C . Sau kh i b i n e n d ang n h i et

d en the t ic h l a v ~ = 0,11 m / k g . X a c d i n h n h i e t t h a i t r o n g qua t r i n h
nen, bieu diPn qua trinh t r e n do thi i — s.
Bap so'. qT = — 522,9 kJ/kg

5.20. Hoi nuac 0 trang thai dau p, = 8 b a r , t , = 240 C, gian na doan nhijt
d en p 2 = 2 bar. Hay xac dinh do kho, cong ky thuat va cong thay doi
the tich.
Giai
Bay la qua doan nh iet t h uan n g hich (s = const) cua khi t huc (hoi).
s i = s2 = c o n s t

Hai o trang thai 1 la hei qua nhiet (t~ > t 170 4 2 C), tif bang nude
chua soi va hei qua nh iet vd i p y 8 ba r , t , = 24 0 ' C t i m d u o c:

v y — 0 2867 m / k g , i y = 2926 kJ / k g

s y = 6,991 kJ / k g do
Pp
Tu bang nude soi va hei bao hoa kho vai
p2 — 2 bar c6:
v'2 -— 0,0010605m /kg

v "2 -— 8,8854m /kg

Flinh 5.5
 81

i'~ = 504,8 kJ/kg

i"~ = 2707 kJ/kg

s'z -- 1,5302 kJ/kg do
i", = 7, 127 kJ/ kg do

Vi: sz -— s, = 6 , 9 9 1 < s " , , = 7.127, dn do hoi o t r a ng t h ai 2 la h oi a m .

s, -s'~ 6, 9 9 1 — 1,5302
-
sp = s ~ + x p ( s p — s q); x> — '

=0,976
s "z — s'z 7, 127 — 1, 5302

g+ xp (i p i p ) = i y+ rgxq — 504,8 + 0 , 976 ( 2 70 7 — 504,8 )= 2654 kJ/k g

Cong ky thuat cua qua trinhdoan nhiet:

lgt>p: — bi = i> — i> = 2926 — 2654 = 272 k J / kg

C ong thay doi th e t ich cua qua trinh doan nhi et :

q = d u + l t~ = 0

Ltp A u =' ut ug = (t t ptv t ) (lg p gv g )

vp = v p + x p ( v .y — v p)

= 0,0010605 — 0,976 (8,8854 — 0,0010605) = 8,672 m / k g

I,~ = (2 926 — 8. 10 x0,2867.10 ) — (2654 — 2.10 x 8,672 .1 0 = 216 kJ/kg

5.21. 1 kg hoi n d oc tif t r a ng thai ban dau p , = 30 b ar , t , = 300'C gian n o

d oan nhiet den p z = 0,5 bar.

Xac dinh x~ va cong ky thuat cuaqua trinh.

Dap so': x , = 0 ,84; 1>,» — 725 kJ/kg .

5.22. Chu trinh Renkin cua hoinuoc co p, = 30 bar, t , = 4 0 0 C , p > — 0,04 b a r .

Xac dinh cong vh h ieu su "it nhiet

cua chu trinh , luong nu'oc can lam
m6t binh n g uhg Cfng voi 1 kg hoi K
k hi n h i e t d o l a m m a t t Ang len
10'C

Giai
C ong cua ch u t r i n h k h i b o q u a
cong cua born nude cap chinh la cong
c ua tua bi n t r o n g q u a t r i n h g ia n n o
doan nhiet 1 — 2. Hinh 5.6
lo — 'i

T if bang nu'oc chu'a soi va hoi qua nhiet vo i p t -— 30 bar , t , = 400'C

82 CHUONG 6

tim duroc: i , = 3229 kJ /k g

s> = 6,916 kJ/kg do

Tif bang nuoc vahoi nuoc bao hoa voi pz = 0,04 bar co:
i'2 -— 121,42 kJ/kg; i "2 = 2554 kJ/kg

s'2 - 0 ,4225 kJ/kg do; s~ =8,473kJ /k g do ; s ~ = s , = 6 ,916 < s", = 8 , 4 73

nen hoi o trang thai hai la hoi am.

82 = s g+ x 2 (s g —
s g)

si — s '2 6,916 — 0, 4225

s "2-s'z 8,473-0,4225
iq — 121,42 + 0,81 (2554 — 121,42) = 2092 kJ/kg

C ong cua chu tri n h :

Ip 3 229 209 2 113 7 k J / k g

Nhiet cap cho chu trinh:

q, = i i — i'~ - — 3229 — 121,42 = 3107,6 kJ/kg

H ieu suat nhiet :

1137
n- '
- 0,36 = 36,6 / c
q, 3107,6

Nhiet thai ra trong binh ngung can duroc nuoc lam mat tai di:
q2 -— i2 — i'2 -— 2092 — 121,4 = 1 9 7 0,6 kJ/kg

Luong nude lam mat c an cho 1 kg hoi t r o ng b inh n g u ng:

q, = q„ = G„ c „ h t „

q2 1970,6'
G„ = = = 47,14 kg nuoc/kg hoi
c2bt„ 4, 18 x 10

5.23. C hu tri nh R e n k in c ua n hh m ay n h i e t d i e n nhQ bai 5.22, neu cho biet

h ieu suat thong doi cua tua bi n q „ T = 0,9, hieu suat lo hoi q~ — 0,85,
hieu suat ong dan hoi q,- , hieu sua't co kh i r I~ va h i e u sua't may ph a t
dien:
q = q z -— Ra =0 9 8

Cong suat cua may phat dien N = 10 M w , n h i e t t r i c u a n h i e n l i e u

Q, = 25 MJ/kg. Hay xac dinh hieu suat cua nhh may nhiet dien, leong .
hoi san sinh tu' lo, luong nhien lieu, suat tieu hao nhien lieu va laong
n u'oc can lam mat binh ng~ g .
 83

Gia'
Hi(u suat nha may nhiet dien duq: tinh.:
=>1< 9,, t I) rip r lqk l 4

= 0,-'66 x 0,9 x 0 , 8 5 x 0 ,98 ): 0 ,98 x 0 , 9 8 = 0 , 264 = 26,4%

Nhiet do nhien lieu chay toa ra u'ng vries1 kg hindi:
'
qnl = =- = 3731kJ/ k g
rli rl; 0,8 5 x 0,98

Chn~ cua rhea ma" nh:et d:en:

lg
AN =

I< — q<.q„>= 0,264x3731=985kJ /kg h a i

Suat tieu hao hai:

1 1
d~= — = = 0, 001015 kg hai / k J
l~ 985
Lu'ang hai ma lo hai can san sinh:
0> -— dzxNx 3 600 = 0,001015x10.1 0 v 3 6 0 0=36548 kg hai/h
Lu'qng nhiet do nhien lieu cung cap:
Q )~ q p( X D p 3 731X36548 1 3 6 3 6 1 0 kJ / k g

Luqng nhien lieu tieu hao:

136 36 10
Q, 25 . 10

Sua't tieu hao nhien lieu:

b~ - -
-

,
— 0,5454 kg VI,/ kSVh
-

N 10. 1~)'

Luqng nu'aclam mat cua binh ngung:

G '„ = G „ x D „ = 47,14 x 36548 = 1 723 T/h

5 .24. Hay xac dinh cong ciia 1 kg hai nuac thuc hien va h i e u suat n h iet cua
chu trinh Renkin. Neu biet p> = 100 bar, t , = 550'C, p z — — 0,04 bar.

Bap so: l, = 1465 kJ/kg; q , = 43,4%.

5.25. Chu trinh R enkin vai p, = 1 00 bar, t, = 550'C, p> = 0 ,04 bar. Hay xac
dinh do kho cua hai sau khi ra khoi tua bin neu hieu suat tuang doi cua
t ua bin q „ , = 0,84.

Bap so': xz .= 0,882

 ~ HUNG 6

5.: G. I'.ha may nhiet dien dct than co nhiet tri Q, = 25 MJ/kg. Xac dinh sua.'
t ieu ha o c h a't d o't c h o 1 kWh neu bi e t : q, = 0,4, q , ;, = 0, 8 2 ,
0> =0,8 0 o. =0.97 R,g =0,98 Rg =0 97

Bap so: b N = 0,594 kg/kw h .

5.27. Chu t r in h R e nkin c o q u a n h ie t t r un g g ian va i chic thong so' san:

p , = 110 b ar , t , = 5 0 0 ' C , p z = 0,04 bar, ap suat sau gia~ nc lan thu'
nhat p' = 30 bar (i p sua't trong bo qua nhiet trung gian), nhiet do hai
khi ra khoi bo qua nhiet trung gian tz — t, = 500'C. Xac dinh hieu suat
nhiet cua chu trinh Renkin khi khong co qua nhiet trung gian vh khi co
qua nhiet trung gian (H.5.7).

P
t~ = tg

t Pp
6>

x =1

Hinh 5.7

G l cl l

Tif do thi i — s ta ti m d dsc cac thong so:

i, = 3360 kJ/kg ; i „ . = 2996 kJ / kg ; i ~ = 3 4 5 6 k J / k g

i> = 2476 kJ/kg ; x > — 0,935

iz — 2250 kJ/kg;
-
x' > = 0 , 8 3 5

Tu bang nomic va haiti nude bao h6a (hoac tir do thi i — s) theo p = 0,04 bar,
i'~ -— 121,4 kJ/ kg

Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trinh Renkin

i ) — 2i~ 336 0 - 2 2 5 0
i , — i'q P3 6 0 - 1 2 1 , 4

Hieu sua'tcua nhiet chu trinh Renkin co qua nhiet trung gian:
(it -is)+ (i~ — i~) (3360 — 2996)+(3456 — 2476)
(i> — i '> )+ (if — i< ) (3360 — 121, 4) + (3456 — 2996)
 85

Ket qua do co quh nh ij t t r u n g gian h ieu sua't nhiet t an g t h e m du'oc 2'ic

va do kho x,, cung tang len.

5 .28. X;ic dinh h i e u suat cua chu tr'»>h Re»kin co qua nh iet t r u n g g ia n l a m
v iec vo'i cac thong so p , = 130 bar , t , = 600'C, p z -— 0,04 bar. EIai vao

)>o qua nhiet trung gian du'o'c xem nhu' hoi bao hoa kho, nhiet do hai ra
khoi bo qua nhiet t r u»g gian la 500"C, »hiet do nuac cap vao~lo hei
'.„,. ='80C. Bieu 3ic» cl;u '.r:»); tren do thi T — S va i — s.
Dap so': p , = 1 30 bar, t , = 600'C, i~ = 3294 kJ/kg, s, = 6,758 kJ/kg do

p« = 6 bar, i,, = 2757 kJ/kg; s, = s , = 6,758 kJ/kg do

x, = 1: p~, =p« = 6 b a r : t b = 5 0 0 ' C ; i . , = 3483 kJ/kg

S~,-— 8.001 kJ/kg: p., = 0,04 bar , x . , = 0,94; iz - — 2408,4 kJ/kg;

S., = 8,001kJ!kg do; t„ ,. = 180'C; i„ , = 736,1 kJ/kg.
C o»g bo'ni / , = 13 kJ/kg; cong tua bin l z -— 1612 kJ/kg.

N hiet cap q , = 3 2 5 7 k J / k g .

Ffieu sua't: I] , = 4 9 ' ~c.

5 .29. C)>u trinh ho i » u'oc hoi »h iet vAi v iec c)o» »edc »gung ti t cac binh g i a
n hiet v e p h i a s au: cho 6p su >t v r » h i e t d o v h o t u a bi n p , = 30 bar ,
t> 4 50 C, hp su;i't ho'i v'co bi »h »gr i g p . , = 0,04 bar. Tua bi n co b a
c u'a trich hoi a, b, c va ba bc»)> gia»hiet A, I3, C. Biet )dong hoi t r ich t a i
cac cua nhu' »hau: g., = g~, ==g,. =0,09, 6p s ua t t a i c a c c u'a t r i c h p . , = 10

bar,
p b = 3bar , p , . = 0,5 bar .

C ho biet cong suat cua tua bin N = 5 M w . Xac dinh h ieu sui t n h i e t c u a
c hu tr in h h o i n h i e t v a s o s anh va i h i e u sua't nhiet cua ch u t r i n h k h i
khong co hoi nhiet, nhiet. do nude ra khoi binh gia nhiet A, leo'ng hei
rnid lo hoi ckn san sinh luong hoi trich tu' cac cuba trich.
Gl8l

Chu trin h t h i e t b i ho i n h iet th : h i e n t r e n H . 5.8.

Tir do thi i — s cua hoi nu'dc ta tim duroc
86 CHOKING 6

P 1)~l i I

1kg

Pa Qa g, Ip

Pb Qb

Pc)gc

'xa
IxII 'nc

<A ikg,i',

Ia
(9 +Q b) I'b (g„+gb +gp) I p
Hinh, 5.8

il - — 3350 kJ/kg; i , = 3 0 5 0 kJ / kg ; i b — 2750; i , = 2 4 70 ; i ~ = 2 1 4 0

Tif bang nunc va hoi nuoc bao

PI
hoa theo 5p suat ta co entanpi cua
Pa
ndoc ngdhg (x = 0 )
p, = 10 bar; i ', = 7 6 3 k J / k g
Ia
Pc
p b = 3 bar ; i 'b = 5 6 1 k J / k g

p, = 0,5 bar ; i ; = 3 41 k J / k g Pa

p 2 = 0,04 bar; i ' 2 = 12 1 k J / k g

Hindu suat cua c hu t r i n h h oi I ,

2
nhiet dlfOc tinh: I

p ll la ga lbgb 1(.gp — 12g

>1
1 nea p

o day: g = 1 — (g, +gb+ g,) = 1 — 3 x 0 ,0 9 = 0,73

i@zap 1 A entanPi cua nude ra khoi binh gia nhiet cuoi de du'a vao lo
hoi. Muo'n tim i „A, ta phai tim i „ > v a i „ < . Chung ta hay viet phu'ong trinh
can bAng nhiet cho cac binh A, B, C (bo qua cong tieu hao cua born va ton
 87

t ha't cua v a i i ) .

Binh C:
g )„.+1x l . p+ (g., +gb ) ), = Y l , „ + g ~ + g b + gg )

do do:
»c g c ~ c + '>+ (g > gb ) b ( g a + '-b+gc )~ c

= 0,09x 2470 + 121 + (0,09 + 0,09) x 561 — 3x 0,09x 341 = 352 kJ/k g
Binh B:
gh h > »+ g a 0 > > B + ( g a +g b ) b

»a =gb' b + ' » c + g a ' a ( g a gb )' )

= 0,09x 2750+ 352 + 0,09x 763 — 2x0,09 x 5 6 1 = 567 kJ/kg

Binh A:
ga la + 1»)) )„A + gal a

nA gs s »H ga a

= 0,09 x 3050 + 567 — 0,09 x 763 = 773 kJ/kg

Tu bang n uo'c chua soi v a h c)i qua n h iet vc )i p = 3 0 b a r , i „ A -— 773
k J/kg t a t i i n d uoc nhiet do t A = 182'C (nhiet. do soi ung vo i p = 3 0 b a r l a
t. s — 234'C ).

Vay:
~o =) ) — );,g;> )),gb — i,g, — i.,g

= 335Q — 0,09 x 3050 — 0,09 x 2750 — 0,09 x 2470 + 0,09 x 2140

= 1043,5 kJ/kg
q, = i, — i„, = 3350 - 773 = 2577 kJ/kg

1043,5
257
~ Neu khong co hoi )ihiet:
i~ 3 3 5 0 - 2140
= 37,5'ir'
i) — i 'q 3350 — 121

Luong hoi ma lo hoi can san si)ih:

N 5 .' 10'
G= — = = 4,8 kg/s =17,28 T/h '
I, 1043,5

Luong hoi trich tu' chic cua trich:

G , = Gb = G, = 0,09 G = 0 , 0 9 x 1 7 , 2 8 = 1,56 T/h

5.30. Mot tuabin hoi duqc lam nguoi bhng nuoc bien de vua san xuat dien va
nuoc ngot. So do bo' tri nhu H.5.9.
88 CHtJONG 8

Hdi nude

Tua bin

0 30' C
V6 lo hdi

17 C

Bdm nUdc bien

300kg/s
Hdi
23 C

25 C

0
23 C Nude ngung G
17 C

Bdm nUdc man

0
21 C

Nude bien giai nhiet Gz

Hinh 5.9

Luu luang nuoc bien giai nhiet blnh ngung co cac thong so sau:

Luu luong G = 300 kg/s, nhiet do nu'dc ngmig t5ng tu 17 C khi born vao,
s au khi ra khoi binh nguig co nhiet do 30'C duoc terai vao binh chu g
ca't nuoc ngot, a day ap suat se giam xuong teong Cong v6i »hiet do bao
hoa trong buong boc hoi la 25'C.

Lu'qng hei boc rachay qua binh chang cat, hoi dude ning ct nhiet d o
23'C nhct bum noae bien lam nguoi, nhiet do vho 17'C va r a 2 1'C va
nude ngot nguhg tu dirac dna di su'dung.
Tinh:

a) Tinh luqng nuoc ngot san xuat trong 1 gio (gia thiet viec tach hai la
hoan hao va bo qua cac ton tha't phu.
 b) Luringnude lam m it qua bo cl iuiig cat nunc. Khi t i n h t o a n s u' dung
thong so cua nuoc thuong T

Gia i
Q ua t r i n h t a o h o'i o' b o bo c h a i
tudi phun l a d o su t ie t luu cua nude bD (30+2 73)
h oa ri 30C ( t r an g t h a i 2 ) t h an h t r a n g
thai ho i a md i i h i e t d o bho hoa 25'C. (25+273)
Nguyen ly d ude bieu th i t r e n do th i T
S.
S
0 t = 30 C tr a bang nuo'c v i hoi nude
bao hoa tim duoc:
i., =125,71 k J /kg

p., = 0,03 1 GG bar

0 nh iet do : t ,. = 25 'C cong bang tren tiin dude:

i' = 1 0 $,8 1 kJ/kg ; i " = 2547 kJ/kg
V i qua tiet luu'. i . , = i., d o do ti i ii duo'c:
1 25. 7 1 - 1 04. 8 1 20. 9
254 7 — 04.1 8 1 2442. 2

Luring ho i nuoc t ao i;i ( cinig la luang nuoc ng<it thu duac khi n g ung tu )
= 0,00856 x 3 0 0 = 2 , 5 6 8 k g / s = 9244,8 kg/h.

Bo phan » g un g t u i iuo'c ngot co nhiet. do bao hoa la 23 C, t u b ang nuac

va hoi ba o h o a n o i s n y s e t i n i d i rac.
(0, 03 1(i6 — 0, 02337) x 3
0 ~/ 7
5
Hoi bao hoa 0 23C co a» iihiet hoa h<>i
( 245d - 2442 i
r= 2454- - -

- x3 = 2 4 4 6 , 8 k J / k g
5
L uu luqng nude giai nhiet duac tinh theo phuong tr in h can b i n g n h i e t :
Gbxc( t "- t' ) = r xG ),

" '
= 90 1,)2 1 kg/h = 90 1,92 1 T/h = 90 1m / h
'

G.„= =
cp(t t ') 4 ,18( 2 1 — 17)
90 CHUONG 6

p,= 120bar
5 .31. Chu t r i n h thiet bi d ong lac hoi 1 ti 520 C
G=10 kg/h
nunc hoat, dong voi cac thong so
nhu da cho trong H.5.10.
Q,
Xac dinh: 2 p>- 0.06bar

- Cong sinh r a c u a t u a bin; cong

tieu hao cua bclm cap, cong suat long bao hoa
cua he tho'ng thie't bi. p~=0,06bar
3
- Nhiet cap cho lohoi, hieu suat Hinh 5.10
n hiet cua chu trin h .
Dap so': lT = 1383,5 kJ/kg; I> —12,07 kJ/kg

N = 381 Mw ; =3238 kJ /kg; = 42,4%

5.32. Chu trinh qua nhiet trung gian cua nha may dien duroc bieu dien nhU
H.5. 11:
t,=400 C
p,= 80bar
1

3 NT

p3=10bar
t3=400 C

p4=0,1 bar

Lb

Hinh 5.11

1) Xacdinh thong so co ban cua hei tai cac diem dhc trig 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2) Nhiet lecyng ca'p cho 16 Q,, nhiet. luang thai qua binh ngung Q2, bo
qua cong tieu hao born cap s = const, cho biet cong sinh ra cua tua bin
N> — —160 Mw.

3) Tinh luqng noae lam mat cua binh ngung,luong dau tieu hao trong 1
g io khi biet lo dot dau FO co nhiet tri Q ~ = 10.000 kcal/h va hieu suat
lo q, = 0,9.
 91

4) Bieu dieu chu trinh trr'.n dc~ thi T — s va i — s

Bap ski:
Trang thai 1: v , = 0 . 0 3438»i>'Ikg, i» = 3135 kJ/kg, sI-- 6,358 kJ/kg do
T rang thai 2: s » — s> = 6,358 kJ/kg do, x > — 0,95, i q = 2677 kJ/kg
T rang thai 3 : p ~= p~ = 10 bar ; t ~ = 40 0C ; vg -— 0,3065
i~ = 3263 kJ/kg, sq = 7,461
Trang thai 4: s4 — s3: 7,461 kJ/kg; x< — 0,91, i4 -— 2364 kJ/kg
Trang thai 5 : x q = 0; i~ -— 191,9 kJ/kg; ss = 0,6492 kJ/kg do
Trang thai 6: Vibo qua cong tieu hao cua barn cap nen co the xem
p6 -— 80 bar ; i , = i6., sz = s 6

Hieu suat nhiet cua chu tri nh : q~ = 3 8 ,5'/c

Lou lu'qng hoi la cung cap: G», — 424,5 T/h.
Leqng nhiet thai qua binh nguhg: Q., = 256079 kJ/s
Lu'u lu'
ong nu'oc lam mat binh ngung: G„ = 44,109 T/h
Laqng nhiet cung cap cho lo de sinh hoi: Q, = 1496,3 kJ/h
Ldqng dau tieu hao: G,< -— 39,775 T/h.

5.33.S o do nguyen ly hoat dong va cac thong so cua chu trinh hoi nhiet du'o'c
ghi tren H.5.12.
1

p,=120bar 6=10 Kg/h

t,=500 C

(1-
T2 T~

12 10bar
1,5bar
p=0,06bar

b2 long 5
bao hoa long bao hoa
10
long bao hoa
Los
Hinh $.12
92 cHUONG 6

Xac dinh:

a) Thong so tai cac diem dac t ruing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1(), 11, 12.

b) Cong sinh ra cua tua bin Crng vai 1 kg, cong tieu hao cua barn Crng voi
1 kg, nhiet cap vao cho lo hoi Phag voi 1 kg hoi tuan hoan.
c) Hieu suat thu'c cua chu trinh va cong suat cua nha may sinh ra.
d) Bieu dien tren do thi T — S.
Dap so:
T rang thai (1 ) v , = 0.02861 m I k g; i , = 3347 kJ/kg; s, = 6,487 kJ/kgdo

py = 120 bar; t , = 50 0C

( 2) p2= 1,5 bar; s , =s ., = 6,487 kJ/kg do, x „ = 0,977; i> = 2 7 31,4 kJ / k g

(3) p3 —
- 1,5 bar; s4 = s> = 6,487 k J/kg do, x3 — 0,873; i3 = 2410,2 k J/kg
(4) p4 -— 0,06 bar; s~ = s, = 6,487 kJ/kg do, x~ = 0,764, i,, = 1 997 k J/kg

(5) p„, = 0,06 bar, long bao hoa, i ,, = 151,5 kJ/kg

(6) i~ -— i„+ v5 (pz - p5 ) = 151,67 k J/kg

(7) p; = 1,5 bar, long bao hoa, i 5 = 467,2 kJ/kg

(8) i8 -— i7 + v; (pz — p; ) = 479,59 k J/kg
(9) p9 -— 120 bar; t 9 = 1 7 0C. No i suy tu' bang nuoc chu'a soi va he i q u a
n hiet tom duoc i g = 725 86 kJ/kg

( 10) p ) 0 = 10 bar long bao hoa i ] (>: 762 7 kJ /k g

( 11) i ) ) = s)0+ v , o (p » - p , o) 775 21 kJ/kg

(12) Can bing nhiet va cha't cho binh gin nhiet their 2 se tim du'qc dong
h oi trich dau ti e n :

y' - 9 0,1069
lg —1)o + 19 + 18

Dong 12 .a hon hap cua dong 10 va dong 11, tu' pheong tr<nh can bAng
nang lu'ong tim duroc:
0 = (1 — y') io + y ' i „ — i,q

i,2 - — (i — y') ig + y 'i» 731 27 k J/kg

Can bin g n h i e t cho binh gi a n h iet t hu' nhat:

0 = y" i3 + (1 — y' — y") i6 — (1 — y') i-,

y" = 0,1220
Cong sinh ra cua tua bin ung vdi kg moi cha't:
 q3

lq = (r r i g ) + ( 1-- y')(iz — i3)+ (1 — y' —

y")(i3 — i4 ) = 1250 3 kJ/kg

Cong tieu hao cua born u'ng voi 1 kg rrroi chat

lr, = y'(i» — i„,)+(1 - y ' )(i~ — i-)~(1 — y — y ) = 12,58 kJ/kg

Nhiet cap vao cho lo hoi:

q, = i, — iy = 2670 5 kJ/kg

Hieu suat rihiet cua chu trrnh

lT -lb
0 463 = 46 3%
il

Cong su;~tcua nha may thu'c hien:

W = G l l T — lb] = 344 M w

5.34. Tinh hi ndu suat nhiet cua chu trinh ghep H>O — Hg. Chu tr in h ho i n u'oc
van hanh vdi thong so hoi vao tua bin: ap suat 30 bar, nhiet do qua
n hiet450 C , a p suat ngrtng hoi 0,04 bar. Chu t r in h h o i t h u y n gan b a o
hoa Hg hoat dong trong pham vi ap suat 14bar va 0,1 bar.
Giai
B e tin h t oa n c h ung t a xa y dLfng chu t r i n h g he p t r e n d o t h i T - S n h r t
H.5.13, sau d<i lan lia t t i n h t oan cac thong so cho ti ng loai chu trinh.

9 14bar 10
549 C 5(450 C)
I
/
/
8
/ 0,1bar 11
7/

/3 30bar
I
I
/
2 /
0,04bar
29 C S

Hi,nIr,k13

a) Xet chrl. trinlr /re n u'cic:

Trong binh trao doinhiet Hg — H~O:

q3~ -— i4 — i3 kJ/kg

Tu' bang hoi bao hoa va nuoc soi, voi p =30 bar tim drtoc:
'.)4 CHUONG 6

i~ -— i' = 1008 kJ/k g i q -— i" = 2804 kJ/kg

q34 2804 — 1008 = 1976 kJ/kg

Nhiet cap tu' nguon nhiet ben ngoai:

qz~+q4> -— (iz — i~)+(i~ — i4) = (1008 — 121) + (3343 — 2803) = 1427 kJ/k g
N hiet thai t r ong bin h n g u i g :
q<> —
- (i, — i<) = (121 — 2133) = 2012 kJ/kg
Cong sinh ra cua tua bin hei nude:
lM — (i; — i<) = (3343 — 2133) = 1210 kJ/kg
-

b) Chu trinh hei t h uy n g a n :

N hiet tif lo hoi H g cap cho chu tr i n h :
qsio = (jl p >s )

Su' dung bang thong so nhiet dong cua Hg tren doing bao hoa thong tq
bang hoi nuoc chung ta setim duqc cac thong so nhu sau:
qs yp = (imp i s ) = ( 3 6 2 , 5 5 — 34,33) = 328,22 kJ/kg

Sau khi gian nD doan nhiet t r on g tua bin t huy ngan ta ti m d u'qc:
x ~ y: 0, 7 2 8 6 , v a : i ~y = 248 93 k J/kg

C ong sinh ra cua tua bin t hu y n g a n :

lio.» = ('io i») = 113,62 kJ/kg

N hiet thai t r ong qua t r i n h nag hei Hg:

q7» (i » i7 ) = — 214,6 kJ/kg

B oi so tuan hoan cua thuy ngan :

m(' 7 11)+1(i4 — i3) 0
1795
m = = 8,364
214,6

Nhiet luqng ca'p cho chu trinh ghep:

Q„ = mqs,p + 1(q~q+q4s) = 2745 + 1427 = 4172 kJ/kg
Cong sinh racua chu trinh ghep (bo qua cong tieu hao cua bum cap)
L = m l io.» +Lz< = 950 + 1210 = 2160 kJ/kg

H ieu suat nh ij t c u a chu t r i n h :

L 2160
q, =- = = 0,518 = 5 1 , 8 f o
QA 4172
 95

5.35. Tua bin hei t h uy ngaii cong sujet iV~,. = 10 MW l in' v iec vo'i hai Hg bao
hoa kh o 0 a p s u i t J ) , u , = <8 Bf.. SA
IJ khI gia» no' doan nhiet t r ong tua bi n
hei am erg o' ap su;~'t p.„,„, = (),1 at., ho'i nay dixqc chuyen vao binh ngung
hcfi Hg 3 va do»g tho'i i~i la b'inh bo'c hoi cua nuc'tc. Hai nu'dc bao hoa
kho o binh ngung- binh boc hui 3 di vao bo qua nhiet 4, c'r day hai du'oc
qui nhiet den » h iet do 450 C, tIep theo hoi qua nhiet vao tua bin hei.
Sau khi gian no doan nhiet tua bin, ho'i co ap suat 0,04 at di vao binh
n g~~ig de n g!tnt t u t h a r h n u 'oc bao hoa va d u'qc barn v e b o t r a o d o i
nhiet.

Hg
H20

High $.g4

Xac dinh

a) Hieu suat cua chu trinh ghvp

b) Hieu suat cua chu tri»h hei nu'0c lam viec khi khong co chu trinh hoi Hg.

c ) Cong suat cua tua bin hei nunc va ciia toan bo thiet bi . Kh i t i n h t o a n
bo qua cong tieu hao cua born ca'p.
Bap an' .a) rl , p <,p2p = 55,3%

b) rl,.H2p = 38,5%

c) Np2p = 10,3 Mw; N g < p>p = 20,3 Mw

96 CHUONG 6

5.36. Nha may dienchay theo chu trinh hon hop khi hoi vs sa do hoat dong va
cac thong so dacho tren H.5.15. Cong suat cua nha may N = 100 MW.
Q)

p2=1200KPa T3=1400 K

pg=p2

NK

p, =100KPa
p4=100KPa
T5 — 480K

p, = 8MPa, T, = 400 C

H~O

N ,= N „ + N „ ~
= 100MW

Ibng bao hoa

p,= 8KPa

Hinh 8'.18

3Qic dinh:

a ) Cong sinh ra cua chu trinh tua bin k h i

b) Cong sinh ra cua chu trinh tua bin hei

c ) Hieu sua't nhiet cua ch u t r i n h t u a b i n k h i , h i e u sua't nh iet cua ch u

trinh tua bin khi hon hop.

K hi t in h t oa n xe m m o i c ha t ch u t r i n h k h i n h u k h o n g k h i , n h i e t d u n g
rieng xem la hang so',
bo qua su bie'n doi dong nang, xem cac qua trinh
trong chu trinh l a t h uan nghich).
 97

Giai
1) Clou trinh tua 6in /elhi:
Thong so' tai cac diem dac tr1tng:
D iem 1 : p, = 1 0 0 k P a = 1 bar, T , = 300 ' K

q=0

RT1 2 8 7 x 300
. p1v, = RT, m v 1 - -
'
-

— 0,83 m lkg
-

P1 1,10
B iem 2 : p2 = 1200 KPa = 12 bar
1/k i1/1.4
k k P1
P1V1 = P ~ v ,> M V2 = V 1 = V1
p2 12

v 2 = v 1(0,083) ' = 0,169v, = 0, 145 m /kg

p2v2 (1 2 . 15 ) x 0,145
2- -
-

R 287
B iem 3 : T3 = 1400 ' K , p3 = p2 = 12 b a r

RT3 2 8 7 x 1400
P3 12.10
Biem 4 : p 4 = 1 0 0 k Pa = 1 b a r
1/k
k k Pg 0,7 14
p4v4 — p3v3 ~ v4 v3 - = v3 (12)
p5

v4 = 5,895v3 = 1,973 m'kg

5
4 4 = '
T = =687,8'K
R 287
B iem 5 : p 5 = p4 = 1 b ar , T, = 480 ' K

Cong tieu hao cua may n6n:

k 1,4
'
I „ = R(T, -T2) = X287(300 — 606) = 307,4 kJ/kg
k-1 1,4-1
 CHUQNG 6

Cong sinh ra cua tua bin khi:

k
lTK = R(T3 — T4) = 715,6 kJ/kg
k-1
Cong cua chu trinh khi thuc hien:
Lg = LrK —I lmn I = 715,6 307,4 = 408 kJ/kg

Nhiet ca'p vao chu trinh:

I q, I = c p(T3 - T ~ ) = 1x(1400-606) = 794 kJ/kg

Nhiet thai cua chu trinh

I q~ I = cp(T~ T~) 1x ( 6 8 7 8 3 0Q) 3 8 7k J / k g

Hieu suat nhijt cua chu trinh khi :

387
q ~g = 1 = 1 = 5 1 2%
q, 794

2) Chu t r i n h h u i nu o c kh a i t h a c ph a n nh i e t la p ng th a i e ua c hu tr i , nh
khi phia tr t tde:

Bikm a: '7, =- 4 0 0 C ; p , = 80 bar

Tra bang hai nude qui nhietta tim duroc cac thong so:
i, = 3135 kJ/kg ; v , = 0,0348 m / k g ; s , = 6,358 kJ/kg do
Biem b: sb = s, = 6,358 kJ/kg dj
p> = 8 kP a = 0,08 bar

Tra bang hai nude bao hba doric

i ' = 173,9 kJ/kg ; i " = 2 5 7 6 k J / kg; r = 2 402 kJ / k g
s = 0,5927 kJ/kg dj ; s" = 8,227 kJ/kg do
s> — s' 6 , 3 5 8 - 0 , 5927
Xb
s"- s' 8,227-0,5927
Lb i' + r x q = 173,9 + 2402 0,755 = 1 9 8 7,4 kJ/k g

Biem c: i, = i' = 173,9 kJ/kg

= s' = 0,5927 kJ/kg do
s,
 99

D iem d : s < -— s, = 0,5927 kJ/kg do

Vi ngoc la chat long khong chiu nen nen r:ong tieu hao cua born cap
duoc tinh:
t> — v(p,) — p,) = 0,001(80-0,08).10' = 7992 k,J/kg = 7,992 kJ/kg = 8 kJ/k g
Cong sinh ra cua tua bin hai:
l ~H = i , - i g = 3 13 5 - 1 9 8 7 = 1148 kJ/kg

Cong sinh ra cua chu' trinh hoi:

t), — yH — IL~ I = 1148 — 8 = 1140 kJ/kg
-

Nhiet thai cua chu trinh hai noae

q>H -— i> — i, = 1987 — 174 = 1813 kJ/kg
Chung ta can phai tim ty le 10'u luong giira hai G> khi G k t r ong thiet
bi hoi nhiet,de giai quye't van de nay can phai viet phuong trinh can bang
ning }dong cho thiet bi t rao doi nhiet nay.
Neu xet Cfng voi G), = 1 kg thi:
04
G„

O~ ®
G>c„z(T4 —T~) = G > ( i , — i<) = ( i „ —I <)

'
'
Gh cpk(T4 —
T„) 1X(687.5-480 ) 20 7,5 Gk

Vi xen> khi chay nha khong k} i i »en gan dung xem =1 k J /k g do. Tr o n g
c hu trin h t u a b i n k h i } i o » h ap, chu t r in h h a i } a d e t a n d u n g n h i e t l u a n g
thai cua chu trinh khi, do do cong sinh ra cua rhu trinh hon hop duroc tinh:
G), = G k ( 4 0 8,28 + 0,0702x 1 1 40)= 488 G k
Nz), — Gk 408,28+ "x1140
-

Cong sua't cua thie't bi la:

N) ) = 100 MW = 100. 10 J/s = 100. 10 k J / s = 1 0 kW

Do do tir day tinh deoc luau lua»g khi Gk trong chu trinh khi :
10
Gk = = 2 04,9 kg/s; G > — 0,07x 204,9 = 14,35 kg/s = 51,7 T/h
488
100 CHVONG 6

Cong sinh racua phan tua bin hai:

N>> = 14,35x 1140 =16359 kW

Cong sinh ra cua tua bin khi:

N>K = 204,9x 408 = 83599 kW

Nhiet cap chochu trinh hon hqp:

Qihh = G g x q j = 20 4 9x 794 . 1 5 9 594 kW

Hindu suat nhiet cua chu trinh hon hap:

0,626 = 62,6%
159.594

5.37. Chu trinh t uabin kh i cap n h iet d i n g a p l y t u Dng (air st andard

Brayton cycle)hoat dong voi cac thong so' sau:
Khong khi hut vao may nen p, = 0,1MPa , T ~ = 300 K ; a p s uat r a k h o i
m ay nen p 2 = 0,6M Pa , n h iet do cuc dai cua chu tr i n h T ~ „ = 1200'K .

a) Xac dinh thong so p, v, T tai cac diem dac trung va tinh h ieu suat
nhiet cua chu trinh.
b) Neu dong co tuabin khi hoat dong theo chu trinh thee (actual
Brayton cycle) viicac thong so p„„, p„,,„, T „van nhd cau a nhung hieu
suat cua tuabin qz -— 0,85, hieu suat cua may ne n q , =0,8, giang ap giCfa

may nen va tuabin lh 15kPa, ap suat thai cua tuabin cao hon ap suat moi
truing lh 10kPa. Neu tuabin co cong suat quay m a y p h a t d ien
Nz -— 100MW, dau dot c6 nhiet tri l a 1 0 .000kcal/kg thi hieu suit n h ie t cua

t hiet bi l h bao nhieu, cong suat cua may ne n ( cong suat tu d ung) lh b a o
nhieu. Xac dinh leqng nhien lieu (dau) can cung clp cho to may tua bin khi
G< [tan/h]. Chat moi gi6i xem nhu' khong khi p =29; k = 1 , 4 , n h iet dung
rieng xem lh hkng so.
Sap so'.
a ) T2 =500,5'K ; T4 =719, 2 ' K ; q , =40,3%

b) g' t = 21% ; Gg —
- 40,9T/h
 Chafdhg

L IjU BONG VA TiET L L U

6.1 LUU BONG

6 .1.l. K h a i n i e m
Lou dong lh sir chuyen dong cua dong moi chat, 6' day ta chu yeu
nghie» cuu sif chuye» dong cua dong khi h ose ho'i. Chung ta ch i n g h ien cCfu
doiig lu'u dong d or m n h iet ( k hoiig t r a o do i n h i e t v o i m o i t r u o n g ) cua rnoi
chat khi k h on g t h ifc hien cong voi inoi truo'ng.
— Toc do Ani tha»h ky hieu a,la toc do cua su lan truyen cac chan dong
trong moi tr u'ong.
— So' 1VIach ky hieu M , la t y s o g iua toc do cua dong kh i ( h oac hei) v a
t oc do am t h a n h t r o i i g d o n g k h i d o :
5'I = co/a
- Ong t hu g t o c l x ong ma kh i d o n g m o i c h a t l o u d o n g qu a to c d o s e
t 5ng len vh ap suat giain xuong. Co ba lo;ii ong t kn g t o c : o n g t 5n g toc nh o
d an (co tie't dien n h o d;in), ong tAng toc lo'n dan (co t ie t d i e n l an dan) va
ong thng toc hon ho'p hay Lavan (goin phon dau la ong nho dan, phan sau
l a ong ion dao ).
- Ong tang 6 p I h orig mh khi <lo»g moi chat l ~ d o n g q u a to c do gi a m
va ap sui t t A ng. Ong taiig 6p cung co ba loai giong nhe o'ng t5ng toc.
- Goi 5 = p~/p, l h t y s o ap sua't giifa ap suat ta i cCfa ra cua ong p z vh
ap suat tai cu'avao p,. Dong khi chuyin dong trong ong, tai mot noi nao
do cua ong mh toc do cua dong khi bang toc do am thanh eo = a, laic nay
d ong kh i d a t t o ' i t r a n g t h a i t o'i h an . Ca c t h o n g s o c u a d o n g k h i d a t t o i
t rnng thai to i h e n . C;ic thong so cua doiig kh i t a i t r a n g t h a i t o i h a n go i l a
thong so toi ha n v i d u to'c do toi han e k , a p s uat ta i h a n p < , t y s o ap suat
t'ai han Pk -— p< /p,. Vi i k h i h a i n g u y en t u , g i a t r i t y s o a p s u a t t a i h a n
Pk —
- 0,528, vdi hui nude qua nhiet Pk — 0,55.
102

6.1.2. Xac 4ixah toc Bj vh l ~ l a fqfng

1- Toc dj t' ai cu'a ra cua ong tang toe
Vai khi xern nhu khi ly tuang thuang du'qc tinh theo cong thuc:

RT,[1 — )'"" I, m's (6.1)

k—1
a day: R(J/kg'K) - hRng so' cha't khi; T , ('K) - nhiet do khi dong vh,o ong
k - so mu doan nhijt (k = 1,4 vN. khi 2 nguyen tu' nhu' Oz, Nz... khong khi)

P = pz/p, - ty so dp suat.
Vdi hai nuac thuang tinh theo cong thuc:
(op = ~2(1' — lg), Ill/s (6.2)
a dly: i , - entanpi cua hai khi vao o'ng (xac dinh theo bang va do thi hai)
i~ -entanpi cua hai sau khi luu dong doan nhiet qua o'ng.
2- Toc dq t'ai hqn
Vai khi ly tuang:
2k
RTy[1 — Pg ), m/s (6.3)

P>—- p> /p,-ty so ap suat tai han.

Vai hai nude:
cog =J2( l — lg), m / s (6.4)

i> (J/kg) - entanpi t r ang t hai ta i ha n ( tai nai cd ap suat p> -— p>P> )
duac xac dinh tu do thi i — s hoac tu bang hai nuac khi biet p< va s, =s~,.
3- Lac laCp7ag
Q)f
Luu luang x5c dinh tu phuang trinh lien tuc: G = = const .
v
Neu ta viet phuang trinh lien tuc tai tiet dien ra cua ong tkng toc:
G = fzoq/vz, kg/s (6.5)
a day: f~(m )- tiet dien ra cua on@; ~(m/s) - toc do; v,(m / kg) - the tich rieng
Trong cong thuc tren ne'ucho f~ thi tinh G vh nguac lai.Thong so v~
duac x6e dinh tu do thi i — s hoac phai giai bai toan oui trinh doan nhiet
1 — 2 khi bie't p, , v , , p ~ v a S , = S, .

4- Late hlyrng ldn n h e t

T ai trang thai ta i h a n , luu luang cua dong moi chat dat gi b t r i l a n

nhat Gmax.
LUL/ DONG VA TIET LL/U 103

Voi o'ng thng to'c nho dan lu'u lu'qng 10 t> nha't du'o'c tinh:
f2 g(ok
G„... = , k.g/s (6.6)

V0i ong tang toe hon hqp (o'iig Lavan):

G~~g~x = f ly)in +t t / g, k g / .s (6.7)

Trong cac cong thuc tren: f>(m )- tiet die.n c&a ira cua ong;

f„„„(m ) - t iet dien tai noi hep nha't cua o'ng hon h0p; ~ ( m / s) - t6e do
t 'ai han; ( in /kg) vt,(m" /kg) - the tich rieng t<9i han. The tich rieng v k -
I

d u'0c xac dinh ti r diem K ( t ren do thi i - s la gi;ao die'iTt cua va Sy = S g )

hoac tif viec giai qu6 tr i ii h doan nhiet 1 — K.
6.1.3. Ong t5xag toe
1- 6ng tang toc nho dan
Toc do ra cua ong tang toc nho dan
luon luon nho hon hoac bang toc do am
Pi.t, p2 t2
thanh ( M = 1 ) . V a y k h i t i n h t oan phai
so sanh ty so' ap suat P = p., /p, va Pt,
Hinh 6.1
- Neu P > Pt, thi t02 < cot,, Gz ~ G„„,
va 0)t, tinh t h eo (6.1) hoac (6.2), tinh G theo (6.5).
- Neu P+(3t. , luc n a y t j )., =u)t., G ., = G „ , .„ v a c ot, tinh t h e o ( 6 .3 ) h o ac
(6.4), G„,,„ t in h t h eo (F>.6)
2- Ong tan g toe hon hop

M uc dich cu a on g t a n g
t oc hon ho p l a nh5m tao ra p> tt Pa ()2
toe do r a t ,'og 1011 h011 toC do

a m thanh ( M ) 1 ) t r ong khi

t oc do v a o n h o h o n t o e d o Hinh 6.2
am thanh (M < 1 ) . Vay khi
thiet ke cung nhu van hanh phai bao Ram dieu kien P < Pk va khi do tai tiet
dien to'c do bAng to'c do t0i han <ot,, tai t i e't dien r a f 2 ( H . 6 .2 ) to'c do
10n h0n toc dq am thanh. ro„ tinh theo (6.3) hoac (6.2) lou lu0ng luon luon
b5ng lou lttong 10n nha't G = G,„„„va t in h t heo (6.7) hoac (6.5).
104 CHtJONG 6

6.2QUA TRINH TIET LOU

- Tiet luu la qua tr in h giam ap sua't ci!- dong moi chat chuyen dong
trong ong khi gap tro ngai dot ngot do dat cac van ..., ta co p> < p,.
p, - ap sua't cua dong moi chat truoc khi tiet luu
p2 - ap suat cua dong moi chat sau khi tiet luu.
- Tinh chat cua dbng moi chat t i e't luu doan n h iet ( t h o n g t r a o d oi
nhiet voi ben ngoai) la entanpi truoc khi tie't luu i , b i n g e u t a npi sau khi
t ie't luu i~ : i , = i 2

- Nghien cuu su thay doi nhiet do cua khi t hu'c ngu'oi tn rut r a n h un~
k et qua sau: u'ng voi moi gia tr i cua ap sui t m o t m o i cha't co hai gia t r i
nhiet do chuyen bie'n lh nhij t d o chuyen bie'n cuba pha hoi T,,b va pha ion«
Tcb(TC> > T<b). Neu chat khi (hoac hoi) o dieu kien p, , T > vh T> nho hon
nhiet do chuyen bien cua pha hoi (T, < Tcb) thi kh i t i e t l u u n h iet do cua
m oi chat se giam ( T., < T, ). Nguo'c lai voi cha t l o n g o p , , T ~ > T c b t h i s a u
tiet luu nhiet do cua chat long cung giam.
- Tiet lu'u cua cha't long o n h ie t d o bao hoa ( n h ie t d o s o i) : Kh i t i e t l <u
do ap suat g ia m n e n k e o t h e o su g ia m m a n h c u a n h i e t d o s o i , v i d u c h a't
l ong NH 3 o a p s ua t p , = 5 at, n h iet d o soi t u on g un g t „ = 3 ,6 ' C , n h u n g
s au khi t i e't luu a p s ua t p 2 = l a t t h i n h i e t d o s o i t u on g u n g t , . 2 = 34 C .
Hien tuong nay duoc u'ng dung trong cac may lanh thong thu0ng.

BAI TAP
6 .1. Khi oxy co a p s uat p , = 60 at, n h ie t d o t>—
- 100 C luu dong qua ong
t5ng toc nho dan vho moi truong co p, = 36 at . Xa c d i n h t o c d o c u a
dbng khi tai cua ra cua ong va luu luong neu biet tiet dien kh i r a cua
ong f2 -— 20.

Giai
Oxy la khihai nguyen tu nen p„= 0,528.

p2 36
0 day P = = = 0,6 ion hon Pz, vay toc do cua dong khi co~
p, 60
co> va luu luong G ( 6 „ , „„ .
Toc do cua dbng khi ~ t h e o (6.1):
LL'O' DONG VA Tl&T LUU

0.2857
2x1,4 l8314
0). = RT,(1 pl'-) /l- ) —
-
( 1 0 0 + 273)1 - -

= 304m/s
k—1 1,4- 1 32 60

Lu'u lu'qng cue dong khi tinh thee (6.5):

fgO) 2

V2

V i 1 — 2 lh qua trinh doan nhiet n e n :

(P2 ))/l ~ 1/l < c 0 61/1.4 0 694

%j,) p)

v2 — v> /0,694
R T, 8314x 3 7 3
p) 32x60x0,98x 10
0.' 0165
v2 = = 0,02378 m ' 'kg
0,694

Vay l~ l uqng cua dong khi:

G — 20x10 x 30 4 — 0,250 kg/s
0,02378

6.2. K hong khi t u b i n h c hCt'a co ap sui't p , = 100 bar, n h iet d o t , = 15 C

chay ra ngoai trodi qua ong tang toc nho dan co defang kinh trong cuba ra
la d2 - — 10 mm. Xac dinh to'c do cua dong khi tai cuba ra cua ong va l)fu
lu'qng khong khi ne'u ap sujet ngoai tro'i 1h 1 bar.
Giai
Khong khi duqc xem la khi hai nguyen tu' co k = 1,4 va Pk — 0,528.

p2 1
0 day: [3= = < pl , , very toc docu2 = o) k v a G = G „„ „ .
p) 100
Toc dj o)k deqc xac dinh theo (6.3):

2k )4 )/k k 1 1, 4 1 0 4
k-1 k 1,4 1, 4
T , =15 + 2 7 3 = 288 'K ; R = 28 7

2x1,4
' i0,2857
0)„ = x 287x288(1 — 0,528 -"' ) = 310 m/ s
1,4 — 1

Luu lu'qng ion nhat xac dinh theo (6.6)

2 14
Ill 3X
vjk
106 <HUONG 8

RTi 2 8 7 x . 88
0 00827 /k
pi 100 10
1 Pl k 0 5n :/!.. 0 634

v,' = 0,00827
'
vk = = 0 0 1 3 m /k g
0 ,634 0,6 3 4

'
= = 0,0000705 m
'

f2 =
4 4
0,0000785 x 310
Vay: G~.,„ = — 1,872 kg/s
'

6.3. Khf hai nguyen tu co R = 294,3 J/kg K t r uac khi vao o'ng phun nho dan
(t5ng to'c nho dan) co p, = 63,7 bar, T, = 300'K , chay vao moi truang
co p2 = 35,4 bar. Xac dinh toc do va luu luqng ne'u bie't duong kinh trong
c ua ong o cua ra d2 - — 5 mm.
Dap so': ~ = 3 1 0 m / s ; G .= 0,257 kg/s

6.4. Khong khi duqc nen tai pi = 50 bar, t,= 27'C duoc phun vao trong xf
l anh dong co dot trong diezel qua voi phun. Ap sua't ben tron„ x i lanh
p2 = 35 bar.

Xac dinh toc docua khong khi tai cu'a ra cua voi phun.
Dap so': o)~ — 241 rn/s

6 .5. Khong khi co ap suat p , = 1 b a r , t , = 15'C t u b i n h A c hay vao bin h B

co ap suat p2 qua vbi phun.

X ac dinh tri so ap sua't p2 de toc do khong khi a.cua ra voi phun bi n g

to'c do im t h anh va gia tr i t o c do nay la bac nhi eu.
Dap ~ '. p , = p k - .-. 0,528 bar; m, = c ok= 310 m/s

6.6. Hai nuac co ap suat pi = 18 bar, t,= 400'C hay qua o'ng tAng toc nho
. Ran vac moi truang co p~ = 1 bar .

Xac dinh toc do t'ai cua r; cua ong va luu luqng ho'i ne'u biet duang kinh
trong cia;.Sng d,, =-. 20 mm.

Giai
' i'if bang nuoc va hc'i nuo'; bao hoa .a ' y , = 18 bar ta co t , = 2 0 7 C D

day t , - =. 400 C > t , , v a y ho ! a n d a u i a hoi qua nhiet. Vai hai qua nhij.t
LIJU GONG VA TIET LL/U 107

1
Pk = 0,55, a day P = — < [3), do do to'c do hoii a cixa r a M 2 = i o ), , l o u l u 'ong
18
G=G „ .

Giai bang dri t/ii:

Dung do thi i — s de giai rat don
gian. E)iern 1 la giao diem cua du'ang
p) = 18 bar v a d u'ong t , = 400 'C, tu'
d ay se tim deqc i, .

D iem K la giao di e ' m c u a

PK
p), = P), — 0,55x 18 = 1 0 b a r v a
I
I
d u'ong S, = S k = c o n st . I
I
I
T u' do t i r)> d)roc i ), , vt tre n do
/
/
/
/
/
Neu giai bin g b eing /igi nuoc: /

'7u' bang nu'oc chu'a soi vh hai qua

n hiet vo i p , = 18 b ar , t , = 4 0 0 ' C t i m

Hinh 6.3
i ) = 3249 kJ/kg' S ) = 7, 175 kJ/kg ' K
B ay gio ta p hai xet xem 6 t r ang thai die)n K ho i n u d e la he i gi , r r u o n
vay te bang nu'oc va hoi nu'c' tc bao hoa vo'i p = 1 0 b a r t a t i m d ud e
S" = 6,587 < S, = S),. n6n hoi ra la hei qua nhiet. Tu' bin g n )roc chua soi va

hoi qua n h iet t h e o p ), — 10 bar tdi c()t co s = 7,116 kJ/k g d j

-

u 'ng vo i n h i e t
t = 300 ' C , ga n d ung co the xe)n k 0 trang thai nay, ta co:
ik = 3107 kJ/kg v), - - - 0,27 m' /k g

(ok= +2(i, -i„ ) = 2 ( ;i249 - 3 1 07).10 = 533 m / s

Lou lu'ong G„,.„,:

f,o)), ( 3 . 14x0,02j' x533

6.7. H oi nu'oc co ap suat p , = 10 bar, t., = 300 C chay qua ong t ang tcc r.'ho
dan vho moi tn fong voi hai tru'o'ng ho'p sau:
1) p2 -= 6 bar
?) pq - — 2 bar

Xic dinh tSc do lou do..g va luu 'song trong t'ai tr«'ong ho'p tr .i .~e~ i e t
108 CHtJONG 6

tiet dien ra cua ong f2 — 30 cm .

Dap so': 1) e2 = 502 m/s; G = 3 , 85 kg/s

2) ~ = 5 4 3 m /s ; Cr„,.,„= 3,88 kg/s

6.8. K hong khi co ap suat p , = 10 at, t, = 300 C chay vao moi trdong co
p2 = 1 atqua ong t5ng to'
c Lavan, lou lu'ong cua dong khi bang 4 kg/s.

Xac dinh toc do mk, ~ , t i e t d i e n f „ „ „ , f 2 v a c hieu dai phan o'ng lan

dan neu chon goc hinh non cua phan ion dan o, = 10" (H .6.4).

P>

Wp K
Pl PK
I

Vl d2

II
tmin
Pp
1I

Vl Vg V2

Hinh 6.4

Giai

Ty so ap suat p = = = 0,1 < pk — 0,528, vay ong lam v iec dung

p, 10
d ieu kien va ta i f „ „ „ t o c d o b hn g t o'c do t'ai ha n co>, tai f 2 toe do n z > ( o k ,
l~ luqng G = G„,,„. Toc do toi ha n mk tinh t h eo (6.3).

RT (] x 287 x 573[l — 0,528 ' ) = 438 m/s

1,4 — 1

Toc do tinh theo (6.1):

RT (1 ) k - le k x287x573[1-0,528 ) = 745 m/s

1,4 — 1

Lou luqng:
fmin k f2 2 Gvk Gv2
f
G)2

Tu qua trinh doan nhiet 1 — K:

LUU DOIVG VA TIET LUV 109

R T)'- = — 287
—> 5 '—
i3 =
v, = 0. 168 m / kg
pi 10x 3.98, 10

= 0,265 m.3 / k g
'

v k = v , / Pk = - -

,
O. 528'
Tu' qua trinh doan nhiet 1 — 2:
0.168
'
v2 vy / P 0,87 m .'kg
0 10, ) 1.$3

V"y t a c(.'. — 0,06242 m

'

f I I!I!I =
438
4x 0.87
0,00467 m
745

4 ~mii! 4 x 0,00242
3,14

4f, 4x0 00467

d2 Q Q771 77
R 3,14

Chieu dpi phan ong lan dan I:

= 1234 c m
a 10
2tg — 2t g-
2 2

6 .9. Hai n oae qua nhiet co ap suat p , = 18 bar, t , = 40 0 ' C g i a n n a d o a n

n hiet tr ong ong t5ng toc Lavan den p 2 = 1 bar. Biet lou luang qua ong
l h 4,5 kg/s. Xac dinh f„„„, f2, ~ , m~.

p2 1
Giai. 0 d a y P = = — ( Pi, = 0,55 vay tai f „„-„
pi 18
Toc do lh toc do t'ai han o)~,, ta> f2 to'c do co> ) oak.
Toc do tai han : o> „= ~ 2 (i , — i„)

Trang thai diem K Cong vai ap sua't pz = $„ . p, = 0,55x 18 = 10 ba r l a

hai qua nhiet (xem bhi 6.6), tu' day tim dirac:
i k — 3107 kJ/kg; v > = 0,27 m / k g
T ir bang ndac chua soi va hai qua nhiet vai p , = 18 bar , t , = 4 0 0 ' C
tirndirac i,= 3249 kJ/kg, do do:
<ok — ~2(i, — ik) = 2(3249 — 3107) = 533 m / s

0 day neu coi hai qua nhiet nhu khi ly tuang hai nmyen tif vai k = 1,3, R =
8314
= 462 J/kg'K , $k -— 0,55, ta co the dung (6.3) tinh gan dung toc do
18
 , G"RULING6

' 'I = 589 nds

RT,[1 — P< " ] = x462x673[1-0,55 '
k-1 )1,3-1
G.v~ =4 , 5 > 0,27
' 2
T iet dij n M " h a t f m)0 : =0,00228 m
'

n» n =

Trang thai diem hai lh hc'i bao hba am:

Sq -S'2
S, = S2 —S 2 +x2(S 2 -S 2 ), x2 =
S2 S
T if bang n ude chua so i v h h e i q u a n h i e t t h e o p , = 1 8 b a r vh
t, = 400'C tim du'qc:
S, = 7,175 kJ/kg'K
Tit bang nude va hei bao hba vdi p2 = 1 bar tim duqc
v "2 = 1,694 m / k g , i " 2 = 4 1 7,4 kJ/kg, r2 = 2 258 k J / k g
S '2 = 1,3026 kJ/k g ' K , S " 2 = 7 ,36 kJ/k g ' K n

7,175 -1,3026
7,36-1,3026
v2 -— v'<+x2(v"2- v ' 2) = x2v'2 =0,9 7 x 1,694 = 1 ,643 m / k g

i2 — i'2 + x2 r2 —417,4 + 0,97x 2258 = 2608 kJ/kg

m2 = ~ 2(i, — i. ) = 2(3249 — 2608) . 10 = 1 132 m/s

' '
f = = 000653
'

=
1132

6.10.Tim toc do lou dong tai cuba ra cua ong phun Lavan vh kich thdoc dac
truingneu bic'.
.lou luqng cua dbng khong khi trong ong la 2,9 kg/s, ap
suat vh nhiet do khi 8 cubavho p, = 8 a t , t l — 127'C. A p s ua t m o i -

truing p2 -— 1 at, g6c hinh non cua ong n = 1 2 .

Bap so: d ;„ = 48 mm; d 2 — 63 mm

1 = 70 mm; ~ = 600 m/s

6.11. Hoi nuoc co p, = 20 bar, t , = 4 0 0 ' C g i a n n o d oan nh iet t r ong ong t 5 n g

toc Lavan de'n ap suat p2 -— 2 bar.

Xac dinh toc do o;k, ~ , t i e't dien f „ „„ , f 2 cua ong ne'u bie't lou luqng
dong chay trong o'ng G = 4 kg/s
Bap so': f; „ = 1 6 c m; f 2 — 3 2 c m
c ok = 580 m/s; ~ = 1 050m/s
LUU GONG VA TIET LUU

6.12. Hoi nddc co p, = 50 bar, t , = 4 ( j 0 ' C

chay qua ong tAng toc hon hap vao
moi trUong co p , = 1 b a r . B i et. lu'u 1)II)11

Pp
l u'ang cua d ong c hay t r ong on g l a
G = 3k g/s. Xac dinh to c do thu'c te
tai cubara 0)~,, tiet dien thu'c f~,va +~
2t
do kho xz, ne'u bie't dong chay co ma
sat vcr he so toc dn (~ = 0,95.
S
Giai
Hinh 6.$
He so toc do d(fqc dinh nghla:
(().„
(P = ; (().qt = (I)0)>
(()~

o day: 0)~ - toc do ly thuyet khi bo qua ma sat (hoac khi q) = 1)

(0~, - toc do th(fcte khi dong chay qua ong co ma sat.

0)g = J2( l) — lg)

Tir do thi i — s (hoac s(f dung bang hoi n(rdc) ta tim duroc:
i , = 3200 kJ/kg; i ~ = 2420 kJ/kg

0) = 2 (3200 — 2420). 1 0 = 1249 m / s

(()~, = tI)(()z — 0,95x 1249 = 1187 m/s

Tim tr ang t hai diem 2t :

)j)) q ~ ~(l ) ) gg ) )(()) — 1~)

)t2(i, — i ) ~ i , — i Rh
h =- (t) .h =-0.95 (3200 = 2420) =-704 kJ/kg
h, = i , - i ~, = 704 kJ/kg
704 =3200 704 — 2496 kJ/k g
T if do th i i — s vd i i z , = 2496 kJ/kg va pz — 1 bar, ta xac dinh daric
d iem 2t co x z, — 0,92; v~, = 1,6 m / k g .

Tai cubara cua o'ng tAng to'

c ta co:

G.vz,' 3 x 1,' 6
D od 6 f , = = =0,004m
0)~, 1187
 112 CHLfONG 6

6 .13. Chat long NH z t i f binh nguhg tu cua may lanh co ap suat p , = 16 a t

chay qua van tietlou ap suat giam xuo'ng con p~ = pz — 1 at. 3Uic dinh
nhiet do va do kho cua NH~ sau khi ti~.t luu.

Giai
Tif do thi lgp — i cua NH~

Ta co:
Biem 1 dUoc xac dinh bc>i giao diem cua ducrng p, = 16 at v a d uong
giai han dec'ti xy = 0.
Biem 2 dupex5c dinh bDi defang p~
= 1 at va du'ang i~ = i , ( d eing ke

• throng dCfng).
Tif do thi nay duong x~ = const nao di qua diern2 ta se doc dirac gia
tri xz, dong thai tai giao diem cua du'ang x = 1 va du'ong pz= 1 at se tim
duqc nhiet do t~ >
Neu dung bang thong so nhietdong cua hei NH~ (tuong tu each dung
bang hoi nude), tif bang NHz 8 trang thai bao hoa (theo ap suat) vai:
p, = 16 a t t a co i ', = i , = 146 kcal/kg

p~ = 1at i'z -— 63,1 kcal/kg; r ., = 327,87 kcal/kg

lg — 1 g j ) —1 g
D o do : l g = 1 p+ x g( l g — 1 p) =I p + x g f g , xp=
F.p lg

(Vi qua tiet lou i> - — i>)

146-63,1
xg =
327,87

6.14. Chat long Freon 22 tif binh n ~ g t v c o n h iet do t > — 20 C , sau khi
qua van tiet lou la hai Am co t~ = 5 ' C .

Xac dinh entanpi iz, do kho x~ cua Freon sau tiet luu.
Dap so: i, = i ~ = 5 2 4 ,05 kJ/kg
x~ = 0,144
 Chafdhg

j A9

KHONG KHI AM

7.1. KHONG KHI AIN

7.1.1. Tinh chat cua khong khi am
- Khong khi am lahon hop cua khong khi kho va hoi nod'c.Vi phan ap
sua'tcua hei nuoc trong khong khi am nho nen hai neac 8 day co the xem
nhe la khi ly te&ng.
— Ap suat cua khong khi am p (la ap suat khi troi)bang tong phan ap
suat cua khong khi kh o p „ v a h e i nude ph.
p = pa+ p h

- Nhiet d o cu a k h ong kh i a m b i n g n h i e t d o c u a k h o n g k h i k h o t > ,

bang nhiet do cua hoi nude th .
t k= tl

- The tich cua khong khi am V bhang

the tich cua khong khi kho va cua
he(i nude:
V = Vh = V

- Khoi ldong cua khong khi am G bkng t ong k ho i l acing cua khong k h i
kho G> v a hoi ntfdc G>,.

G = GI, + G

Tuy nhien vi leqng hei nude trong khong khi am t h r on g l a r a't nho
nen co the xem kho'iluqng khong khi am bang khoi luong cua khong khi
kho:
G = Gq

0 day ta co the dung phuong trinh t r ang thai cua khi l y t u 6'ng cho
khong khi am:
 *

114 CHUONG 7

Cho khong khi kho: p~ V = G kR~ T

Rk = 287 J/kg do
Cho hoi nuac: phV = G h R hT

8314
Rh = = 462 J/kg do
18

7.1.2. Cac loai khong khi am

- Khong khi am chua bao hoa la khong.khi am trong do con co the
nhan them mot luong hoi nuoc nhat dinh nua tu cac vat khac bay hai vao.
Hai nuac a trong khong khi am la hoi qua nhiet.
- Khong khi am bao hba la khong khi am trong do khong the nhan
them mot luang hai nuac nao nCfa tu cac vat khan,c bay hai vao. Hai nuac a
day la hai bao hoa kho.
- Khong khi am qua bao hba la khong khi am bao hoa va con chua
them mot luang nuac nhat dinh vidu suong mu la khong khi qua bao hoa.
7.1.3. Cac thong so cua khong khi am
1- Dq am tuy jt do i pp,

L a khoi luang cua hoi muac trong 1 m k ho n g kh i am .

3
ph - -

, kg/ m (7.1)
V
2- Bp am talceagdoi y
La ty so giua do am tuyet dor cua khong khi am chua bao hoa ph va
cua khong khi am bao hoa ph,„a cung nhiet do.

Ph Ph (7.2)
P hmax Ph ma x

o day: ph - phan ap suatcua hai nude trong khong khi am chua bao hoa
ph - phan ap suat cua hoi nude trong khong khi am bao hba.
Gib tri ph „.„ tim tu bang nude vh hai nuac bao hba (theo nhiet do) voi
n hiet do t h —
- t.

3- Bp chrla hei d (dung am)

Bo chua hoi d lh luang hoi nude chua trong khong khi am ung vai 1 kg
khong khi kho.

d= -" = 0,622 ,' kg/kg khong khi kho (7.3)

Gz P — Ph
KHONU KHI AM 115

Bo chCfa!.oi trov.g khong khi am bao 1 isa goi la do chCfa hoi lon nhat
d „„„ ( k h i p h - — p>, „):

d„„x = 0,622 " " ' "

, kg,'kg kk (7.4)
P P hmax

4- Entanpi cua hhong hhi am I

Entanpi cua khong khi am: la tong er ta.npi ".ua 1 kg khong khi kho va
d kg hoi neoc.
T = t + d (2500 + 1,.93 t), kJ/kg kk (7.5)
o day: t ('C) - nhiet 6o cua khong khi am.
5- Nhijt dp bao hoc down nhijt
Khi khong khi tie'p xuc voi nu'oc, ne'u s;u bay hoi cua nuoc vao khong
khi chi do nhiet cua khong khi truyem cho t.hi nhiet do khong khi am bao
hia goi lhnhiet do bao hoa doan nh~et x ( nhiet do t l a y gan dung bi n g
nhiet do nh ij t k e ' u'ot t = t , ) .

6- Nba t dq dong su'dng t,

Nhiet do dang su'ong ts la nhiet do tai do khong khi am chiesa bao hha
tro thanh khong khi am bao hoatrong dieu kien phan ap suat cua hoi nuoc
khong doi
p h = const, kh i b ie t p h t a t om du'oc nhiet do dong su'ong t, ( tir bang nuoc
va hoi nuoc bao hoa).
7.1.4. Bo thi khong khi am (psychrometric chart)
B o thi k h ong khi ann thirong su dung nhat co hai l o ai :
Bo thi I — d (do thi Mollier)
Bo thi t — d (do thi Carrier)
I- Do t hi I — d
Cac dud'ng bieu dien tree do thi:
Belong d= const ladu'
ong their.g d8ng, don vi lh g/kgkk.
B dln g I = const lh daong nghier>g g6c 135 , do n v i l a k J / kgkk h oke
kcal/kgkk.
Being t = const lhduong thing hei chech len phia tren, don vi 'C.
B ddng ~p = c onst l h d u'ong cong di l a n k h i g h p d u'ong n hi~t d o
t =100'C se la du'ong thing du'ng.
Belong ph= const ladu'ong phan ap suat cua hoi ndoc trong khong khi
am, don vi mm Hg.
Cich su dung do thi I — d:
116 CHUOING 7

V i du khong khi am 8 t r ang thai A co do am y „ v a n h i j .t d o t „ , c a n

xlc dinh cacthong so'con lai cua khong khi am 8 trang thai nay.
Tren do thi I — d d ie m A d uqc xac dinh boIi giao diem cua 2 du'ang
yA = const va t „ = c o n s t.. Cach xic dinh cac thong so' khac deqc the hien
tren H.7.1.

2 20 24 0 26 0 280 30 0 32 0 34 0 360

180,
180 170
180
160 150
140
140 130
120
120 110
100
F 1OO

80 eP oP
80 70
2
60
50
40
40
30 b co
lo
20.
I II 135'
20 /.
10

0 10 dg 2 0 d , 30 40 50 60 70 d.9/kQ

Hinh 7.1. B8 thi I —d

2- Bo thi t —d
Clu true cua do thi t — d cung gin tudng tu do thi I — d, chic detII'ng dhc
trig dirac
the his'n tren do thidelhi dky.Bo thit— d rht thawing deqc sCf
dung trong tinh town dieu hba nhi|",
t dj vh dieu tilt khong khi. Clch s&
dung giong nhu do thi I — d.
KHONG KHI AM 117

0.020

B=736mrn Hg \
O'P
rp O \
P.
l
20 \ 0.015
44 o
dC

8.
Ol4
\ ~Q 'l C'p C
<0
8 \
15 0.010
+Q
gC
l
C DC
.0 Ot4
10 +
l 3~
Q
X•
h
0.005
O
~C' • O-
Q

\
0
10 20 30 40 50

Nhiet do nhiet ke kho C

Hinh 7.2. Do thi t — d

7.2 QUA TRINH SAY

S ay ja qua tr uth lay bo't »isaac trong vat can say bang each lam bay h a i
nuoc (vi d u sa y n o»g s'i», say t h iIc pham ... nham de bao quan dirac lau
dai). Ba so cac t.
riIang hap»gu'ai ta dung khong khi am chua bao hoa larn
chat t.rung gian (con goI lh t a c » h a » s ay) de ta i a m ( n u ac) t h oat. ra ngoai
s an pham s ay. B e l ans tac » h a » sav tot ( ta i a m t o t ) k h on g k h i c a n c o d o
am » ho, muon vay ta co phu'o»g phap sau:
7.2.1. Phtfctng p hap t h 6' nh i t
B au tien k h ong kh i n g oaI trai dirac dot nong t r ong t h i e t b i g i a n h i e t
(thUang goi l a calorifer), trong qua trinh nay d = const va n h ie t d o t t h n g
aric thoi qua vat say
len, do am q giam xuong. Sau do khong khi nong d
(trong buong sa'y),vat sa'y boc am vao khong khi di qua vh kho dan.
Phu'ang phap nay thuang diracgoi la shy nong.
Sa do nguyen ly cua he tho'ng say nhu sau:
Qua trinh say gom hai giai doan:
1 — 2 la giai doan do't nong khong khi trong calorifer, trong giai doan
nay do chu'ahai khong khi khong thay doi d, = d2, n h ie t d o t i f t , t i n g
len t, , d o a m t u ang doi giam tit' q, de'n i(l2.
118 CHUONG 7

Khong khi ra
Hoi nuoc

Khong khi . t~,<[ >~

vao Vat shy
I

rp = I 00"/o

I
•I
I
I
I
I
I
d| I d3

Hinh 7.8. So do nguycn ly' thirst bi sciy

A. Quat B . Calo r ifer C . Bu o ngsay

2 — 3 la giai doan say trong buong say, khong khi sau khi dot nong
deoc data vao buong say, trong buong say khong khi nong truyen nhiet cho
vat. say lam nttoc trong vat say bay hoi vao khong khi. ¹u bo qua cac ton
that nhiet (say ly thuyet), nhiet do khong khi giam dan tit t> xuong t3, do
a m khong khi t5ng dan tu' y2 den y3 vh trong qua trinh nay xem I2 = I3.

0 day can xac dinh lou 1Ltang khong khi (am) G (kg/h) cung ca'p cho
buong say de chon hoac thie'tke' quat, ngohi ra can x5c dinh lacing
nhiet
can cung cap trong 1 gio Q (kJ/h) de thie't ke' calorifer.
1- Xcic dinh hAc lclpng thong khi 6 ( h hc l ang quqt)
asm
Neu san ph say ban dau c6 kho'i lttqng Gd (kg), sau khi say c6n lai
G, (kg) thi lttqng ntt0c bay hei trong 1 gi0 (thai gian say lh z(h)):

G„ = '

, kg/h

Lttong khong khi can thiet do quat thoi vao buong say:
(1+ d) )Gn Gn Gn
G g (7.6)
6d Lid d3 dt
KHONG KHI AAi 119

I'ieu khong khi c'' uhiet do ban eau t, cc khoi ldang rieng p>, thi l uu
l i<o'ng the tich k h ong khi can thiet (hay ni n g s';at quat) V l a :
0
V = — , m3 / h (7.7)
P>
2- XaC dinh l u ' p ng n h i j t ca n th i et Q

Q- ' ' A
"
- 2 ' 0 „ , k J/h (7.8)
dd d3 — d,
0 day: I, , I z - entanpi cua khong khi a trang thai vao va ra khoi calorifer,
duqc xac dinh t heo cong thQc (7.5) hoac theo do thi I — d.
Neu calorifer duqc gia nhiet bang hai nu'ac cung cap tit lo hai, thi luqng
hei lo can cung cap cho calorifer se la:

h kohl
r
o' day: r - a n n h i e t hoa hai o ap suat p tai calorifer.
7.2.2. Phu'dng ph ap th 8 h a i (d u ng b cj'm nhiet)

Nguyen ly hoat dong cuabarn nhiet xern 0 chuang chu trinh thiet bi
lanh.
So do nguyen ly hoat dong cua thietoi say loai nay c6 dang sau:
BS

TL

Ot
I<hong I<hi.
1
BH
BN

Hinh 7.4. So do nguyen Iy' thie't bi say s t du ng n h i i t

Khong khi ngnaitrai du' qc quat day qua binh nguhg tu cua barn nhiet
(thu'&g la dang ong co canh) BN nhan nhiet luang q, va khong khi n6ng len tif
t, den t, saudo du'oc du'
a vao buona s"'
y.Chung ta thay pheong phap say a day
hoan toan giong nhu phu'ong phap thu nhat chi khac la nhiet luqng dung de gia
nhiet ld ing khi lh do dan n~ g t u cua born nhiet cung cap.
120 cHUONG 7

= q . N = G . q1 = G(i2- i >), kw (7.9)

Iq,I
o day: y - he s o ' bum nhiet1II =
II
N - cong sua't
may nen cua born nhiet, kw
G - 11tu 11tqng lanh chat trong ham nhiet, kg/s
i2 - entanpi cua hcti lanh cha't tru'oc khi vao binh ngung, kJ/kg
i3 - entanpi cua lanh chat sau khi ngu>g, kJ/kg.
I lo I = 12 11 I q, I = i , - i ,

7.2.3. PhNdng phap thC ba (say diu)

0 day st dung may hut am, vi tan dung nguon lanh ng1tng tu but hei
n1tdctrong dbng khong khi (dan lanh) sau do khong khi du'o'c say nong nho'
nho dan ngung tu va du'a vao buong sa'y.
So do nguyen ly hoat dong cua thie't bi nhu' sau:
vent say

BS

TL

f
I
Q
BN BH

CN

(fly NUdc ngUng

2 MN

~OQ%

1 d d

Hinh 7.5. So do nguyen ly thi et bi say di u

a) Se do nguyen ly'; b) Ca c q ua tr i nh t r en do tlii I — d
KHOIVG KHI AM 121

Tuong t0' nhu' cac tru'ang hqp triI8c ta co:

- Luqng khong khi car i thiet do quat cung cap trong 1 gia:
" =
G = "

, k ;kk/h (7.10)
~Ad d~ -d,
Gg -G,
G„=
" '

, kg/h - lu'qng nu'c'Ic can bay hei khoi vat sa'y trong 1 gio.

L du luqng khong khi can o nhiet do t , :

V = G/p~
(pz - khaki luqng rieng khong khi 6 t., )
- Lu'qng nhiitkhong khi nhan o binh ngu'ng tu:

Q = - ' G„ , k J / h (7.11)
d 3- d i

- Neu xem qua tr inh sa'y la I = const, thi n h iet l u qng can cua dan l a n h
Q„de lam lanh khong khi va rut am se la:
q, = G(IB — I,)

7.3 QUA TRINHBIEU TIET KHONG KHI

7.3.1. Khai nizam
1- D inh ngh i a

B ieu tiet k h ong kh i l a q u a t r 'inh tao ra va duy t r i k h o n g k h i c h o p h u

hqp dieu kientien»ghi cua con ngu'o'i,phu hqp vii mot cong nghe san xuat
che' biennao do. 0 day chung ta c'in phai kho'ng che: nhiet do, do am, su
iud thong va tuan hoan khong khi,khan bui va cac khi doc hai co trong
khong khi. Chung ta thu'ong dung cac khai nieni sau:
- Thong gio la qua trinh du'a khong khi t'ai ngoai t rodi (khong co xi' ly
v e nhiet do vh do am) vao trong nha (hoac phan xui ng ) de t ha i n h i et , t h a i
am va cac cha'tdoc hai cua khong khi trong nhh.
- Bieu tiet khong khi th awing dung cho rnot cong nghe san xua't nao do
trong cong nghiep.
- Bieu hoa khong khi la qua trinh xu ly khong khi cho dpi song tien
nghi cua con ngu'ai.Ne'u noi theo ngh i a rong thi he t ho'ng phai xu ly : n h i e t
do, do am, toedo luan chuyen cua khong khi, loc bui, thai khi ban va cung
cap khi terai de dam bao ve sinh va thoai mai cua con ngudi.
122 cHUONG 7

2- Ung dung trong cong nghiqp va dc' song con ngu'cN

Ung d un g t r o n g c o n g n g h i ep. d i e u t i e 't k h o n g k h i c a n c h o n h i e u
nganh kinh te' nhu: cong nghiep det, thuoc la, che, giay, xttDng in, ky thuat
t hong ti n v o t u y e n d i e n t t t , m a y t i n h , q u an g h oc, sin h h o c . . . B o a m v a
nhiet do khong khi la haithong so quan trong trong cac xuong san xuat.
Trong cac xi nghiep hoa chat thi v iec khu nhiet va chat doc hai dong vai
trb quan trong,con doi voi cac nganh quang hoc, dien ti, may tinh, phim
anh, co khi chinh xac ngoai viec phai xCf ly khong khi ve nhiet do va do am
cbn can xu' ly ve bui trong khong khi.
Ung dung c ho dpi s o 'ng con n gttai: c on n g u ii l u o n t h a i n h i e t q
(Kcal/h) va thai am W (g/h) vao khong khi xung quanh. Bang 7.1 cho tri so
c ua q va W t r ung binh cua mot n gttoi t r ong t r ang t ha i k hac nhau o nh iet d o
t rong phong t = 2 0 —: 35 C . Q u a n g h ien cu'u ngttai ta t ha y con n gttoi son g
de chiu trong cac dieu kien:
Bieu kien mua he:
35 . 7 0 c /c

24 —: 27'C
Bieu kien mua dong:
20 —: 23 "C
q) = 35 - . 40 c /c

Bang 7.1. Lu'qng nhiet va ant toa ra cua ce the ngtlo'i ram viec

Tfnh chit hoyt dqng q (Kcal/h) W (g/h)

Nght ngoi, ibm viec bAn giay 80 —:100 75+1 15

Lao dong nhq 150-. 200 85~200

Lao dong trung binh 200-. 250 140 ~280

Lao d5ng ning 250-:400 240-. 415

Ngoai ra toc do chuyen dong khong khi t r ong phbng co cung phai o
trong khoang gidi han nh5t dinh (bang 7.2).
Boi voi dieu tiet k h ong khi l ttqng gio mdi (gio tttoi) cap cho 1 ngttai
trong 1 gid vh boi so tur n h oan khong khi t r ong phong (lh ty so gi6 thoi
vho phong trenthe tich phong) duqc cho o bang 7.3.
KHONG KHI AM 123

Bang 7.2. Toc dri gio lu(in chuycn c'cir/ tl)ti.et:trong phong

Nhiqt dp trong phong ("C) Toc dq toi thieu (n.i/s) Toc dp t'ai da (m/s)

20 0,04 0,12

22 0,05 0,17

24 0,09 0,26
26 0,4

28 1,0

30 1,3

Bang 7.3. l./ /one >ihrct r:u u/» tria /u cua co the ngtlai turn t >iec

m /h
Ten phong t t/png g<o tucks (m /h nguoi) Bpt so tuan hoan ( )
m phong

Ciia hang 5n uong 30-: 50

Phong lam viec 3-:8

Rap hat, rap chieu phim 20-: 30 5-:6

Thr/ vien, kho 4 —:8

Benh vien (phong benh nhan) 60 5 —:8

Bep khach san 10-20

Phong phun son 20~25

7.3.2. Cac qua trinh xu' lykhong khi

1- Hoc t rain
D ong khong kh i t u'oi tit n goai trodi (dortg 1)) trttoc khi t h o i v a o p h o n g
t he(Tng dttac hoa t r o n vs dhng khong khi ttaI tuan hoan rut t if p hong ve
( dong 2). Qua t r in h 1 — 2 du'oc bieu dien tren do th i H . 7 .6. B iem 3 l a d i e m
hoa tron thoa man dang thCtc:
m, a
m2 b
6 day: m q ( k g ) - l ttang khong khi cua dong 1 (coi lttang khong kh i a m
b kng lttong khong khi k h o )
rn~ (kg) - lttong khong khi cua dong 2
B iem hoa tron 3 c6 khoi lu'cong m3 = rn>+m 2
 124 cHUdNG 7

Gio hoi
t2 (ft4
(P2 Buong 4
say I
I
2
(p = 100'/d
I I
I I
3 I

Q
Glo tucfi tt t4
tpt (p4

(p(

Quyt Cal o rife r d, ds d2

Hinh 7.6

2- Dot nong
Khong khi sau khi da duqc hoa t rain (diem 3) co the duqc dot, nong t'ai
diem 4 co t4 , y 4 v a data vao phong (vi du qua tr inh su<ii am). Trong qua
trinh do't nong vi hoi nu'dc charta trong khong khi k h ong thay doi nen qua
trinh nay d = const, do am y g i a m x u ong va n h ie t d o t t h n g l('.n.
d
3- ram lanh va gia m am

Gio thai

Giolanh
Phong
BHKK

Gio hoi

Nomic lanh (p(

(p= < oo'<o

t 2.=t 5
Q, I
I
G id tddl t, I
21 I
I
(Ag I
I
I
I

d2 d1

Nude ngung

Hinh 7.7

Khong khi sau khi hca tron dttqc ibm lanh va giam am (giam do chtfa
hai) trong buong xQ ly (buong dieu khong) (H.7.7). Lam lanh va giam am
dttqc thtfc hien boi viec phun noae lanh (nu'ac du'qc lam lanh trong binh boc
hei cua may lanh) hoac diqua dan boc hoi co canh cua may lanh (may dieu
hoa nhiet do, may hut am).
KHOIVG KHI AM 125

Khong khi 0 t r a n g th ai 1 ( t , , y, ) t r u dc t i en d u'oc lain l a nh d en n h i e t

d o dong suoiig t , ( d — const, y t a n g.", len va t g i a m x u ong). Sau do l a q u a
t rinh n g un g t u cu a hdi nu'dc trong k h ong kh i khi lam l anh dp i nhi e t d o
dong slang, qua trinh 2 — 2.Ket qua khong khi di ra 8 diem 2 co nhiet do
t2 va da tach du'oc lu'ong nuoc dd = 0 , — d2.

4- Tang a m

Khi can tang am (do chCra hoi) cho khong khi ngu'ai ta phun nitoc hoac
hoi Duoc vaokhor g khi trcng buong xi ly.Ne'u nhiet do nuoc phun nho han
n hiet d o k h cn g k h i t a c o qu a t r i n h t a n g a m v a l a m l a n h , n g uoc la i n e u
n hiet do nuoc phun lan hdn nh iet do kh ong khi t a co qua t r i n h t 5 n g am v a
dot nong khong khi.
Hdi nLIdc

a)

Nude lanh
bdm

b)
Hinh 7.8
a) Targ nh i et do Ua do a'm; b ) Gi am n hiet do va giam do dm

BAI TAP
7.1. Khong khi a m a ap sua't p = 1 bar c6 ahiet do t , = 2 5 C , d o Am t i tong
doi y, = 0,6.

Xac dinh phan ap suat hai n itoc p l „ n h i e t d o d ong suong t <, , d o chCfa
h ai d, entanpi I cua khong khi am, nhiet do nhiet ke stat t „ .
124

Giai
a) Phd'ng phap ':

vay: ' ".: = 0 p h. ; ,,

phmax
Tu' bang nude va hei n ude bao hoa vd ' . h — — t,= 25 C t i m d u d ea p
suat bao hoa tuang Crng ph„„„ = 0,03166 bar.

Vay phan ap suat cua hei.

ph — 0,6x C,03166 = 0,018996 bar = 0,019 bar
T if phan ap suat p h = 0,019 bar tr a b a n g n ude soi va ha i ba o hoa t i m
ddsc nhiet do bao hoa tu'ong Cfng la:
ts = 17' C = t d

Bo chua hoi dduqc tinh theo cong thCfc:

ph 0,019
'
d = 62 2 = 622 = 12 g/kgkk = 0 ,012 kg/kgkk
p — ph 1 — 0,019

Entanpi duqc tinh:

I = t + d ( 2 500 + 1,93 t) = 2 5 + 0 , 012 (2500 + 1,93x 25) = 56,6 kJ/kgkk
~) Phenng phap 2:
SCf dung do thi I — d hoac t — d.

q,=cow.

t, =25'C
q,=choo.j.

t4=tq

I
2I
t2=4s

Pn

d)

Tir do th i I — d d i e m 1 d u p e x6 c d i n h b D i g iao d iem cua d oing

ty = 25 'C vo i ddong y .= 0,6.

B ein g I = c o nst nao di qua diem 1 t a d o c dt:ac gia tr i cu a I , t r e n t r u e

KHONG KHI AM 127

T if diem 1 g i on g t h a»g dung (d = const) xuong gap d uang q) = 10 0 %

c ho ta diem 2, duang t = const neo di qua diem 2 ta doc duac t z — t <, . N e u
keo thang duang thang dung nao xucng gap duang p!, du'ac diem 3 giong
ngang sang phai se tim duac phan ap suit cua hai nuac (gia tri cho th eo
m m Hg), tie'p tuc keo thAng xuong true hoanh se tim duac do chua hai d , .
De tim n h i e t d o n h iet ke u'at t„ , t u d i e m 1 ke o t heo du'ang I~ = c on st
cho de'n khi cat du'ang !I! = 100/i ta xac dinh duac diem 4, duang t = const
nao di qua diem 4 t a doc duac t4 = t, .

7 .2. 10m k h o n g k h i a m a ap suat p = 1 bar co nhiet do t = 2 0 C , n h i e t d o

dong suang t, = 10' C .

Xac dinh do am tuang do'i q, do ch!ra hai d, entanpi I v a k hoi l uang

khong khi am G, khoi lu'ang rieng cua khong khi am p.

Giai
P!i

P I1111;IX

Tu bang nuac va hoi nuac bao hoa theo:

t = 20 "C t a t i m d u o'c p !„„.„. — 0,0234 bar
-

p!, — 0,0123 bar

-

0,0123
Vay: = 0 53 = 53c
0,0234
Theo (7.3) ta co:
- "
d = 0,622 "

= 0,622 = 0,00775 kg/kgkk

p — p!, 1 — 0,0123

Entanpi duac tinh t heo (7.5):

I = t + d (2500 + 1,93x 20) = 39,67 kJ/kgkk
Luang khong khi am:
G = G„ + Gk

Tu phuang trinh trang thai viet cho hai nuac vh khong khi kho ta tinh

P!i V 0,0123.10 x10

0,09 kg hai nuac
R„T 8314
(20+ 273)
18

P„V (1 — 0,0123).10 x10

R!,T (287 x 293)
128 CHUONG 7

G = 0 , 0 9 + 1 1 , 7 5 = 11,84 kg
Kho'iluqng rieng cua khong khi am:
G 1 1' , 8 4
p = — = = 1,184 = 1,2 k g / m
V 10

7.3. 1 kg khong khi am o ap suat p = 1 bar, nhiet do t = 15 C, phan ap suat

cua hei nQoc p> = 1270 N/m . Xac dinh do am tuang doi, nhiet do dong
suong t<,, do chu'a hoi d, entanpi I va khoi luqng rieng cua khong khi
am.
Dip so: q ) = 0,746; t ~ , = 1 0, 5' C

d = 8 g/kgkk, I = 35,1 kJ/kgkk, p = 1,21 kg/ m

7.4. 100m khong khi am a ip suatp = 1 bar, nhiet do t = 3 5 C , d o a m q ) =

70%.

Xac dinh do ch8a hai d, nhiet do dong suing td,, khoi luqng khong khi
kho G>, kho'i luqng hai noae Gh co trong khong khi am.
Dip so: d = 25,5 g/kgkk; t z , — 29'C
Gg -— 109 kg; Gh - — 2,78 kg

7.5. Khong khi am 0 p = 1 bar, nhiet do t = 3 0 C , d o chCfa hai d = 18 g/kgkk .

Xic dinh do am q , n h i e t d o dong suong t <, , ent anpi I , do chCfa hoi lan
Ilhk dh

Bip so: q ) = 0,66, t ~ , = 22,5'C

I = 76 kJ/kgkk , d „ „ . „= 27,5g/kgkk

7.6. Cho biet khoi luqng ban dau cua vat can say Gd = 300 kg, khpi luqng
s au khi say G, = 250 kg, thai gian say z = 10 gi0. Khong khi duqc dung
ibm tac nhan say co t = 20'C, ~ = 60%, sau khi ddqc caloriferdot nong
c o nhiet d o t 2 = 95'C. Khong khi sau khi qua buong say ddqc thaio
n hiet do t 3 = 3 5 ' C .

Xic dinh luqng khong khi can thiet d4 say, leqng nhiet va luqng nude
can thietcap cho calorifer neu hei c6 ip suat p = 1,5 bar.
Giai
a) Phu'Ong phap 1 (se dung do thi I - d)
KHONG KHI AM 1?9

Tu @ t.hi I - d (FI.7.1.( ) zoic dIi4

duqc chic thong so dhc tiung sau:
Dii'rn 1 : l a gi a o di e ) n c u a
duang q" = 60'/c v a t , = 20 ' C , t a

tlin duroc:
di = 0 , 0 0 9 kg/kgkk
y- 100 'o
I) = 4 2 k J r k gkk
8 i ~in 2: )6 gi a n ~ l i em ci a
d u'ang d ) = d g = c onst va d u a » g
t~ = 95' C , t a ti m du'qc:

Ip = 1 1 9 k J /kgkk HinIa T.14

(p.p = 3 , r .

Hie'rrr 3: l a giao diem cua hai duang h = c o nst va d uang tg = 3 5 ' C , d o

do tim duac:
(g
q). = 9 0% ; d. " ,= 0,033 kg/kgk

b) Phtiong plrcip 2 (dr'rng cong thdc tinlr. tocin)

Tu b a n g n u a c va h ai bao hoa ung vai ty = 20 C , ta co

pq~„„= 0,0234 bar, vay phan ap suat cua hainuac trong trong khi am:
Ph = q) p ) »(,. = 0,6 x 0 , 0 2 3 4 = 0 , 01 4 b a r

p),' 0,014
'
dy = 0,622 = 0,622 = 0,0088 kg/kgkk
p — p), 1 — 0,014

Iy = t g + d t ( 2 500 + 1 ,93t i )

2 0 + 0,0088 (2500+ 1,93 x 2 0 ) = 42,34 kJ/k gkk

Iz = t2 + dp(2500 + 1,934) vent dg = d)

95 + 0,0088 (2500 + 1,93 x 95) = 118,6 kJ/kgkk

Nhiqt luqng cung ca'p cho 1 kg khong khj kho qua calorifer la:
q = I . ,- I , = 1 18 , 6 — 42 ,3 .' = 75,66 kJ/kgkk

Vi qua trin h sa'y ly thuye't co Ig = lq = const, vay:

IP I3 t3 + d3 (2500 + 1,934 )
I.,-t,,
2500+ 1. 93t3 2 5 0 0 + 1,93x 35

Luqng ann lay di du'qc tu buong s."';~ung vai 1 kg khong khi kho se la:
Ad = ds - d , = 0,0326 — 0,0088 = 0,0238 kg/kgkk
130 cHUONG 7

Luqng nude can lay di tif vat say trong 1 gio:

Gd — Gc 3 00 — 250
Q 5 kg/h
10
Luqng khong khi can thie't:
G„ 5
210 kgkk/h
Ad 0,02 3 8
L0u luqng khong khi can thiet:
G 210
V 175 m /h
p, 1,2

Luqng nhiet can khi tinh chinh xac theo (7.8):

Q = (I , - I , ) -
dd
75,66 = 15.895 k J/h
Tinh gan dung theo (7.9):
~
Q d3 -d~
xG,' =
0,0238
x5 = 15.760 kJ/k

15895-15760
S ai so gip p h a i : 0 9%
15895
Tinh town so bo theo (7.10)

Q = 2500 x G „ = 2500 x 5 = 12 5 0 0 k J / h
Sai so gap phai k h o ang 21%.
Hoac tinh:

Q = h,Ix G = 75,6 6 x 2 10 = 15888,6 kJ/h

Sai so ghp ph"Ai 0,04!c.
Luqng hei nod'ccung cap cho calorifer theo (7.11):

Gh Q I

r
Tif bing nude vahei bao hba theo p = 1,5 bar ta c6 r = 2 .A 6 k J / k g ,
vay:
15895
-
G),
-

-
= 7,14 kghai/h
2226

7.7. Mot thiet bi st dung barn nhi jt de say san phd' c6 chic dieu kiln nhu
s au: Khong k h i v a o d a n n i n g c u a b orn nhij t c c t , = 30' C ,
(py = 80%, sau khi qua dan ngung khong khi duqc dot n6ng den
y~ = 92 C roi dna vao buong say. Khong khi sau khi rakhoi buong
KHONG KHI AM 131

s ay co do an i y „ = 80'ic. Kho'i lu'qng terai cua vat say la 550 kg, sau
thai gian say 4 gia san pha'rn kho con lai 450 kg. Xac dinh:
a) Luqng khong khi va lu'qng nhiet can cho qua trinh say.

b) Xac dinh cong sua't may nen cua barn nhiet ne'u biet he so barn nhiet
— 4.

c) Xac dinh luqng khong khi can ca'p cho dan boc hai cua barn nhijt ne'u
nhiet djkhong khi vao la 30'C va ra khoi dhn boc hai lh 20'C.
vl81

SQ dung do thi I - d (H.7.14) ta co:

- Biem 1: la giao diem cua 2 doing t) = 30'C , y , = 0 ,8.
Tif do thi tim deqc d, = 22g/kgkk, I, = 21kcal/kgkk.
Biem 2: l a g iao diem cua defang d, = d 2 = c o ns t v a i d d o n g
t~ = 92 ' C, tit do tim deqc I2 — 35 kcal/kgkk.

- Biens 3: la giao diern cua du'ang I3 = I2 = const vai defang y3= 80 /o,
tir do tim du'oc d3 = 41g/kgkk.

a) Luqng noae can boc hai cua vat say trong 1 gia:
550-450
4
Lu'qng khong khi can:
ll
G 1316 kg/h
hd
G 1316
V = - = = 1097m / h
p 1,2
Lu'ang nhijt can cho.qua trinh say:
I , -I , 35-21
Q = ' ID„ = x25 = 1 8 4 2 5 k cal/h = 2 1 , 4 k w
d3 — d ~ 0, 041 0. 022

b) Cong suat cua may nen:

'P = Q ~ N
- 5,35 kw
N
c) Nhiet d6n bo'c haI cua. barn nhiet nhan nhiet tif khong khi:
Q2 — Q — N =21,4 — 5,35 = 16,05 kw

Leqng khong khi can cho dan boc hai:

Q2 g pg '
132 CHUONG 7

Q 16,05
1,59 kg/s = 5.721 kg/h.
c pkxd t k 1,01x10

"
V = = = 4768 m ' / h
p 1,2

7 .8. Khong khi o t r ang thai dau co t , = 20 C , d j a m y, = 40lc duqc dot

nong t'ait~ = 80 C roi dna vao buong say. Khong khi ra khoi buong say
co nhiet do t> ——35 C. Xac dinh do chua hoi va do am cua khong khi
sau khi say, nhiet can thiet de boc hei 1 kg nude trong vat can say trong
1 gia.
Dap so': d> = 24g/kgkk, y ~ = 66%

Q = 3400 kJ/kgkk.
7.9.Vat can say co khoi lu'
ong ban dau G< = 300 kg, sau khi say kho con lai
G,= 260 kg, thai gian sa'y t = 8 g i a . Khong khi a t r ang thai dau co
t> — 30'C, q, = 0 ,7, sau khi duroc dot nong trong calorifernhiet do
-

khong khi ra =90'C va dirac dna vao buong sa'y.Nhiet do khong khi ra
khoi buong say tz -— 40 C. A p s uat kh i q u yen p = 1 b a r . B h n g p h edng
phap tinh toan (khong s& dung do thi I-d) xac dinh luang khong khi can
thiet, l angnhiet can thi et, do am tuang doi cua khong khi sau khi say.
3
Elap so'. G = 250 kg/h, V = 208 m / h

Q = 15.550 kJ/h , ( p~—- 70%.

7 .10. Khong kh i a m o t r a n g t h a i b a n d a u co ap suat p , = 1 b a r , t , =10 C,

q ), = 60%. Khong kh i a m n a y s a u d o dirac nen t heo qua t r i n h d a b i e n
v s n = 1 ,25 den t r ang t h a i 2 c o t ~ =6 0 C . Xe m k h ong kh i a m n h e k h i
ly too'ng de xu ly trong qudi. trinh nen.
a) Xac dinh ap sua't p~.
b) Xac dinh do am too'ng doi cua khong khi qz .
Bap so'. p> = 2,2557 bar; b ) y g = 13%

7.11.Dung may hut am de say (qua trinh say diu),cho biet cong suat cua may
nen N = 0,5 kw, heso lam lanh cua may c = 5. Nhiet do khong khi bao
hba khi quadhn boc hoi t,= 25'C, sau khi dot nong trong dan ngung tu
k hong khi co tz = 75 ' C, luqng nude bo'c hei khoi vat say
G„= 2,5 kg/h. Xac dinh n i n g suat lanh Q , cua may, luong nhiet dot
nong khong khi trong dan ning Q, nhiet do va do am cua qz khong
KHONG KHI AM 133

khi sau khi say, luong khong khi can G (luu l uring quat), l uringnuoc

<j13

t3

(p = 100%
t4
,4
II
l1
II I
I

cl ]

ngung tu a dan boc hoi trong 1 gia

Glal

D ung do thi I - d :
Biem 1 la giao die'm cua t, = 25 "C, y , = 1 0 0 / c . Tu do ti m d u oc:

dl = 0,02 kg/kgkk vh I = 1 7 , 5 k g k k = 73,15 kJ/kgk k

Biem 2 la giao diem cua duo'ng t., = 75' C v a d > -— d> —
- 0,02 kg/kk .
tim duoc I., = 31 kcal/kgkk
¹n g suat lanh Q„cua nowaylanh duoc x ic dinh:

Q.
N
cN = 5 x 0 ,5 = 2,5 k w

Nhiet l uring dodan»gung tu ton ra QN duqc xac dinh:

Q~ = Q „+ N = 2 , 5 + 0 ,5 = 3 k w

K hi bo qua ton that nh iet th t n h iet l u ong dung lam l an h k h on g kh i v a

t ac am chinh la Q, :

Q„ = cN = 2,5 kw
2,5 x 3600 = 9000 kJ/h.
Mat khac ta co:

Qp = Ic (3 — Il)

Gk - luuluong khoi luang khong khi qua dhn lanh

Luu luqng nuoc ngung tuG„g duac tinh:
134 cHUONG 7

Gng = Gkh d = G g ( d 3 — dr )

Do do:
G„" . I -I
G„ =
va Q, = 'G„-
d3 dr d3 dr
Vi dochCfa hai d cua khong khi am rat nho nen tinh gan dung co the
x em I = c >, mat k ha c n h iet dung rieng cua k h on g k h i x e m
-
= 1 kJ/kg'C nen:
c>

tg tl G
Q0 Ag
d3 d 1

Thay cac tri so da biet vao ta tim dirac:

(75-25)
d3 — 0,02+ = 0,034 k J / k g k k
-

9000
Tif do thi I - d, diem 3 dirac xac dinh theo dieu kien d3 — 0,034 kg/kgkk
va I3 -— Iz —
- 129,6 kJ/kgkk, ket qua tim du'ac t3 = 4 0'C , y 3 = 70 / c
Lou leang khong khi can t h ie t (l ~ l u ' ang quat) G < .
G„, -
Gg 178,6 kg/h
"

-
-

- -

b,d 0,03 4 — 0,02

GI 178,6
V =
149 3/h
p 1,2
Luang noae boc hai tu' vat say cung ch in h l a l u 'ang noae ngrrng tu cua
d an lanh: G „ „ = G „g = 2 , 5 k g / h
7.12.Trong qua trinh say diu, cho cong suat cua may hut am N = 1 kw, he so
• l arn l a n h c = 3. Nhiet do khong khi bao hoa qua dan boc hai
t, = 2 5 C , n h i e t d o k h o n g k h i s a u k h i d o t n o n g t r o n g d a n n g r rng
tz = 80 C. Luang noae boc hai khoi vatsay G, = 3 kg/h.
Xac dinh ning suat lanh Q, cua may, leang nhiet can dot nong khong
k hi tr ong dan n g ung Q , n h ie t d o t 3 , d o a m r Ir3 cua k h ong kh i k h i r a
k hoi buong say, nhiet do dong sl ang t < , lu'ang khong khi G can t h i e t .
Bap so: Q, = 1 0 . 800 kJ/ h; Q =10.800 kJ/h
t 3 = 43 C , ( p3 = 60%, t 4 = 3 7 C , G = 2 0 0 k g / h .

7.13. Bhi toan cho nh u ba i 7 . 12, xac 6„

tn rn
dinh luang nhiet khong khi nha ra
khi di qua dan boc hai theo cong
thCfc 7.16, xet sai so gap phai. Q,
Bap so: Q =11546 kJ/h, sai so 7%.
KHONG KHI AM 135

7 .14. Mot da n l a m l a]]h khong khi

tu'oitrong he thong dieu hoa
khong khi can la m l anh lu'o'ng q), = 70%
khong kh i G k — 10000 kg/h, t, = 35'C
k et qu a d o d u'uc: Nhiet d o
k hong khi vao dhn 1 anh
t]= 3 5 ' C , q) ] = 70'i c , n h i e t y,= 90%
y — 100'/
d o khong kh i r a n g oai d a n I

l anh t2 = 15' C , ~p . = 9 0 ' / c . i t2=15 C

I
I
Dan lanh su' dung neo'c lam I
I
l anh va o t ' „ = 6'C v a n h iet I
I
d o nunc lanh ra t " „ = 11'C.
d2

X ac d]n i l
a) Nang suat lanh cua da]] lanh Q , ( k i i ).
b) Ltd Idling nu'oc lanh qua dan lanh qu; ] dan G„ ( k g/h >.
c ) Lu'u lgong n].toc ng8ng tu G „ „ .

Giai

Tif do thi I - d t i m d u'ac

- Biem 1 : V 6'i t ] = 35 C ; t p] = 70% tim dirac

I, = 24 kcal/kgkk = 100,3 kg/kgkk

d, = - 25 g/kgk k = 0 ,0 2 5 k g / k g k k
- Biem 2 V d i t z -- 15 C ; q2 = 9 0 ' ~c ti]n d u q c

I2 -
— 24 kcal/kgkk = 3 5 ,9 kJ/kgkk
d2 9 5 g/kgkk p pp95 k g /kgkk
a) Ning suat ibm lanh cua dhn lanh Q,:
10000
Qo = Gk(I] I 2) = ( 1003 — 359) = 17 8 9 k W
3600
b) Lou ltIong nude lanh G„ dupe xac dinh tir dieu kien can bAng nhiet
(nhiet dung dich rieng cua nude cp 4 1 8 k J / k g ' C . K hoi luang rier.g cua

neoc p„ = 1000 kg/m3 .) :

n pn (t "n 'n)
=
Qo = G k ( l] I 2)
1:56 CHUONG 7

1 7 H.!)
H,5G k <>/s =: i t >i 1;) kg/h
P <1 <) '1. 18(11 — 6l

V„ 30,8 m /h

"
7 .15. Trong mj t t h i l"'.t bi cua he t h ong d ieu t ie t k h o »< kh l < < l ><i„ l h < » l «
k hi h o a t r o n v a i n h a u : d o n g 1 c o t h o n g s < l t l - 3 1 (' , <, l , = 80/< ,

G, = 600 k g /h , d on g k h on g i % i t h u ' 2 : t . , = 2 " ( ' . 60 "/c,

G., = 150kg/h. Ap suat khi trai B = 1 bar

Xac di»h thong so trang thai cua hon hap khi.

Gla l
Tu' do t.hi I - d tim dirac
T l'<l»g f,hfli 1 :
t ., = 3 1 ' C I, = 90 kJ/kgkk
(p, = 8 0 % d, = 23 g/kgkk

Tl a»g thai 2:
t, =31 C I., = 90 k J / k g k k
— e
(p = 80% d., = 23 g/kgk k

N eu goi l0u l uong k h o»g kh i k h o l a G l ~ va k h o n g k h i a » l l a G , t h l

ta co Quail he:
I '% Gl 600
' l l'k 585,6 kg/h
1 + 0. 00 1d l 1+ 0 , 023

G~l;k 148,5 kg/h

1+ 0. 001d. ) 1+ 0, 0098

Sau khi holi hap ta c6:

GlkkIl + G ~l,.~lq 5 86.5x23 + 148,5x 9 8
G,kk + G~kl, 586,5+148,5

Glkkdl + G'>kkd p 586, 5x 90+ 148, 5 x 47

3
G,l,l, +G~l,l, 586,5+148,5
Biet I3 va d3 tB do thi I - d tim dur oc:

t3 91Cj ql3 8 0 7c j td 26 3 C j t ds 25 3 C

Cung co thetinh gan dung nhu s."u:Biem 3 nam trcng doan thAng noi
diem 1 va 2 tren do th.' I - d.
KHONG KHI AM 137

13 G>)k 1485 1 1
Gi|,.x 586,5 3. 95 4

Tren do I - d dein doan 12 chin t h a»h 5 «los» » h o t a se xac din h d u ac

diem hon hap 3. Bong tho'i tu do thi t» » duac:
I~ = 81,3 kJ/kgkk d ~ — 20,3 g/kgkk t., = 2 9. 1 C
(p i = 80" t „ = 26 ,3 C t „ , = 25,3 ' C

7.16. Mot h e t h ong may l anh co binh n guiig tli d uac gi6i n h i et b a ng k h o n g
k hi. K h on g kh i a m t r u a c kh i v a o d h n I ; i ii h c o t h o n g s o t , = 2 5 C
«p> — 70 ~i, k hong khi r a
-

k h o i « la» l a nh 4 k h o » « k h i a m b a o h o a c o

nhiet dpi tha'p han nhiet do khong khi vho 5 C . l u u l u ang quat gio dan
l anh G , = 2000 kg/h. He so' lain la»h cua may I~iih c = 4. Ap suat k h i
troi B = 1 bar.

Ti»h » h i e t do va do ain khoiig khi ra khoi da» nong (dan ngung tu) biet,
k ho»g k h i v a o d a n ii o n g c o t . , = 3 0 ' C , <p., = 70'c l u u l u an g q u a t
G, = ~000 kg/h (su dung phuo'iig ph;ip tiiih to6» co kiem tr a Iai bang do
t hi I - d ).
nap so': t , = 3 1 ,5 'C < p i = 63, 5~c I> — 80,2 kJ / k g k k .

7.17. Trong niot phong dieu hoa khong khi. ain ke kho — uat do duac nhiet do
»hiet ke kho t k — 40" C va nhiet. ke uat t„ = 25" C.

a) Diing phuang phap tinh toan xac dinh cac t.hong so I, «p, d, t,i, .

b ) Bien dien tren do thi I - d v a b ang phua»g phap do th i k i ei » t r a l a i

ket qua tinh town. Ap suat khi t.rai I3 = 1 bar.
Oap so: I|,. — 76 kJ/k gk k q ) ii = 3 0

«li i = 0,() 14 kg/kgkk t iis = 19.6"C

7 18. K h on g k h i a m a t ra n g t h a i 1 co t h o n g s o n hu s a u : N h i e t do
40 "C «p] = 20 c, n eu viec phun nuac vao dong khi de ha n h i e t d o
x uong (xem nhu qua trinh co entanpi khong doi) den trang thai 2.

a) Dung do I - d xac dinh nhiet do tha'p nhat co the d a t d uac t g » , » cua

dong khong khi ra.
b ) Neu k h ong kh i a t r a n g t h a i t = 40 C v a d o a m y = 80 ie, b i n g

phuang phap phun am nhiet do to'i thieu co the dat duac la bao nhieu?
Co nhan xet gi?
Dap so: a ) t >„ „ „ = t „ = 22 ' C

b) t ,„,„ = 3 7 ' C
7 .19. So do thiet bi xu ly k h ong khi am va cac thong so cho tren hlnh v e .
Khu' am gia nhiet

Khong khi
I
II I o
ti = 28 C 'p>=70;,o
I o' t 3- 2 4 C
100%t I
V=5Dm Iph
I
I p>- tbar
I I I
I n 3= 40 ' o
I I
I
I
(p2 = 100%
t2
long bao hoa
d tp , m ~

Xac dinh:

Nhiet do khong khi am sau khi khCl am.

Luqng nu'oc ngung

Nang suat lanh de khan am va nhiet lu'

qng cap cua bo gia nhiet.
Giai
G oi htu jeqng khoi l e qng k h ong kh i k h o l a r n , v a lo u l uqrlg khoi l d o n g
c ua nuOc nglrIlg la m , „ v a c u a h ei. nod'c la m „ t a c o :
= ln~g = rI1~
m~r
- m,„+ rn„.,
m„> -

rn„, = m ,dz vh t a co d z —
- d3 nen :
L ou luqng cua khong kh i k h o (coi nhu kh i l y t e a ng) duqc tinh :
tpr P 1) 1
R,T
t, = 28 C tra bang cac tinh chat nhict dong cua nooc va hei nuoc tren
doing bao hoa tim du'qc phn,,„ — 0,03811 bar -

- - 0 , 7 x 0 , 0 3 81 1 = 0 , 0 2 667 bar
pt„ tI),pt,n,,„

A p suat rieng cua khong kh i k h o :

p„ = 1-phr = 0 , 9 733 bar

0,622 0,02667 0,01699 kg/kgkk

0,9733
I, = t, ' '2500+ 2t, )d, = 28 + (2500 + 56) 0,01699 = 7 1 , t:2 k JPc kk

T rang thai 3 co t . , = 24 ' C , y 3 -— 40 tra bang hei nude tim du'qc:

KHONG KHI AM 139

(~') = ~()" (

<1'~ = , ()".~i

t , =28 C

t ,=2 4 C (p = 100"/o

t3 -— t, = 24 'C ~ p3 1, „.„ — 0,03 bar

-

p3], = 1 — ph3 — 0,4 x 0,03 = 0 , 0 1 2 bar

I3 t 3 + (2500 + 2 t3 ) d 3 = 24 + (2500 + 48) 0,0075 = 4 3 ,27 kJ / k g k k

Trang t ha i 2 l a k h o n g kh i a m ba o hoa nen q] 2 = 100 / c v a d ~ = d 3

0,0075 kJ/kgkk, tu day ta co:

"-'
0,062 = 0,622
1 — p)z 1- p)3

a: Ph2 = Ph3

Voi: — p]3„, — p],.>

- - 0 ,012 bar (v l q ]., = 1 0 0 / c ) t r a b a n g h o i
p]3
n ude tim duac t ~ = 9,6' C
12 = t.p + ( 2 5 0 0 + 2t , 2 ) d p = 9,6 + (2500 + 1 ) ,2) 0,00755 = 2 8 , 6 1 k J / k g k k .

p„] x V ] (09733 . 1 0 ' )(50)

R„T, 287 x 301

i11y] d, xnan,, = 0 , 1 699 x 5 6 , 34 = 0 , 9 572 kg/kgkk

N in g suat la m l a n h ;
Q„ = ]n , ( I, — I2 ) + ]n,„c, „, t,

5 6,34 (71,42 — 28,61) + 0,5319 x 4,18 x 9 , 6

2412,3 + 21,3 = 2433,6 kJ/Ph
0 day: m„, = m„ (d , - d 2 ) = m , ( d , — d3)

56,35 (0,01699 — 0,00755) = 0,5319 kg/ph

Nin g suat gia nh iet QH .

QH -— m„(I3 — I2) = 56,35 (43,27 — 28,61) = 826,1 kJ/ph

7.20. Sd do thiet bi dieu am va cac thong so nhu hinh ve

- Xac dinh nh iet do khong khi ra t3 va do am tl]3

'. 10 CHUONG 7

Hoi n</oc bao hoa m„, =1kg/ph

t p= l0 0 C

0 S
I I
m, = 200kg/p h I
t~
II
t,=35 C
I
<,l~
<<~I =40/'
I
I
I

- Neu luring ho i nl„z -— 5 kg/ph va 6 k g /ph t h t n h i c t d o v a d o a m d o n g

khong khi ra la bao «hieu.
Gla l

T ra«g thai 1: t , = 35' C t r a b an g ha i « doc bao hoa titn du'qc

pt) .. = 0,05622 bar

pth q,p,h,„.„ - 0 , 4 x 0 , 0 5 62 2 = 0 , 0 225 bar

l-p„, = 0,9775 bar

0 .622 ' = 0 ,0149 kg/kgkk

0.9775

It = tl + ( 2 5 0 0 + 2 t t )d t—- 35 + (2500 + 70)0,0 149 = 7 3 ,29 k J/kgkk

Voi t hong so D trang tha i 1 t a co :

m,t d t x In, = 0,0 149 x 2 0 0 = 2,98 kg/ph

G~, Iq

Hai phun vao o trang thai 2 cop = 1 bar v a m „ ~ = 1kg/p h ta co:

i "~ = 2 6 7 6 k J / kg ; r~ = 2257 kJ/k g

m„ ~ = m „, + m „ ~ = 2 ,9 8 + 1 = 3,98 kg/ph

t rong do: ma - ltN luong cua khong kh i k h o ; m „ - l o u l u'o'«g cua hei «ei c
Qq — — Q, +Qq - 14658 + 2676 = 1 7334 kJ/ph

d3 --
my'
( vt m „ = m , z -— m, )
nlrb

3,98
— 0,0199 kg/kgkk
'

=
d~ -

200
KHOAIG KHI AM

() 1 ' )')
I., = ~<', 7 I;.J/kgk k
200
+ t !' ~ ! — St, / — t 3 + ~ 2 o 0 +
' )(') .i( )n.
-
T a t» u d U(1c: t ! -
= ' )) :) , ;) C
1. 03')8
V(<i: t 3 — 35, 5 <.: t I t ' t r» d t fqc p > ,„„ „ .= 0,06 bar

tl = 0.62 2 P'h 0,019S kg/kgkk

1 — pJI

Do do: pst, — 0,0308 bar

-

p3h 0308
51 3c/c

Tinh toan t tfo'ug ttf »eu phuu 5 kg hei/ph ta co:

t '3 = 3 6 , 9 ; y '3 = 93,8; c

N e'u phun 6 kg h a i l 'ph ta co :

t "3 — 3 9 ' C ; y "3 = 96c r '

Tif day chung ta n h 'tu t hay kh i d ung hoi ntr'oc de ihru tAng ; tru rthit.t clo
dong khong khi t 5ng kh oug dang ke trottg khI do do an> cua hoi t,;tug rn ret.
t„, =33 C
7.21. Thiet bi ho a t r o n ha i d oug
t„ =2 9 C t
k hong kh i a m b o t r i nhu
h inh ve , 10u l u qug d o ug Qi
I
t hief hai gap doi d ong t h 8 I
P2 I
I
(l)

n hat, c a c t h o n g so cau t)~ -16 C

0
I
I
t hiet c h o t r e u h r n h . X a c t„p -12 C
0 I

dinh nhiet do va do am tp3 V , =2 V p

0;ip an: t 3 -— 21,17 C q 3 -— 78,8 rc

7 .22. Cho mot t h i e t b i p h u n I

I
im bo' tri uhu hinh ve. P)~ = 90kg/ph
I I
0 I
T ron g do k h on g k h i tq) =22 C
I
I d2
v ao co n h ie t d o n h i e t t„, = 9 C I
k e kho t k r = 22' C v h I

nhiet do n h iet k e u'ot 2

t„, = 9'C, cac thong Hoi bao hoa kho co

so co n l a i ch o t ren t = 110 C , m „ = 52kg/h

hinh.
 cHUONG 7

X kc dinh: t > v a y 2

D aP so: t 2 = 2 4 ' C , y 2 = 6 1, 5 %

7.23.Cho hai dong khong khi am hoa tron de tao dong thCf 3, so do bo tri va
thong sc nhu hinh ve.

3
V, = 142m /ph
0
= 5C
0 t = 0,002kg/kg kk

V2 = 425ITI lph

t2 = 24 C
q>p = 50%

X ac dinh t z v a d3
B aP s o : t 3 = 19' C

d3 = 0,0074 kg/kgkk

7.24. Sa do nguyen ly hoat dong cua mot t hap giai n h it" t va chic thong so can
nhu hinh ve.

ttt
0 7
tq- 38 C, rrni= 4,5.10 kg/h

I
r

4
mg

t>-2 5 C,. q>~ =35%

0
t~=20 C t >=30 C , m > = m ,

m5
O2
KHONG KHI AM 143

Xac dinh lu'u luorlg k)long khi "an t h iet qua t ha p va l uong nuoc bo sung
cho thap.
Giai
Tu phurmg trinh can bang kho'i luong luu, luqng cac dong chat long
trong thap nh u sau:
-
m„3 -

m,4
m I + I115 + m 3 In 2 + I n 4

v i: m , = m2 nen m5 = rr1„4 — m„3

tron@ do: rn„ -luu luong dong khong khi kho (do quat hC>tqua thap)
ml va rn2 -lou luong dong nude qua barn va hinh ngung.
m„ - lu'u lrrqng dong hai nuac chua trong khong khi am.
m5 - lou luang nuOc bo sung.
m„3
-

— d3rn, , m „ 4 -— d4m,
Do do: m, = m , (d 4 - d 3 )
0 tr ang t hai 4 : t 4 = 35'C ta tim duac p4h„„„= 0,05622 bar
p4h — y 4 p 4 h „,„„ - 0,9 x 0 , 05622 = 0 , 0506 bar
va p4a = 1 - p 4h = 0,9494 bar

d4 — 0,622 ' -

= 0,03315 kg/kgkk
0,9494
0 tr an g t h a i 3 : t 3 = 25' C t a c o p 3h„„„ - -

0,03166 bar
- 0,35x0.03 166 = 0,03315 kg/kgkk
p3h

p3, = 0,9889 bar

d = 0 ,622 ' = 0,00697 k / k k k

0,9889
Viet phuong trinhcan bhng ning luringcho thap giai n h iet t a co :
n 1 I 3 + I 1 Il c p It I + rrl 5 c p 5t 5 r n, I 4 ™ 2 p2 2 (a)
Neu xenr nhiet dung rieng cua nuac cp 4 1 8 k J /k g do, phuong trinh
(a) co the vie't lai nhu sau.
m„I3+ I n l c t , + m , ( d 4 — d3)c t5 = m ,I4 + m , c ~t 2
trong do:
I3 - — t3+ (2500+ 2t3) d3 — 25 + (2500 + 50) 0,00697 = 42,7735 kJ/kgkk
I = t +( 2 5 0 0 +2 t ) d = 35 + ( 2 5 00 + 70 ) 0,03315= 120,19 kJ/kgk k
Do do:
m , x 42,77 + (4,5 . 10 ) 4,18 x 38 — m, (0,03315 — 0,00697) x 4,18 x 2 0

m, x 1 2 0) 19 + (4 )5 . 10 ) 4 ) 18 x 30

7 5 237 ma = 150>48 . 10
 CHUONG 7

m„ = 2.0 . 10 kgkk/h
Lu'u lu'qng khong khi am do quat hut qua t hap giai n h ie t 1 I:
nl = n l ~ + d I »I .) = In.)(l + ( l I )

1 ,00697 x 2 , 0 . 10 = 2,01394 . 10 k g / h
Lu'u lu'a»g nude bo sung:

m5 -
— m„(d4 — d3) = 0 , 0 2 6 18x 2,0 . 10
0 05236 0 '
0 ,02618 = 2 ,62%
2,0.10'

7 .2~. So do nguye» l y h o~ t d on g cua t h i e t b i t u 'ong t u ba i 7 .2 4 n h uh g c a c

thong so thay doi nllu' sau:
t) —- 30 'C

35 'C ml — 250.000 kg/h

t2 17,5 C

t3 - -

15 'C (p 30clc

Xac dinh l u'u luqng k h on g k h i q u a t h a p g i a i n h i e t v a l u a n g n u'etc bo

sung.
BaP so : In „ = 276.512 kgkk/h

m„= 5531,3 kg/h (2,2/c)

 Chu'cong

CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH

Thie't bi lanh la thiet bi thuc hien theo nguyen ly Carnot, nhan nhiet
t ir nguon la nh , t h a i n h iet cho nguon nong va t ie u hao cong. Th iet b i l a n h
nhhm tao ra nhiet do thap hon nhiet do moi tnfang xung quanh de phuc vu
cho cac qua trinh cong nghe va dieu' tie't khong khi. Be danh gia mac do
hoan thien cua chu trinh nguai ta dung ty so giCfa luang nhiet lay dupe tir
buong lanh va cong tieu hao cua chu trinh goi la he so lam lanh c :
q, jq, I
t. q , —I q„ I

D day: q, - la nh iet l eqng cha't moi giai thai cho nguon nong.
q,- nhiet lu'ang chat hanoi giai lay tif nguon lanh
Chu trin h l y t u 'ong cua thiet bi l anh l a chu t r i n h C a r not n g uqc xoa va
he so lam lanh cua no dirac tinh:
T,
T-T„
t rong do: T - n h i e t d o cua nguon nong (' K )
T, - nhiet do cun nguon lanh ( ' K )
Be phuc vu cho nhieu loaicong nghj kh6c nhau n en thiet b i l a n h c o
cau tao rat da dang, trong phan nay chung ta chi de cap den nhCfng dang
tung doi pho cap.
8.1.CHU TRINH MAY LANH DUNG KHONG KHI
So do thiet bilanh dung khong khi va chu trinh cua no duroc the hien
tren H.8.1 vh H .8.2.
146 CHUONG 8

~e%
P2.
3

I
I
IV Go I
pa I
I
I
S

Hinh 8.1 Hinh 8.2

Khong khi tif buong lam lanh I hu t vao may nen II , sau do duac nen
len vai ap suat va nhiet docao. Khong khi nay duqc day sang buong lam
mat III, 8 day khong khi t hai r a nguon nong mot nhiet luqng q, v a deqc
hut vao xylanh gian na IV de gian na va nhiet dogiam xuong thap. Khong
khi co nhiet do thap nay du'ac day qua buong lam lanh, hap thu luong nhiet
tu nguon lanh q2, khong khi senong dan len va dirac tiep tuc dna ve may
n en, chu trinh d ude lap lai :
ll — 14 = Cp(T, —T4 )

Cong tieu hao cua may nen:

Lmn = l~ — ll = c~ (Tq — T )

Cong nhan diracte xylanh gian na:

Lx = ls — 14 cP(Ts — T4 )

Cong tieu hao cua chu trlnh:

~o = Lm n — / x (8.4)
Ban vi cua q,va lo lh kJ/kg hoke kcal/kg. Tuy theo ning suat lanh yeu
cau la Q, - kJ/s hoac kcal/h ma tim dirac lou luong turn hoan cua lanh chat
t rong thiet bi : I

0 = Q.' kg/h (8.5)

qo
He so ibm lanh trong treong hqp qua trinh nen va gian nD la qua
trinh doan nh iet (S = const);
Iq, I Iq, I Tl T4
E, (8.6)
q,— Iq, I 1, T2 Tl T3 T4

Cong suat lythuyet cua dong co:

CHU TRINH TH('ET Bl LAlVH 147

r-. l,, k~- (8.7)

neu l, —k'/kg vh G - kg/s

8.2 CHUTRINH HIET BlLANH DUNG HOI CO MAY NEN

M ay lan h d i ing hoi h ien nay dLrryc st't dung rat p h ~ c ap, tu y t h e o y e u
cau cong nghe va -ky thuat ... ten may co nhieu dang khac nhau.
Lanh chat du'qc su' dur.g pho cap hien nay la Amoniac NH3, Freon (ky
h ieu la R h o a c F n h i f R .- , Rig, Rg2 nhttng tr ong t u'k g l a i cac lanh chat
nay se bi cain vi anh hu8ng den moi trttong, lanh chat co th e t hay t he' dan
se la R - 134a, R - 123 ....
I- Clccc trinh ma y ln n h m jt c a p

So do nguyen lymay lanh dung hoi the hien tren H.8.3 a

T rong may l anh dung hoi, van tiet l m 3 d i fqc sir dung de thay th e ch o
xylanh gian nD.

Igp

BN 2

p 3

MN
TL

BH
D

b)

A - may nbn 8 - t h irst bi ngifng tp (dkn ngung)

C - van tiet lily D - t hirst bi boc hai (dhn Iynh)

Hinh 8.8

Hai lanh cha't sau khi ra khoi dhn lanh (thttctng la ho'i bao hba kho
hoac hei qua nh i et) b tr ang thai 1 dtrqc hut vho may nen o a p s uat p , , s a u
do hei dttqc nen doan nhiet. den ap suat p2(diem 2). Ra khoi may nen hei
d i vao binh nguhg tu, trong qua trinh ngm g t u p 2 — const hei sc thai n h i e t
cho moi truing xung quanh va bien thanh lc ng bao hoa (diem 3). Chat long
ngung tu khi ra khoi binh ngung qLa van tiei. lou, ap suat giam tif p2den
148 CHUONG 8

p ,, n h ie t d o s o i cu a n io i c ha t c un g g ia m t h eo, chat l on g k h i r a k h o i v a n
t ie't lou la ho i ba o hoa am ( d iem 4 ) co e n t anpi i „ = i 3 . H o i b a o h o a a m d i
vao binh bo'c hoi nhan n h i e t cua vat ca n la m l a n h 8 a p s ua t p > — const va
bien thanh hoi bao hoa kho (hoac hei qua nhiet), sau do duo@ hut ve may
nen. Chu trinh duqc the hien tren do thi lgp-i nhu H.8.3b.
B oi vdi chu tr i n h :
q, = i2 — i3, k J/k g (8.8)
Iq2 I = i , — i4, k J /k g ( t r ong do i4 -— i3) (8.9)
Il, I = i 2 — i,, kJ/kg (8.10)
Ning suat lanh cua may
Q. (8.11)
G (kg/s) - Lm luqng tuan hoan cua lanh chat.
C ong suat cua may nen :
N = G . I l l , kw (8.12)
H e so lam laah :
Q. (8.13)
N I I, I

Thong thawing hei duoc hut tif buong lanh ve may nen la hoi qui n h i et
(tuy theo loai may nen ma do qua nhiet co yeu cau khac nhau), ngoai ra
qua trin h t i e t l u u l a qua t r i n h c o to n t h a t , d e g iam t o n t h a t n a y t r o n g ca c
t hiet bi l a n h t h e e te co bo tr i t h e m b o p han ho i n h i et . Sa do nguyen ly c u a
thiet bi l oai nay duoc bieu dien t ren H . 8 .6.
H oi sau khi r a k h o i d a n boc hei ( dan l a nh ) 8 t r a n g t h a i 1 c o n h i e t d o
vh ap suat t ha p d i va o b in h h o i n h i e t H N ( b i n h n a y x e t v e p h i a h o i n g u ai
ta goi la binh qua nhiet, xet ve phia l ong con goi la binh qu6 l anh), no
nhan nhiet cua chat long tu' binh ning (lam nhiet dj cua ch5't long n'og
giam tif t3 den t3') va qu6 nhiet he(i bao hba o' trang thai 1 thanh hei qu5
nhiet 0 trang thai 1' roi duroc hut ve may nen, qul tr inh tiep l eaplai nhe cu.
Chu trinh nay duroc bieu dien tren do thi T - S vh lgp - i nhu H.8.4 va
H.8.5
Trong truing hap nay duqctinh:
Q, = Gq2 = (i, - i 4) , kw (8.14)
N G I tp I G (i 2 — i, ), kw (8.15)
Nhiet trao doi trong binh hoi nhiet Qh .
CI-IU TRIIVH THI~i F.! I.Ah.'H 149

Qh = G qh = <('1 (8. 16)

Ig p
fi/

I I
3
1 2
tq,
3'

Pi
» 4
4

Hinh 8.4 Hinh 8.$

BN

MN

HN

BH

Hinh 8.6

C hung ta n ha n t h a y d o co qu", lanh c ha t l on g n g ung ( t r ong b in h h o i

nhiet) nen q., = i > -i,, l a lan hon q,, = i, - i , eua chu t . i n h k h on g co qua
lanh
2- Chu tr irch may lgnh hai cap ( ho ac cchi ecc veep)

Trong trdong hqp he tho'ng may lanh co do lanh qua sau (nhiet do boc
h oi qua t ha p so voi n h iet do moi t r u i n g ) , t y s o ne n t 5 n g cao dan de n t o n
t hat cong nen, tie't lou va cac ton that phu k h6c tang, nang suat lanh r i e n g
giam neu dung may nen 1 cap. Be kh,ic phili c dieu nay thawing d
u ng may
n 6n nh ie u ca'p, cr n h ie u l oai sa <.o n<':uyen ij k h a c n h a u , mo i l o a i c o u u
didym rieng. Sau day chung ta chi xet 1 loai so do tuang doi pho cap de hieu
ve phedng phip tinh toan (H.8.7).
150 cHUOlvG ~

NCA

LTG

BTG

QL
NHA
TL1 TL2 BH

I
5

NCA — Nen cao cap, B N - B i n h ngung tu; TL 1 - Van tiet luu 1

BTG - Binh trung gian; I TG - Binh lam mat trung gian

NHA - Nen ha ap; BH - Binh boc hei; TL2 -Van tietlou 2

Hinh 8.7. Sodo nguyen Iy mciy nen oui cap

Bo thi T-S va1gp-i dirac bieu dien tren H.S.8 va H.8.9.

l gp

5' 5

5' )
\ 3
l

)8
I
6 6' 1 1'

Hkni' S.S Hinge 8.9

Cac qua trinh nhiet dong tht'c hien nhe sau:

1'-2. Qua tr'.nh n6n dnan nhiet trovg may nen ha ap NEiA
2-3. Qua trinh 1an m a t p = ~. -inst trong binh iam mat trung gia,> 1.,TG
CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 151

2'-O'. Lam n>at hoi trong b inh triang gian BTG

3-4. Nen doan nhiet trong may rien cao ap NCA

4-5. Ngu'ng t'ai =const trong binh ngung BN
5 .5'. Cha't long ngu'ng tu du'oc qua lanh trong binh qua lanh QL
5 '.8. Mot p h a » l on g d a qua l an.h du'ac tiet l u u q u a T L 1 d e l a m m a t
binh trung gian, hoi tao thanh la hei bao hoa am (diem 8) o ap suat trong
b inh t r u n g g i a n p 2 , h o i a m n a y t a c h r a t h a n h c h a t l o n g n g uh g 8 t r o n g
binh (didym F)va hei bao hi;a kho r".khoi binh vao may nen cao ap NCA
(diern 3).
5'.7. Qua trinh qua lanh phan lan chat long ngang tif binh QL t r ong
ong xoan dat t r ong binh tr ung gian (BTG).
7.6'. Qua trinh tiet lu'u chat. long sarong van tiet lou 2, TL2 (thong thu g
«hiet do a diem 7 cao hon nhiet do trong binh trung gian (2 —: 3 C).
6'-1. Qua trinh bo'c hei nhan nhiet cua vat can lam lanh t r o ng binh b oc
hei BH 0 a p suat.

BAI TAP
8.1. Chu t r in h t h i e t b i l an h dung
khong khi nhu' H.8.10, khong
k hi tu' buong lam l an h 1 d i
v ao may ne n I I c o n h iet d o
t> — 5 ' C. Sau kh i n e n
-

doan nhiet trong may nen, IV

I

k hong kh i co ap suat
p> — 5 bar va dirac day van
-

b inh la m m ;i t I I I . Q u a bi nh
lam mat n h iet d o k h ong khi
h a xuong t 3 = 1 5 " C t r o n g Hinh 8.10

dieu kien ap suat khong doi.

Sau do khong khidu'qcchuyen vao xylanh gian ~ IV va cuoi cung dude
day qua buong lam lanh I.Hay xac dinh cong cua chu trinh l,, ning
s ua't lanh q, , he so'lam lanh c v a

Dap so': I, = 51,5 kJ/kg, q o = 89,9 kJ/kg

c = 1,69; ck -— 13,4
152 CHLfOhlG 8

8 .2. T h ie t b i l a n h du n g k h o n g k h i nh u ' H . 8 . 12 c o n i n g s u a t l a n h
Q, = 200.000 kJ/h. Khong khi khi vao may nen co ap suat p~ = 1 b a r ,
nhiet do t, = 10 C . A p suat khong khi sau khi nen p 2 = 5 bar. Nhiet
do khong khi vao xylanh gian na tB = 20 C. Hay xac dinh cong suat ly
thuyet cua may phat can cho thiet bi lanh do, he so lam lanh, luong
nhiet truyen chonude o buong lam mat.
Giai
C hu trinh thiet bi lanh duoc the hien tren do thi p - v va T - s n h u
H.8.11 va H.8.12.
Cac thong so'
dac trung cua chu trinh duroc tinh toan nhe sau:
1 - 2 la qua trinh nen doan nhiet:
k-1/k
P2 = 416 ' K
T2 T$ 2 63 x 5
Pi

3
tq 2

DES
p2.
3

0~ I
I
pa I
I
I
S V

Hinh 8.11 Hinh 8.12

3 - 4 la qua trinh gian ncaa doan nhiet, ta co:

k-I i k
= 5" " = 1,58 3
T4 PI

TB 293
1 85' K = -88'C
1,583 1,5 83
lm<> cp(T2 T > ) =154,5kJ /kg
= 1• 0 1(416 — 263)

lz cp (TB T4 ) 1,01 (293 — 185) = 109 kJ/kg

154,5 — 109 = 45,5 k J/kg

= c (T> — T4) = 1,01(263 — 185) = 78,7 kJ/kg
q,

Lou leong khong khi can:

CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 153

=
G -
'
0,705 kg/s
q, 787 x 3600

Cong suat ly t h uye't cua may phat:

N« = Gl, = 0 , 705 x 4 5 , 5 = 3 2 , 1 K w

H e so lam l a n h

1,73
l,
L !<a.".g nhi.,t truy .n cho nu'oc rj thiet bi giai n h iet ( l arn mat ) :

q = qp+lp 78 7 + 4 5 5 124 2 k J / k g

Q = G . q = 0 , 705 x 3 600 x 1 2 4,2 = 3 , 1 4 . 1 0 k J / h

8 3. Thi e t bi l an h dung kh on g k hi co n an g suat l an h

Q, = 200.000 kcal/h.Thong so cua khong khi vao may nen p, = 0,1
M Pa, t , = 27 C. Ap suat khong khi ra may nen p~ = 0,5 MPa, sau do
k hong kh i d rIoc lam nguoi den t 3 = 32 C . H a y x a c d in h c ong suat l y
thuyet cuanowayphat va he so lam lanh.
Bap so: N« -— 135,2 kw , c = 1,718

8 .4. Mot nha nray neo'c da cay co ning suat lanh Q , = 600 kw hoat dong vai
thong so nhrI sau:
— Nhiet, do soi cua lanh chat N H 3 l a t, = — 15'C, hoi hut v e ma y n e n

l a hei bao hoa kh o.

— Ap suat n g N i g t u p N = 14 at, long trade van tiet l ou la l ong bao hoa.

— Binh ngung g iai n h iet b kn g nrIdc, nhiet d o n u d e va o t ' „ = 26 C va

n hiet do nuoc ra t " „ = 31' C .

1 ) Thiet lap so do nguyen ly va do thi T - S cua chu tr i n h .

2) Tinh: nang suat nhietbinh ngung QN [kwhr,cong suat cua may nen
N[kw], hj so lam lanh z.
3 ) Tinh l e l u qng barn nude giai nhiet binh ngu'ng tu G„[ m / k g ) . K h i
tinh toan xem ND R cua nu'oc cpp 4 18 kJ/kg do, p„ = 1000 kg/ m .

Giai
Trang thai 1 drIoc xac dinh tir 2 thong so t, = - 1 5 ' C = t , ; x r = 1 .
1) Tu' bang thong so nhiet dong cua NH3 (R717) o trang thai bao hoa
t a co t, = — 15"C ~ p, = 2,10 at i ' , = 83,59 kcal/kg, i " , = 397,12 kcal/kg
r, = 313,5 kcal/kg S', = 0,9385 kcal/kg do S", = 2,1532 kcal/kg do
154 CHU(3NG 8

i , =i" , = 3 9 7 ,12 kcal/kg s , = s " , = 2 , 1532 kcal/ k g d o

n P2
2 t
N
1
P,

s„
Q
D
+
Hinh 8.13 Hinh 8.l4

2 ) Xac dinh boi p 2 = 14 at ; S 2 = S > -— 2,1532 kcal/kg do

Tu' bang thong so' nhiet dong cua NH 3 8 t r ang thai hdI qua nhiet ta
tim duroc
i 2 = 458,08 kcal/k g v ., = 0,1283 m' / k g t> - 110'C

3) Xac dinh bai p3 -— p p = 14 bar; x3 -— 0 (long bao hoa) ta co:

i3 -— i'3 -— 140,39 kcal/kg.

4) Sau tiet lu'u i4 -— i3 = 140,39 kcal/kg

Ning suat lanh rieng q„:
q„ = i, -i ~ = 3 9 7,12 - 140,39 = 256,73 kcal/kg

= 256,7x 4 , 18 = 1073,1 kJ/kg

qN -— i2 — i3 = 758,08 - 140,39 = 317,69 kcal/kg = 1329,94 kJ/kg

l = i2 — i, = 758,08 - 379,12 = 60,69 kcal/kg = 254,8 kJ/kg

Lou lu'qnglanh chat qua may nen G~, .
Q. 600
GI, - -
'

-
-

= 2,34kg/s
q, 256,73

QN = G~, xqN = 2,34x 1073,13 = 2511,1 kw

N,„„ = GI, xl = 2 , 3 4 x 2 5 4 , 8 = 596,2 kw

q, 1073,13
l 2 54, 8
- G«xqN - - G„c p ( t " „ — t ' „ ) =2511,1kw
QN —

QN 2511,1
A =120,15 kg/s
c x At 4 18( 3 1 — 26)
CHU TRINH THIET Bl LANH 155

= 432534 kg,'h
G„" 5325" 4
= - =532,5m' /h
V„ =
p„ 1000

8 .5. Mot he t h ong th iet bi l anh hoat. dong voi lanh chat N H > , nhiet d o soi
c ua chat t , =-10 C , hei hut ve noway nen la hoi bao hoa kho, long tru'dc

tiet lou lW l a l ong bao hoa. F)ong ho ap ke a binh ning chi 13 at, binh
ngNig giai nhiet nh iet bang kh<ing khi, nguoi ta do du'oc nhiet do khong
k hi va o t ) ] = 1 5 C ; ( p p,= 60 c, nhiet do khong khi r a k h o i dan n gm g t u

tz, -— 30"C. lu'u luong quat VK — 12.000 m / h .

1 ) Ve so do nguyen ly thiet bi l anh .

2 ) Bieu dien chu t r i n h t r e n d o t h i T - S v a qu a t r i n h g i a n h i e t k h o n g
khi qua dan ngung tren do thi I - d (ghi ro cac thong so co ban).
3 ) Tinh Q<. Q, , N, c .
Khi t in h bo qua cac ton that phu
Dap so: Q> — 83,6 kw Q, = 69,1 k w
N = 14 , 2 k w c =4,8

8 6. C ho t h i e t b i l an h du n g h a i
N Hz, chu tr inh t h e h ien t r en
do thi H . 8 .15. Thiet bi co cac
t hong s o n h u ' sau: N h iet d o 3
1'"
t run g bi nh boc h ni 20 C
15 "C, hoi ra khoi dan

l anh l a h a i b ~ o h o a k h o ->5
50C
C
x,

t3
= 1. N h i e t d o n g im g t u
2 0 ' C. Hay xac dinh h e
g I

I
1'
so lam lanh cua thiet bi. Hinh 8.15

Bap so : E, = 6 , 4

8 7. Con g s uat l y t hu y e't c u a m a y n e n N H 3 cua thiet b i la n h l a

N = 50 kw. Nhiet do boc hai cua t, = — 10' C .

Hoi khi ra khoi may nen la hoi bao hoa kho a t ~ = 20 ' C
Hay xac dinh
156 CHUONG 8

a ) Ning sua't lanh cua thiet bi Q, [ k w )

b ) Nang suat giai nhiet cua binh nguig Q „ [ k w l
c ) He so lam lanh z .

t~=20 C Qg

2 t 2=20 C

x,=1

20 C
N = S O kw

x=1

Q,

t,=10 C

Hinh 8.16
Bap so': Q, = 391 kw, Q N -— 441 kw c = 7 , 8 2

8.8. Mot he thong may lanh hoat dong vdi l an h cha't Freon - 12, cac thong so
cua thiet bi cho tren H .8.17.
f a„ P,=9,654bar

x=1

Q,

P,=1,51bar
x,=1

Hinh 8.17

Lou luang tuan hoan cua lanh chat la G = 5 kg/ph.

Xac dinh:
a) Cong sua't cua may nen ly tu'cong N[kw].
b) Ning suat lanh Q,(kw]
c) He so lam lanh c
CHU TRlhlH THIET 3/ LANH 157

Giai
Tr i roc tien ph,"'.i xac (.Inh th ong so t r an g t h a i tai cac diem dac t r i g
c ua chu tri n h :
Biem t : H o i b a o h oa k ho R - l d c o p , = 1,51 bar, tr a b a n g ca c t i n h
chat nhiet dong cua Freon 12 o trang thai b ; o hoa c6:
— 20 C, cac
'

p, = pz = , 51 bar, nh iet d o b a o ho a t u'ong Cfng t , =

thong so khac tim durocnhu sau:

i' = 117,21 kJ/kg i" = 279,25 kJ/k g r = 162,04 kJ/k g
S' = 1,7160 kJ/kg do S " = 2,3561 kJ/kg do
Do d6:
Biem 1 : t , = 20'C; i , = 2 7 9 ,25 kJ/kg; r = 162,04 kJ/kg
sp = si = 2 356 1 kJ/kg do

Biem 2: sz —
- s> — 2,3561 kJ/kg do

pz = 9,654 bar

Tu' bang hoi qua nhiet cua R - 12 Cfng voi pp va S~ tim dude
tq = 5 0 ' C ; i q = 3 11 , 6 2 k J/k g

Diem 3: La long bao hoa o p~ = pz — 9,654 bar,tra bang cac tinh chat
nhiet dong cua R - 12 o trang thai bao hoa, tim du'oc:
t~ — 40 ' C i ~ — i ' = 173,97 kJ/kg
-

S< -— S' = 1,9144 kJ/kg do

B iem 4: 3-4 la qua trinh t iet la n nen i, , i J — 173,97 kJ/kg

Cong suat cua may nen:

kg 1p h
L „ G(i2 — i> ) = 6 - = (311,62 — 279,25) = 2 69 k i v
p }1 60s
N ing suat l a n h :

= G ( (i , — i, ) = — (2 7 9 , 2 5 =- 173,97) = 8,77 k w = 7558,98 kcal/h

60
i ,' — "i„ 105,28
'
H e so lam lanh : z = = = 325
l g — li 32,37
 158 CHUONG 8

8.9. May lanh su'dung lanh chat R - 22, cac thong so va chu trinh cho tren
H.8.18 va H.8.19

p=16bar

t3=35 C

t,=35 C
G=11kg/ph

o
ti=-15 C

Hinh 8.18 Hinh 8.19

Xac dinh: a) Cong sua't may nen

b) Ning sua't lanh

c) He so lani lanh
Dap sd' a) N = 7,88 kw
b)Q, = 28,5 kw
c) c =3,6

8 .10. Cho chu trinh ma y l an h h oat d ong vdi l an h chat R - 12 , 5p suat n g ~ g

h ei la p „ = 9,654 bar,khong co qui lanh. Hoi ra khoi dan lanh vao m ay
nen la hei bao hoa kho (H.8.20).

2c
2b
2a

-10 C 4a 1a

-30 C 4b 1b
4c 1c
-40 C

Hinh 8.20
CHU TRIIVH THIET B,' <ANH 159

Nhiet do boc hoi th;.y doi tron„ l,a truo'i>' hop sau:
t,, = — 10 "C; t '„ = — 30'C v < t " , = — 40'C

Xac dinh he so lhm l~nh vh nang suat l~iih cua cac tru'ong hop tren, cho
biet luu lu'ong turn ho;>n ciia lanh chit t r ong chu trin h G = 3 k g/ph.
Giai
Trang thcii 1: Xet ba tru'ong hop sau:
i"
a) t , = — 10'C; p = 2, 1 9 15 bar; = i ), — 283,85 kJ/kg
-

= S" = 2,3497 kJ/kg do

S„

b) t ', = — 30'C; p = 1 , 0 047 bar; i>> = 274,56 kJ/k g

S„~, = 2,3640 k J/kg do

c) t ", = — 40'C; p = 0 , 6 42!)6 bar; i>, — 269,82 kJ/kg
-

Slc = 2,3738 kJ/kg do

Trcsng thcii 2: p . , = 9,654 ba r S , = S., do do tim duoc cac thong so

tuong u'ng tu' bing hoi qua nhiet R - 12:
i.„ = 30 ,93 k /k g t = 45 C

i 2b = 3 1 5 ,28 k J / k g t = 55 C

3 18,93kJ/k g t = 60 C

Trang thai 3:lh long bao hoa o ap suat p = 9,654 b a r

t~ 40'C i~ = 173,97 kJ/kg
Sq - -

1,9144 kJ/kg do
T rang thai 4: 3-4 la qua trinh t i e t lu'u nen i ~ = i~

173,97 kJ/kg

Ning sujetlanh duoc tinh.

= (1] — lq )
Q.
3
a) Q.. (283,85 — 173,97) = 5 ,4 9 k w
60
3
b) Q.b
( 60
3
(274,56 — 173,97) = 5 ,0 2 k w

c) (269,S2 — 173,97) = 4 , 7 9 k w
60
He so' la>n lanh:
160 cHtJONG 8

283. 85 — 173,97 109 ,88

a) 4,56
3 07. 93 — 283,85 24 ,08
2 /4,56 — 173, 97 100,59
315,28- 2 7 4,56 40,72
269. 82-173,97 95,85
318,93- 269,82 49, 11
Tit day ta co the nhan thay rang, neu ap suat ngung tu cuba may lanh
giu khong doi thi dan den neu ap suat soi (ap suat boc hai) cang giam nin g
s uat lanh va he so lam l an h g i a m .

8.11. Chu trinh t hiet bi l an h l y t e ang teang tu' bai 8.10, neu nhiet do soi
k hong thay doi t , = — 20 C, tr ang t ha i ha i hu t v e ma y r>en la hai bao
hoa kho (x, = 1).

Xac dinh he so lam la nh, nang suat lanh kh i n h i e t do nguhg tu thay doi
t rong ba t r u'ang ha p s au : t N — 30'C , t ' N — 40'C v a t "N = 50 ' C
- -

(H.8.21)

2c

3c 2b
50 C
3b 2a
40 C
\
3
30 C

-20 C
4a 4b 4c

Hinh 8.21

G1B1

Trang thai 1 : l a h a i b a o h o a k h o R - 1 2 c o n h i e t d o s o i t , = 20 C .
Tuang td bai 8.10 ta tim dirac:
p, = 1,5093 bar i, = i" = 279,25 kJ/k g
S ~ = S" = 2 3 5 6 1 k J /k g do

T/png t hai 2: a) p = 7,4806 bar ~ i ,, = 307,7 kJ/kg

CH ' TR/~'H THIE ~ l LA/VH

Q 311,62 kJ/1 p
b, b) p = 9 , 6 5 4 b ; lr ~ i zb

c) p = 12,258 h .r 317,14 kJ/kg

Trang thai 3: la brang thai inr1g boo hoa.
a) p = 7 ,4 "06 bar m i 3, 163,64 kJ/kg
b) p = 9 , 6544 b,.r ~ i 3b 1 73,97 k / k o

c) p -: 1 2,2' 8 ba r ~ i 3, 184,77 kJ/kg

Trang thai 4: 3-4 la qua trinh t iet lou i3 -— i4

a) 14a = 13a 163,64 kJ/kg

b) 14b = 13b = 173,97 kJ/kg
c) 14c 13 184,77 '.'i Ii'g

He so lam lanh duce tlnh:

11— 14

lp — 11

la 4a 279, 25 — 163, 64 115,61

a) a 4,ii6
12a — l1 a 30,7 — 279,25 28,46
l. a — 14b 279,25- 173,97 105,28
Eb 3,25
1 lb 279,25 —='"79,25 32,37
1lc 14c 279,25-184,77 94. 4~
c
12c 11c 317,14- 275,25 37,:--

NAng suat lanh:

Q, = G( 1 , — 1„>

Q„ = G ( i 1 — ~, )= -3 (279,25 — 163,64) 5,78 kw

I

• 3
b) Qpb G(i, — i4b ) = — ( 2 7 9 ,25 — 1 73,97) = 5 ,26 k v

3
c) Qpc = G ( i l - i4c) = — (279,25 — 184,77) 4,72 kw

Qua ke't qua chung ta c6 the nhan thay rAng khi ap suat ngu'ng tu tang
(nhiet do nglrng tAng) thi h e o l o r n lanh giam, nAng suat lanh cung bi
giam.

8.12. Chu trinh may lanh rnot cap t1rang tlat bai 8.11 hoat dqng vs l anh chat
R - 22, car thong so chu trinh cho tren H.8.22
162 cHUONG8

p>, = 20 bar

2'

pz = 10 bar
l
3
\

5C
4'

Hinh S.22

Xac dinh ning sua't lanh Q, , h e so lam lanh, cho biet lou luqng tuan
hoan cua lanh chat G = 0,5 kg/s
Dap so: a) p~ = 10 ba r ; Q, = 8 8 , 5 k w ; c = 11,4

b) pz -— 20 bar; Q, = 7 0 , 5 8 k w ; c =4,83

8.13. Chu trinh may lanh ly th rong hoatdong vdi lanh chat R-12, cac thong so
hoat dong da cho tren H.8.23. Lou lu'ong tuan hoan cua lanh chat
G = 0,4 kg/s.
Xac dinh: a) Cong suat may nen
b ) Nin g suat l a n h
d ) Nin g suat giai n h i j t c u a bin h n g ~ i g

t~ =40 C
p, = 13,735 bar
BN 2

I
3
MN

-10 C
4 4'
BH
-10 C

Qo
Hinh S.28
CHU TRIIVH THIET Bl LANH 163

Giai
Trang t h a i ] : L i h ui ba o h o a k h n ir n g v a i nh i e t d o bo c ha i
t, =. — 10 C, tra ba»g cac tinh cha't nhiet dong cua R-12 bao hoa a phan phu
luc t'im dirac
i, = i" = 2 8 3 ,85 kJ/kg S , = S" = 2 , 3 497 kJ /kg do,

Trang thai 2: La hai qua nhiet co p~ = 13,735 bar, tra bang cac tinh
chat nhiet dong cua hai qua nhiet R -12 tim du'ac: Nhiet do bao hoa tirang
u 'ng t, = 5 5 ' C

t~ = 65'C ; v 2 —1 3 , 4 6 l i t / kg ; i2 = 3 1 6 ,84 kJ/kg

S2 = 2 , 3496 kJ/kg do

Trang thai 3: co the xem gan dung nhir long bao hoa co nhiet do tirang
u'ng, i3 = i ' (4 0 C), tra bang cac tinh chat nhiet dong cua R -12 bao hoa
tim du'ac:
i3 = 173,97 kJ/kg
Trang thai 4: 3 - 4 la qua trinh t iet l iru nen:
i4 — i3
-

= 173,97 kJ/kg

a) Cong suat may nen:

N = G ( i ~ — i, ) = 0 , 5 ( 3 16,84 — 283,85) = 1 6 , 5 k w

b) Ning suat lanh:

Q„ = G ( i, — i ) = 0 , 5 ( 2 83,85 173,97) = 5 4 , 9 4 k w

c) He so lam lanh:
i > — i~ 283 , 8 5 — 173,88 109 ,88
i 2 — i> 3 16 , 8 4 2 8 3 , 8 5 33

Neu long R -12 khong daOC quh lanh den trang thai 3 (40 C) ma la
long bao hoa a trang thai 3' (55'C) thi:
i3 — 190,39 kJ/kg

a) Cong cua may n6n:

N' = G( i2 — i> ) = 0,5 (316,84 — 283,85) = 1 6 , 5 k w

b) Ning suat lanh:

Q', = ( i > — i,> ) = 0,5 (283,85 — 190,39) = 46,73 kw

c) He so 1hm lanh:
i, -i ~ 283 , 8 5 - 1 90,39
i q -i , 3 16, 8 4 - 2 8 3 , 8 5
164 CHUOhlG 8

Nhan xet
Neu long vao van tietluu khong duroc qua lanh xuong den 40'C thi he
so lam lanh giam tif 3,33 xuong chn 2,83.
Ning sua't lanh bi giam
Q. -Q'. 54,94-46,73 8,21
Q. 54,44 54,94.

0,149 = 15%
Ve tri so tuyet doi thi sut
b,Q, = Q,-Q', = 8,21 kw

8.14. So do nguyen ly thiet bi tQong tQ bai 8.13 riband"

may van hanh voi
R - 2 2 , a p s u a t p 2 = 22 bar, cac t h ong. so khac vi n g i C nh u c u
( t3 =4 0 C t) = 10 C).

Xhc dinh: a)Cong suat cua miy n4n

b) Ning suat lanh va he so lam lanh.
c) Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ning.
Cho biet lou ldqng tuan hoan cua lanh chat R - 22 se la G = 1 kg/s
Bap so: a) Cong suat may nen N = 4 6 , 74kw
b ) Nin g suat l anh Qp : 151 kw
c ) He so lam l an h c = 3,23

8 .15. So do nguyen ly t h i e t b i l a n h g i a n t i e p d un g ho i N H 3 t h e h i e n t r e n
H .8.24. Hoi v s ma y n 6 n c o n h i e t d o t , = - 15 C, sau kh i n 6 n d o a n
n hiet t r ong ma y n e n h o i r a l a h e i b a o h o a k h o ( x 2 = 1) co n h ie t d o
t2 = — 15'C dacyc day vho binh ning tu, hei ni n g t u thanh long bao
hba nh0 nudegiAi nhiqt born qua binh ni n g , nude giai nhiet co nhiet do
v s t ' „ = 9'C v h n h i e t d o r a t " „ = 14'C . L ong bao hba tif binh n g 0ng
c hay qua v a n t i e't l o u v s bl nh ibm l a n h , n h i e t d o h a xu o n g
t4 = 1 5 C . Chat tai lanh 6 binh lcm lanh la noae muo'i co nhiet
do vho t '~ = — 2'C vh nhigt do ra t " = — 5'C .

Hay xic dinh:

a) Cong ly thuyet cua dong ccrc
b) Lou letyng ne8c ibm mit binh ngung vh. chkt tai lanh.
Cho bie't:Ning suat lanh cua thiet bi Q, = 600 kw
CHU TRIIVH THIET BI LAIVIH 165

Nhiet dung ri eng ctia nuoc muo>i c» —

—4,19 k.J/kg do

BN

t'„=9 C
t "„= i 4 C t '„ = - 2 C m =-5 C

TL

Hinh 8.24

Giai
Cong may nen tieu thu:
~run ~2 ~1

T u' ban g c a c t h o n g s o n h i e t
dong cua NHz i trang thai bao hoa
tim duroc
= - = 15 C
t, t~ -

t~

— p> - 7,427 at
p>
-

- i"., = 4 04 , 9 9 kc ~l/kg
iz -

i> -
-

i'~ = 11 6 , 72 kcal/kg,
S
rz -
-
288,27 kcal/kg
S2 - S = 2 , 0 598 kcal/kg.do

Dieu kien t r ong binh boc hei:

15"C p, = p> = 2,410 at, i ' , = 8 3 , 5 9 k cal/kg
i", = 397,12 kcal/kg, r, = 313,53 kcal/kg
S', = 0,9385 kcal/kgdo, S", = 2 , 1 532 kcal/kgdo

Qua trinh 3-4 la qua trinh tiet lou, do do:

iq = i4 = 116,72 kcal/kg
Trang thai 1 1a hai am co S, = S~, ta tim duse
S, -S ' 2,059 8 - 0 , 9 38 5 1, 12 1 3
0,92
S" 8't 2 , 1532 0,9385 1,21 4 7
166 CHUONG 8

i> — i'>+r>x, =
- 8 3 , 5 9 + 3 1 3 ,53 x 0 , 9 2 = 3 7 2 k c a l / k g

Do do:
I„„, = 4 0 4 ,9 9 — 372 = 32,99 kcal/kg
N ang suat lanh q , :

q, = i , — i4 = 372 — 116,72 = 255,28 kcal/kg = 1067 kJ/kg

Lou leqng tuan hoan cua lanh chat du'actinh:

' 600
G, = = = 0,56 2 k g / s
q, 1067

Cong suat ly t h uyet cua dong co:

NI, — Gx l
-
„ = 0,562 (32,99 x 4 , 18 ) = 7 7 ,5 k w

t "„= 1 4 C
( '6= 9 C
I

I3

Xet can bang nang luqng cua binh ngu>ig tu:

Q G Cp ( t t ) Qp G ( i, — i3 ) — G g r2

0 ,562 (288,27 x 4 , 18) = 67 7,19 kw

Luu luong nude giai nhiet cua blnh n g ung:
" '
G = = = 32 4 k g / s
cp( t t ) 4 ,18(14 — 9)

Xet su' can bAng nin g ldcyng cua binh boc hoi

G
,I 0
III
= -5 C
t' ,= -2C

Gm Q. 600
47,7 kg/s
pm( m m) 4, 19[(-2) — (-5)]

8 .16. Thiet bi l a n h c o n an g suat la m l a n h Q , = 290 kw . N h i e t d o boc hei

t, = — 15'C, hei kh i va o may nen l a ho i bao hoa kho. N h iet do ngtthg
CHU TRIIVH THIET BI LANH 167

t u cua hei N H ~ l a t 3 = 2 ~ "C, nhiet do cua long NH 3 k h i v a o van t i e t

l td co nhiet do t ' = 20 C. Xac dinh he so' lam lanh, cong suat ly t h u y et
cua dong ca va nang sua't giai nhiet cua brnh ngong tu.
Dap so: c = 5,4 N = 5 3 ,6 kw

Q~ = 343,6 kw

8.17. Mot may dieu isoa nhiet do lam viec voi lanh chat R - 22, cac dieu kien
lam viec cho nba sau:
N hiet do ngung tu : t z = 42 "C
N hiet do boc hei : t „ = O'C

N hiet do qua la nh : t , , = 35' C

N hiet do qua nhiet : t , = 7'C

Thong so cua n>ay nen:

Duong kinh p i s t on: D = 75 mm

Hanh t r i n h p i s t on: S = 62 mm

So pistorr: Z = 8

So vong quay cua nray nen: n = 1450 vorrg/ph

X ac dinh: a) Th ong so tai cac diem dac tru'ng cua chu trin h
b) ¹ n g s u i t l a n h cua rIr6y Q,
c) Nang suat giai rrhiet cua binh ngung Q,„
d) Cong suat t.ieu hao cua may nen N
e) He sA larn l anh c
Giai
T ren ca so c;ic t )rorrg so nhiet dr'rng rla cho chung ta xa y d tfng do t h i
T - S cua chu tr i n h

<lw
[ 2'

Tu bang cac timh ch""tnhiet dong cua R-22 tim duo'c thong so tai cac
diem dhc t ri g n h u'.sau:
168 cHUONG 8

Oiem t( 'C) p (bar) i (kJ/kg) v (m'/kg)

4,9 704,28 46,98 .10

4,9 709,38 48,54.10

68 16,1 739,40 17,06.10

2' 42 16,1 715,89 14,32 .10

42 16,1 551,98 0,89.10

35 ,16,1 542,88 0,866.10

4,9 542,88

Thong thuong trong cac may dieuhoa nhiet do viec qua lanh long bao
hoa duoc thuc hien boi hoi lanh ra khoi dan boc hoi qua binh hoi nhiet va
sau do vao may nen (vimay nen yeu cau hoi vao la hoi qua nhiet), do do ta
co:
q, = i>. = i5 — 704,28 — 542,88
-

= 161,4 k J/kg

qN -
-

i~ — i~ = 7 3 9 , 4 — 542,88 = 196,52 k J/kg

iq — i) — 739,4 — 709,38
-

= 30,02 kJ/kg

q, 1614
5,349
30,02

Tu cac thong so cua may nen da cho o tren tinh duoc:

The tich quet cua piston:
2 2
'
xSxZx x0 062x8 — 0 0529 /s
'

(m -

L uu luong tac nhan hut vao may nen ta i d iem 1 l a :

-q 0,0529
1,089 kg/s
%1 0,04854

Ning suit l anh ly thuyet Q„ :

Q, = O'I,xq , = 1 , 089 x 1 6 1, 4 = 175 , 7 6 k w = 151155,2 kcal/h
Ning suit giai nhiet cua binh ngung QN .
Q N = G],x q N = 1089 x 1 9 6 , 52 = 214,02 kw = 184050,88 kcal/h

Neu binh ngung la loai vo boc chum ong dong nuoc de giai nhiet voi
nhiet do nuoc v ho t ' „ = 30 ' C , n h i e t d o n u o c r a t " „ = 3 5 ' C t h i l u u l u o n g
born nude giai nhiet cua binh ngung se lh:
QN Gnc n(t "n t ' n )

trong d6: GN - luu luong nuoc cua born.(kg/s)

CHLI TRINH THIET BI LANH 169

c„„ - nhiet, dung rieng cua nu t'tc (c,.,» = 4,18 kJ/kg do )

' 214' 02
G„ = -

= = 1 0 ,2 4 k g / s = 36864,7 kg/h
c„„(t '„— t'» ) 4.18(35- 30)

Neu xenon p = 1000 kg/m' t h i :

'
V» = = 36,865 m /h
1000
Cong suat ly thuyet cua may nen N«

N« — G« — 1,089 x 30 ,02 = 3 2 , 7 k w

8.18. Mot may lanh si dung lanh chat R - 12. Nhiet do boc hei cua lanh chat
0 d a n l an h t „ = — 20 ' C, n hiet d o n g un g t u c u a la n h c h a t
t~ = 40 C . L u'ong lanh chat tuan hoan cua may la 0,03 kg/s.

Xac dinh: a) Nang suat lanh cua may Q,

b) Nhiet thai cua binh ngLfng Q>

c) Cong tieu hao cua may nen

Dap so: Qo = 3,16 kw, Q~ —- 4,13 kw, N » » -— 1 kw

8.19. May lanh 1 cAp su dung lanh chat van hanh trong cac dieu kien sau:
N hiet do ngu'ng tu t ~ =30'C N hiet do boc he i t, = — 10'C

Nhiet do qua lanh t „ > — 2&'C N hiet d o qu a n h i e t t„» = O'C

Xac dinh: - Thong so' tai cac diem dac t rig

Ning suat lanh rieng q,
N 'ing suat giai nhiet binh nguhg q N

- Cong tiH~ hao cua may nen 1

He so lam lanh c
Drip so: q , = 1150 kJ/kg, qN = 1364 kJ/kg, 1 = 214 kJ/kg, e = 5,4

8.20. May lanh 1 cap su'dung 1Anh chat R - 12 voi cac thong so sau:
Nhiet do boc hei t„ = — 20'C

Nhiet do ngeig tu t N = + 25' C

N hiet do qua nhiet t „ = + 10' C

Nhiet ldong dung de qua nhiet hei lanh chat truac khi ve may nen la do
long cua lanh cha't bi qua lanh nha ra.
Xac dinh:
170 CHUONG 8

- Thong so tai cac diem dac tr0ng cua chu trinh.

- Nin g suat l an h r i e n g q ,
- Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ng~ g q<

- Cong suat tieu hao cua may nen l.

- He so lam lanh c
- Bieu dien chu t r i n h t r e n d o th i T - S v a i - s
Bap so'. q, = 138 kJ/kg; q z = 1 6 6 k J / k g, I, = 28 kJ/kg; c = 4 , 9 5

8.21. May lanh 1 cap lam viec vai lanh chat NH3 .
Cac thong so thietbi nhu' sau:
Ning suat lanh cua may Q, = 273.000 w

Nhiet do boc hoi t., = — 10'C

N hiet do ng u i g t u t~ — 30'C
-

Nhiet do qua lanh t I — + 25'C

-

N hiet do qua nh i et qqn 5C

Xac dinh:
- Thong so tai cacdiem dac trung.
— Tinh luu lu'ong tuan hoan cua lanh chat
- Ning suat giai n h ie t cua binh n g u i g .
Bap so'. G = 0,238 kg/s, q~ = 3 15 kw

8.22. May nen lanh co thong so nha sau:

B eing k in h x y l an h D = 63 m m

H anh tr in h p i s to n S = 50 m m
So' xylanh Z= 6

Toc do quay n = 1450 vg/ph

L anh chat cong tac la R - 12
Dieu kien lam v iec cua thiet bi nh e sau:
Nhiet do n gUhg tu t > —40'C
Nhiet do b oc hei t , = — 10'C

Nhiet do q ua lanh t q >= 30 C

Nhiet do q ua nhiet hei l an h c ha t tqz 5 C

Xac dinh
- ¹ng s uat lanh ly thuyet Q, [ k cal/hj
CHU TRINH THIET Bl LANH 171

- Ning ruat giai nhiet cua binh rigung ()~ [kcal/hl

- Cong suat may»en NIkw).
- Thong so tai cac diern d~c tru'ng
DAp so': Q, = 29.000 Ical/h, Q~ = 35.000 kcal/h; N = 7 kw

8.23. Van may nen leigh c6 thong so nhu bai S.22, cac dieu kil n h oat dong
cua chu trinh van nhu'cu nhung lanh cha't R-12 duo'c thay b5ng lanh
c hat R - 22 thi cong sua't dong co", nang sua't lanh rieng va nhiet t h ai
qua binh ngung thaydoi the'nao? Co nhan xet gi qua su so sanh nhy.
Day so: Boi voi R - 22; q, = 163,9 kJ/kg
q~ = 201,14 kJ / kg; l =39,5 kJ/kg

x gian khong hoan toan hoat dong

8.24. Mot may lanh hai cap lam lanh trun'
t heo sa do nguye» ly » h u h i»h ve, lanh cha't su' dung la R-22. Cac th on g
so co ban cua thIe't bi nhu sau:
- Nhiet do ngu'ug t'ai tt; = 40'C

- Nhiet do boc ho i t, = — 40'C

- Lam lanh trung giai> co do chenh nhiet do At = 6'C, do qua nhiet cua hoi
hut vho cop nen ha ap At' = 30'C. Nang suh't lanh cua thiet bi: Q, = 15kw

a ) Tinh cong suat t ieu hao ciia may nen N , n i n g s u a t g i a i n h i e t b i n h

ngu'ng Qk, he solam lanh c.
b ) Neu d un g m a y n e n m o t c ;i p t K — - 40'C, t , = — 40'C, n h i e t d o q u a
l anh t „ ~ =35 C , n h i e t d(i q u i » h i e t . t „ „ = -10'C t h i c a c k e t q u a t i e u h a o

ning lu'qng the nao.

8 7 5
Pi(
XCA ~ I
3
Pm' 2
3
BN

TL1 Gr~
G,

TI2
BH

FIinh 4.25
172 CHL/ONG 8

Giai
1 ) Ap suat n g ung t u p K . T i r t K =40 C ti f bang tinh chat n h iet dong
cua R-22 i tr ang thai bao hoa m p K = 15,3 bar (co the dung do thi Lgp- i )
Ap sua't boc he(i p,: t , = -40' ~ p , = 1,1 bar

Ap suat trung gian p„, p = ~15,3x l , l = 4 , 1 bar

N hiet do tr ung gian t 6 . p „, = 4, 1 ba r m t 6 = — O'C

t , =t , + a t = - 6 + 6 = O ' C
+ At' = ( 40) + 30 = 10 C
2) C5n cu' bang tinh chat nhiet dong hoac do thi lgp — i cua R-22

ta tim duac
i, = 406kJ/kg; v , =0,23 m /kg ; i2 —
- 437 kJ/kg

i 5 = i6 - — 249 kJ/kg; i 3 —402 kJ/k g i „ = 388 kJ/k g

-

i; =200 kJ/kg; i a -— i9 -— i7+i, — i1 -— 200 + 388 — 406 = 182 kJ/k g

3) Tinh ve nhiet dong hoc:

Lm khoi luqng dong hoi qea binh boc hei (BH):

Gr2 =
'
=
- — 0,073 kg/s
-

i„— i9 3 8 8 — 182

leqng khoi luqng dong hoi qua van tiet lm 1 (TL1):

Gr2(15 'I ) = G r l ( 1 3' 16 )

G r1 = G r 2
i3. — i6
= 0,073
402- 249
= 0, 023kgIs
Xet xylanh cao ap (XCA):
Gr21g + Gy113': (G r 1 + G r g )13 Gy13

G,2i2 +C „i , (0 ,0 7 3 x 437) + (0,023x 402)-428kJ/kg

13 =
G, 0,073+ 0,021
Tif p = 4 , 1 bar v h i 3 = 428 kJ /k g — > tim du'qc v3= 0,068m / k g

Tif pK , S3 -— S4 m ti m d u q c i 4 = 46 6 k J / kg ; t 4 —
- 98'C

Ning suat giai nhiet binh ngung Qz '.

QK = (G„ + G y 2 )(i4 - i 5 )= (0,023 + 0,073)(466 — 249) = 20,8 kw

Lou lu'qng the tich dung hoi hut vao xylanh ha.ap (XHA):
V 1 = Gr2v] = 0,073 x 0 , 2 3 = 0 0168 m /s

Lou luqng the tich dong hoi hut vao xylanh cao ap (XCA):
CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 173

V ,, = ( G „ + G „. , ; . -, =(0,<) 3+ 0 . 0 7 3 ) ~ 3 . 0 68 = 0,0065m' / k g

Vr> 0,0168
" = - — = 2 58
'

V,2 0,0065
Cong sua't tieu hao cho xylanh ha ap (XHA) Y > '.

N, = G, , ( i , — i, ) = 0,073(437 — 406) = 2,26 k w

C ong suat tieu hao cho xylanh cao ap (XCA) N 2 .

N2 = (G„, + G , , ) ( i4 — i~) = (C 023 + 0,073)(466 — 428) = 3,65 kw

H : so lam lani' c :
' : 15
c= = =254
N, + N2 2,?6+ 3,65

T hong qua diern 9 ta co the bi~t x 9 = 0.11.

4) Neu dung may nen mot cap:

35 C

40 C
15,3 bar I
3

120 C
x4 = 0,41

1,1 bar
II
4 -40 C -10 C
I

t2 -— 120'C x... =0,41

i) — i, 4 0 6 — 245
i .> — i, 485 — 406 N '
15
= 7,35 kw
E 2 04

Doi voi may lanh hai ca'p vua tinh a tren ta co

N = N , + N 2 = 2 26 + 3,65 = 5,91 k w

N 5 91
N 7 35
174 CHUONG 8

S.c5.i':ay lanh dieu hba nhiet do su'dung R - 22, ning sua'tlan'~ cua thie't bi
g, = 500 t5n waar.h, su dung may nen ly tarn hai cap, hei lanh cha't hut,
ve may nen lhhei bao h6a kho, qua trinh nbn xem nhU doan nhit"
,t,cac
thong sokhac the hien tren H.8.26.

5
I 1 kg
0
t 5= 3 5 C

p4- 16bar
xkg

TL1

TL)
(1-x)kg
p,= 5bar
1

Hinh 8.96

Xac dinh: a) Thong so tai chic diem dac trt|ng

b) Ning suit giai nhiet cua binh ngung
c) Cong tieu hao cua may nt5n.
d) Hj so ibm lanh
Giai
a) Vdi c~x c thong so chinh da cho tren tatinh deqc: hp suat cua tang
trung gian cuba may n6n:
Pt —
-

~ p N . p, = ~ 16 x 5 = 9 b ar

Bo thi T - S c6 dang sau:

T

T,9 3
7

S
CHU TRINH THIET Bl LANH 175

T ir bang cac thon g o ' n h iet dong cua R - 2 2 c'r trang t ha i ba o hoa t i m
du'qc:
Biem 1: la hei bao boa kho co p, = p , = 5 ba r

ti = 0"C i> - 704,28 kJ/kg

H> -- 1,7479 k J/kg do
B iem 2: Qua tr in h nen 1 - 2 xern nhu nen doan nhiet n e n
S2 St = 1,7479 kJ/kg do
7'u' bing cac thong so nhiet dong R - 22 o trang thai bao hoa:
p ,~ = p~ = 9 bar tim duqc:
i' = 524,05 kJ/k g i " = 710,94 kJ/kg r = 1 8 6 , 89 kJ/kg
S ' = 1 ,0838 kJ/kg do S " = 1,7213 kJ/kg.do
Trang thai 2 la hai qua nhiet, tir bang cac thong so nhiet dong cua hei
qua nhiet R - 22 ta co:
Sz — 1,7479 kJ/kg do t > = 30' C i~ = 7 1 9 ,33 kJ/k g

Biem 7: la hei bao hoa kho, i~ = 719,33 kJ/kg

B iem 8: la long bao hoa , i 8 -— 524,05 kJ/kg

B iem 9: Qua tr in h 8 - 9 la qui t r i n h t i e t l o u .

Biem 5: Long bao hoa p5 = 1 6 ba r t, = 42 "C
— i' = 551,98 kJ/k g i" = 715,89 kJ/kg
i5

r = 16 3 , 9 1 k J /k g S' = 1,1737 kJ/kg do

S" = 1,6938 kJ/kg do
B iem 5' (35 ' C ) : i5 = 542,88 kJ/kg do
Biem 6: i,. = I,. = 542,88 k J/kg
Is — >s 54 2,8 8 - 524,05 18,83
i> — is 7 10,9 4- 5 2 4 , 05 186,89

Biem 3: Entanpi cuadiem 3 duqc xac dinh bcrisu hoa tron cua 2 dong
hei:
- Dong long 1 kg sau khi qua TL1 vao binh trung gian se bi phan ly,
phan hai bao hoa x kg co entanpi i~ deqc hut ve hoa tron vdi dong hei (1-
x) kg ra khoi phan nen tna'p ap coentanpi i~de tao thanh hon hqp co
entanpi i z d u'a vao tang nen cao ap.
176 cHUONG 8

I
5
1kg, i,.

x(kg)(i,) s 1kg, i,

(1-x)kg,i,
TL1
2

(1-x)kg TL2

Do do: i> — (1 — x) i<+ xi7 — 0,9 x 7 1 9 ,33 + 0,1 x 710,94 = 718,48 kJ/kg
-

T if bang hei qua nhiet vo i p + = 9 bar tim dirac ts = 29 C

S> = 1 , 748 kJ/kg do

D iem 4: 3 - 4 la qua tr in h ne n doan nh i et :

Sz = S4 = 1,748 kJ/kg do

Tir bang hei qua nhiet R-22 voi p = 16 bar S 4 S3t i m d i r ac

t4 = 60 ' C; i4 — 732,97 k J/kg

N ing suat lanh r i en g q , :

q, = (1 — x)(i, — i9) = ( 1 0 , 1 ) (704,28 — 524,05) = 1 6 2 , 2 kJ /k g

Cong tieu hao de nen:

(1 — x ) (I2 — i,)+( i4 l3 )

(1 — 0,1)(719,33 — 704,28) + (732,97 — 718,48)

1 3,55 + 1 4 , 4 9 = 28,04 kJ/k g

Lou leqng tuan hohn cua lanh chat G (kg/s):

1 tan lanh M y = 3000 kcal/h
1 tan lanh N ha t B a n = 3320 kcal/h

= Gq, ~ G = Q.
Q,

500x (3000x 4, 18)

162,2x 3600
b) Ning suat giai nhiet binh nguhg:
Qg — G(i4 - is ) = 10,74 (732,97 — 542,88)
-

10,74 x 1 9 0,09 = 2 0 4 1,56 kw

CHU I RIAH THIE T BI I ANH 177

c ) Cong suat nen ly thuyi t :

N« = G x l = 1 . 0 ,74 x 2 8 ,0 4 = 30 1 , 1 5 k w

d) H. o l a m lanh c:
q, 1622
5 78
L 28,4

8.26.Thirst bi lanh co thong so hoat dong teong ta bai 8.25 nhung sir dung
may nen mot ca'pva khong co qu,a lanh long.
a) Xac dinh thong so tai cac diem dac t ruing.
b ) Tinh cong suat cua may nen v . he so larn lan h .
Bap so: N = 327,7 kw
e = 5 , 32

8.2'i.May lanh hai cap sQ dung R - 12, cac thong so can thiet cho tren H.8.28

45 C

7 '6
9 3

-40'C

Slink 8.28

Xac dinh: a)
Ning suit lanh cua may
b) Ning sui't giai nhiet cua binh nag.
c) Cong sua't ly thuyet eua may nen.

Cho bie't: Qua trinh nen xem nhLf J oan nhiet, lou.luong tuan he n cua
lanh ch it G =1,5 kg/s.

Dap so: a) Qp = 143,79 kw

b) Q~-= 207 kw
c) Ngt = 63,37 kw
178 C'HUNG 8

8 .28. Cho chu t r in h t h i " t b i l a n h m o t ca p su d ung R - 2 2 , cac th ong so y e u

cau .ho tre:> H.8.29
Xac dinh: a) Ning suat lanh cua thiet bi
b) Cong suat ly thuyet cua may ncn
c) Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ngung
d) Tinh he so' lam lanh vh, ve do thi T - S
Cho biet l~ l e ctng tuan hoan cua lanh cha't G =20 kg/ph.
Qua trinh nen xem nho doan nhiet

Q„

40 C B N
16bar

20 C N

BH 8
5bar OC

Qo

Hinh 8.29

Dap so: a) Q~ = 56,49 k l v

b) NIr = 10,54 k~v

c) Qg = 6 7 k i v
d) c = 5 , 3 6

8.29. Chu tr in h b u m n h i e t h oa t d ong vd i tmoi c hi t R - 1 2 . Cac t h ong so c a n

thiet cho tren H.8.30.
CHU TRINH' THIET Bl LANH 179

TN-.=293 K

g,654 bar

2 qQ

1\
-7 C

-7 C

Q TL-268 K

Hinh 8.30

Xac diinh: a) Cong suat lj t h u yet cua may nen

b) Hj so sa drrng nang leorrg
Cho b!ie't Qy ! = 200 kw
Giai
B iem 1 l a h oIi bao hoa kho a t r = t - 7 C, tu' bang cac tin h c h a t

nhiet dong; — cua R - 12 0 trang thai bao hoa trm du'qc:

pr = 2 , 4363 bar", i , = i " = 285,21 kJ/kg
S, = S" = 2,3481 k J/kg do

B iem 2 : Qua tr in h neri 1 - 2 xern 1 r pre t r in h d oan n h ie t l y t u a n g n e n

S 2 = S r - - 2,3481 kJ/kg <lo, p~ = 9,654 bar. Tif bang cac t i n h c h a t n h i e t
-

dong cua h oi qua nhiet R - 12 ta co:

48'C ; i q = 3 0 9 , 78 kJ/kg

Biem .'3 la trang thai long bao hoa ps = 9,654 bar , v a i 3 = 173,97 kJ/k

Biem 4: Qua trinh 3 - 4 la qua trinh tie't lou nen i4 - — i3 -— 173,97 kJ/kg

Tif cac so lieu tren tim du'qc:

q, = i r - i 4 — 285,21 — 173,97 = 111,24 kJ/kg

q> -— i2 -i3 — 309,78 — 173,97 = 135,81 kJ/kg

l =. i 2 - i , = 309 , 7 8 — 285,21 = 24,57 kJ/kg

LW lu(qrrg tuan hoan cua lanh chat trm duroc:

180 CHUONG 8

G = = = 1,4726 kg/s
qN 135,81

a) Cong suat lythuyet cua may nen:

N« = G x l = 36, 1 8 k w

b) He so' se dung ning luqng:

'qN @N 200
= 5,52
N(, 36,18

8.30. So do nguyen ly hoat djng cua bum nhijt tQong tu bhi8.29, moi cha't
hoat dong cua thiet bi van 1h R - 12, QN — 200 kw.nhl|ng cho may hoat
dong vc'ti thong so kh4c: pN = 8,5167 bar vh t , = O'C

a) Xhc dinhcong sul'ttieu hao cua may nen, h0 so'sirdung ning luqng.

b) Co nhan x4t gikhi thay doi thong so'cua chu trinh so vdi bai 8.29 khi
co cung muc dich.
Bap so: a) N« — — 17,77; ( = 7,72

b) So vs truing hop bhi 8.29cong suat tieu hao cho may nen giam
28,5% (10,31 kw).
TR N NH I E T
 Chu~g

DAN NHIET
9.1 DAN NHIET ON 0!NH
9.1.1. Dan nhij t qua vach phang
t. — t,
"', w/m (9.1)

,—.i ~

trong do:
- mat do dong nhiet, w/rn
- he so dan nhiet 1dp t,hfdf i, w%n "C
- chieu dhy lop thu i, »i

t,, - nhiet do trong cuiig cua lo'p thu' 1, -C

t„,, - nhiet do ngoai cong cua lop their n, C,

9 .2.2. Dan n h iq t qu a vach tr u
2n(ti — t„ i )
w/Ill (9.2)
1 d;.i
> --In- —" '

trong do:
q, - mat do dong nhiet, tren 1 m chieu dai ong, w/m

d; - deong kinh trong lip thu' i, m; d, , - d uong kinh ngoai 1dp thu' i, m.

Truong hap < 2 co t h e dung cong th8c vach phang tinh cho truong
i

hap vach tru.

9.3.3. Dan nhij t qua vach cau
2nk(ti t 2)
(9.3)
1 1
184 CHUONG 9

9.1.4. Dan nhiqt qua thanh

1- Thanh dai vo hpn
,e m (9.4)

q = e.,tuZr U, w (9.5)
0 = t - t, ( t f - n h i e t do moi traong xung quanh thanh)

0, - nhiet do thifa 8 goc thanh, 'C

Q - nhiet luringtruyen qua thanh, w
m = JaUlk f
U - chu vi tiet dien.ngang cua thanh, m
f - dien tich tiet dien ngang cua thanh, m
X, - he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu thanh, w/m "C
a - he so,
toa nhiet tren be mat xung quanh thanh, w/ "C.
2- Thanh da i h tl u hy n b o qua to a n h i q t dc iu t han h
ch[m(x — h) )
(9.6)
eh[ mh I
1
0„ = 0. , C (9. 7)
' ch(mh)
cxU
Q = 0 , th(mh), w (9.8)
m
0, - nhiet do thifa o dinh t h a n h , " C; h - c h i e u dai t h a nh , m .

9 .1.5. Dan n h i q t q u a c a n h t h a n g c o t i e t d i q n k h o n g d o i ( b o q u a t o a
n hiqt d dinh c a n h )
1
0, = 0, (9.9)
ch(mh)

Q = A,m f O , t h ( m h ) , w (9. 10)

m = ~2a/X5
0, - nhij t do thea a goc canh, C; 0 2 - n hiet do thea c) dinh c6nh,'C
h - chieucao cua c6nh, m; 5 - chieu day cua canh, m.
Be xet den anh heing cua toa nhiet o' dinh cinh, chung ta van c6 the
dung cong thCtc tren nhung luc ay phai ti n g chieu cao canh len mot khoang
bAng — 5, do do chieu cao canh lh. h' = h + 0,55.
2
9.1.6. Canh co tiet diqn thay doi
1- Ccinh hinh thang (bo qua toa nhi jt o' dinh ccinh)
DAIV NHIET 185

[(2+zz )+I[(2 Jzg )K o(2/z)

I (2Jz)K
e=o, (9.11)
' l,(2+zt )Kt(2/zz)+I,( 2gzz
)K,(2+zt )
Nhiet do dinh canh
I„(2Jz, )K, (2gzz )+ I, (2 jz~ )K, (2 jz~ )
(9.12)
I,(2Jz, )K,(2Jzq )+ it(2 +zz )K,( 2~zt)
Nhiet luong truyen qua canh:
a5,LO,
Q =
~ lp, lv (9.13)
gz> <RV

I, (2+z, )Kt(2+zz )+ I,(2Jz~ )K,(2+zt )

I,(2Jz, )K,(2+zz )+ I,(2gz,, )K,(2gzt )
2- Canh tarn. giac
I,(2/z) 'C
e =o, '

,
(9.14)
I ,(2 z . )
I
0~ =0) ,
'C (9. 15)
Ip (2gzy )

ns,e,l. I,(2Jz,)
Qz, tgy I, (2 Jz, )
Q
z = x (9. 16)
Xtgy

trong do:
I,, I, - hh,m Betxen loai mot cap khong va cap mot doi so ao
K p z K , - harn Betxen loai hai cap kh ong va cap mo t d o i s o a o ( t r a 0
phan phu luc)
5~, 5z - chieu day a goc canh va dinh canh, m
L - chieu rong cua canh (chieu dpi cdnh), m
0>, Oz - nhiet do thea 0 go'c vh dinh cdnh, 'C
q) - goc nghieng tao thanh giu'a hai be mat canh.

Tinh toan thu'c te' thu'ang dung::

Q' = z'F'q (9.17)
trong do:
Q' - nhiet leqng truyen qua canh cn tiet dien thay doi, w
9
F ' - dien tich toa nhiet cua c"'nh co tiet dien thay doi , m
186 CHLfONG 9

q - - mat do dong nhiet cua canh co tiet d ie n k h on g doi co chieu dai ,

F
chieu cao b5ng chieu dai, chieu cao cua canh co tiet d ien t hay doi, con chieu
day b5ng chieu day trung binh cua canh co tiet dien thay doi (canh thang
tinh toan).
h e so h i e u ch i n h xet d en ti nh ch at co h ep cua c6 n h ,
f (0~/0y,5g/ 5I ) d u'oc xac d in h t h e o d o t h i t r e n H . 9 . 1 , lo u y 0 ~ t i n h
t heo canh th ang t in h t o a n .

1,2

0,75

1,0

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

Oq 5q
Hinh 9. 1 . F ' = f
0,

9 .1.7. Can h t r o n c o t i e t d i y n k h o n g d o i ( b o q u a t o a n h i q t d d i n h
canh)
I ,(mr )K , ( m r >)+ I,(mr>)K , ( m r )
1 (9.18)
I „(mr, )K,(mr~)+ l,(mr~)K„ ( m r , )
I,(mr~)K, (mr~)+ I,(mr~ )K,(mr>)
2 1 (9. 19)
I,(mrs )Ki(mr~)+ i(mr~)K,(mr
Q = 2mr,khm0ylp w

I> (mr> )K> (mr> ) — I, (mr, )K, (mr>)

(9.20)
I ,(mr, )Ki(m r~)+ I i ( ~)Ko(m I)
Trong thee te throng tinh theo cong thCfc:
Q" = c" F"q, w (9.21)
Q" - nhiet 1Lfong truyen qua canh t r on, w
F" - dien tich be mht toa nhiet cua canh tron, m-
DAN INHIE T

q= -

- mat do dong v h;:.t truy(» qua c;i »h tinh t oan va duroc qui di »h
F
»hi( sau: Canh n" „' co chieu cao vi c'hie« dhy bang chieu can vh c h ieu d hy
c6»h tron n h uhg chieu ro»g diroc tinh L = 1 m.
O.p 1' g
c" = f ( - — ) - he so' hieu chinh r3uoc x ac dinh bring do th i H . 9 . 2 .
O 1 r)
Ltsu y': O., tinh t h eo canh ti»h toa»

1,0

0,9

0,7

0~/0 )
0,5
0,2 0 ,4 0,6 0 ,8 1,0

Gp I'g
llinh 9.2. c" = f (
0, r~

9 .1 .8. Phu'kg p h a p t i n h canh theo hij.u suat trao doi n h iqt cua be m a t
Tr i
n thLfc te hien theo'»g dung phuong phap nay dan gian hen.
Q, (9.2 1')

trong do: q, - hieu suat cua ca»h

Q, - nhiet luqng thuc truyen qua canh

Q>, - nhiet leqng c6 the truyen qua c~nh neu toan bo be ma t c a n h
co nhiet do bang nhiet do goc canh.
Q(, — 2WLO (x
-

Q, = o,QI,
W - chieu rong cua ca»h, rn
L - chieu cao canh, m
Og — tg t f , 'C ( t„ - n hiet do go'c canh)
1SS CHLfONG 9

T ren d o t h i H .9 . 3 t r u e t u n g c h o b i e t q, l i , t r ue h o a n h t h e h le n
I'L (0,/ kfp ) ]
f - d i e n t ich prnFir. canh (do'i vdi canh thang .iet dien khong doi thi
dien tich profin canh duce tinh f ~ =- L5, cac canh k hac ci ;i g t i n h d uqc too'ng

|) %100

80

FO

40 LpQp,
20 I
2

L, (a/ i .t,)

Hinh 9 . 8

9.1.9. Dan n h iqt kh i e o n g u o n n h i q t b en t r o n g

B oi voi th anh tr u d ong chat :
qyr~
(9.22)
2 a 4A .
N hiet do tren be m5t t h an h t r u :
" r' + t (9.23)
av f
2
N hiet do tren t r ue th an h :

+qv 6 + q v 0 (9.24)
2a 4 A.

q = a ( t , „ — tf ) = (9.25)
2
t, - nhiet do nioi tru'cong xung quanh thanh, 'C
a - he so toa nhiet tren be mat thanh, w/m "C
r, - ban kinh t l ; anh t r u , m

q„ - ning sui'.ghat nhiet cua thanh, w/m

DAIV NHIET 189

9.2 DAN NHIETKHONG ON 0!NH

9.2.1. Tam phang ruing
Nhiet do i tarn cua t:~'m:
O =p =F (Bi, Fo) (9.26)
Nhiet do tren be irat t arn:

0,=> = F (Bi, Fo) (9.27)

'IÃ5
Bi = -

- tieu chuan Bio

a~
Fo = -

- tieu chuan Furie

52

X = — - toa do khong thu' nguyen

5
0=- - nhiet do khong thief nguyen.
e,
a - he so toa nhiet tren be mat, w/ m ' C

a - he so khuech tan nhiAt cua vat lieu,a = —, m Is

cp
A. - he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu lam tarn, w/m 'C
5 - mot nbachieu day tarn,m
x - thai gian gia nhij t h oke lain nguoi, s.
Cac him F , va F~ tra i d o t h i H . 9.3 va H.9.4.

9.2.2. Thanh tru di i

OR=p = F' (Bi, Fo) (9.28)

OR= > = F' ( Bi, Fo) (9.29)

ar,' ; a'r . r
Bi = Fo = — ;
R= -

r, - bin k in h t h anh t ru, m.

Clc him F ' , v h F' z t r a o do thi H.9.5 va H.9.6.

9.2.3. Vyt the hinh dang phafc tap

- Vat hinh hop:

OX,Y.Z, = OX. O Y . 'OZ. (9.30)

- Thanh dai hinh chCr nhat:

OX,Y. = OX, 'OY. (9.31)

 190 cHUONG 9

- Hinh tru cut:

OR z. = OR . O z . (9.32)

trong do: Ox <, OY „Oz <, OR, - tim nhu cac muc tren.
1,0 1,0
0,8 0,8
,0 0,6
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,4
0 0,3
0,3

0,2 0,2

I
•I
II O
0,1 0,1
Il 0,08
0,08
I
0,06 0,06
0,05
0,05
0,04
0,04
0,03
0,03
cD
0,02 0,02
EP
oo

001 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 1012 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Fo=- ar
6'

Hinh 9. 3 . O „ = p= F,(Bi, Fo)

0,0
1,0 1,0

0,8 0,8
8I- cb ip
0,6 =o,r 0,6
0,5 0,5
0,4 0,4

0,3 0,3

0,2 0,2

11
0,1 0,1
• C)
0,08 0,08
0,06 0,06
0,05 0,05
0.04 0,04

0.03 0,03
0,02
0,02

0,01 0 ' 0,01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1012 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
ax
Fo= —,
5

Hinh 9 .4. 8 „=5 = F (Bi, Fo )

OAIV IVHIET
191

1.0
0,0
1,0
C,S
0,8
0.6 ej cpf
0'02 0.6
C.S =O,y
0.5
Q4
04 0,4
G,3
0.3
:oz
0,2
0.2
og
II O 0 Jo
0,1
II 0.1
0.08
0.08
0,06 0,06
0.05
o o
0,05
t'8
0.04 0,04
O
0,03
0,03
O
0,02 cP
0.02

0,01
0,01
0 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
Fo = - at
I' 2

Hinh 9.$. e„ =F,(Bi, Fo)

0,0
1,0
1,0
0.8
Qj ai 0.8
0,6
0,6
0,5
0.5
Q4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2

8
01
• CD 0,1
0,08 0.08
0.06 0,06
0,05 0,05
0,04 o 0.04
0,03
0,03
0,02
0,02

0,01
0 0,01
4 6 6 10 12 14
Fo=- at
.2
IG
Hinh 9.6. B „ „ =F,(Bi, Fo)
192 cHL/ONG 9

BAI TAP
9.1.Tinh mat do dbng nhijt truyen qua vach phkng ruing, dong chat, chieu
de v6ch 5 = 50 mm, nhij t d o be mat trong vh be mkt ngoai duy tri
k hong doi t> — 100'C va t 2 = 9 0' C v s cac treong hop vhch lam bi n g
nhQng vat lieu sau:
a) Vich th4p, hj sodin nhijt A, = 40 w/m' C
b) Be tong, X = 1,1 w/m'C
c) Gach diatomit, X = 0,11 w/m ' C
Bap sb: a ) q = 8000 w/m
b) q = 220 w/ m 2
c ) q = 22 w/ m 2

9.2.Xhc dinh ton that nhiet Q truyen qua vach phkng ibm bhng gach do co
X = 0,70 w/m'C. Vach c6 kich thuoc: chieu dai L = 5 m, chieu cao H = 4
m, chieuday 5 = 250 mm. Nhiet do tren be mat vhch duy tri khong doi
t > = 110'C v a t 2 = 4 0 ' C .
Bap so'. Q = 3920 w

9.3.Xic dinh dj chenh nhiqt dq phia trong vh phia ngohi cua vAch thep lb
hoi, lo hei lam v iec 8 6p suat p = 20 bar, be dhy v6ch thep 5 = 20 m m .
N ooc duoc cap vho lb hoi c6 nhijt do t „ , = 200 C, hei sinh ra lh hei bao
h oa kho, san luong hoi t re n m j t d a n v i b e mat d i j n t i c h t x uyen nhiqt l a
30 kg/m h, hq so dkn nhiqt cua th4p A.= 50 W/m ' C .
Giai
Vi v6ch noi hcti c6 deb'ng kinh lan so vai chieu dhy (dz/d~ > 2) nen co
the xem nhu v6ch phkng de xif ly:

—At M At =
q5
5
Tit dieu kiln can bRng nhijt giCa nhijt hrqng truyen qua v6ch vh nhij t
luqng cung ca'pde nude cip vho 200'C bien thhnh hai bao hba kho ctp = 20
bar, ta c6:
q = ( i " — i„,) x G , w /m

trong d6:
i" -entanpi cua hei bao hba kho o ip suat p = 20 bar. Tra bang o'phan
phu luc ta co:
i" = 2799 kJ/kg
DriAI NHIE T

i„, - erltanp i e lla n tfr)c cap lo h a i .

Xac d in h t i f b a l l g ll ' .f(fcchu'a soi va h r fi 'A • Hdi bao hoa khan

qua nhiet voi p = 20 bar va t = 200 ' C

ta co:
I)C 852,4 kJ/kg
p=20bar
San pham chay
(hoac co the' slf dung bang ntfuc soi va G= 30kg/m h

hoi .)ao hoa. kho, Qng vdi t = 200'C

tirn dtfqc i' = 852,4 kJ/kg = i„, )
• •

5 - san l l f qng hoi sinh r a t r e n 1 20mm NUdc cap

t=200 C
h.". mat truyf'.n nhi6t tr ong 1 sec:
30 2 3
q = (2799 852,4) = 16,2 k w / m = 16,2 . 10 w /m2
3600
3 0' 02
b ,t = q- = 16 , 2 . 1 0 ' = 6,48 ' C
50

9.4.Mot vach lo co be dhy, nhiet do tren be mat vach trong vh vach ngoai lh t, vh
t2, lh he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu lam vach A.- = 0,831(1 + 0,000807t) w/m.do.
Tinh mat do dong nhiet truyen qua neu 6 = 200 m m , t l — 1000'C v a
-

t 2 = 200 ' C .

Giai
Theo dinh luat Furie ta co
dt
q= — X(t) — hoac q d x = — A.(t) dt
dx

0 che do on dinh q = const, tich phan hai ve phu'ong tri n h :

5 t2 t2

b 2 2
, [( l - 2 ) + - ( l — 2)j

b
— '[1+ — (tl+ t 2 ) [ ( t l — t2) = -~tb
'( t l — t2)
5 5
trong do:
b
Xtb = [1+ — (t.,+t,)] = 0,831 [1 + 0 , 5 x 0 , 000807 x 1 2 00] = 1,233 w/m do
2
'
1,233 2
q = (800) = 4933 w/m
0,2
194 cHtJONG 9

9.5.Tinh be day lop each nhijt cua mot vach phkng de ton that nhiet khong
vent qu6 450 w/m , biet nhiet do be mkt trong t , = 450'C v a b e m k t
ngoai t2 = 50 "C v8i chic loai vat lieu cAch nhiet sau:
a) X> = 0,09+ 0,0000872 t, W/m do

b) X2 = 0,209 + 0,000146 t,W/m do

B ap so'. a) 5 = 82 mm , b) 5 = 1 9 0 m m

9.6.Tu'ong lo hai duoc cau tao bAng 2 lop vat lieu: Ldp gach samo't d e 5> - -

120 mm, lop gach do day 53 = 250 mm. He so dan nhit,t X, = 0 ,9 3 w/m
do, A,3 — 0,7 w/m.do.
a) Neu them vao giCa 2 leap
vat lieu mot l eap bot diatomit co chieu day
52= 50 m m v h X 2 -— 0,113 + 0,00023 t,w/m do, muon cho dong nhiet

truyen qua vhch khong thay doi thi luc ay chieu day icrp gach do se la
bao nhieu? Bietnhiet do be m5t trong cung va be mat ngoai cung van
duy tri khong thay doi la 1000'C vh 50'C.

b) Tinh nhiet do be mat tai cac 1c'tp tiep xuc.

Giai
Mat do dong nhiet ban dau (khi chea co lap bot diatomit):
100 50
1955 w/m
0 ,120 0 , 2 5 0
+
0.93 07
Khi c6 lap bot diatomit dat vho giCa
tI=1000 C // ////
va gjam chieu day lip gach do de mat do
I/ //
dong nhijt qua hach khong thay doi ta //
//
co: //
//
//

ht // I/
ht I
I I/
/I
5t + 53 — 5 2 + ~5
5 g+ — \ I/
— I/
/
g3 X] ktbQ X3 II
t4=50 C
• •

I/
trong d6 A,,b2 - he so dan nhiet trung / // / /
II
/ / // / /
I/
binh cua l eapbot di atomit, t u ' p huctng
• ~ I
//
//
trinh tren tim dude:

Nhiet do e
l ap
tiep xuc thu' nhat la:
0,120
'
t, = t, - q — ' = 100 - = 748 C
0. 93
DAIV NHIET 195

Vi dong nhiet khong doi qua cac lop (dan nhi et on d i n h) ta c o:

t,+t3
Ao(1+ b )
~tb2
(t2 t 3) = 2 t3 ) ( + t2 + t3)(t2 — t3 )
52 b A.. b
0,113
'
A.2 — 0,113 + 0,00023 t = 0,113 + 0,00023 t = 0 , 1 13 (1 + 0,002035 t)
0. 113
2x1955x 0,05 2
Do do: = ( + 748+ t3 ) (748 — t3)
0 , 113 x 0. 002035 0,00 0 2 0 35
Bu'. yon lai ta cc phi<ong trinh sau:
t3 + 983t3 — 443730 = 0

Giai phu'ong trinh bac 2 tren ta tim duroc:

—983+ 4983 +4x443730
2
-983 — 983 + 4 x 4 43730
t "2 ( O'C
2
N ghiem nay khong phu hop vdi dieu kien th ee, vay t 3 -— 336'C

2 2
53 Bg 0,250 0. 0 5 0
0 ,7 0,2 3 8

9,7. Vach buong say deqc xay dp>g b5ng 2 lap vat lieu, lip gach do
6, = 250 mm , ) > — 0,7 w/n> do, lip vat l ieu phi a ngoai co A.2 = 0,0465
w/m do. Nhiet do be m5t trong cung t , = 110'C , n h iet do be mat ngoai
c ung t 3 —
- 25'C. Xac dinh chieu day 1dp vat lieu the 2, nh iet do cac lap

tiep xuc det.o» that,nhiet qua vach buong say khong vacant
qua 110 w/ .
D ap so: 5 2 = 1 9 m m , t 2 = 7 0 , 7 ' C

9.8. Vach lo gom 2 l eap:leaptrong la gach chiu lpga, lap ngoai la gach each
nhiet. Chieu day l eap gach chiu lu'a 5, = 200 mm, he so dan nhiet
1,8 w/ m d o , 1 d p g a c h e a c h n h i e t co he so dan nhie t
0 ,054 ( 1 + 0 ,0 0 2 4 t ) . N h i e t do be mat tro n g cu a va ch
t, = 800 C. Xac dinh be day cua l eap
each nhiet de ton that nhiet qua
vach khong vuqt qua 1100 w/m k h i n h iet do be mat ngoai khong vuot
qua 50'C.
Bap s o: 52 - — 57 mrn
196 CHLJ(3NG 9

9.9. Vach buong lu'a lo hai duqc cau tao gom hai lap: Lap trong la gach samot
co chieu day 5, = 125 mm va A., = 0,28 + 0,00023 t w/m do, lap ngoai la
gach do co 52 -— 500 mm, A.> = 0,7 w/m do. N h ie t d o be ma t t r o n g d u y
t ri a t > - — 1100 'C va be mat ngoai t 3 — — 50 'C .
Xac dinh nhiet luqng truyen qua 1 m b e mat vach va nhiet do lap tiep
xuc

Dap so: q = 1094 w/m ; t2 = 8 2 7 ' C

9 .10. Mot v ach p h Ang co d ie n t i c h F = 5 m la m b ang thep co chieu day

5, = 8 mm, X, = 46,5 w/m do, ben ngoai phd hai lap vat lieu each nhiet,
l ap thu nha t 5 z = 50 mm, A.~ = 0,144 + 0 , 0 0014 t w/ m do , lap th u h a i :
53 10 mm, A.3 -— 0,698 w/m do. Nhiet do be mat trong t, = 250 'C
n hiet do be mat ngoai cung t „ = 50 ' C .

Tinh nhiet luang truyen qua vach, nhiet tiep xuc tai cac lap vach, xay
dung do thi phan bo nhiet do trong vach.
Dap so: Q = 2778 w ; t 2 —
- 250'C; t 3 = 58 'C

9 .11. Mot b o q u a n h i e t d u a c c h e t a o b a n g c a c o n g t h e p , d u a n g k i n h
d y I dg = 32/42 mm, he so dan n h ie t k ( = 14 w/m do. N h i e t d o b e m a t
n goai t 2 = 580 C , n h i e t d o b e m a t t r o n g t , = 450 C . T i n h m a t d o
dong nhiet truyen tren 1 m chieu dai ong.
Bap so: 42071 w/m

9.12.Mot ong dan hai bhng thep co duang kinh d, Id> — 100/110 mm, = 55 W / m
do, ben ngohiduac boc mot lap each nhiet co Xz — 0,09 W/m do, nhiet do be
mat trong t, = 200' C v h nhiet do ngoai cung t3 = 50' C .
Xac dinh chieu day lap each nhiet de ton that nhiet tren duang ong
khong vuat qua300 W/m.
Dap so: 5 2 = 18 mm

9.13. Mot ong dan hai lam bAng thep duang kinh d> Id, = 100/110 mm, he so
dan nhiet A.> — 50 W/m do, ong duqc boc bhng 2 lap vat li eu each nhiet
co chieu dhy bhng nhau 52 — 53 — 50 mm. Nhiet do be m5t trong cua
o ng t , = 250'C v a m a t n g oai cua lap each nh iet t h u h a i l h t 4 = 5 0 ' C ,
h e so' d a n n hiet c u a c a c l a p b o c l a n l u ' q t b a n g : X 2 = 0 ,0 6 v a
A,3 —0,12 w/mdo.

a ) Xac dinh to n t h a't n h ie t qu a mo t m e t o n g v a n h i e t d o t r e n b e m a t

DAN NHIET 197

tiep xuc [isa cac lap each nhir t.

b) ¹ u d o i v i t r i cuba hai lap each nhiet cho nhau nhung van giif dieu
k ien nhiet do be mAt trong va be mat ngoai kh ong thay doi th i t o n t h a t
nhiet tren 1 met duiing ong se la bao nhieu'?
D ap so'. a) q i -— 89,7 w/m; t 3 = 9 6 , 3 ' C

b) q, = 105,5 w / m ; t 3 —
- 159'C

9.14. Mot ong dan hoiduo'c boc hai lop each nhiet co be day nhu nhau, duong
i inh trung Yinih cua lap thu hai bang hai lan d ung kinh trung binh cua
lop thu nhat. He so'
dan nhiet cua lap thu' nhat bang hai lan he so dan
nhiet cua lap thu' hai.
Ton that cua 1 met ong se thay doi th e n a o n e u doi ch o ha i l o p each
nhiet cho nhau con cac dieu kien nhiet do be mat trong cung va ngoai
cung v'ill gi u n g u yen nh u cu.

Giai
Be giai bai toan, khi tinh ta dung cong thi'c gan dung
rrht 1
qI 1 1
+
k.id,b, X 2 d ~b2

d,b - duong kinh t r ung binh.

Truong hop thu' nhat:

qadi
— 1— +
~1 dibl ~2dtb2

Truong hop thu' hai:

1
1
~idtb2

Theo dieu kien cho thi:d„= 2d„va

2
Do do:
1 1 2 1
+ +
~id tbi 21.id<bi

qt2 1 1 1 1
+
Xdbi i d„ , ' -i <b i i tbl

Tu day ta rut r a duac dieu kien:

198 CHUDNG 9

ql2 ' qll

1.25
Nhe vay ton that nhiet trong truing hqp thief hai giam di 20%
9.15. Bao hei cua lo hei co d efang kinhtrong 600 mm, be day 6, = 15 m m .
Ben ngoai phu mot lap each nhiet day 52 = 150 mm, he so dan nhiet
k, = 5 0 w / m d o , k 2 = 0,1 w/m do, nhiet do be mat trong cua bao hei
200 C, nhiet do be mat ngoai lop each nhiet t3 -— 50 'C .
Xac dinh tonthat nhiet tren met chieu dai cua bao hei ql.
Dap so: ql — 237 w/m

9.16.Do ma sat cua vong bi nen nhiet do tren true may cho o bi cao hen
nhiet do moi truang khong khi xung quanh 60'C, he so dhn nhiet cua
vat lieu lam t rue may A. = 58 W/m do, he so toa nhiet tu'
true may den
khong khi u = 7 W / m d o , d d ong kinh t r ue 60 mm .
N eu xem t r u e nh e t h a n h d a i v o h a n , h a y v i e t p h u ong t r i n h p h a n b o
n hiet do doc t h eo t r u e v a t i n h n h i e t l d o n g p h a n n h i e t l u on g t i f o b i
truyen qua true.
Bap so: 0 = 6 0e ' " , Q = 2 7 , 9 w

9.17. N hiet do tr u ng binh k h i n e n d ir ac do bhng mot n h i et ke t h u y n g an d a t

trong mot ong thep han lien vd'ivo binh, trong ong thep co chCra dau.
N hiet do n h ie t k e c h i t h -— 84 C ( t h u'c chat l a n h i e t d o cu a da u o n g
t hep), nhiet do a goc ong t he p t , = 40'C , c h ieu dai ong t hep h = 120
mm, be day ong 5 = 1,5 mm, he so toa nhiet tir khong khi den ong t h ep
a = 23,3 w/m do, he so dan nhiet cua thep X = 55,8 w/m do.
Xac dinh nhiet do thee cua khong khi trong binh va sai socua phep do.
Giai
Sai so cua phep do la do co hien tuqng dan nhiet doc theo vo boc (ong)
n en nhiet do n h iet k e ch i k h o n g p ha i l a n h i e t d o cua kh i t r o n g b in h t < ma
l h nhiet d o cua dau v o bo c th . B e x e l y ba i t oan nay ta xem vo boc nhd
thanh dai hindu han bo qua toa nhiet dau thanh, ta co:
e.
ch(mh)
eh
e, ch(mh ) t, - t,

cU
mh
A.f
DAIV NHIET 199

trong do: U = nd v a f = 6 n d

U
f 6
23,3 —2
mh = h ~u / A , 5= 0,12
'

55,8x0,0015

Tif phan phu luc tra duoc: ch(rnh) = ch(2) = 3,76

t „— 84 — „ 1
tr 40 —t f 3,76

84 — 0,2678x40
1-0. 266
Sai so cua phep do 6, = 100 — 84 = 16' C

5, 16
= 16'Ic
tf 100

9.18. Be giarn sai so cua phep do ngirai ta khac phuc bang mot so bien- phap
sau: chon vat lieulam vo boc co he so dan nhiet nho, t5ng chieu dai cua
vo boc, giam be day cua ong, phu mot lap each nhiet a cho han ong vai
v o binh. Hay t i n h n h iet do nhiet ke chi va sai so cua phep do vai d i eu
k ien da k h 5 c p h u c sai sot n h u s au: v o boc la m h a n g t h e p k h o n g g i
A, = 23,3 W/ m d o , h = 160 mm , 5 = 0 , 8 m m v a t , = 70 C, cac dieu kien

con lai van nhir bai (9.17)

Dap so': t~, — 99,8'C,
-

t < — t>—- 0,2'C

9.19. Phu'ang phap do nhiet do binh kh i n e n va n t i rang tu bai ( 9 .17) vai cac
d ieu kien sau: Nh iet do nhiet k e ch i t ~, — 100 C, nh iet d o goc vo boc
-

t, = 50 C, chieu dai vo boc h = 140 mn>, chieu day vo 5 = 1 mm, he so

dan nhij t
v a t l i eu lani vo )i, = 58 w/m.do, he sotoa nhiet tren be mht vo
a = 29w/ m do.
Xac dinh nh iet do cua khi tr ong binh t < v a sai so cua phep do
B ap so: t f - 10 4 , 6 ' C , 5 , = 104,6 — 100 = 4,6' C

9.20. Be mat ngoai buong lam lanh ban dan hinh hop, cocac canh nhom
throng dMg cac vach xung quanh, kich thLrdccac vach nhd sau: chieu
rong cua vach B = 800 rnm, chieu cao H = 1 0 0 0 m m , c an h i b m x u n g
quanh lh canl t h ang co tiet dien khong doi vai kich thrrac: chieu cao
canh la h = 30 mm , chieu day 5 = 3 m rn. Moi vach co 40 canh, nhiet do
go'c canh t, = 30'C , nhiet do moi trirang xung quanh t f = 2 0 ' C , h e s o
dan nhiet cua nhom lhm canh A.= 202 w/m dA, he so toa nhiet tifcanh
200 CHUONG 9

d en moi truong u , = 7 w/m d o .

Hay tinh ~.hiet do 0 dinh canh t h v a n h iet luong truyen qua t;"'n v6'h
xung quanh cua buong. Neu mat ngoai cua buong khong co canh thi
nhijt l uqng truyen qua la bao nhieu. Khi t in h xem he so toa nhiet i
phan khong co canh va phan canh la nhu nhau ra~ = a„ .

Giai

Neu bo qua toa nhiet 0 di nh c a nh t h i n h i e t d o d au canh dirac tinh

theo phuong trin h sau:
6
eh '= t h tf
ch(mh)
0, = t,, — tE = 3 0 - 2 0 = 10 ' C

Qo,'U 7 x 2(1+ 6, 003)

mh = h 0,03 — 0,1435
'

kf 202x lx 0,003

Tra 8 phan phu luc tim du'oc:

ch(mh) = ch((l,1435) = 1,01
th(mh) = t h ( 0 ,1435) = 0,1425
Nhiet cio dau canh:
0,' 10
t),
-

— tg+ = 20 + = 29,9'C
ch(mh) 1, 01
Nhiet leqng toa ra i be mat moi canh:
Q„ = Xmf8,th ( m h )
DAN N,'(IET 201

oU
tlong do: f = Xx H ih ;n = =478
kf
Q„i — 202x 4,78x (0,003x 1)x 10x . i , 1425 = 4,1 w

Mot tudng ben co 40 canh do do bon vach co 160 canh nhiet lu'qng
truyen cua canh se 1h:
Q, = 160x Q„ = 160x4,1 — 656 w

Nhiet lifongtoa ra o phan be mat khong co canh cua bon tu'ang

~gOoI'g

Fg - dien tich be mat phan khong lam car.h:

Fg (4 x B x H ) — (160x H x5 )= (4x 0,8x 1) — (160x 1x 0,003) = 2,72 m

0 = 7 x 1 0 x 2 , 7 2 = 190,4 w

Tong nhietluong truyen qua vach xung quanh cua buong:

Q = Q,+Qg -— 656+ 190,4 = 846,4 w

Tru'o'ng hap buong khong lain canh nhiet lu'

o'ng truyen qua se la
Q' = n B,F = 7 x 10x ( 4 x 0 ,8x 1) = 224 w

Q 846. 4
Nhu' v jy:
224

9.21. Mot canh ibm bang thep co kich h

thu'ac n h u ' s a u : 5 = 5 mm ,
h = 50 mm, L = 1 m, he so' dan nhiet
X = 58 W/m do, he so toa nhiet cua
c anh u = 11,65 w/ m d o , n h ij t d n
thea i goc caiih 0„ = 80' C .
Tinh n h i e t l u ong t r u yen qua canh to
v a nhiet d o 0 d i nl : c ,inh t r o»g h ai
trdong hqp sau:

a) Bo qua su toa nhiet 0 dinh canh.

b) Co ke den si< toa nhiet D dinh canh.
Dap su': a) oi, -— 72,7'C, Q = 8 7,6 w

b ) 6'„ = 7 2 ' C , Q ' = 92 w

202 CHUOfdQ 9

9. 2. Be thng cu'kg t r uy n n h i e t, tren be mat ngohi cua ong co decor.gkir h

25 mm ngucti ta ibm cac canh nhom .ren tie't dien khcng doi, chieu cao
canh L = 15 mm , c h ieu da y c an n 5 = 1 mrn . Nhiet d o g o c c anh
tg 1 70 C, nhiet do moi truing xung quanh t>= 25'C, h e o' dan nhii,t

cua Al X =200 w/m'C, cu'ang do toa nhiet toa nhijt t r e n be mat canh
a =130 w/m ' C . T inh nhij t l uqng truyen qua mot canh.
Giai

L' = L+5/2 = 1 5 + 0 , 5 = 1 5,5 mm

25
= 12,5 mrn
2

r'2 = r , + L ' = 1 2 . 5 + 1 5 ,5 = 2 8 m m
r'2 28 = 2,24
rr 12,5
f = 5(r'2- r > )

= 0,001x(0,028 - 0 , 0 125) = 1,55 10 ' IQ

L' ( — )" = ( 0 0 1 55) ' x ( )" = 0 3 06

Afp 200 x1, 55. 10

Tu' do thi hin h t r e n vdi r' 2 / r >= 2,24 vh L ' ( )" = 0 ,396
P

tra duroc q= 0,82

= 2 n ( r ' ,-— r, )xax(t - tf )

= 2x3,14x[(0,028) - ( 0 , 0 125) ] x 1 3 0 x ( 170 - 2 5 ) = 73,4 w

Q = 71 x Q(L —
- 0,82x73,4 = 60,9 w

9.23. Canh train co be day khong doi 5 = 3,6 mm. Ba n k i n h 0 goc va dinh
canh r, = 60 mm ; r , = 120 mm, he so dan nhiet cua vatlieu ibm chnh

X = 35 w/m do, he so toa nhiettren be mat canh e = 35 w!m dj, nhi et

do thea tai go'c canh 6, = 80'C .
Hay tinh nhiet lu'ang ".ruyen qua canh bhng hai each:
a) B5ng cong thCfc giai tich.
b) B5 .~: cong thQc gan dung.
D"'.p so'. a) Q = il 5 , 5 i i

b)Q = jG'~w
DAAI NHIET 203

9.24. Bo say khong khi du'qc che' tao bhang n hCrng ong gang co canh tie't dien
hinh thang bo' tri doc theo mat ngoai cua o'ng. Hay xac dinh nhiet luqng
truyen qua canh va nhietdo o dinh canh. Bie'
t chieu dai ong L = 2500
mm, chieu cao canh h = 30 mm, be day goc canh 5, = 3 mm, be day
dinh canh 5~ =1 mn>, heso'dan nhiet cua gang X = 52,3w/m do, he so
t oa n h ie t t r e n b e m a t c a n h u = 23,3 w/ m d o , n h iet d o goc canh
t, = 450 "C, nhit;t do k h ong kh i t t = 350'C. Tin h bhng hai phuang

phap: giai tich va do thi

Giai
1) Phuang phap giai tich
I
0

Xi

I1
I
X~~
I

2yg v

5, -5, 3- 1
2h 2x 30 30
5,' Sx30
-
x> -

-
= = 46 mm
2tgq 2
xz = v, —h = 45 — 30 = 1 5 m m

'
Z '
'

30 0 6014
Xtgy 52,3
o x> 23,3 x 0 , 0 1 5
ktgrp 52,3
2 JZ) -2 ~10,6014
-
= 1,55

2~+Z, = 2 $0,201 = 0,895

0( = 450 — 350 = 100 'C

Nhiet do ct d inh canh va nhiet lu'qng truyen qua canh xac dinh b i n g
cac cong thQc sau:
204 cHUONG 9

1,(2~Zt)K,( 2~Z~) +1,(2~Zt)K,(2 JZq )

I,(2~Z,)K,(2 JZq )+1,(2~Zg
) K,(2~Zt )

uS,Le,
Qc
~Z) tgg

I,(2,JZ,)K,(2JZ~ )+I,(2JZ))Ki(2~Z t )
I,(2~Z, )K, (2JZ~ )+ I,(2JZ, )K,(2JZ, )
Cac ham I„ I,,K,, K, tra 0 phan phu luc:

1,(2~Z, ) = I , ( 1 , 5 5 ) = 1,6985

+Zt )
1,(2~ = I , ( 0 , 8 9 5 ) = 1,213

I,(2~Z , ) = 1, ( 1 , 5 5 ) = 1,0392

Iz(2~Zz ) = I , ( 0 , 8 9 5 ) = 0,4971

K,(2JZ, ) = K , ( 1 , 5 5 ) = 0,2009

K,(2JZ., ) = K , ( 0 , 8 9 5 ) = 0,4867

K~(2~Z~) K ~( 1 55 ) 0 2 590

K)[2 J Z~ ): K ) (0 895): 0 7 1 7

Thay cac tri so vao cong thCfc ta dirac:

l. 213x 0,717+ 0.497lx 0,4867
0 = t - t = 100
1.6985x0.717+ 0,4971x0.2009

N hiet do dinh canh :

t), = 84 + t t = 84 + 35 0 = 434 C

1, 0392 x 0,717+ 0,4971x 0,259

1, 6985 x 0,717+ 0. 4971x 0. 2009

N hiet lu'ong truyen qua ci n h :

23,3x 0,003x 2,5x100x 30
Q, = 0.462
$0,6014
2) Phasing phap do thi:
Trade t ien xic d i n h c ac th o ng so' cua canh thi n g t i n h t o a n :
Chieu cao cinh:
h' = h + 2 = 30 + 0,5 = 30,5 mm
2
OAN NHIET 205

Chieu day canh:

1 1
~tb - -

— (51 — 52) = — (3+ 1) = 2 m m

2 3
Chieu rong canh:
L = 2500 mm
2a 2x 23, 3
In =21,1 m
15,b 52,3x 0,002
mh' = 0,0305 x 21,1 = 0,644

Tif phan phu luc ta tim duqc:

C I1(Inh') = C h ( 0 ,644) = 1 , 2 1 4 7
t h(mh') = t h ( 0 , 644 ) = 0, 5 6 7 6
0 1 1
= 0,825
0, Ch(m h ' ) 1, 21 4 7

52 1
0,333
5, 3
I

Nhiet luqng tr uyen qua canh thang tinh toan :

Q = 4 a f0, th(mh') = 52,3x 21,1x 2,5x 0,002x 100x 0,5676 = 312 W

D ien tich be mat toa nhiet cua canh thang tin h t o an :

F = 2 h ' L = 2 x 0 , 0 3 0 5 x 2, 5 = 0 , 1 3 5 m
312
q = 2311,1 w / m
V 0, 13 5

Nhiet leong tr uyen qua canh hinh t h ang:

Q,. = Q' = c ' F ' q

Dien tich toa nhiet cua canh hinh t h ang:

F' = 2L
cos (p

1
tgq) = = 0,033 15; rp = 2
30
cosq) = 0,9998 = 1

F' = 2 x 2,5x 0,03 = 0,15 m

f( — ', =—
' ) =- (0,825, 0,333)
el 51
tra do thi H . 9 .1. tim duqc c,' = 1,02
Q Q' = 1,02x 0, 15 = 312 w
 C HI JONG 9

9.25. N ." t xyi anh dong ca do't trong di rac lcm bAng canh de tAng cuarg truyen
n hiet, cac t h o n g s o v a c l c h l h s . i n h i <
sou: than xylanh co lam bAng 1 5 c'nh
trc:n, chieu dai canh : 5 = 2, 5 mm, c h i eu
cao canh L = 25 mm, doing kinh ngoai
vong x y l a n h d , = 6 m m , ch i e u d ai
H'
n ong xylanh H ' = 1 70 mm, vat l i e u l ~ m
c anh a = 1 50 w / m'C, cong do toa
nhiet u = 50 w / m'C, n h iet d o goc canh
tz -— 2 1O'C, n hiet do moi ' t r e a n g
tf — 30'C . Xet tru'ang hap co lam canh
nhe tAng bao nhieu lan so vai khong
1 am canh.
Gia i
2,' 5
L, =L + 5 / 2 = 25+ =26,25mm
2
65
r '~2 = 1 L c = — +26,2 5 = 5 8 , 7 5
r ,+ mm

r~ 58,75
r~ 65/ 2

f = L , 5 = 2 6 , 2 5 m m x 2, 5 m m = 6,56 . 1 0 m

L'( )" = (0, 02625) ' x ( )" = 0 , 303

ASp 1 50 x 6, 56 . 1 0
tra dirac q, = 0, 9
l2
aF(tz — tf ) = ex2z(r'> — r~)x(tg t f )

0, 065 g
50x2nx[(0,05875) - ( ' )] x ( 210 — 30) = 1 3 5 , 4 w
2
Q, =q , x Q « - — 0,9x135,4= 121,8 w
Phan than xyl
anh kho ng 1am cinh:
(X7L'd ] (H ' n5)(t< tf )

50x3,14x0,065x (0,17 — 15x0,0025)x(210 — 30)= 135 ,5 w

Truyen nhiet qua be mat ngoai xylanh:
Q~ = n Q,+Q„ =15x121,8+243,4 =2070,4 w
Neu khong lam canh:
Qog QTtd]H(tg t f ) = 5 0 x 3 , 1 4 x 0 , 065x0 ,17x( 2 1 0 - 3 0 ) = 3 12 ,3 w
D~N NrPET 207

207C,4

9 .26. Thanh t hep co du'one kinh 1 i n d uqc gan vao vach t h ong cua t } .iet b i
n hiet co n h iet d o 40 0 F , n h i e t d o m o i t r u i n g k h o n g k h i x u n g q u a n h
thanh la 100'F, he so dan nhietcua thep X = 26 Btu/hrft'F, he so toa
n hiet tren be mat t h an h u = 5 B t u /h r F . K h i t i n h t o "' r d u'oc xem nh u
thanh dai vo han
Tinh nhiet luang truyen qua thanh.
Dap so: Q = 129 Btu/hr (37 w )

9.27. Be nghien corfu qua trinh lam nguoi canh tua bin khi ngu'oi ta phai xay
+~%
' dung rno hinh, canh cua mo hinh co cac
thong so: chieu dai canh L = 9 cm , di en
t ich tiet d ien n g ang f = 1 , 9 5 c m , c h u
305 C
Vi tiet dien ngang
U = 7 6 c m, n h i et . d o goc can h
t = 3 0 5 ' C , h e so' dan nhiet cua vat l i e u

I// x A . = 55 w/ m C , c ong
t ren can h a = 28 w / m
do t o a n h iet
C , tf —
- 815'C

1 ) Tinh n h iet d o t r ung binh cua tiet dieu giu'a canh va n h i e t d o o d a u

chnh.
2 ) Tinh nhiet do canh tr uyen cho chat long lanh .
Giai

28x7,6 10 28x7,6 1 0 2 1280

55x 1,95 x 10 5 5 x 1, 9."> 10 7 ,25

mL = 14 , 0 8 x 0 , 0 9 = 1 , 2 6 7
OR 30 5 — 815
L e1 267 -1.267
ch(mL)
510
0„ = = -265,6 m t, — 815 = — 265,6'C
1,92
815 2 6 ', C =- 549,4 C

28x7 6x10 2

e" — e " 3,55 = 0,28

shix) — — = =1,6c 5
2 2
208 CHLIONG 9

1,635
'
th(x) = = 0,85
1,92
Q = 65,64 w

ch~m(x — L)i ch[ 14 , 0 8(4,5.10 — 9.10 )] 1,2

7
ch(mL) 1,92 1,92
t„ — tg = — 320,7 m t = 815 — 320,7 =494,3'C

9.28. Sosanh hieu suat cua canh thing co chieu cao h = 0,6 in (1,524x lv. m),
chieu day 5 = 0,1 in (= 0,254x 1 0 m ) t r o n g hai t r uong hop sau:
. a) Vat lieu lam canh la nhom ( A. = 120 Btu/hr ft F = 2 0 7 ,64 w/m C ) , h e
s o toa nhiet tren be mat cua canh a = 5 0 B t u /hr "F (= 283,9 w/ m d o ) .
b ) Canh la m b ang t h e p ( A, = 2 4 B t u / h r f t ' F = 4 1, 5 w / m d o ) v a
u = 90 Btu/hr' F ( = 5 1 0,9 w/ m d o)
Giai
Hieu suatcua canh duroc dinh nghia nhu sau:
nhiet ltlong truyen qua canh thu'c
nhiet Laong truyenquacanh t r ong dieuki en l y tQang

trong do:
Q, - nhiet luong tr uyen qua canh t h u'c (deoc tinh t heo dieu kien da t r i n h
• b ay trong phan dan n h ie t qua canh )
Q ,« - nh iet l u ong tr uyen qua canh t r on g d ieu k ien l y t u 8ng (la dieu k i e n
tren toan bo be mat canh co nhiet do bAng nhiet do goc canh).
Khi tinh toan xem nhu canh t h rongc o tiet d ie n k h on g do i v a b o q u a
toa nhiet 8 dinh canh, nhu vay ta co:

Q, = O,m9.th(mh ) = O,gaU))(.fth(mh)
Q,« — aF,e, = a(Uxh)e,
-

trong do:
F, - dien tich toa nh iet cua c6nh (toa n h ie t cua ca 2 m5t t re n v h dedi )
e o — to t f

h - chieu cao cua cinh

U - chu vi tiet dij n ngang cua clnh
f - dien tich tiet dien ngang cua cinh.
e , jaUA.f th(mh) th (m h )
Do do
O,Uha mh
DAIV NHIET 209

2a QU . U 2
mh = h vi m va
A,5 if f
He do'n vi Anh:
06 2 x 50
mh
12 1 20x 0,1/12

He don vi:
2x 283,9
mh = 1 . 5 24x 10
207,64(0. 254.10 )

— 0 924 (= 92,4%)
05 05

b) He don vi Anh va he dan vi SIvan cho ket qua giong nhau:

06 2 x 90
mh
12 24 x 0,1/12

t h(1,5) 0 ,905
1,5 1, 5

9 .29. Can h t r o n c o L = 19,1 mm , 5 = 1,6 mm, duang kinh ngoai cua ong
25 4 Inm, canh lam bang nhom A,= 214 w/ m " C , a = 1 4 1 ,5w / m C .

Tinh nhiet l uong truyen qua mot canh t = 171,1'C , t t -— 21,1'C

Giai
1,6
'
L C = L + 5 / 2 = 19,1+ - = 19,9 mm
2
25,4
'
r '2 = r, + L, = t 19 9 = 32 6 m m
2
r', 326
12,7

f = 5(r'>-r, ) =1,6x(33.4- 1 3,5)x10 = 3,18.10 m

tra du'qc q, = 0,9

F = 2 n ( r ' z - r , )=2n(33,4 — 13,5 )x10 = 5,86xl 0 m

Q« —
- aF(t — t~) = 141,5x(5,86.10 ) x ( 171,1 — 21,1) =124,4 w

Q~ =. Q~xhatt.= 0,9x124,4 = 112 w

9.30.Thiet bi say bkng dien duroc che tao tu cac day dien tro nicrom, duang
k inh d = 2 m m , d a i L = 1 0 m . K h ong kh i l a n h t h o i v a o b o p ha n g i a
n hiet co n h iet d o t < — 20'C. Tinh n h iet l u ong to a r a t r e n 1 m e t d a y
-

dien trb,nhiet do be mat day t„va nhiet do a tarn cua day. Neu cuing
210 CHUONG c i

do dbng dien chay qua day lh 25 A, dien tra suat '. z dAy
p = ,1Qmm /m , he so dan nhiet X, = 17,5 w/m do, he so toa nh-'et '.ren
be mat day a = 4F,5 w/m do.
Giai
Bien tra cua day du'oc dot nong:
pL pL 1,1x 1 0
A
s zr 2 mx 1

Nhiet luang doday phat ra:

Q = R I = 3 5 x 25 = 2 18 5 w

Nhiet laong phat ra Dng voi 1 met day dien tro:

Q 2185
—. 218,5 w/m
L 10
N hiet do be mat day :
q„x l
20'.

= q<
q„
'Kro

ql 218. 5
t = +tp +20 = 769' C
r'ide 3,14x0,002x46,5

Nhiet do 0 tarn cua day:

218,5 — 770'C
= 769 +
'

4mk. 4 x 3,14 x15,5

931. Dong dien chay qua thanh nicrom d efang kinh d = 5 m m , dai
L = 420 mm, dien ap dat a 2 dau thanh b,v = 10 vol, t h anh d upe d5t
tron 'noae soi dpi ap suat p = 5 . 10 Pa.
X ac dinh n i n g s u a t p h a t n h i e t cu a n guon n h ie t be n t r o n g q „ [ w / I
m at do dbng nhiet qua be mat thanh q[w/m ] , mat do dong nhij t t r e n
mot don vi chieu dpi [w/m], nhijt do tren be mat thanh t , v h n h iet do
t ren true thanh t , .

C ho biet h e s o t o a n h i e t c u a b e m a t t h a n h t r o n g n oa e so i l h
u = 44400w/m , he so dan nhiet cua nicrom A. = 17,5 w/m do, dien t r D
suat cua nicrom p = 1,17 Qmm / m

Dap so: q „ = 4,83 . 108 w / m 3 ; q = 6 , 08 . 10 w / m

q< =9540 w/m ; t ,„ =164,7'C; t, = 2 0 8,2' C

DAN NHIET 211

9.32. Mot tarn cao su day 25 = 20 mm, nhiet do ban dau t, = 140 C duroc lam
n guoi trong moi tru'ang khong khi co nhiet do khong doi t < = 15'C . X a c
dinh nhiet do tren true vatren be mat cua tarn cao su sau thai gian lam
nguoi 20 phut. He so toanhiet tren be mat tarn cao su a = 65 w/m d o ,
thong so nhiet vat lycua cao su: he so dan nhiet A. = 0,175 w/m do, he
so khuech tAn nhiet a = 0,833 . 10 m /s.
Giai
Yhiet di thea khong th8 nguyen o tarnva tren be mat cua tarn cao su
du'oc xac dinh tu' do thi tinh toan:

Ox=a = f,(Bi, Fo)

0>=> = f2(Bi, Fo)

Trong truong hop cuabai toan nay ta co:

a5 65 x 0 0 1
0,175
at 0,8 3 3 .1 0 x 1 2 0 0
Fo
52 0,01

B iet gia tr i B i = 3,73 va Fo = 1,0 tif do thi t i n h t oan ti m d dsc:

8 „-p = 0 ,26 v a 8> = > = 0 , 0 8 3

t =0
; t, = 140 "C (nhiet do ban dau)
t,— tp

0 f f +a Q(t t f ) = 1 5 + 0 , 2 6 ( 1 4 0 — 15) = 4 7 , 5 C
v a: t,„ „. = tp+ 8 y (t t f ) : 15 + 0, 0 8 3 ( 1 4 0 - 1 5 )= 25,4' C

Vay sau thai gian lam nguoi 20 phut thi nhiet do o tarn cua tarn cao su
chn lai t „ o = 4 7 , 5 ' C c o n nh ij t d o be mat cua tarn t „ ~ — — 25,4 "C.

9.33. Mot true dai b5ng thep c6 du'ong kinh d = 2r, = 120 mm, nh iet do ban
dau t, = 20'C, true thep duroc dna vao 16 nung cb nhiet do t< -— 820'C.
a) Tinh thai gian can thiet de nhiet do o tarn cua true dat den
t,, = 800'C v a xac dinh nhiet do tren be mkt t r u e kh i ay . B iet cui n g

do trao doi nhiet t ren be mAt cua true a = 1 4 0 w/ m d o , t h ong so nhiet

v at l y c u a t h e p A , = 2 1 w / m d o , h e s o ' k h u ec h t i n nhi j t a
6 ,1110 m /s.

b) Xhc dinh nhietdo o tarn va be mat cua true sau thai gian x = 20 phut
va 40 phut.
212 cHUQNG 9

Bap so: a ) t = 5 1 p h ut, t , , = 804'C

b ) t = 2 0 p h ut , t „ „
= 656'C ; t , , = 6 2 0 ' C

t = 40 p h ut , t „ „ = 763'C ; t „ , = 7 5 5 ' C

9.34. Mot khoi thep hinh hop kich thedc 200x400x500 mm, nhiet do ban
d au t , = 20'C, dude nung nong trong lo co nhiet do 1400'C. Xac dinh

nhiet do i tarn cua khoi thep sau khi nung nong trong lo x = 1,5 h. Biet
he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu A. = 37,2 w/m do va he so khuech tan nhiet
a =6,94.10 m / s , h e so' toa nhiet t ren be mat a = 186 w/ do.
Giai
Nhiet do khong thief nguyen tai tarn cua khoi thep co the xac dinh theo
phectng trinh:
tf — tx = o < y= o tf — tm=o
"' x( )."' x ( )
t - t0 t - to t f - t0 t - t0

o', ty , t o c o t h e t i m t i f d o t h i t i n h t o a n t r r rang mot ch ieu cua tarn

phon g.
Boi vdi tarn phang co chieu day ?5„= 200 mm

aT (6,94.10 ) x (1,5 x 3600)

Fo„
g2 0,1

e 5„ 186x 0 , 1
37,2
C an cd t h e o F o „ = 3,75 v a B i„ = 0,5 tra o do t h i l a m n g u oi h o ac gia
nhiet tarn ph5ng () tim dirac nhiet do khong thu nguyen o tarn cua tarn:
f x=o 0 22
tf -t a

T hong tu nh u t r e n , doi vd i t,am p h kn g co c h ieu dhy 2 5 y = 400 mrn t a

tim durocFo„= 0,937; Biy 1 0
tf — ty o
0,57
t~ -t

Boi vOitarn phAng co chieu day 25, = 500 mm ta ti m d u pe:

Fo, = 0 ,6 ; B i, =1,25

tf — t, o
= 0,68
tf — t,

Khoi thep hinh hop 200x400x500 mm lh phan giao chung cua hatarn
DAN NHIET 213

ph:ing co kich thudc 26„, 2 6„ v a 25, t h eo phu'ong cua 3 true toa do tao nen.

D o do tini du'qc nhiet do khong the nguyen tai tarn cua khoi t h e p :
' tf — t
0,22 x 0,57 x 0,68 = 0,0852
t -t J~ y,z,r.

Tu' day tini difqc nhiet do i t arn cua khoi thep:

t) — 0,0852 ( t( — t„) = 1400 — 0,0852 ( 1400 — 20) = 1282 ' C

9.3~. Mot tu'

ong gach day 25 = 0,5 m, nhiet do ban dau cua teong o' trang
t ii6i r" n dinh l a t , , = 18'C, do dieu kien nhiet do moi t r ddng xung quanh
h a x uo'ng co n t < = 8 C , h e so t oa n h i e t t re n be mat t uo n g
<x = 8,12 w/ni do. Tinh nhiet do tren be mat vach va t arn cua vach sau
tho'i gian r = 1 h . Cho biet thong so' nhiet vat ly cua vat l ieu lam vach:
4
A, = 0,812 w/m do; p = 1500 kg/m; c = 0, 8 3 74 kJ/kg dj
416
Ba p so: t , „ = 14 , 2 7 ' C, t ~ = 18 'C

9 .36. Mot h i n h t r u cu t l ain bang t hep co ditong k in h d = 0,3 m c h ieu d a i

I. = 0,6 in , co n h iet d o ban da u t , = 20'C, vat d aric dna vao lo nung co

n hiet d o t „ = 1020' C, cUong do toa nhiet tren be mat vat e= 232

w/in d o , he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu ). = 35 w/m do, he so khuech tan
nhiet cua vat lieu la a = 0,0225 m /h. Tinh nh iet do tai cac diem 1, 2, 3,
4 nhu' tren hinh ve sau tho'i gian t = 1 h .

I I

I
I

I
3

l
Bap soi t i —
- 951'C; t 2 = 90 8 C

ts - - 880 C; t ~ = 7 9 2 ' C
-
 Chafdhg

TOA NHIET BOI LOU

K hi tinh t oan nhiet l uang tr uyen tr ong qua t r in h t o a n h iet doi l o u
throng st dung cong thCfc Newton.
Q = nF ( t ,„ — tf )

trong do:
Q - nhiet leong truyen qua be mat t r ong mot don vi t h o i g i an, W
a - he so toa nhiet t ren be m at , w/ m d o
F - dien tich be mat toa nh i et , m
t,„ - nhiet do tr ung binh t r e n be mat vat r 6 n , do
t< - nhiet do tr ung binh cua chat long, do.

He so toa nhiet theang duroc tinh theo cong thCfc thee nghiem. Tu' ly
thuyet dong dang (hoac ly th uyet phan t ich thief nguyen) da phan ti ch, t r ong
dieu kien trao doi nhiet on d i nh , pheang tr in h t i e u chuan co dang sau:
Nu = f(Re, Gr, Pr )
trong do:
eL
Nu = - tieu chuan Nusselt

Q)L
Re = -

- tieu chuan Reynolds

V

V • r.
Pr = -

- tieu chuan Prandtl

a
gPL dt
Gr = - tieuchuan Grashof
V2

L - kich thuc'tc tinh toan (kich thudc xac dinh), m

to -toc do trung binh cua dong chat long, m/s
A. - he so dan nhiet cua cha't long, w/m do
 OA IVHIET OOI I UU 215

v - do nhi t d o n g hoc, v = -

P
a - he so khuech tan nhiet cua r.hat long, m /s
g - gia toc trong tracing, rn/s
P - he so gian no nhiet, 1/'K
Theo nguyen nhan gay rachuyen dong qua trinh toa nhiet doi lou duqc
p han thanh hai dang chinh: Toa nhiet doi lu'u tu nhien va toa n h iet doi l o u
cong bu'c.
Trong qua tr in h t i n h t oa n toa n h iet t h u'ang se dung mot so cong thCrc
sau:

I0.1 TOA NHIET BOI LlfU Tlf NHIEN

1 0.1.1. Toa nhiet doi lou tQ nhien t r ong kh ong gian r o n g
N u„ , = C(Gr.Pr)'„', = C Ra,"„ (10. 1)

trong do:
nL
'" um - tieu chuan Nusselt
I11

Ra„, =(Gr.Pr)„, - tieu chuan Rayleigh

a) Cac thong so nhiet vat ly t r ong cong thCfc (10.1) ddqc chon theo nhiet
d o tinh t oan (nhiet do xac dinh) la t „ , = 0,5 ( t , „ + t f ) , t ,„ - nhiet do t r u n g
b inh cua be mat, C , con t < - nhiet do trung binh cua chat long, C .

b) Kich thuoc tinh t oan (kich th ifdc xac di nh ) d u'qc chon n h u ' s.iu
Doi vi i on g t ron d0t num ngang, vat hinh cau L = D
Doi vo'i ong dat thang du'ng, vich dat thAng dCrng L =H

Tri so C vh » d u'qc chon theo bang 10.1.

Bang 10.1

( 0,0 0 1 0,5

0,001 — 500 1,18 1/8

5 00 —:2 x 10 0,54
2x 10' - . 1 0 0,135

Trdong hqp tarnphAng dat nam ngang kich thu'dc tinh toan chon theo
chieu hep, triso C va n chon theo bang 10.2.
216 GHUOAIG 10

Bang 10.2

Ra Be met nong Be mjt nong

hddng len tren hddng xuong dpi

( 0,001 0,65 0,35

0,001 — 500 1,53 0,83 1/8

500 — 2 x 10 0,70 0,38

2 x 10 — 10' 0,176 0,095 1/3

10.1.2. Toa nhit',t doi lou tQ nhien trong khong gian hep

q = (t ~y
,„ t>+ t ,xy2
„ 2), w / m (10.2)

trong do:

X - he so dan nhiet cua chat long trong khe hep du'oc chon theo nhiet
d o tf — 0 5(t ,„ ) + t , „ )

t ,„, - n h iet do be mat n on g

y2 - nhiet do be mat lan h
5 — chieu day khe hep, m (kich t heo'c xac dinh)
tf - n h i j.t do xac dinh
lE,< -— f(Gr. Pr)f
Khi ( G r . P r)f ( 1 0 t h i ch o n l t d — 1

Khi =10 < ( G r . Pr)f <10' t h i c « t i n h t h e o cong thuc:

e,,z = 0,18(Gr.Pr)'f" (10.3)

10.2 TOANHIET DOI LOU CUING BUC (DONG MOT PHA)

Toa nhiet do i l tfu cu'ong bu'c khi t i n h t o a n d u'qc phon t h eo hai t r u'c'ng
hqp sau:
10.2.1. Chat long chay t r ong o n g
1- Chay tcing: Ref < 2 2 0 0
0.25
Pr
Nu = 0 1 5 Rcf" " P.If Gr ' (10.4)
Pr,„

Nhiet do tin h t oa n t f l a n h i e t d o t r un g binh cua dong chat long.

Kich thtfoc tinh t oan dtfqc chen nhe sau:

TOA NHIET DOI LUU 217

Boi voi ong tron cho» la du'r'>ng kinh tr ong cda ong, m
Boi voi cac ong co h in h d ang k hac chon L = D,z ( d u8ng k i n h t i t a n g
dlfOng)
4F
D„t - -

,m (10.5)

F - die» tich t iet dien »gang ma chat long lu'u dong qua,
U - ch u v i u d t , i n

C ong thu'c (10.4) co th e sit d ung ch o c a ong t r o n v a on g k h a c h i n h

t ron, co the su' dung cho tat ca cac chat long tru' kim l oai l o n g.
P r< - tieu chuan Pr cua chat long chon theo nhiet d o t f

P r,„ t ie u chuan Pr cua chat long chon theo nhiet do t , „

c> — he so hieii chi»h chon nhu' sau:

l /d ) 5 0 t h i c h o n c , = 1 (l - chieu dai ong)

l /d < 5 0 v, theo bang 10.3.

B ang 10.3. E / -—f(l/d)

10 15 20 30 40 50

1,90 1,70 1,44 1,28 1,18 1.13 1,05 1,02

B oi vai k h on g kh i p h u'o'ng trinh t i e u ch uan co t h e su' dung dang d o n

gian sau:
Nur - — 0.13 [Acr 0 rr

2- Khi chat l o ng chriy roi: Ref > 1 04

0.25
Pr
Nur — 0.021Rc '" Pr "

(10.7)

T ritong hqp : l /d ) 6 0

l/d < 5 0 c/ t ra t h e o b ang 10.4

Bang 10.4. e/ = f (Re, l/d)

Re)
10 15 20 30 40 50

1.10 1,65 1,50 1,34 1,23 1,17 1,13 1,07 1,03

2. 10 1,51 1,40 1,27 1,18 1,13 1,10 1,05 1,02

5. 10 1,34 1,27 1,18 1,13 1,10 1,08 1,04 1,02

1. 10 1,28 1,22 1,15 1,10 1,08 1,06 1,03 1,02

1. 10 1,14 1,08 1,05 1,04 1,03 1,02 1,01

Neu ong thang: cR -1

218 CHUONG 10

o n~
o con>
o': cR = 1 + l ,i7-

Zi - ban kinh cong cua ong, m

Boi voi khong khi co the Jun~ phuang trinh dan gian sau:
N uf —
- 0,018 Ref (10.8)
Z- Khu vs' 2200 < Ref < 10
-0.25

K = Nu
uf Prrf
r~v

Bang 10.5. K, = f(Re/.)

-3
Re(.10 2.2 2,3 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8 ,O ~ 9 , 0 10

1,9 3,2 4,0 6,8 9,5 16 19 24 27 30 33

c< chon theo truong hop chay tang

10.2.2. Chat long chay ngoai ong tron
I- Chat long chay ngang qua ong dcm
K hi Ref ( 10
0.25
(10. 10)
Pr,„

K hi R e f ) 10
0.25
Nuf - 0 , 2 8 R ef' Pr f ' (10.11)
Pr,„ e

B o'i vo i k h o n g k h i , c ac phuang t r i n h
C,.,
t ren co dang don gian h en : 1,0

R ef < 10 : N uf — 0,4 9 R e f
0,8
R ef ) 10 : N uf = 0, 24 5 R c f '

TrILflng h@p doing chkt long ching vuong

goc voi ong (goc vh y = 90' ) t h i c = 1; khi
90 7O 5O 30 10
c hat long chay voi goc vh y < 90" thi
Hinh 10.1
dude tim theo do thi H . 1 0 .1.
2- Chat long chay ngang qua chum ong
SAp xep he tho'ng ong trong thiet bi co hai loai: S5p xep song song va
s5p xep sole,thong so dac trirng cho s5p xe'p cua chum ong la: doing kinh
ngoai cua ong,bede tu'
ang do'ingang dong L, = x,/d va brac thong do'idoc
:heo dbng L2 = xz/d.Thong thu'ang cac chum ong s5p xep chat che (L, va
TOA NHIET DOI LL/U 219

L2 num trong mot khoang gia tri hop ly theo yeu cau che tao).
B oi voi l o a i c h u m orig t h uong su dung t r ong t h i 0't bi n h i e t c o t h e s u
dung cac cong thu'c sau:
a) Chum on g sa p xep song song
K hi Rcr ( 1 .10 :
0,25
05 0 3 6 Prf
Nur — 0,56Rcr" Prr' .c~ c; (10. 12)
Pr,„

A . i R~f ) 10
0.25
Pr
Nu f = 0 2 2 0
f
65 P 0 36 (10.13)
Pr,„
N hiet do t in h t oan l a t r ( n h i e t do t r ung binh cua dong chat l ong t r u oc
va sau chum ong).
Kich thuoc tinh toan d (duong kinh ngoai cua ong).
T oc do 0) cua dong chat long la toc do duqc tinh a ch o t i e t d i e n t u d o
hep nhat cua chum ong.
C ac cong thuc t re n l a t h iet la p cho tu h ang ong th u 3 t r D v e sau, kh a
n ing t r a o doi n h i e t cua hang o'ng th u » h a t v a t h u h a i c o kern h en , de x e t
den dieu nay ta co he so' hieu chinh c,, duoc chon nhu sau:

H ang ong thu' nhat : c, = 0,6

H ang ong thu h ai : c, = 0,9

Cac cong thuc tren duac su du»g cho chum ong tron vdi tat cacac chat
l ong, tru' kim l oai l o n g.
S2
S2

S,

Hinh 10.2
a) Chum o'ng song song; b) Chum o'ng so le

B oi vdi k h on r k ) ~
220 CHUQNG 10

Re< < 10 : N ur = 0,49 Rer

R cr ) 10 : N ur = 0,1 9 4 Rcf'
b) Chum o'ng sap xep so le:
Khi Rer c 1 .1 0 :
)0.25
N u] = 0 , 5 6 Rer P r r (10.:(.4)
Pr„

R et ) 10' :
0.25
Pr
Nuf = 0 , 4 0Re ' Prf ' (10. 15)
P);,

E)oi voi khong khi:

R cr ( 10 Nur = 0,49 Rc<
3.
R er ) 10 Nur -— 0,245 Re<

Hang ong thief nhat: c, = 0,6

H ang ong thief hai: E ; = 0,7
T rong cac cong thee tr en 1
thie'tlap cho truong hop dang 0$> |

cha't long chay vuong goc vai

chum o n g (g o c va = 9 0 ) ,
t ru'ong hqp goc va y ( 9 0 t h i
llinh 10.3. Do tIii macdi nh hc.' so goc U6 e<,
dirac tra t h e o b an g 1 0.6 hoac
tra theo do thi H . 1 0.3.
Bang 10.6
90 80 70 60 50 40 20 10

0,98 u,94 0,88 0,78 0,67 0,52 0 42

10.3 TOA NHIET KHI BIEN OQI PHA

10.3.1. Toa nhij t kh i soi
C uing d o t o a n h i et, kh i s o i b o t c u a c h a't l o n g . o t h e t i n h t h eo cong
thCfc thee nghiem sau:

c = b( )" 3q" - " (10. 16)

voT.

trong do: b - la mot he su dobro'c xac dinh nhu sai.

TOA NHIET D()I LLJLI 221

b = 0 . 075(1+10( ) (10.17)
p p
Tinh chbt »hiet vat ly du'qc cho» theo nhiet do bao hoa T,

Khi soi t r ong k h ong gian tif do vdi k h oang ap suat p = 0,2 —: 80 bar,
do'i voi nifoc co the dung cac cong thdc sau:
u = 4 6ht p . w / m do (10. 18)

hoac:
o = 345p "q , w / m do (10.19)
tw ts

t,„ - nhiet do be mat vach

t„ - nhiet do bao hoa tuong u'ng ap sua'tp

q - mat do dong nhiet

1 0.3.2. Toa nhijt khi n g~ g h e i
Ngung hei tren vach dchighoac ong dCfng co chieu cao H:
r
u — 0 943' , w/m do (10.20)
vH(t,. — t,„)

Ngeng hei trenong»am ngang duong kinh d:

rp6
u = 0,72 , w/m do (10.21)
v d(t, - t , „ )

trong d6:
g - gia to'c t,rong tru'Ong, nds
X - he so dan nhiet rua chat long, w/m.dpi
r — an nhiet hoa hoi, J/kg do
p - khoi ldang rieng cua chht long, kg/m

v - do nh~It dong hoc cua chat long, m / s .

C ac thong so nhiet vat l y chon theo t „ , = — (t,„+tf), an nhiet hoa hoi

r chon theo nhiet, do bao hoa t , .

BAI TAP
10.1.Mot du'ong ong dan hei de tran (khong boc each nhiet) du'ong kinh
d = 50 mm gom hai doan: doan thang d0ng cochieu dai L~ = 3 m va doan
n am ngang c o c h i e u d a i L z = 8 m, nhiet do be mat ngoai ong
222 CHUONG 10

t„ = 165'C, nhiet docua phong co duong ong hei xuyen qua tf = 35 'C.

T inh ton t ha t n h iet doi lou cua doin g ong hai .

Giai
Q ua trinh toa nhiet doi lou tif be mat ngoai cua ong den moi t r u i n g
khong khi xung quanh la qua trinh toa nhiet doi lou tu nhien.
N hiet do tinh t o an : t „ , = 0,5(t,„— tf ) = 0,5(165 + 35) = 10 0 ' C .

Tit bang cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua khong khi a phan phu luc, Cfng
v di t „ , = 100 'C t a c o :

~n> = 3 21 10 /m do; n> = 23 13.10 m ' / s ; Pr = 0 ,6 8 8

a) Boi vdi doan ong thang dCrng L~ = 3 m, kich t h eac tin h t oan l h H =

L , = 3 m . Do do :
gpH 3(t,„— tf )
m 2
vm

1. 1 1
T~ 100+ 273 373

9,8lx 3 x ( 1 65 — 35)
373x (23, 13.10 )

Ra„, = (G r . Pr) = 1,72.10" x 0 , 6 8 8 = 1,18.10 '

Nu = CRa"

V di R a „ , = 1,72.10" t i f b an g 10.1 ta ti m duroc C = 0,135 v a n = 1 / 3

N u„ , = 0,135(1,18.10" ) " = 660

A,m = 660 x 3,21.10

'
n 1 = Nu m = 7,06 w / m do
3
Ton that n h iet t r e n doan o'ng thi n g dCing:
Qy c yFy(t t f ) = 7,06x 93,14x 0,05x 3)x 130 = 432,3 w

b) Boi vdidoan ong dkt num ngang:

g Pd (t~ -t f ) 9 ,81x0,05 x 1 3 0
v 373x(23,13.10 )
Tu'bang 10.1 Cfng vdi Ra = 5,5.10 ti m dirac C = 0,54 vh n = ~r4

do do:
Nuf - — 0,54(5,5.10 ) ' = 27,2x0,54 = 1 4 ,7

3,21.10
'
= 14 7 x = 9 4 4 w / m do
'

oz
0,05
TC'A MH/ET OOI LL/U I' •0

o.')Fpkt = < x.p(llxcl >. L.y

) x(t,~ — tr j

= 9,44(3,14x 0,05x 8) x 130 = 1541,5 w

Tcin tha't nhiet t ren toan bo duo:;" ong:
Q = Qi + Q, = 432,3 + 1541,5 = 1973,8 w = 1,974 k w
Tu' ket qua tinh toan chung ta nhan thay rAng cung nhiet do be mat
ong nhu' nh"u nhung ong dat nam ngang co cryo'ng do toa nhiet lan hen
nhieu so vai doan ong du'ng.

1 0.2. Nhij t d o be mat ngoai cua tu'ong lo nung co nhiqt do t „ . = 80 C, n h i |;t

do moi trrrang khong khi xung quanh t f — 35 C , c h ieu cao cua throng lb
H = 2,5rn, tong dien tjch be mat xung quanh cua lo F = 39 m .
T inh ceong dq toa nhiet n t r e n be mat vach va to n t h a t n h i e t t r e n b e
mat xung quanh lo, khi tinh toan bo qua ton that, nhiet bronc xa.
Dap so: e = 5,4 w/m d o , Q = 9477 w

10.3. Bao hoi ciia lo hoi duo'c dat nam ngang, du'o'ng kinh ngoai D = 600 m m ,
nhiet do be mat ngoai 1ctp bao on t,„ = 60 C, n h iet do k h ong kh i x u n g
q uanh t „ = 40 ' C .

Tinh ton t ha t n h iet doi lu'u chig vai 1 m b e mat bao hei .

Dap so'. q = 84 w / m

1 0.4. Tinh t o n t h a t n h i e t doi Iuu cua mot down ong hei da t t h a n g dryingc6
drrcfng kjnh d = 4 in , ch i u d h i L = 10 ft, nhiet do be ma t v ach ong l h
350 F, nhiet do moi troang khong khi xung quanh la 85 F.
I

Bjajp so: Q = 3838 Btu /h (1125w )

1 0.5. Tim h e so to a n h iet va m ;it do dong nhiet cho phep cua mot sk i d a y
n icrom dht nu m n g ang c6 dong dien chay qua. Bu'ong kin h da y d = 1
mm, dien trA suat cua day p = 1,1 Qmm / m , n h i e t d j c h o p hep cua be
m 5t day 1h 67 0' C v a n h i e t d o moi t r u i n g k h on g k h i x u n g q u an h l h
30 oC

D ap so: a = 6 4 w / m do , q = 41.000 w / m

1 0.6. Mot day dan dien co nhiet do be mat cho phep la t , „ = 90'C da t t r o n g
moi trrrong khong khi yen trnh co nhiet do ; < — 1 0 ' C , day dan drroc
d5t nam n g ang, ddong kinh d = 1 mm. i~e'~. day du'oc nhung vho moi
trrrdng nrrDc co nhiet do tf„ = 10 C. nhi~..' do be mht di y v a n n hrr cG thi
crrcrng do toa nhiet tren be mat day thay doi lh bao nhieu. Trong trrrctng
hop nay dong diencho phep chay qua day t5ng, gihrn bao nhieu lan?
224 CHL/ONG 10

Giai
N hiet do tin h t oan: t „ , = 0,5 (90 + 1 0 ) = 50 'C (= 323 K )

a) Tru'ong hqp moi truong nuoc, ungvoi t„, = 50' C c o c a c t h on g s o

nhiet vat l y n hu' sau:

v„ = 0,556.10 m / s , k„ = 0,648 w/m do

P„ = 4,49.10 1/ do , P r„ = 3,54

gP„d At 9,8 1 x ( 4,49.10 ) x (1.10 ) x (90 — 10)

Gr = 1140
(0, 556. 10 )
Ra„ = (Gr.Pr)„ = 1140x 3,54 = 4040

5 00 < Ra„ < 2 .1 0

Tu bang 10.1 tim duoc C = 0,54 va n = 1/4

Nu„ = 0,54x 4 0 4 0 = 4,3

b) Tru'onghqp moi truing xung quanh la khong khi:

V oi t „ , = 50 C t u p h u l u c t i m d u q c ca c t i n h c h a t n h i e t v a t . l y c u a
khong khi nh u sau:
vk — 17,95.10 m / s; Xk -— 2,83.10 w/m do

Prk -— 0,698

1 1 1
1/do
T (50 + 37 3 ) 323

gP) d'(t,„— tf ) 9 ,8 1 x ( 1 .1 0 ) x ( 9 0 — 10)

7
3 23x (17,95.10 )
Rak —— (Gr.Pr)~, —
- 7,54x0,689 = 5 , 26

Tu bang 10.1 tim duqc C = 1,18 va n = 1 / 8 .

Nuk - — 1,18x5,26" = 1,45

a„ Nu„ A . „ 4,3 0,648

Do do:
txk N u> Ak 1 45 0 02 83

Vay khi nhung vao nuoc nhung van giu dieukien nhiet do nhu nhau
t hi cuong do toa nhiet t5ng 68 lan .
M at k hac n h iet l u'ong toa r a t r e n d a y l a d o d hn g d i e n c ha y cua di en
tro tao nen, vl vay:

Q„ = R I ,', = u „ F A t

Qk — RI „ = e(,FAt
TOA NHIET DOI LULI 225

Do d6: IQ" = W6H = 8 , 2 5 l a n

) (X)

Bieu nay cho ta thay khi d ij n t r a gi a n hiet s0 dung cho moi trdr'rng
nay muon chuyen su'dung cho moi tru'ong khac can phai co sQ tinh toan lai
de chon thong so hoat dong hop ly.

10.7. Xac dinh ton that nhiet doi lou tren 1 met ong dan hei dat num ngang
d u'ang kinh d = 0, 1 m, n hiet do be mat o'ng t ,„ = 450 C, nhijt do moi
truing khong khan gung quanh tf - — 50'C.
Neu duong kinh ong giam di con mjt nba thi he so toa nhiet thay doi
the' nao khi dieu kien nhiet do van giCf nhu' cu.
Day s6'.q> = 1200 w/m, n ting 2 ' = 1,19 lan

10.8.Be gia nhiet dau MK trong be dau rong, nguoi ta dung nhOng ong dan
h ai c o d d bn g k i n h d = 60 mm , nhiet do be mat ngoai cua ong
t,„ = 120'C, nhiet do dau tf — 20 C. Tinh he so toa tren be mat ong

(khi tinh toan xem cac ong dat xa nhau nen khong co anh hcong lan
nhau vh trao doi nhiet). Cho biet cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua dau MK a
nhijt do 70' C nh u nhau: X<—- 0,1363 w/m do ; v < — 69,3.10 m / s ;
P< — 9,03.10 1 / d o ; Pr~= 858, ong dkt nhm ngang.
Neu truing hqp ong dan hoi d5t trong moi truang ne0c va moi trrrang
khong khi v s d i eu kien nhiet dj van nhM cu thi cuing do toa nhiet se la
bao nhieu? Co nhan xet give 3 truang hap nay.
Dap so: a) Moi tru i n g d au MK: a < -— 99,1 w/m do

b) Moi truong noae: a„ = 1825 w/ m d o

c ) Moi trdi5ng khong khi : a > = 8 ,42 w/ m 'C

10.9. Xac dinh he s5 toa nhijt tQ' be mht tarn phkng dAt thkng ddt c 6 c hieu
cao H = 2 m den moi truing khong khi xung quanh. Bietnhiet do be
m at tarn t , „ = 100'C, nhiet d j m o i t r rf6'ng khong khi x ung quanh
t f - — 20 '(l.

Sap sb: a = 6 , 7 w /m d o

10.10. Xac dinh he so toa nhiet tif be mAt tarn phkng de nkn r rgang din moi
trifctng khong khi x ung quanh. Bi6t t arn p hag nay co k ich t h adc
(axb) = (2x3) m, be mat nong heing len phia tren, nhiet do be m5t
nong t„ = 100'C va nhiet dj moi t rifid'ng t f = 2 0 ' C .
Neu be mat nong hedng xuo'ngdpi thi a thay doi thK nao?
226 cHUONG 10

Giai
Toa nhiet doi lou tu' nhien khi t a'm phkng d5t num ngang cung du'qc
tinh theo cong thCfc:
Nu„, = C(Gr.Pr)"

Nhiet do xac dinh

t = 0,5(t , — tr ) = 0,5 (100 + 20) = 60'C

Kich thuoc xhcdinh duqc chon la chieu hep cua tarn L = a.

V oi t ,„ = 60'C tra bang cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua khong khi kho o
phan phu luc co:
A,~ = 2,9.10 w/ m d o

v = 18,97.10 m "

Pr = 0,696
Tri so P~ duqc tinh:
1 1 1
4 = = — 1/do
T 60 + 2 7 3 333

gP a 6 t 9, 8l x 2 x ( 1 00 — 20)
Do d6:
v~ 333x18,97 .10

Ra = (Gr . P r ) = (524.10 ) x 0 ,969 = 365.10

Tif bang 10.2 tim daqc C = 0,176 vh. n = 1/3

NU = 0 $176(365.10 )" = 584

2,9.10
'
a = Nu = 58 4 x = 8,46 w/m d o
'

a 2
Ne'u be m5t n6ng quay xuong du@i thi ta c6 C'= 0,095 v a n ' = 1/3, do

Nu~ = 0,095(365.10 ) ' = 315,3

a' 2,9.10
'
= 3 15,3 ' = 4,6 w/rn d o
2
10.11. Xkc dinh he s6 din nhi jt t u a ng de' ng A,< cua kfp khong khi mong c6
chieu day 5 = 25 mm num giCa ted'ngkhp.
Biet nhiet do be m5t n6ng t„., = 150 'C vh be mAt lanh t„~ = 5Q 'C .

Giai
Nhiet do t runks binh cua leap khong khi:
Ti~A NHIET OOI LL/U

+ 2
tf 0 5 (150 + 50) = 100'C
2
V oi t f = 100 C t r a b an g cac th ong so n h iet v a t l y c u a k h o n g k h i o

pF.an phu luc duroc:

kf - — 0,03 1 w/m do; v f ' = 2 , 13 . 10 m /s; Prf —0 , 6 8 8

gpssht 9,8 1 x 0 , 025 x ( ~50 — 50) 7 04

v) 373x(23,13.10 )

(Gr . Pr) = (7,74.10 )x 0 ,688 = 5,33.10

Do do: = 0,18(Gr.Pr)f ' — 0,18(5,33.10 ) '
-
= 2,74

k « — c« x ) I.f = 2,74x 0,031 = 0,0876 w/m do

10.12. X ac dinh he so dan nhiet tu'ong duong va mat do d o ng n h i et q ua l o p

khong khi mong nam giQ'a2 be mat vach co chieu day 5 = 20 mm, nhiet
d o be mat nong t , „ , = 200'C, nhiet do be mat lanh t 2 = 80 C. He so
d ~n nhiet tu'ong duong se thay doi the nao neu chieu day lop kh ong k h i
giam di hai lan tr ong khi dieu kien nhiet do van khong thay doi.
Bap so: q = 448 w/m , A, « g i a m d i 1 , 68 l a n

10.13. Tinh he so toa nhiet trung binh khi d au may bien ap chay trong ong co
dOing kinh d = 8 mm , c h ie u da i L = 1 m, nhiet do trung binh cua dau
t heo chieu dp i o n g t f — 80'C, nhiet do trung binh cua vach ong
-

t,„ = 20 C , t o c d o dau chay t r on g ong 0 ) = 0,6 m/s.

Giai
T ruong hop nay l a t o a n h iet doi lo u cu'ong bCfc, tif nh iet d o t i n h t o a n
t< — 80'C tra bang cac thong so'nhiet vat ly cua dau may bien ap o phan
phu luc tim duroc:
kf — —
0,1056 w/m do; v f = 3 , 6 6 .1 0 m / s

pf- = 7,2.10 ' 1/ d o ; Prf -— 59,3.

Voi: t,„ = 20'C t h i P r , „ = 2 9 8 .

Tieu chuan Raynon

0 )d 0,6 x ( 8 .1 0 )
v< 3,66. 1 0
Rcf ( 2200 nen dau chay trong ong o che do chay tang, phu'ong trinh
tieu chuan co dang sau:
228 CHUONG 10

0.25
Nu = 0 1 5 R ef'' Prf Gr f
Pr,„

gPd'ht 9,8l x ( 7 , 2.10 ) x(8.10 ) (80 — 20)

vf (3,66.10 )
0,25
'
N uf -— 0,15(1310) ' (59,3) ' ( 16900) ' = 15,7
289
1000
a day: c< = 1 vi 1/d = > 50
8
15,7 x 0,1056
o = Nuf = 207 w/ m do
d 0,008

1 0.14. Dau may bien ap can duqc lam giam nhiet do khi chay qua thiet bi l a m
m at dau, dau chay tr ong ong co nhiet do vao t ' f -— 80'C va n h ie t d o r a

f 40 C, daong kinh ong d = 10 mm. Tinh ch ieu dai ong t r ong t h i e t

b i khi biet lou laqng cua dau chay trong moi ong G = 12 0 kg/h v a n h i e t
d o be mat ong t , „ = 30 C. Neu t h iet b i go m co nam on g th i n a n g suat
giai nhiet cua thiet bi la bao nhieu?
Dap so'. n = 2 05,4 w / m d o , L = 1 3 , 3 m , Q = 12,7 k w .

10.15. T ri so N u sselt va c ua chat l o ng k hi c h a y t a ng t r o ng o ng se t h a y d o i

the nao neu defang kinh ong t5ng len hai lan vh bon lan trong khi nhiet
do trung binh cua chat long va nhiet do be mat trong cua ong van duy
tri khong thay doi.
Xet trong hai tru'ang hqp sau:
a) Khi toc do khong thay doi.
b) Khi luu leqng khong thay doi.
Giai.
Neu xem ong coL/d > 50 thi trong che do chay tang:
0.25
rf
f 0 ,15 R Q
cf '33 P rfQ ' 43 G 0f y (a)
Pr,„

Vi nhiet do trung binh cua chat long va be mat khong thay doi nen cac
t ing- cha't nhiet vat l y cua cha't long khong thay doi .
a) Tru'ang hqp giCr m = const
Khi du'ong kinh ong t5ng gap doi:d' = 2d th i N u ' f t i n h t h e o p h eong
trinh (a) chi chiu anh heing cua kich thu'ac tinh toan trong thanh phan cua
Ref vc. Grf.
TOA NHIET DOI LUU 229

V;: R, - d~
G r- d
Do dc khi (o = const, duong kinh t 5ng gap doi:
Nu' = N. x2 ~(2 ) ' = Nux 2 ' = 1,5 5 N u

N hu vay Nu se tang 1,55 lan, con truang hcIp a t h i :

1,55
'
Nu' — = a = 0,78a
d' 2
N hu vay tuang Qng vdi dieu k ien t r e n t h i c uctng do toa n h ie t s e g i a m
di khoang 1,29 lan.
K hao sot t u ong t u , khi duang kinh tang gap 4 l an th i N u t x en . t a n g
4
4 = 24 l a n c o » cuongdo toa nhiet giam - = 1,67 lan.
24
b) Khi duy tri lu'u luo'ng G = const:
nd
G = p co
4
Be cluy tri G = const trong khi d tang hai lan thi phai giam bon lan, do do

Nu' = Nu( — ) ' x(2 ) ' = 0,98 N u

4
Nghia la Nu giam di 1,02 lan. Tuong ung:
(X
a' = 0 ,9 8 - = 0,49 a
2
NghTa la cuong dc> toa nhic.t a g i a m di 2,04 lan .
Khi G = corist nhung d t0ng 4 lan, cung tuang tu nhu t r e n t a co:
0.33
N ii' = N u x4 = 096 Nu
, 416,
Tri so Nutxen giam 1,04 lan.

Cuong do trao doi nhiet giam di = 4,16 l a n .

0,96

10.16. Xac clinh he so toa nhiet vh luo'ng nhiet truyen cho nu'oc khi nude chay
t rong Ang duhsg kinh d = 1 0 m m , c h ieu dai L = 1 , 2 m . B i e t n h i e t d o
trung binh cua vach ong va cua nucIc t uong u'ng bang t , „ = 60 C , t <
30'C, luu luong nucrc G = 7.10' '"kg/s.
B6p so. a = 738 w/ m d o , Q = 834 w

10.17. X ;ic cli»h he so toa nhiet tu v ach ong binh n g u ng cua tua bin h oi d e n
n uoc lam mat, hie't nhiet do trung binh cua vach ong t , „ = 37'C, duong
230 cHtJONG 10

k inh tr ong cua ong d = 16 mm, nhiet do neoc 0 cuba vao t'f = 2 7 C va 8
c ua ra t" f -— 33'C, toc do nunc trung binh Io = 2 m/ s.
- Xac dinh luqng nhiet truyen cho moi ong va chieu dai ong.

- He so toa nhiet t hay doi th e nao kh i t 5 n g toc do nIEdc len hai v a b o n

lan, cacdieu kien khac khong thay doi?
Giai
N hiet do t r un g bin h cua nIfoc t f = 0 , 5 ( t ' f + t "f ) = 0 , 5(27 + 33 ) = 3 0 ' C
c5n cd vao nhiet do tinh toan tf = 3 0 ' C t r a bang cac thong so nhiet vat ly
cua nude tren deong bao hoa 8 phan phu luc ta co:
pf = 9 9 5,7 k g / m ; Xf —0 , 6 1 8 w/In do
c = 4,174 kJ/kg do; ~. f -— 0,805.10 m '; P r f -— 5,42

V oi: t , „ = 37 C t r a c u n g b a n g d I fq c P r , „ = 4,6 4 .

( od 2 x( 1 0 .10 )
vf 0 8 05 10- '

T rIfong hqp na y c ha t l o n g c hay r o i , t r ef(ic tien sd b o gi a t h i e t l a o n g

dai, do d6 1/d > 50 va c< -— 1. PhIEong trinh t ieu chuan co dang:
0.25
NUE -— 0,021 Rc p
PI

0,25
'
= 0,021(3,98. 10 ) (5, 4 2 ) = 212
, 4,64

61,8.10
'
cx = N u f - — 212
-
= 8200 w / m do
d 16.10
Lou luqng nunc chay qua moi ong:
zd' 3,14(16.10 '-)'
— 042 kg/s
'

= 995 7 x 2 x
'

G = pf(o
4 4
T L'f phuong tr in h can bhangnhiet t a t i n h d u q c n h i e t 1Lfqng hai t r u y en
cho nu'oc:
Q = Gcp(t f t f) = 0,42x 4,174x (33 — 27) = 10,1 k w

Nhiet 1Lfqng Q ma nude nhan duqc la do ho'i ngu'ng tu tr uyen cho:

Q = Gcp(f f f f) v (nd L ) ( t ,„— tf) chieu dai o'ng:

Q 10,1.10
used(t,„— ft ) 82 0 0 x z x ( 16.10 ') x7

K iem tra lai d ieu kien gia t h i e t :

TOA NHIET OOI LLfU 231

L 3,5
= 219 > 50 (phu hop dieu kien gia t h i e t )
d 0. 0 1 6
- Khi m t a n g 2 l a n , t uang u'ng Re t5ng 2 ' " l a n , N u t x e n t a n g l a n , d o
do u tling 2' l an = 1,74 lan .
- Khi m t a n g 4 l an , u t a n g 4 l a n = 3 , 0 4 1 an.

10.18. Ong nu'o'c lam mat trong binh ngung co duong kinh t r on g d = 17 m m ,
i stic l.anh chay tr ong ong co nhiet do vao lo la 2 0 ' C v a n h i e t d o r a l a
4C C, on g o l; i e u dai L = 2,2 m, tocdo trung binh cua nuoc = 1,8 mis.
T inh c.u'ong do trao doi nhiet tu' be mat o'ng den nu'oc (khi t i n h b o q u a
anh huong phu'm>g huo'ng dong nhiet).
Bap so: u = 7350 w/ m do.

10.19. Xac dinh doing kinh trong d va cu'ong do toa nhiet u trong bo ham
ngoc, c:ho biet:
N hiet do nuoc tri o'c va sau bo ham t ' t -— 160'C va t " f — 240 ' C .

N hiet d o t r un g b in h cua be mat on g t , „ = 210 C , m a t d o d on g n h i e t

t rung b >nh t r e n t o a n be ma t q = 4,20.10 w/m .

Toc do tr ung binh cua nitric trong ong o) = 0,5 m/ s .

Bap so: d = 33 m m , u = 4 20 0 w / m

10.20. Trong rnot t h iet b i n h i et, ong co du'ong kinh t r on g d = 50 m m , c h i e u

dai L = 3 m duroc uon tron xoan nhu dang lo xo,ban kinh cong uon ong
R = 100 mm . N uoc chay vho co nhiet do t ' f — 30 C v a r a t " f -— 70'C,
nhiet do trung binh cua be mat vach ong t,„ = 70 C , toc do nude
co = 0,8 m/s.
Tinh cuing do toa nhiet u va mat do dong nhiet truyen qua o'ng.
Bap so: u = 7 3 5 0 w / m do , q = 147.000 w / m

10.21. Khong khi chay trong ong co d ungkinh d = 60 mm, chieu dai L =4

m, toc do ch ay = 3,5 m/s. Xac dinh h e so' toa nh iet k h i b i e t n h i e t d o

trung binh cua dong khong khi t < — 50 C (khong khi a a p suat khi
quyen
p = 1 bar). Hj s o toa nhij t se thay doi the' nao khi hp suat p = 10 bar.
*
Bap so: u = 1 5 w / m do ; u „ = 10 u = 6, 3u .

10.22. Xac d:inh ldang nunc truyen cho be mat ong xoan trong mot thiet bi,
cho biet ong co du'ong kinh d = 20 mm, ban kinh uon ong R = 120 mm,
le ldang nu'oc chuyen dong qua ong G = 0,25 kg/s.Nhiet do trung binh
232 CHUoNG 10

cua chat long theo chieu dai o'ng t f — 120 C , n h iet do t r ung binh cua be
mat ong t ,„ = 100'C , chieu dai ong L = 2 ,5m.
Bap so: Q = 24,08.10 w .

10.23.Tim he so toa nhiet doiiud cua dong khong khi chay qua ong co tiet
dien hinh chCf nhat (0,4x 0,8), chieu dai L = 10 m, nh iet d o t r un g b i n h
c ua dong khi t f = 300'C, lou leang G = 4,8 kg/s.
Dap so'. e = 3 7 w / m do.

10.24.Mot thiet bi loai vo boc chum ong dirac cau tao nhu' hinh ve, nQac
chuyen dong trong cac ong t h ang co d efang kinh trong d = 18 m m , d a i
L = 2 , 2 m , t o n g s o o n g n = 30. L m l u a n g n Uac chay qu a t h i e t b i
G = 2,4.10 k g/h, nhij t do noae vao thiet bi t' « -— 90 "C.

Xac dinh cong suat nhiet cua thiet bi tr uyen qua nu'ac neu nhiet do be
m at trong cua ong t , = 50 ' C .

8 <'n

Bap s6: Q = 558 kw.

10.25.Nhiet do trung binh cua noae chay trong ong co du'ang kinh d = 20 mm
dai L = 2,3 m la t f — 15 0 C . T i n h t o c do luu luang dong cua noae trong
ong de che do chay roi va khi nhiet do be mat trong cua ong
t„ = 170' C t h i l e a n g n h i e t ca p ch o n ude la 9 k w . X a c d in h n h i e t d o

nude khi vao va ra khoi o'ng.

Dap s o': to = 0,314 m/s, t ' f = 1 3 8 , 5 'C v a t "f = 16 1 , 5 C .

10.26. Mot thiet bi t r a o doi nhiet dang ong long o'ng, defang kinh trong cua
o ng lan d z = 26 mm, defang iknh ngoai cua o'ng nho d~ = 20 mm, chieu

dai thie't bi L = 1,4 m, nude chay trong phan tie't dien ngang hinh xuyen
g iCfa hai ong vai t o c d e e o = 3 m / s , n h i e t d o t r u n g b i n h c u a n d a c
tp - — 40'C.
TOA NRIET COI LUU 233

X ac din'1 cdong do toa nhiet tr ung binh t ren t o an bo chieu dai cua thie't
bi va c o n g s ua t n h i e t c u a t h i e't b i n e' u n h i e t d o be mat
v ach o n g
t,„ = 70'C, be mat ngoai thie't bi each nhiet rat tot nen co the bo qua
ton that n h iet. ra moi truing xung qua»h.
nunc

Giii Nhiet rlo trung bi»h cua»eo'c tr -

— 40'C ta ti m d u d e:

>.< = 63,5.10 v ' / u x.do; vf = 0 , 659.10 m s; P rt = 4 , 3 1

Ntro'c chuyen dong trong phan hinh xuyen giQa hai ong, be mat .ruyen
n hiet n a m o ' p ha » on g t r o ng, be ma t » g ohi on g b o c ( on g l o'n) each n h i e t
ne» khong co traodoi nhiet, du'
ong kinh throng du'ong duoc tinh:
zd., dd t
4F 4 4
t — d. - d ~ = 2 6 — 20 = 6 n > m
n(d, +d,)

d,d 3x (6.10
= 27300 10
vf 0 ,659 . 1 0
0.25
N uf = 0, 021R ' P
Pr,„ J
V (si: t „ , = 70'"C t h i P , „ = 2,55,

4 31
Nut — 0.021x(27300)os x '
-

x(4,31)
2,55

= 0,021 x 3539,4 x 1,87 x 1,14 = 158,48

0,635 2o
< x = Nu f — = 158. 4 8 x '

. = 16772 w / m 'C
d tet

Q = cxx(ndL)x(t , „ - t „ ) = 1 6 7 7 2 x (3,14x2.10 - x 1 , 4 ) x (70 — 40)

= 44238 w = 4 4 , 2 k w

10.27. VAn su' dung t'ai toan 10.26, ctfo»g do toa nhiet a v h n h i e t l u'ong
t ruyen qua thie't bi trao doi nhie. se thay dR th e nao l h i :
a) Bu'o'»gkinh ong .~goaithng len d~ = 32 mm con toc do chuyen dong
234 GHLfONG 10

cua narc vacac dieu kien khac van giirnhu cu.

b) Bhang kinh ngoai d2 -— 32 mm nhuhg luu luang nude vh chic dieu kien
kh6c khong thay doi.
Bap so: a ) n = 1 4 6 00 w/m d o , Q = 3 8,4 kw
b) e = 4368 w/m d o , Q = 11,5 kw.

10.28. Bo phan phat nh i et t r o ng io phan ung hat

nhgn guqc iiim nguqt bIing nunc chuyen e
I I
d«tng djoc theo chic thanh phat nhiet. Tinh d
nhiet dg trung binh cua b4 mat chic thanh
va he eo' toa nhiet trung binh cua be mat p ~ ~/ / ~
bie't du'kg k i n h t h anh d = 9 m m , k hoang
e ach giCa chic thanh S = 1 3 mm , n h iet do t r ung binh cua neac t ,
200'C, toc dotrung binh cua dong nu'ac «o = 8 m/s. Mat dj dong nhiet
cua be m5t thanh can diraclam nguoi la q, = 1,74. 10 w / m .

Giai
Cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua nude 8 nhiet
do t< -— 200'C:

A,< —
- 0,662 w/m do
vr -— 0,158 .10 m /s ; P r f -— 0,93

N ude chay d o c t h e o c a c t h a n h n e n c o t h e
xem qui trinh nhu qu6 trinh trao doi nhiet khi
nude chay trong o'ng, dang kinh tuang duong cua
ranh du'ac tinh:

4(S - — d ) 4(13 - — x9 ).10

4F
dtd 1 5.10 m
md U mx(9 10 )

o )d~ 8 x (15 . 1 0 ) 56 05
vf 0,158 . 1 0

Vi chua biet chinh xi c n h iet do be mht thanh nen phai dung ph asing
ph6p tinh gA'n dung di'n(bede dau bb qua knh heang cua ph0'kg heing
dong nhiet) ta c6:
xdM
t, q t; + q
0,021A,~ Ref' Prf '

(1,74.10 )x(15.10 )
0,021x0,662x(7,56.10 ) x ( 0 , 93)
TOA IVHIET DOI LLILI 235

T heo t , „ , = 237'C tra bang cac thong so nhiet vat lycua noae 0 phan
phu luc ta co Pr,„ = 0,88, kiem tra lai :

= 1 0 18 1 = 1
Pr,„ , 0,88

Do do viecgia thiet bo qua anh huang cua phuang huo'ng dong nhiet la
h ap ly va khong can tinh l ai , nghla la t , „ = 237 C. (Neu khong phu hap ta
phai la y t , „ , l a m g i a t h i e t v a t i e p t u c t i n h l a i c h o d e n k h i d a p Cfng yeu
cau).

q,' 1,74.10'
'
o = = = 4 5 5 1 04 w/ m do
t~y tf 2 37 2 0 0

10.29. Nu'occo nhiet do t'f — 30'C chay vao trong ong co du'ong kinh d = 12

mm, dai I. = 2,2 m.

X ac din h n h i e t d o n e o'c 0' c u'a r a t " f , bi e t l u u lu a n g c u a n o a e
(x — 0,083kg/s va nhiet do vach ong t,„ = 60'C .
Bap so: t "f -— 50 C

1 0.30. Xac dinh nhiet do vao va ra cua nu'ac trong mot th iet bi t r a o doi nhi et ,
biet rang nude chay trong ong co nhiet do vach o'ng t,„ = 230 C, toc do
t rung bin h c u a n eDc chay t r on g on g f o = 1,2 m /s , d uo'ng k in h o n g
d = 16 inm , c h ieu dai L = 3 rn, mat d o d on g n h i e t q = 2 , 3 3 . 1 0 w / m

Giai
Vi chu'a biet cu the nhiet do tinh t oan cua chat long nen chua xac dinh
d u'ac che iso chav de tinh t o an, do do boo'c dau gia th iet c hat l on g chay r o i
R ef > 10 , ta co:
0.25
N = 0 02 1 R. " " P o
Pr,„
0.25
(x = — f 0,021R,o,a Pro.4a

q @d
Ma: khac ta lai co: cr = Ref = ', t,„ = 230'C ; Pr,„ = 0,88
(t tf) vf

Can bang hai phuang trinh co chCra va bie'n doi lai ta deac:
0,25
qd
0,021 Rcf'" Prf ' (a)
f (t y tf ) Pr
236 CHUONG 10

T hay cac gia tr i d a b ie't vao phtfang trin h ( a )

q0.25
( 2,33.10 )x (16.10 ) 1.2x(16.10
= 0,02 1
A,f (230 — t,f ) 0,88

T a co the' giai bAng phtfong phap do thi, dat :

= f)(tf ) (2,33.10 )(16.10 )

yt
Xf (230 — tf )
3 >0,8 %0.25
=
1,2(16, 10 0 43 Pl'f
y2 f2(tf ) = 0 , 0 2 1
Vf 0 88
1

C ho t f c a c g i a t r i k h a c n h au , ti f b an g cac t h ong so n h i e t v a t l y c u a
nuoc o p han phu l uc t im d u 'qc Xf, v f , P r f , t i f d o t i n h d u 'ac cac tri so y , v a
y 2. Ve do thi dtfong cong cua cac ham y > — f>(tf) va y 2 - — f2(tf) , g iao diem
c ua hai doin g cong cho ta ti m d tfoc nhiet do t r ung binh cua chat l ong t r o n g
o ng t f

Bo thi ve dtfoc dna vao cac so lieu ti»h t oan ghi o bang sau:

tt, C Yz
150 68,4 223

180 233
200 187 237

210 284 240

207 C

T ren do t h i , h a i d u'ong y , v a y 2 c A't n hau ta i d i e m t f — 2 0 7 ' C . V o i

nhiet do nay t a t i m d t fqc th ong so n h iet va t l y c u a nt fctc: p „= 8 50 kg/m
c = 4,53 kJ/kg do.

Tif phtfong trin h can bAng nhiet. ta co:

G cp(t "f - t'f ) = q n L d

qnLd qnLd 4Lq 4x 3x(2,33.10 )

Gcp nd2 cpp~ (4,53.103) x850x1,2x(16.10-3)
p(0
4
T if ke't qua tinh t r e n t a la p he phuong tr i n h :
f t f 38 C
t "f - t ' f -— 2tf - — 2x 207 = 414'C

Giai he phtfong tri nh , ti m d tfac:

TOA IVHIET DOI LUU 237

t 't = 188 " C

t "f = 226'C

10.31. Day dan may phat dien du'ac che tao

t hhnh d ; in g r o n g d e d e l a m ma t .
Nhiet lu'<s
ng toa ra trong ranh dirac
emm
khong khi chuyen dong mang di.Tim E
F E
h e so toa n h iet t r u n g b ln h v a n h i e t OI
E

d o trung b in h t r e n b e m a t n e u b i e t
n ing suat phat n h ie t q„ = 1 w/ c m ,
toc dotrung binh cua dong khong khi
m = 50 m/s, nhiet do k h ong kh i v a o
cuon day l a t 't — 40'C, ranh dai 13 mm
L = 0,6m, ap suat trung binh cua
khong khi p = 4 bar.
Giai
Tu kich thuac dacho tinh dirac the tich dong cua ranh:
V = (13 x 2 2 — 12x 6)x 600x10 = 0,128.1 0 m

L gang nhiet do dong cua ranh phat r a :

Vxq„ = (0.128.10 ) x ( 1 . 1 0 ) =128 w

Vi: q„ = l w/ cm = 10 w/ m

Mat do dong nhiet t r ung binh t ren be mat can lam n guoi cua ranh :
128
Q = 5920, w/m
2(12+ 6) x600x10

Nhiet do khong khi rakhoi rhnh d<foc xnc dinh theo phuang trinh can
b5ng nhiet:
Q = pfcocp(t f t f ) ~ w

Do do: t "f — t't +

-
Q
pfQK

trong do:
f - dien tichmat c5t ngang mh dong khong khi chuyen dong qua, m
Q - ldang nhietdong khong khi nhan dirac, w
p - khoiluang rieng cua khong khi, kg/m
c - nhiet dung rieng cua khong khi, J/kg do.

Tinh gan dung lan thief nhat:

238 GHUONG 10

C An cu theo t f = t'f = 40'C de so bo chon cac thong so vat ly cua

khong khi a dieu kien ap sua't khi quyen p = 1 bar ; p ' = 1 , 1 2 8 k g / m ,
cp 1 k J/kg do, nhung o day ap suat p= 4 bar, ta biet r ang nhiet dung
rieng phu thuoc chu yeu vao nhiet docho nen a ap suat bie'n doi khong ion
se khong co anh huong den. Rieng voi do nhot dong hoc v = —, doi voi
p
khong khi khi ap sua'ttAng tu 1 den 50 bar p chi bien doi co 5%, nen
trong pham vi dieu kien bai toan co the xem p k h ong thay doi theo ap

suat, tu' phuong trinh trang thai khi ly t uong pv =—= RT neu nhiet do
p
khong thay doi thi khi p tAng len 4 lan se dan den p tAIng 4 lan va v se
giam di 41an, do do:
p = p ' x 4 = 1 , 1 28x 4 = 4 , 5 k g / m

cp cp 1 k J/ k g d o = 10 J / k g do

t "f - — 40+ 47 9oC

4 ,5x(12x6x1 0 ) x 50x10
Tri so' t"f tim duoc khong khac nhieu so voi t'f nen viec gia thiet ban
dau de tinh toan l a chap n han duoc va dung tr i s o n a y -d6 t iep tuc ti nh
toan:

tf — 0,5 (t 'f + t "f ) = 0 , 5 (4 0 + 4 7 , 9 ) = 4 4 ' C

-

Voi tf —
- 44'C ti m d uoc cac thong so vat ly cua khong khi o a p suat
p = 4 bar nhu sau:
Vf 17,36.10 '/
Vg 4 34 10
4 4
k f — — 2,788.10 w / m d o (vi pham vi bien doi ap suat khong lan thi k
cua khong khi xem nhu khong phu thuoc p).
Buong kinh tuang duong cua ranh:
4F 4 x 12 x 6 x 1 0
U 2(1 2 + 6).10

RQE - -
'
-

-
— 92230 ) 10
-

vf 4 ,34 . 1 0
Tri so' Nutxen tzung binh du'oc tinh theo cong thuc:
Nuf = 0, 0 1 8 Ref' = 0,018(92230) ' = 169

Ty le do daiva duong kinh tu'ong duong:

TOA IVHIET OOI LLIU 239

L 0,6
=75 ) 5 0 d o d o EI = 1
8.10

Nur> r 16 9 X(2 788 10 ')

Vay: (X 590 wlm 2d
= 590 do
dd, 8.10
Nhiet do trung binh tren be ma.t ranh
5920 54oC
t tr + q
Q 590

10.38.DAu chay trong ong voi luu,uqng G = 1,67 kg/s, duong kinh trong cua
o 'ng d = 10 mm, chieu dai L = 2 m, nhiet do be mat vach ong la 80'C .
Tinh nhijt ldong truyen qua ong, (kw). Cho biet: nhiet do dau tr = 20'C;
vr — 0 ,00089 m /s; pr = 894 k g/ m ; Xr = 0,144 w/ m do ;
cpf -— 1 850 J/kg do; v,„ = 0,000039 m / s ; p = 85 1 kg/; c , „ = 2080 J/kg

Bap so': a =6 68,28 w/m ' C , Q =2518w= 2,518 kw

10.33. Mot ong kim l oai co duong kinh t r ong d = 25 mm dude gia nhiet b5ng
dien vs mat do dong nhietphan bo deu tren be mat va khong thay doi
q„ = 50 kw/m , nLroc chay trong ong yeu cau dat duroc tri so
R e= 20.000, nhiet do n ude vao t ' r = 20 C v a n h i e t d o n o d'c ra k h o i
thiet bi t "r = 60 C .

Tinh: a ) C h ieu dai can thiet cua ong L

b) Tinh do chenh nhiet dq trung binh giua narc va be mat ong.
c) Luqng nuoc nong thu deqc trong 1 gio.
Bap so: a)L = 12,7 m
b ) jM = ( t —t f ) = 1 7 , 3 ' C

c) G = 921,6 kg/h

10.34.Trong mot thiet bi,khong khi chuyen dong trong ong co defang kinh
trong d = 25 mm, ap suat p = 700 kPa, nhiet do trung binh cua dong
k hong khi t r = 30'C, nhijt dotrung binh cua be mat ong t„ = 80 ' C ,
chieu dpi ong L = 1,4 m,toc do cua dong khong khi to = 8 m/s.
Tinh:
a ) Ctfong do toa nhiet giGa be mat va khong kh i .

b) Neu ap sua't cua dong khong khi chi con p' = 100 kPa thi cong do toa
nhiet 'la bao nhieu, cac dieu kien khac van khong thay doi.
240 GHVONG 10

c) Tinh cong suatnhiet cua vach truyen cho khong khi tront,hai tru'
ang
hqp tren va co nhan xet gi?
2
Dip so: a) a = 173 w/m do

= 34,1 w/m do.

Q 951,5w
Q' 200

10.35. Mot day dan b hng dong co deong kinh d = 15mm

co = im/s
d = 15 rnm duqc lam nguoi bhng dong
khong khi chuyen dong ngang qua day, toc
d o dong khong kh i ( o = 1 m/s, nhiet do 0
t =80 C
k hong khi t r = 20'C. Tinh he so toa nhiet
if= 20 C
tu'be mat day dan den khong khi va cuing
do dong dien cho phep chay qua day dan. Biet nhiet do be m5t day
khong d uq c v u q t q u a t ,„ = 80 C , d i e n t ra sui t cua day
p = 0,0175Q mm / m , p „ = 760 mmHg. He so toa nhiet sethay doi the
n ao ne'u ap suat cua dong khong kh i p > -— 4bar con cac dieu kien k h a c
van nhe cu.
Giai
Thong so' vat ly cua khong khi ct n hiet do t r — 20 C :

2 ,59. 1 0 w / m d o ; v r — 15.06 . 1 0 m /s

Tri so Raynon:
u xl 1x (15 . 1 0 )
Rer
vr 15,06 - 1 0
10 < Rer < 1 0 , d o d o t i n h d dqc:

Nur — 0, 49 Rer — 0,49(995)"' =

-
1 5,5

Do do tinh duqc:
15,5x(2,59.10 ')
26,7 w/ m 'C
15 • 10
Cuing do dbng dijn cho phep chay trong dly deqc xic dinh theo
phuong trinh can b5ng ning ldqng:
pL
nd /4
Do do tinh dtrqc:
TOA NHIET DOI LUU 241

untd 2,67(80 — 20)x0,015

= 10'i x 3,14 8 0 . 0 1 5
'
I = 10 " K d — = 825 A
'

4p 4x0,0175

0 tren la tinh 0 dieu kien ap sua't dong khi pk - — 760 mmHg ( = 1,012 bar).
N eu p'k = 4 b a r , cac dieu kien khac van giC nhu cu th i d o p < t h a y d o i
dan den vr thay doi:
p') 4
P 'r - Pr — Pr
-

— 3,96 Pr
-

pk 1,012

mit d o p ' r t h n g 3 ,96 lan nghla la do nh0t v ' r g i a m d i 3 ,9 6 l an , do do Rc',

tang 3,96 lan.

Ket qua: Nut (hay u) tang J3,96 = 1 ,9 9 = 2 l a n

10.36. He so toa nhiet tirbe mat day dan va cuing do dong dien cho phep se
t hay doi th e n a o neu toc do dong khi giam d i 2 l a n c o n cac dieu k i en
khac van nhu'bai toan 10.35 (tru'ang hqp pk -— 760 mm Hg)
Bap so'. a giam J 2 l a n
D ong dien I gia m 4 2 = 1,18 l a n .

1 0.37. Dong kh i c o t o c d o o ) = 2m/s thoixien goc y = 60' so voi true cua ong
co du'ong kinh ngoai d = 15 mm, nhiet do trung binh cua khong khi t r -
-

20'C, nhiet do tr ung binh cua be mat ongt,„ = 80 C .

a ) Tinh cu'ong do toa nhiet va mat do dong nhiet Ctng vs 1 m c hi iu d a i
cua ong.
b) Cu'ang do toa nhiet. se thay doi the nao neu t5ng 2 v a 4 l a n con cac
dieu kien khac van nhu cu.
D ap sn: a) cx = 3 3 , 8 w / m d o, q y = 114 w/ m

b ) a t 5n g 1,51 va 2, 3 la n .

10.38. Ong co duong kinh d = 25 mm du'qclam nguoi bAng dau may bien ap
chay ngang qua voi toc do o> = 1m/s, nhiet do dau tr - 2 0 C .
X ac dinh n h i e t d o ca n t.hie't tren b e ma t o n g d e m a t d o d o n g n h i e t
truyen qua la q = 45,1 kw/m va khi ay he so'toa nhiet tren be mat la
bao nhieu.
Giai
Thong so vat lycua dau may bie'n ap 0 nhiet do tr -— 20'C:

= 0,1106 w/ m ' C ; v r — 22,5 . 1 0 m / s; Pr r —298.

242 cHUONG 10

l x (25 10 ) 3
Rcr
vr 22,5.10
B e tim nhiet do t „ v a cong do toa nhiet e t h eo dieu kien de bai, ta
co the dung phuong phap do thi:
- Vdi t , „ = 40' C m Pr,„> = 146
0 25
- 0,28(1,11.10 ) x298 175
Nuf, -

146
0,1106
= 775 w / m 2 d o .
'
or = N uf ) = 175
25.10
Mat do dong nhiet:
q, = agcy = 775 (40 — 20) = 15500 w =
q
1,55 .10 w/m
PN/m ]
- Vdi t „ = 60' C ~ Pr,„2 = 87,8
4 2
T inh duqc q2 = 3 ,51 . 10 w/m
4,51.10
- Vdi t „ = 80' C m Pr,„3 — 59,3
-

V e do thi q uan h e q = f(t,„) tren co so I

cac so lieu vu'atinh tren. Can cu' vao tri so

mat do dong nhiet cho phep q = 4,5 1 . 1 0 70 C
2
w/m .
Tir do thi x ac dinh deqc t „ = 70 ' C .

V di t „ = 70' C ~ Pr,„ = 71 3
0.25 i0.25
'
Nu< Nu, = 175 I = 209
pr„ 71,3 I
0,1106 2
N ur — =209 ' = 925 w/ m d o .
d 0,25

10.39.Mot day dan dien bAng nhom c6 du5ng kinh d = 5 rnm dude ibm nguoi
bhng dbng khong khi thoivuong g6c vd'idiy, toc do dong khong khi
r 0 =1 m/s, nhiet do t z — 10 C , n h iet do be m5t day t „ = 90' C .

a) Xic dinh he so tea nhiet giCra be mat day vh dbng khong khi vh cdong
do dong dien cho phep chay qua day, biet dien trd suit cua day
1
p= Qmm - / m .
35
b) Ne'u day deoc lam nguoi bang noae, con chic dieu kien khhc van nhu
TOA IVHIET DOI LL/U 243

c u thi he so toa nhiet la bao nhir u. Gia su thay nu'oc bhng dau miy bil n
ap thi thay doi the nao? Co nhan xet gi.
Bap so': a) ak - — 32,13 w/m do, I = 188 A
2 2
b) a„ = 14177,8 w/m d q , a < = 2348,3 w/m d o .

10.40. Xac dinh he so toa nhiet trung binh tQ dong khoi chay c5t ngang chum
o ng bo' tri so le, buoc o'ng S, = S g = 2 d d d o n g k i n h on g d = 3 8 m m , s o

day ong theo chieu dong la 30, nhiet do khoi khi vao chum ong
f 6 0 C vi k h i r a t "f —
- 350 ' C,
toe do khoi qua tiet dien hep nhat
m = 10 m/s.
N eu ong bo' tri song song con cac dieu kien khlc van nhe cu thi a
I
thay
doi the nao?
2 2
Bap so: a,i = 99 ,5 w/m d j , a » — 79,5 w/m dj. -

10.41. Mot chum ong bo triso le gom 8 hang ong, ductng kinh ngoai cua ong
d = 38 mm, dong khong khi co nhiet dotrung binh tf — 550'C chuyen
dong ngang qua chum ong vai toc do trung binh tai tiet dien hep nhat
(o = 12 m/s, bade doc s, = 70 mm , bu'oc ngang sz -— 50 mm.

Tinh he so toa nhiet cua chum ong trong hai t r u'ong hop:
a ) Goc va y = 9 0 '
b) Goc va y = 60 '

Giai
T hong so v a t l y c i i a k h o n g k h i a
n hiet d o tf = 550"C

5 ,98 . 10 w/m d j

vr H8,1. 10 m /s S, 0
Prr 0,693 >O 0 0
Rer
1 2x(8 10 ) 0 0
88,1 10 0 0 0
Tri so Pr cua e h'.t khi r a t i t b i e n d o i t h e o nhiet dj n e n co th e xem
Prf '
, do do: Nu, = 0,4(5175) ( 0,693) 59,3
Pr

'
u3 — Muf
-

59,3 = 93,3 w/m d q

d 0,038
Chum ong co 8 dayo'
ng, vay he so'toa nhiet trung binh cua chum ong
244 cHLfONG 10

duroc tinh
0,6u3+ 0, 7u3+(8 —
2)o3 7,3 7,3
8
o~ = ugp xc,„, voi y = 6 0 ' t r a b a n g 10.5 tim duoc e = 0,94
2
Qsp = Qgp x0,94 = 8 0 w / m d o.

10.42.Trong mot thiet bi, khoi chuyen dong qua chum ong bo tri song song
gom 8 hang ong theo chieudong, thong so cua chum ong nhu sau: bu'oc
ong S, = S2 = 2d , duong kin h n g oai cua ong d = 60 mm, to'c dotrung
binh cua dong khi qua tie't dien hep nhat co = 8 rn/s, nhiet do trung
binh c u a d o n g k h o i t f = 600 C, nhiet do be mat vach ong
t„ = 120" C. Tinh he so toa nhiet doi luu cua chuzn ong trong hai
t ru'ong hop y = 9 0 ' v a y =6 0 ' .

Bap so': o .gp = 5,28 w/m 2d o , a sap =52 w/m2 d o

10.43.Dau may bien ap chay ngang chum ong bo tri so le, buoc ngang
S, = 2,5d, boric doc Sz = 1,5 d, deong kinh ngoai cua ong d = 20 mm,
nhiet do trung binh cua dau tf — 40 C, toc dodau qua cho hep nhat cua
chum m = 0,6 m/s.
a ) Tinh he so toa nhiet t r ung binh cua chum ong, biet n h iet do be m a .
v ach ong t , „ = 90 C va chum ong co 6 hang ong.

b) Ne'u nhiet do tf = 40'C nhu cu nhuhg t„ = 10' C t h i c u i n g d o t o a

nhiet u l a bao nhieu? Giai thich hien thong khac biet nay.

Bap so: a) u , h = 1 0 4 1 w / m C
2 Q
b ) a',h = 590 w/ m C

10.44. Mot thiet bi s ay khong khi duroc cau tao tif churn ong s6p xep song
song, duong kinh ngoai cua ong d = 1 in, bu'oc ngang s , = 1,5 in, baoc
doc s~ = 2 in,so day o'
ng theo chieu dbng chay lh 19 day, nhiet do trung
b inh cua'be mht ong t , „ = 260'F, nhiet do dbng khong khi vho thiet bi
t 'f = 8 0 ' F v h n h i e t do khong khi r a t " f -— 200'F.

T inh cuing do toa nhiet trung binh cua chum ong a [w/ m do]
Bap sb: a = 2 4 , 18 w/m d o

10.45. Mot chum o'ng bo tri song song voi ddong kinh ngohi cua o'ng la d = 40
mm, buoc ong S,/d = 1,8 v a S 2 / d = 2,3, nhiet do trung binh cua dbng
khong kh i tf — 300 ' C,toc do trung binh qua eho hey nhat
-
TOA NHIET OOI LIJU 245

c o = 10 m/s, goc va y = 6 0 -
'

Xac dinh he so toa nhiet t r ung hinh cua chum ong.

2
Dap so: c x = 75,4 w/m d o .

10.46. Ho say khr~ng khi du'oc sap xe'p nhu' hinh ve. K h ong kh i c h uyen dong
n gang <qua chum ong co nhiet d o t r un g b in h t f 50 C, n h i e t d o t r u n g
binh cua vach o'ng t„ = 150'C, toc do gio truac khi vao chum ong to „ =

6 in/s,r
'ing co du'ang kinh ngoai d = 38mm s5p xep song song vCti brac
o ng S, = S2 — 2,5 d, s o
-
d a y o n g d o c t h e o c h ieu d on g c h ay
n = 5, moi day ong gom 8 ong theo chieu ngang dong, goc va y = 90

S,/2
0 0
t r= 50 C d
( (. = 6m/s ~
o o,o
i =150 C

S,

O O O O S)/2

Tinh ciao'n«do toa ii h i et tr u n g bi i ih c ua c h um o n g

Dap so'. c x = 84,4 w/m 2d o .

10.47. X6c diiih he so t oa n h i et va l d o ng hdi n u oc n h a Il deac khi nuoc soi

I

tien be inat co dien tich F = 5m . H i e't nhiet do vach t,„ = 156'C va ap

s i.at hoi p = 4,5 . 10 P a .
Giai
N ~iet do soi tu'ang u'ng vdi ap suat p = 4 , 5 . 1 0 Pa l a t , = 148 ' C ,
nhiet in hoa hai r = 2120,9 kJ/kg, do chenh nhiet do giCa be mat vh hei
At = t ,„ - t , = 156 — 148 = 8 " C .

H. so ton nhiet co the xac dinh theo phuong trinh:

or. = 4 6 ~ t 2 p = 46 x 8 ' x 823 3 x 4 5 0 .5 = 1 2 3 7 0 w / m do.

Q = QFht = 4 9 5 000 w
246 cHUONG 10

195000x3600
2120, 9 x 1000

10.48.Trong mot thiet bi nhiet nunc soi o dieu kien ap suat p = 10 bar, do
c henh nhiet do giCfa be mat vach va ho i h , t = t „ - t , = 12 C . T i n h h e
so toa nhijt khi soi va mat do dong nhiet truyen qua vach.
2 2
Bap so: a = 47000 w/m d o , q = 5 6 5 000 w/m

10.49. Xac dinh cu'cong do toa nhiet va do chenh nhiet do khi soi bot cua neoc
ddt dieu kiln ap suat 10 bar vh 100 bar, mat do dong nhiet
q = 1,5 . 10 w/m .
Dap so: p = 10 bar, a = 9 , 3 6 . 1 0 w / m ' C , h, t = t , „ —t , = 16' C

p = 100 b ar , u = 13,2 .1 0 w /m ' C , A t = t - t, = 11,4 C

10.50. X ac dinh he' so toa nhiet va l u ang nude ngong trong 1 g ib k hi h o i b a o

hoa kho c6 ap suat p = 0,04 bar nin g t r e n be mat ngoai cua ong dat
t hAng dCfng c6 doing k i n h d = 3 0 m m v a c h i e u dai L = 3 m , n h i e t d o
v ach ong t , „ = 11' C .

Giai
Nhiet do bao hoa th rongfng
C vdi a p suat p = 0 , 04 bar la t , = 29 ' C .
He so toa nhiet duqc xac dinh theo cong thCrc:

rX
o,d -— 0,943 4
vH(t, — t,„)
N hiet do xac din h t, = 0,5 ( t , + t , „ ) = 0,5 (11 + 2 9 ) = 20 C , t r a p h u

luc thong sovat ly cua nude tren ddong bao hoa decyc:
p = 9 9 8 , 2 k g /m ; X ,= 59,9 . 1 0 w/ m d o.

v = 1 , 0 0 6 .10 m / s .
V di t , = 29 "C thi an n h iet hoa hei r = 2 4 3 2,3 kJ/k g

Kich thedc x5c dinh H = L (ong d5t thAng dCfng)

99,8x9,81x2432,3.10 x 0 , 5 99 2 „
1,006.10 x Sx(29- 1 1)
Nhiet laqng truyen qua vach ong
Q = uFht = 2919x(x x 0 , 03x 3 ) x 1 8 = 1 4 848 w

Leong nddc nguhg tu dude trong 1 gio:

TOA NHIET OOI LIJU 247

14848 x 3600
Gn 21,9 kg
2432,3 10

N eu trdong hqp ong dat n arn n g ang con ca c t r u on g h o p k h a c k h o n g

t hay doi t h i :

99,8x9,81x 2432,3.10 x 0 .599"' 2

(1,006.10 ) x 0,03x 18
7 100 x 3,14 x 0 ,03 x 3 x 1 8 = 36000 w

3600x3600
2432300
'Trong truong hqp nay neu ong dat nam ngang luqng nude ning theo
duqc gap 2,44 lan so vo'idat thang dCfng, do do viec bo tri be mat ngtrng tu
mot each hqp ly la van de can lou y khi bo tri ke't cau thiet bi.

10.51 Xac dinh dugongk inh ngoai cua ong kh i h a i b a o hoa co ap suat p = 1
bar va ngung tu tren be mat ngoai cua o'ngdat thang dCfng co chieu dai
1 = 1, 5 m , n h i e t d o b e m a t v a c h o n g t , „ = 60'C, l e luang noae ngung

tu do doqc laG = 36kg/h.

Bap so': ( x = 3 9 2 6 , 4 w / m do , d = 30 , 6 m m

10.52. Tren be inat ngoai cua ong dat n "im ngang co defang kinh
d = 20 mm, chieu dai L = 2 m, hointfac bao hoa kho duroc ngttng tu dalai
ap suat p = 1. 10 P a , nhiet do be mat ong t , „ = 9 4 , 5 C .
Xac dinh he so toa nhiet trung binh tif hai den be mat ong va luang hoi
noae ng0ng tu G,kg/h tren be mht v5ch o'ng.
Bap so': (x = 15800 w/m ' C , G „ < = 1 5 ,8 kg/h

10.53. Hoi ndoc co ap suat p = 1 ,2 MPa na g t u t r e n be mat ngohi cua ong

dat nam ngang c6 defang kinh d= 16 mm, chieu dpi L = 1,5 m, nhiet do
be mat ong t,„ = 180'C.

a) Xac dinh luqng nuoc ngmg tu trong 1 gio.

b) He so toa nhiet vh lu'ang hoi nuoc ngtrng tu se thay doi the nao khi
doing kinh o'ng t5ng len 4 lan con cac dieu kien kh6c van khong thay
dol.
Bap so'. a ) a = 1 5 . 600 w/m ' C , G„ = 16,8 kg/h
248 cHUONG 10

b) u v a G „ g g i a m 1 ,41 lan

10.54.Hai bao hoa kho co ap suat p = 2,4Pa nguhg tu tren be mat ngoai cua
ong dong thau dat nam ngang co d ugong
k inh d 2 / d , = 20/18 mm. Nu d e
lam mat chay ben trong o'ng vai lou luong 0> -— 400 kg/h, nhiet do trung
b inh tf , = 4 0 C .

Xac dinh luong hei ni n g t u t r ong 1 gia u'ng voi 1 m chieu dai ong.
Giai
Nhu chung ta deu biet he sotoa nhiet
ve phia hoi vaphia ne0c deu phu thuoc vao
hei
nhiet do be mat cua vach o'ng tuang Cfng,
nuctc
nhung trong bai toan nay chung ta chua
biet. Be giai quyet bai toan chung ta dung
phuang phap tinh gan dung va sQ dung do
thi. Khi thie't bi lam viec a che do on dinh,
dong nhiet cua ha'itruyen cho vach ngoai
c ua ong bang dong n h ie t d a n t i f v ach t r o n g
c ua ong va bang dong n h ie t cu a v ach t r o n g
cua ong truyen cho nacre:

a ) Xet d on g n h i e t t i f b e m a t t r o n g c u a o n g t „ , t r u y e n c h o n d o c c o
nhiet do tr ung bin h t r , Cfng vdi 1 met ch ieu dai ong ta co:

chon tr u ce 1 so gia t r i b , t, l a n l o o t l a : 6 5, 70 va 7 5 ' C , t u o ng Cfng vai

no t~> -- t ry + Atg se la 105, 110 va 11 5 ' C .
V eri nhiet do xac dinh t f y = 40 C tra phan phu luc tim dupe:

kf y — 0,635 w/m do; vr, — 0,659 10 m / s ; P r r y= 4,3 1

6
pr, = 653 . 10 P a . s
lOd ) 4 x 4000
3, 14x (18.10 ) x 3600 x (653.10 )

He so toa nhiet ve phia nacre

TOA NHIET OOI LL/U 249

0.25 0.25

Nut, = 0 , 0 2 1 R «f
f Ij p'tf]'
f1
I Pw

Vdi tracing ho'p t„,, = 1 0 5' C ( Pt,„, = 1,67) thi:

0,635 2
= — 92.5 = 3260 w/ m d o
'

cx, Nuf,
" '

,
-

d 18.10

qt> = u i A t > ( nd> x1) = 3260 x 65 >; 3,14 x ( 1 8 . 1 0 ) = 12000 w/m

Tinh toan thong tu ta co:

K hi t ,„, = 110' C ; c, = 3300 w/an do ; q I , = 1 3 000 w/m

t ,„, = 1 1 5 ' C ; e, = 3340 w/m do; q <, — 14200 w/m

Dua vao cac so lieu nay chung ta ve do thi q uan h e q I > —
- f>(At,) tren
h inh ve dpi d a y .
b) Xet truong hap dong nhiet dan qua vach ong dong thau:
He so dan nhiet cua dong thau l„. = 110 w/m do , chung t a xa y d u n g
2KX,„
q uan he: q < ,— -

(t„ 2 — t„,, )
2.3lgd2/d,

K hj At „ = t 2 —t , „ . , = 2 C

,. 2x3,14x110

2,3I e--
"18

C ho lan lu'qt nlot so gia t ri , t inh difoe tQdng Cfng de ve do th i q uan h e

q„„ = f(At2 )

c) Xet tr ui n g h q p hoi ngu'ng tu hei t.ren be mat ngoai cua ong:

qI2 — f (At2 )

Khi ngu'ng hei ben ngoai ong ta co:

0.25
k3
(x = 0 72 4 — 072
vd2(t — t,„2) vd2 (t, — t,„2) '

p=24 ba r m t , = 126,1'C; r = 2 190 kJ/kg

- VOi At 2 = 1 0 ' C t h i t w2 t w2 At 2 = 126 ,1 — 1 0 = 116 , 1 ' C

Thong so vatly cua mang nu'dc ngmg chon theo:

0 ~5( t~ + t~y2 ) 0 ) 5 ( 126 > + 1 16~ 1 )

T u'phu linc tim duqc: p = 9 1 3 , 1 k g/rn ; A, = 68,6. 1 0 w/ m d o ;

v = 0,252 . 1 0 m /s
Dong nhiet Crng vdi 1 m ong
250 cHUONc' 1(!

0.25

q(2 — a,(md2 x 1)bt2

-

0 ,72 ~" ' x nd x h t c

gt0 25
2 2

Thay cac gia tri thong so nhiet vat ly vao ta tim dupe quan he
0.25

q( 0,72~d"' " ' .

2 '2
v
Voi lan lu'ot bhng 10, 15 va 20' C t uang Qng nhan ddoc cac gia tri q (z
la S650, 11700 va 14600 w,'m.
Ve cac duong cong quan he nay phu thuoc cua q(; vao 5 t
Be ve duong cong quan he q ( = f ( dt ) = q (i = q (. = q (2

6t y + h,t,„+ t2 bang each c on g cua b a d u o'ng cong da

ve tru'dc.

q(
(w/m)

12,600

86,1 C

T ir true hoanh vai h t = t , — t<, -— 126,1 — 40 = 81,1' C c h ieu len duong

cong tong hc (p tim duroc gia tri q( — 12600 w/m.

Luong nQoc ng~g th rong Congla:

q( 1,26.10
G 3x3600 =2 0,7 k g/m.h
2190.10
Vay Cfng vdi 1 m ong sau 1 gio ngu'ng tu dude 20,7 kg ndac.
 ChaZdhg

TRAO BOI NHIET BUC XA

11.1 CAC PINH LUAT GOBAN VE BlfG XA NHIET
1 1.1.1. Binh luat P l a n k
c (11.1)
eC' l).T
'

—1

tI'Ollg do:
E„. - kha nang bCrc xa dan sac cua vat den tuyet doi, w/
A. - chieu dai bu8c song, m; T - n h Iiet do tuyet doi, 'K

C~ Cz - hAng so Plank thu' nhat va ther hai

- 15 2!
Ci = 0, 3 74 . 1 0 '%IItm'
C2= 1 , 4 4 . 1 0 m K

1 1.1.2. Binh luat W i e n

T = 2,9 (11.2)
- chieu dai bede song (n>) thong i'fng vdi kha nAng bCfc xa don sAc

cuc dai 0 nhiet do T ('K)

11.1.3. Binh fuat X t efan - Boltzman
T ' 2
E, = C, , w/m (11.3)
100

C, = 5,67 w/m ' K - h e so bCcc xa cua vat den tuyet doi.

11.1.4. Binh luat Kirchhoff

E E E
(11.4)
A, A2 A,
hoAc
(11.5)
252 CHUONG 11

1 1.1.5. Binh l ua t L a m b e r t
E
E,(P = E„COSq)
!1
= — clr» y (11.6)
TC

E~ - kha ning bCfc xa theo phuong y

E„ - kha ning bu'c xa theo phuong phap tuye'n

E - kha n i n g b u'c xa ban cau

11.2 TRAOBOI NHIfT Bl/C XA GllfA CACVAT

11.2.1. Tam phang d$t song song
4 4
T
CE = KqgC O , w/m (11.7)
100, 100

(11.8)

11.2.2. Hai vat boc nhau

Q = e.qdCo F, (11.9)
100, , 100,

F.'qZ (11.10)
— + F,
— ' — -1

11.2.3. Mang chan bu'c xa

1- Mang chcin phcing

100 100 (11. 11)

— + 2~ — + = -

- (n - 1 )
C„ —,=q<el

t rong do: T , - n h iet do be mat t a'm thu' nha't, K

Tz - nhiet do be mit t arn th0' hai, 'K

- do den be mat ta'm thief nhat
- do den be mit t arn thief hai

c,; - do den mang chi'n their i; n - so mang chin .

TRAO DOI IVI-IIET BUC XA 253

2- Man@ chin boc n h au

4 ,4
C,
@(12)c
I ioo ioo I (11. 12)
= + +Z ~ -
— 1+ - ——1
Fi i=l ~ci Fci . > Fci ( ~ci F2

Dien tich be mat mang chan th8 i

11.3 BEING
XA GHAT KHI
Hon hqp khi gom (san pham chiy), doden cua hon hqp du'qc tinh:
~K =
~C02 +l ~H,O -~~ (11. 13)

c H,,o- tim theo do thi H. l l . l .

cco, - tim theo do thi H.11.2

>,0
p9
0,8
Q,7
0,6
Pl- 6pp
Q,5 opp
p4 ~po
tpp
0,3
6o
>0
0,2 6o
p,is 7s
7o
66 8
)
0,10
0,09
0,08 s.
0,07
0,08
0,05
0,04

0,03

0,02 o~o.
P .y

0,015

0,0>0
0,009
0,008
0,007
0,006
0.005
0,
0,004

0 003
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CU CO 4 lA CO h. CO 8 0 bl CO 4 LO CO h CO 0)

Hinh
254 CHUQNG 11

0.30

0,25
0,20 TSG
100
0,15 SO eo
eo 40
0,10 )s +o
0,69
0,68 e lo
0,07
6,06 se
0,05
0,04 "s+
0,03 ore:o

oso
0-
Oe
0,015

op
0,01 0,) 4 .
0,009
0.008
0,007 0
0,006 'Oy o)
o
0,605 0.o~oo
0,004 o- o
'oe oe
0,003
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CV 6 ) W IA CO 5 EG Ch 0 ~ CV C9 W IA 40 0) Ch

Hinh 11.2

Ar. - xet den an h h e an g cua su' xep chong ve quang pho bCfc xa cua 2
chat khi, th ong t h r on g co the bo qua 7
- he so hieu chinh xet den anh heing cua phan hp suat hei nude
lan hen anh huong cua quang dedng te do1,tra theo do thi H.11.3.

1,5 ~P1

1,4
Qi
0% 0
1,3 0~5
5
1,2

Pgo
1,0
0 0 , 1 0 , 2 0.3 0,4 0, 5 0 , 6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0

Hinh 11.3
TRAO DOI IVHIET BUC XA 255

K hi t i n h t own t rao doi n h iet giira kh.oi khi v a v 6 b o c t h ttang st d u n g,

cong thuc:
v,„+1
(11.14)

E.„ - Bj den cua vo boc khoi khi.

~k ~(.'0) + ~~~Et)0

Ak Aco +AH 0

Pk 065
A<z ~ ,tro n g do ceo, chon theo nhiet do vo bocT„.

A H,> — PcH,<, trong do PcH,o chon theo nhiet do T „ ,

T K - Nh iet do khoi k hi , K

Khoang dLfang ttt do trung binh cua cac tia dirac tinh t heo cong thCfc:
4V
t= 0 9 , m (11. 15)
F
V - th e t ich khoi k hi , m ; F - d i e n t i ch be mat vo boc.
Bang 11.1. Chieu dai trung binh cua tia bu'c xa

Hinh dyng khoi khi

Hinh cau d(Iong kinh D 0,60 D

Kh6i hop canh a O,6O a

Ong tru dai d(Iong kinh d 0,90 d

4 c' S
- Skp xep so le hoac song song I = 1.08d2 ~ ' -0,785
d2

BAI TAP
11.1. Mat tr ai co nhiet. do t = 5700 C vh dieu kien bCfc xa gan giong vat den
tuyet doi.
a) Tim kha ning bCfc xa ban cau cua mat trodi

b) Tinh chieudai bu'dc song tuang ung vai kha ning bCfc xa dan skc cuc
dai, nin g l ttang phat ra tr o ng 1 giay, biet dttang kinh c ua mat t rodi
D = 1,391. 10 met
B ap so'. a) E = 72,2 . 10 w/m

b) A. „ = 0,485pm ; Q = 4,38 . 10 w
256 CHUONG 11

11.2. B e mat t h a nh t h e p c 6 n h i et d o t = 727 ' C , d o den c = 0 , 7.Tim k h a

ning bCfc xa cua be mat thanh. Neu nhiet do thanh gism di con mot nina
thi kha ning bCfc xa giam bao nhieu lan.
4 2
Dapso: E =3 , 7 9. 10 w/m
Kha ning be xa giam 6,7 lan.

11.3.Dung cu do nhiet do cao (hoa ke quang hoc) dna trei cd sG so sanh do

choi cuavat can do voi do choi cua sai day toc duqc dot chay sang bing
nguon dien. Dung cu durockhkc do theo su bCfc xa "ua nguon vat den
tuyet doi, vi vay nhiet do do du'ac chi la nhiet do vat den tuyet do'i neu
nhu no co cung do choibCfc xa nhu cua vat can do, trong hoa ke dung
kinh loc mau do (co X = 0,65 p m).
Nhiet do thee te' cua vat b5ng bao nhieu neu doc o vach kh5c do cua hoa
ke chi la1400'C, biet do den cua vat can do z = 0,6.
Bap so': t = 1467 ' C

11.4.Nhiet do vat du'oc do bang hoa ke bCfc xa so mau vii hai loai kinh loc
khac nhau, vdi kinh loc mau d o ( A. = 0 ,65 p m) n h i e t d o ch i
t p~: 1 40 0 C v o l k l n h l o c mau xanh ( A : 0 5 ) th i t ( : 1420 C .

Tim nhiet do t hat cua vat va do den cua vat.

Giai
Do choi cua vat nghien corfu:

o day T - nhietdo tuyet doi cua vat nghien cpu.

Bo choi cua vat den tuyet doi:
E,„ 1 Ct z'
C2 lkTO

T, - nhiet do vat den tuyet doi khi B,> — — B>

Bii v i C 2 / X T, = 13,2 do do e ~' » 1
Tif dieu kien B> -— B,> ta c6:
1 1 A, 1
I.n- (a)
T T, C2

1 A. 1
Ln-
T, C2
TRAO DOI IVHIET BIJC XA 257

Trong tru'ong hop cu the baitoan nay ta co:

1 1 X)' ln 1
(b)
7 'i T C,

Doi voi cung mot vat n ghien cuu nen c~, = c>, = c, do do tif he phuong

trinh (b) ta ti m du'oc:

(c)
1 1
2 o2 ol

tnt
C2 (To] —To2)
ToyTo2 (~y ~ > )

Thay cac gia tri cu the da cho o de bai toan vao (c) va (d) ta tim duoc:
1765' K m t = 149 2 ' C
0,51

11.5.Hai tarn phang rong, dat song song trong moi truong trong suot nhiet
do t, = 127 ' C va t2 = 327 'C, do den cua hai be m5t nhe nhau
= c, = 0,8,giQa hai tarn dat mot mang chin phkng c6 do den
g, = 0,05.

a ) Tinh mat do dong nhiet t rao doi nhiet bu'c xa giCla hai tarn va n h i et
do cua mang chA'n t, .

b) Neu muon mat do dong nhiet giam di 79 l an, cac dieu kien k hac van
nhd cu thi so mang chAn la bao nhieu?
c) Neu mang chAn co do den la c, = 0,1 thi mat do dong nhiet giam bao
nhieu lan (neu so mhng chkn van nhu eau b).

f)ap so: a) q = 146 w/m , tlc = 254 ' C

b) So mhng ch5n n = 3
c) Truing hop nay q giam 39 lan

11.6.Mot ong thep co deong kinh d = 50 mm dai L = 8 m, nhiet do be mkt

t„ = 250' C .

Tinh ton thAt nhiet bQc xa tren be mat ong trong cac truing hop sau:
r

a ) Ong dat tr ong phong rong co nhiet do moi t r u i n g t 2 = 27'C .

b) Ong dat trong phbng hep 1hm bAng gach c6 kich thu0c tie' t dien
— 0,93 vh nhijt do be
ngang (0,2m x 0,2 m),do den cua be mat gach e2 -
mkt
258 CHUONG 11

t 2 = 27' C .

Giai
a) Neu defango'ng dat trong phong rong thi F> « F2 , d o do aqua F$,

theo phu luc, do'i voi be mat thep bi oxy hoa thi e> -— 0,79, ta co:

Tg T2
Q,2 = C, F ~Co
100 100
2 50+273 27+ 2 7 3
0 79 ( 0 05 8) 5 67 3760 w
100 100
b) Neu doing o'ng dat trong cong gach:
F, = md L = 3 , 1 4 x 0 ,0 5 x 8 = 1,25 6 m

F2 = ( 4 x 0 ,2 ) x L = 0,8 x 8 = 64 m

F, zd 3,14x0,05
0,196
F2 4x0,2 0,8
'
T
'

- T2
Q )2 cqdCoF)
100 10 0

CqP
F, ' —1 — 1
—+— 1 —1
+ 0,196
F2 K2 0,79 0.93

3,14x0,05x 8 x 5 , 67[5,32 — 3 ]

1 +196 1
0,79 0,93

11 7 . Mot o n g c 6 defang kinh d

= 200 m m , n hiet dj be m a t ong
t„ = 527'C, do den cua be m5t e> = 0,735, chieu daiong L = 10 m.

Tinh: Ton t ha t n h i e t b u'c xa t ren b e m5 t on g neu ong dht t r on g phbng

r ong c6 nhiet do t 2 — 27' C .

Bap sb'. Q = 105.000 w

11.8. Hai tom phkng dat song song, tom thief nhat la vat den tuyet doi co
nhiet do 0 F c o n ta'm thief 2 lh thep khong gi c6 do den c2 = 0,5 vh
nhiet do lh 1500'F
a) Tinh mat do dbng nhiet trao doi nhiet bCfc xa giCfa hai tom.
b) Neu giCrahai tarn co d5t mot tarn nhom co do den e,, = 0,08 thi t r a o
doi nhijt bCfc xa giam di bao nhieu lan, nhiet dj cua tom nhom lh bao
nhieu?
TRAO LIOI IVHIE T BUC XA 259

Dap so': a) q>2 = 39,6 kw/m

b ) q'„ = , ' 3,05 kw/rn ( g i a m 1 3 l a n ) , t , = 643' C

1 1.9. Co mot phich dm g n eo'c da co diudng kinh d = 100 mm t a o n e n b a n g

thuy tinh hai v o co dieu tich F; .F, =F, = 0,15m , g i Cfa hai leapvo duqc
h ut chan k h ong rat to t de khong con to n ta i t r a o doi n h iet bhng dan
nhiet va do'i luu, be mat trong giira hai l eap
vo duroctrang mot lop bac cec
mong. Nut phichlam bang nhua ron.g co be day 5 = 20 mm, nhiet do be
m at trong cua phich t , = 0 C, r~hiet do be ma t n g oai cua p h ich t 2 =

35'C, nhiet do be mat nut phich xern tu'ang tu be mat tr ong va ngoai
cua phich, doden cua be mat thuy tinh trang bac c = 0,02.
a) Tinh nhiet lu'ang tif ben ngoai truyen vao phi ch .

b) Neu trong phich du'ng 1 kg nunc da o O'C thi sau thai gian bao lau
nuoc da senong chay thanh nu'dc o O'C, biet nhijt n6ng chay cua neoc
da la 334 kJ/kg.
Giai
C)
H ai ldp t huy t i n h c 6 F , = -F2 nem c6 the xem t e o n g Ol

tu hai tarn phkng dat song song, vi giCIa hai tarn duroc hut
c han khong rat t o t ne n k h ong ton taii qua tr in h t r a o d o i 0
@=0 C
n hiet doi l w v a d a n n h i et, do do nhie:t truyen tif ld p b e n
ngohi vao trong chi bhng be xa. 4, =35 C

ti + 27 3 t g + ~ > 73 d=100

100 , , 100
Vl F y = F2 = F v a c, = c., nen :

1 1
0,01
2 —1 2 -1
— —

35+273 ' 0+ 273

Q, = 0,01x 5,67x 0.15 = 0,293 w
100 /
100

N hiet l e ang t r u yen t i r p h i a night phich v ao : v i k h o n g k h i t r o n g n u t

phich phia deoilanh, phia tren nong nen khong khi nam theo ti ng lctp, do
d 6 nhiet x ;i m n h a p t Q nu t p h ich vao c6 t h e x e m n h u d a n n h i e t q u a l o p
khong khi:
)I gb
( tt - t 2 )
260 CHLfONG 11

1 1
ttb — (ti + t~) — (35+ 0) = 1 7,5 ' C
2 2
Tra bang thong so vat lycua khong khi 8 phan phu luc ta co
2 ,57 . 10 w/m d o .
2, 57.10
( 35-0 ) = 4 5 w / m2
20.10
zd 3,14(100.10
' )
Qz = g x F„ = q x = 45 x =0 356 w
'

4 4
Nhiet luqng tu ben ngoai truyen vao:
Q Qy + Qg 0 296 + 0 35 6 0 652 w
N hiet luong can thirst d0 nunc da nong chay toan bj la :
Q' = ( 3 3 4 . 1 0 ) x 1 = 334 . 1 0 J
Thoi gian neac da trong phich tan het la:
Q' 334.10
142 h = 6,9 nghy
0,652x 3600
SD di cac phich thuc te khong giif dirac lanh lau
n hu bai t oan l h d o ca c t h on g so k y t h u a t k h o n g d a t
du dieu kien nhu de kien.

1 1.10. Co mj t b i n h h a i v o ( d ien t i c h b e m a t g a n , n h u
nhau) chCfa day oxy long, be mat tr ong cua hai lop Q=-183 C
I
ma mot ldtpbac co dj den c = 0,02; Khong khi gift
hai lop duroc hut be born chan khong tuyet doi.
N hiet do be m5 t v 6ch n gohl t y = 20 C v a v h ch 5,=20 C

trong tz = — 183'C. Tinh n h ij t l u ong tif ben ngoai

t ruyen vs qua vo binh, dijn tich be mat binh F = 3 . 10 rn .

Dap s6'. Q> = 0,125 W

11.11. Mot du0ng ong din khi co doing kinh D = 500 mm, nhiijt do dong khi
n ong dupe do b&g n h iet ke dien tra co doing kinh d y 5 mm, p h i a
ngohi c6 de mj t m hng chin co doing kinh d~ = 10 ram. Bong ho nhiet
ke chi t~ = 300 C, nhiet do be mht trong cua ong dan t z = 2 0 0 ' C , do
den cua nhijt ke vh mhng chin E, = e~ = (),
8.
Xhc dinh nhiet dj thee cua dong khi va sai so khi do, biet he so toa
nhijt tren be mkt nhiet ke' va mhng,ch6n bing e = 58 Wi/m d o .
TRAO DOI IVHIFT BUC XA 261

Giai
Be giai bai toan chung ta se t,hiet lap phu'ong trinh can bang nhiet doi
voi tu'ng phan:
a) Bo'i voi nhiet ke' dien.tro: Nhiet luqng ma nhiet ke n han du'oc tu'
dong khi bAng trao doi nhiet doi luu phai can bang voi nhiet luong do nhiet
ke' truyen bAng bCfc xa cho mang ch5n.
>4 4
1 Tc
C',nd]L
100 100
J])]J] M ( Qf ' t] )
1 d ]] 1
E]

b) Bo'ivoi mang chan: Nhiet 1'uqng ma mang ch5n nhan duqc gom co:
nhiet lu'qng tif nhiet ke' dien tro tr u yen den bAng bCfc xa va nhiet l uqng
mang chk] n han duqc tu' dong khi bang trao doi nhiet doi lou, tong nhiet
lu'qng nay phai can bang voi nhietluqng ma mang chkn truyen cho vach
ong bAng trao doi nhiet buc xa.
4 PT 4
T
e nd) (tf — t] )+ 2(xd,(tg — t, ) = n d .,c,C,
100 100
Trong pheong trinh (b) vi d ~ « D ne n x e m d ien t ich vo rat nh o so
voi ddong ong dan.
Bien doi tif phuoug tr]nh (a) t])]n du'qc:
•T 4
T
100 10 0
(c)
0 1 + d]
— 1 -—
—- — 1
e) dq vz

( C)
' fi9 >
o
309

Tir ph]long trinh (d) duqc:

262 cHUON<G If

2ud.,tc + cd, t, + d,~cC, '

— d~ecC
(d)
2Cdg + Qdg

Thay cac gia tri da biet vao phuong trinh (c) va (d) ta co:
4
3 77 0 , 0 7 1 = f)(t ) (e)
100
'

T.'
tf = 4 4 , 3 + 0 ,0314 +0,8t = f ~(t ) (g)
100

Cho cac gia tri khac nhau se tim dirac teang ung.
cC

240 260 280 300

t~ = f>(t., i 327,6 323,6 315,1 305,8

fg(t'c > 258,0 275,8 295,6 315,4

V e do thi t f — f , ( t , ) v a t f — f2(t,) , g iao diem cua 2 duang cho ta t i m

duroc t< — 309'C.
S ai so do leong 5 t = 309 — 300 = 9 ' C

11.12.Be do nhiet do dong khi nong chuyen dong trong ong

n ~rai t a d un g mot cap n h iet d i e n ( t h e rmocup), kh i o
che do nh iet o n d i n h n h i e t k e c h i t , = 300' C , b i e t /'
n hiet do vach ong t ~ = 200'"C, do den dau cap n h i et
d ien c , = 0,8 va he so toa nhiet o d au cap nhiet d i e n
2 -
a = 58w/ m do.
a) Tim n h ie t do t h ttc coa dong khi v a sai so cua phep
do.

b) Neu doan ong o khu vu'cdo deqc boc each nhijt de nhiet do be mht
vach ong datden 250'C thi sai so do lu'
ong 1h bao nhieu?
Btf
Dap so: a ) t f —
- 345'C; s ai so'45' C ; = 13,2%c
tf
s

b ) t'f - — 326,6 "C; = 8,15%

tf

11.13. Van di eu k i en tdon g t u' ba i ( 1 1 . 12) n h un g n h i e t k e chi

tI 200 C, do den dau cap n hiet dien c ,, = 0,8, nhiet do vi c h ong t2 - -

1 00'C, he so toa nhiet a = 46,4 w/m do thi sai so khi do la bao nhieu?
TRAO OOI IVHIET BVC XA 263

Be giam sai so khi do ngu'oi ta dat n hiet ke t r ong

mot v o b o c n h u ' h >nh ve , n e u n h i e t k e c h i t ,
200 C, d o den cua vo boc z, = 0,8, he so toa n h i et
dong khan)ng khi doi vai nhiet ke' la cx = 46,4 w/ m d o
va he so' toa nhiet cua dong khong khi do'i voi vo boc
r
la n, = 11,6 w/rn d o . X a c d in h n h i e t d o t h u'c cua
dong khi va rnu'c do sai so'cua phep do.

D ap so: a) tf> = 230 C;

5t( ttttt
13%

5t " =
b ) t f y = 208 C ; 4 ic

1 1.14. Xic dinh do den cua mot khoi kh i p h ang day 5 = 5 m o n h i e t d o

1000'C. Hon hop khi co thanh phan nhu'sau: 11% CO~ va 4% H~O, ap
suat khi la 1 at .
Giai
Khoang du'ong te do trung b>nh cua tia bQe xa:

l = 18 56 = 1 8 x 5 = 9 m

pGQ L = 0 11 x 9 0,99 at.m

p><,0 I = 0 ,0 4 x 9 = 0,36 at . m

0 nhiet d(i 1000'C, do den cac khi t h anh phan ti m duroc tif do t h i
II.11.1 «'> H.11 • 2 la: ~co = 0,2' F~~>p = 0 2 ' p = 1

B o den cua hon hap khi :

~K ~Cog +P~g.,0 = 0, 2 + 0 , 2 = 0 , 4

11.15. Khoi lo co thanh phan 8% CO~, 10% hai noae, chuyen dong trong o'ng
co duang kinh d = 0,6 m, «hiet do khoi cho vao t '< -— 1000'C vh o cho ra

f
-

„ = 625 ' C va ch o r a
— 800 ' C,nhiet do be mat ong cho vao t ',
t" ,„ = 575'C , do den be mat c,„ = 0,8.
Tinh mat do dong nhiet be xa tren be mat o'ngva he so toa nhiet be
x a cb„ .
2
Dap so: q = 9260 w/m;2. u b „ - 32 w/ m do

11.16.Bo qua nhiet cua lo hai co du'

ang kinh ngoai cua ong d = 38 mm, buoc
d oc va bu'oc ngang Sz — S> = 2 d , n h i et d o k ho i va o t ' f —
- 1100'C va
nhiet do khoi r a t " < — — 800'C, nhiet do trung binh be m5t ngoai cua
264 CHL/ONG 11

ong t„, =500' C , do den cua vach o'ng E = 0,8, thanh phan k hoi co 1 0 %
CO2 va 4% H 20 , ap suat cua khoi p = 98,1 KPa.
Xac dinh mat do dong nhiet bu'c xa va cu'ong do toa nhiet bCfc xa
Giai
Khoang doing td dotrung binh cua tia bu'c xa trong chum ong sap xep
so le dude tinh:
l. = 1,08d ' 0.785 = 1,08 x 0 , 038 (2 x 2 — 0,785) = 0,132 m
d2

pcp2 1 = 0 , 1 x ( 9 , 8 1 . 10 ) x 0 , 1 3 2 = 0,129 . 10 m . P a = 1,32 cm.at

pep> 'l = 0 ,04 x ( 9 ,81 . 10 ) x 0 , 1 3 2 = 0,0518 . 10 m . P a = 0,528 cm.at

. • Nhijt do trung binh cua khoi:
tf Op5(t f t f ) = 0 ,5 ( 1 1 0 0 + 800) = 95 0 ' C
Tif do thi H . 1 1.1 va H.11.2 vdi t f -— 950'C ti m d tfoc:
Eco — 0,05 ;
-

EH 2 o — 0,0105
-

Tif do thi H.11.3 tim dirac P = 1,05

CO,+P H,O
Kha ni n g ha p th u cua khi Cfng vdi nhiet do be mat vach ong
T ir do thi H . l l . l v a H . l l . 2 Cong vdi nhiet do t , „ = 500'C t i m di rac:
Cco2 0 ,056; EH2o = 0 , 0 2 1
O.G5
do do A> — 0,056
- + 105x 0 , 0 2 1 = 0,0975
500+273
Phu tai nhiet bCfc xa tren be mat ong:
/ 4
T fT
qb„ - 0,5(E„+1)C,
",100, "i100
950+ 273 ( 500 — 273)
= 0,5(0,8+ 1) x 5 , 6 7

5180 w/ m
Hj so toa nhiet be xa :
qb„ 5180 2
ab„ 11,5 w/m do
t , — t,„ 950 - 500
 Chu'dng

TRUYEN NHIET VA TINH TOAN

THIET BI TRAO BOI NHIET
12.1 TRUYENNHIET QUAVACHPHANG
Q = kF(tf] t fg) W (12.1)
t rong do : k - h e s o t r u yen nhiet, w/m d o
F - dien tich be mat tr uyen nh i et , rn
tn - nhiet do chat long nong, 'C
t fi - nh iet do chat long lanh ' C .
1
k (12.2)
1 -+~—5; + - 1
—
Qi . X. Qg

trong do: e , - h e sotoa nhiet cua phia chat long nong

ez - he so' toa nhiet ve phia cha't long lanh
5; - chieu dhy leap
thCf i, m
X, -h e s o' dan nhiet lop thu' i, w/m do
1 .„
- nhiet trG toa nhij. „t , m 2 d o / w
. .

a
-

- nhit",t tro dan nhiet ;

n - so'lop vach.

12.2. TRUYEN NHIET QUA VACHTRU

266 CHVONG 11

t rong do: d > - duong kinh vach tru trong cung, m.

d„„ - d u ong kinh ngoai cung cua lap vach thief n, m.
n - so' lop vach.

12.3 VAGH GOGANH

tfg tfg
(12.4)
1 +—
5 1—+ 1
a,F, A, F~ u~F~
trong do: F> - dien tich be mat trong khong lam canh, m
F ~ - dien tich be mat lam canh, m .

12.4 THIET BI TRAO

90l NHIET
1 2.4.1. PhQdng trin h ca n b i n g n h i q t
Q = p , ~ f , c » ( t ' , — t' , ) = pzco~f~c„~(t r — t'~ ) (12.5)

trong do:
I

p,, p, - kho'i leang ri eng cua chat l ong n ong va chat l on g l a nh , m

c o,, to> - toc do cua chat long nong va chat l on g l a nh , m/ s

f>, f, - dien tich t ie t d ie n n g ang ma cha't long nong va chat l ong lan h
2
id' dong qua, rn
mph c>p n hiet d un g r i en g cu a c ha t l o n g n o n g v a c h a t l o n g l a n h
J/kg do
Q - n h ie t lu'ong chat l ong nong tr uyen cho chat l ong l a nh , w .
1 2.4.2. Phafdng trin h t r u y e n n h i q t

Q = kFZt (12.6)
trong do: k - he so truyen nhiet, w/m do.
F - d ien t i c h be mi t t r u y e n n h i e t cua t h ie t bi , m
bt - d o ch enh n h ie t d o t r u n g b i n h g i u'a cha't long nong va cha't
long lanh, 'C.
12.4.3. Bj ch enh n h i j t d q tr u n g binh
Bo chenh nhiet dotrung binh logarit:
~t max ~t min
(12. 7)

~t min

Khi bt„„ „ / b t „ „ „ < 2 s 0 dung do chenh nhiet do trung binh so hoc.

TRAO OOI NHIE TBUC XA

1
(12.8)
2
Cong thu'c (12.7) co the 5u dung cho ca luu dong thuan chieu va luu
dong nguoc chieu.
I)o'i voi truong hop luu dong phu'c tap:
~tl = ~ tng '4 t (12.9)

trong do:
ht, - d o chenh nhiet do trung binh khi cha't long ltd dong phd'(c tap.
ht„~ - do chenh nhiet do trung binh tinh theo so do nguoc chieu

c~t - he so hieu chinh xet de'n dac tinh luu dong cua cac chat long
f(R, P) (12. 10)
t P- t ' g
P R
t') — t'p t "g —t'g

t rong do: t ' , - nhiet do vao thie't bi cua chat long n i n g

t", - n h i e t, do ra khoi t hie't bi cua chat l ong n o ng

t '~ - n h i e t do vao thiet bi cua chat, long lanh .

t "> - nh iet do ra k hoi t h ie't bi cua chat l ong l a n h .

12.4.4. Trd khang thuy lu'c cua thiet bi trao doi nhiqt
Thiet bi trao doi nhiet thuong phai co born hoac quat de day chat long
q ua thiet bi , do do viec tinh t oan tr o k h an g t huy lu c l a mo t n h i e m v u t r o n g
tinh t oan t h i e't bi t r a o doi n h i et , t re n co s o » a y d e t i n h t o a n c hon bo'm va
quat cho thich hop:
Tong tro lu'c cua thiet bi
hp„ = d,p, + h p „ ,+ hp~ , + dp, (12. 11)

t rong d6 : Ap „ , - tro khang ma sat

1 pQP
~p (12. 12)
d 2
to - toc dj t r un g binh cua chat long, m/s;
p - khoi luong rieng, kg/m
l - chieu dai down ong, m;
( - h e so ma sat
d - duong kinh dac trung (duong kinh tuong duong), m.
Chat long chay tangtrong ong tron co the su'dung:
268 CHUONG 11

64
(12.13)
Rc
Trong truing hop chay ro'i co the se dung cong thu'c thee nghiern sau:
K hi Re = 500 0 2 000 0 0 :
Boi vc'ti ong thuy tinh va ong dong
0,184
(12. 14)
Re '
Boi voi o'ng thep:
0,22
(12.15)
Re
bp, - trD khang cuc bo
2
P(0
(12. 16)

( - he so trG khang cuc bo. Trong tinh toan thiet bi trao doi nhiet gan
dung co the so bo chon nhe sau:

Dang .xem xet:

- Ong chinh vao buong chica(ong cai vao vo boc) 1,5
- Ra hoac vao chum ong
- Dong ngoac (chuyen pass) 180' 2,5
bp, - trD kh ang do chuye'n dong khong dkng nh iet gay r.en:
2
~p< = P2~% %2
— P>
ApH - tro lu 'c do lac nang gay nen.

PH = ((P, — P) gh

p, - khoi leong rieng cha't long cho lanh, kg/m

/

p - khoi leqng rieng cho cha't long nong, kg/m

h - cao do cua ranh chay, m.
Trb lac cua chum o'ng tron:
a) S5p xep so le:
Xg X2
( = (4, + 6,6m) Re< (12.17)
d ' d
x) x2
( = (5,4 + 3,4 m) Ref ' (12.18)
d d
b) Sip xep song song:
TRAO OOI NHIET BIJC XA 269

-0.23
( 6 + 9m) I — ' Ref " ' " (12.19)
(d
Cac cong thu'c tren la xet cho dong xung kich voi iIr = 90"
x, - Bu'oc ngang dong.
d - Du'ong kinh ngoai cua o'ng.
B ang du'Oi day ne u mo t so' gia tr i h e s o' t r u yen n h i e t t r o n g ca c l o a i
thie't bi trao doi nhiet de tham khao.
Bang l2.1. Gia tri gan du ng cua it,Pso truyen nhiet

Thlet bi trao doi nhi4t ct che d0 t'ai k,w/m' do

Khi truyen cho khi 30-30

NUOc truyen cho khi 10 - 50

Hdi nUdc ngung — Khong khi 5-50

Hdi nUdc den dau ning 50 - 180

NUdc den nUdc 800 - 2500

NUCtc den mot sochat long khac 200 - 1000

NUOc den dau boi tron 100 - 350

Chat hUu cd den chat hUu cd nhe 200 - 450

Chat hUu cdning den chat huu cd ning 50 - 200

NgUng hdilam Iynh b5ng khong khi 50 - 200

NUOc Ibm lanhhdi ngUng 1000 - 4000

NUOc Ibm lanh hdi NH3 ngUng tq 800 - 1400

NUdc Ibm lanhngung hdi chat huu cd 300-1000

Ld hdi 10 ~ 40 + bUc xa

Binh boc hdi lanh chAt 300 - 1000

Binh bdc hdi d6i vdi hdi nude 1500 - 6000

Binh nau vo 6o hdi c6 khuay tron 150 - 1000

Vdng xokn gianhiet thung chUa, nUdc den

nU6c:

- Khong khuay tron 50 - 250

- Co khuay tron 500 - 2000

270 cHUONG 1>

Sang 12.2. Gia tri th a m kh a o ctia mot so'Ioai cau gay nen n h i et t r i k h i
thii't ke th i et bi t r a o do'i n h i e t

Chat long Nhijt trd eau, Rt [w/m 'K]

Dau nhien libu 0,005

Dau m5y bien the 0,001

Dau cay qua 0,003

Nhien lieu diezen nh|, 0,002

Nhien lieu diezen n5ng 0,003

NhL/a ..1udng 0,005

X5ng 0,001
I

Dau hoa 0,001

C5c dung dich kiem 0,002

Long lanh chat 0,001

C5c loai nt/dc 0,001

Muoi ndng chay 0,0005

Khi thai dqng cd 0,01

Hdi (khonr lan dau boi tran) 0,0005

Hdi (cd lan dau bdi trdn) 0,002

Khong khi n6n 0.002

Khi acid 0.001

Hdi dung moi O,OO1

Nude bien 0,0005 - 0,001

Nti'dc Ig 0,001 - 0,003

NLrdc th5p gihi nhi$t (co xu ly) 0,001 - 0,002

Ntrdc th5p gihi nhiet (khdng xu ly) 0,002 - 0,005

Nude song 0,001 - 0,004

Nude cat ho5c nt/dc ngL/ng cua chu trinh kin 0,0005

Nude cap Id hdi da xu ly 0,0005 - 0,001

TRAO OOI IVI"IIET BUC XA

12.5.PHlfdNG PHAP HIEU SUAT - HE SO GHUYEN NHIET (PhVOng PhaP

s; — NTU j

Phu'ong phap do chenh nhiet do trung binh l ogarit ( L M TD) s0 dung

t huan t ie n k h i b i e t n h i e t d o v a o r a cu a cua c ha t l o n g : t ' > , t ' 2 , t "> , t " ~
(hoac biet gia tr i n h iet do con gia tri t hu' 4 se dirac xac dinh tir phuang
t rinh can bAng nhiet), do vay kh i t h iet k e m o i t h i e t b i t r a o doi n h i e t
( TBTE)N) phaong phap nay co nhieu uu diem. Trong mot so t r u i n g h a p
n gu'oc lai l a c h un g t a d a c o si n m o t T B T B N , b i e t n h i e t d o v a o cu a c h a t
l ong t ' , , t'2 dien t ich be mat t r ao doi nhiet F v a co t h e ulcc tinh duoc he so

truyen nhiet k, dieu chung ta can xac dinh la nhiet do ra cua chat long
t",.t"2 va dong nhiet truyen qua Q. Phuong phap LMTD co the ap dung
cho bai toan ngeoc nap nhmag phai lap di lap lai nhieu lan, de giam su lap
l ai na y c 6 t h e s Q dung phuang phap c — NTU, n 6 r a t d a n g i a n v a t h u a n
tien.
T ren quan d iem n h ie t d ong lu'c hoc ky t h u at , h i e u suat T B T B N d d o c
xac dinh nhd sau:
Q Dong nhiet tr uyen qua thiet bi
E (12.20)
Q Dong nhiet toi da co the truyen

t rong do: Q - d h n g n h iet t hee do chat long nong tr uyen cho chat long lan h
Q,„ - dong nhiet to'i da c6 the truyen.
Q = G 2 c p 2 ( t "2 ' t 2 ) = G , cpy( f ' y t " y) (12.21)

c (t , - t , ) = c «,- t , )
Q eC„„-,(t',— t'2) (12.22)
f (kFIC , „ , C, „ I C „> (12.23)
kF
NTU
C .„ (Gc )„,„
C~n

Quan he (12.23)duqc the hien do thi 8 phan phu luc. Neu muon tim
hieu ky hen c6 the xem 8 t'ai lieu tham khao [17].
272 CHUONG 11

Bang 12.3. Quan he E = f(NTU, C)

Dyng thiet b] trao d6i nhijt Quan hy c = f(NTU), C
1. Ong 16ng ong:
1 — exp(-NTU(1+ C)]
LLru dong song song cung chieu
1+C
1-exp[-NTU(1- C)]
LUu dqng song song ngL/qc chieu
1- C exp[ —
NTU(1 —C)]
2. Vo bqc chum ong:

S6 pass ong 1, 2, 4... ~x 1+ e x p I - NTU~]

1+C
1—Cexp [-NTUxl1+ C]
3. Chhy c5t nhau (1pass)
NTU0.22
'
Hai chat long kh6ng bi xylo tron e =1 — exp [exp( — CxNTU0.78
) — 11~

C,„ b i xylo tr6n c = — (1 —

exp[1 — C[1 —exp(-NTU)] ] )
C; „ k h ong bi xylo tr6n C
C ,„bi
xylotrain 1
c = 1- exp[- — [1-exp(-Cx NTU)] ]
C „.„khong bi xylo tron C

c = 1 —exp( —NTU)
4. Tat ca thirst bi trao dpi nhiet c6 C =0

Bang 12.4. Q uan he N T U = f(E, C)

Dyng thiiLt b[ trao dpi nhiet Quan hq NTU = f(c, C)

1. Ong l6ng ong:

- ln[1 — c(1+C)]
LL/u dong song song cung chieu
1+C

Luu d()ng song song nguqc chieu N TU = In

C-1 cC = 1
2. Vb bqc chum 6ng:

1 2/c -1- C- 1+ C
S6 pass 6ng 1, 2, 4... NTU = - ln
1+ C2 2 /c- 1 - C + 1+C
3. Chhy c5t nhau (1pass)
C b i xylo tp()n
C~;„kh6ng bi xylo train C
Cm,„bi xylo train NTU — In[C In(1- c)+ 1]
C, „ k h6nq bi xylo train C
NTU = -In(1 — c)
4. Tat ch thiet bi trao dpi nhibt c6 C = 0
TRAO E'OI NHIET BUC XA 273

BAI TAP
12.1. Mot in< dan hei gorn hai doai., doan thief nhat d5t thing dctng co do dpi
L, = 4m vh doan thahai dat num ngang c6 do dai Lz = 4m, d efang kinh ~r

ngoai cua ong d = 50 mm, do den be mat ong c = 0,8. Ong ddsc dat
trong ph~ng rong co nhiet do tf —.20 C, biet nhiet do be m5t ngohi cua
o ng t , „ = 180 ' C.

a) Tinh ton tha't nhiet tren toan bo doing ong

b) Nhan xet ve mac do ton that nhiet gay nen do trao doi nhiet bang
b u'c xa va toa nhiet doi lw .
Bap so': a) Q = 3733 w

"
b) Qb. — 1979 Vf; Qg( —
-

- 1760 W, = 47,1%; = 52,9/o

Q Q
12.2. Thanh d ien tr o d a t t r o ng b uong gia n h i et co d u ong k i n h d = 1 0 m m ,
chieu dai L = 2m, dien tra suat cua thanh p = 1 , 2 Q m m /m , nhiet do
b e mat th anh t , „ = 920'C, nhietdo moi treang. Khong khi xung quanh
tf -— 80 C, do den be mat thanh e = 0 , 9.
Tinh n h ie t l u on g t r u yen qua t h an h v a d on g d i e n ch o p h e p t r o n g chic
truing ho'p sau:
a) Thanh dat t h ang dCrng trong phbng rong.
b) Thanh dat nam ngang trong phong rong.

c) Van nhe t r i o'ng hop b) nhm g co gi6 thoi n gang qua th anh voi toc do
0) = 6 m/s.

Giai
a) Thanh d~t thAng dCrng:
Q uk t r in h t r u y e n n h i e t t i r b e m 5 t t h a n h c h o m o i t r u i n g k h o n g k h i
xung quanh gom co toa nhiet do'i lou tu' nhien va t rao doi n h ie t b i n g bCfc xa
= Q ai + Qbx

=
T, Tf
Qb„ CFC,
1000 100

md L = 3,14 x 0 ,0 1 2 = 0, 0 628 m
'iV 920+ 273 = 1193' K

80 + 273 = 353' K

Qb„ - 0,9 x 0,0628 x5,67 [11,93 - 35 3 ] = 6 442 w

274 CHLfOAIG 11

Q~( - oF(t,„— tf )
-

N hiet do t in h t o a n :
t = 0, 5 ( t , „ + t f ) = 0,5 (920 + 8 0 ) = 500 ' C

Tif phu luc tim duac thong so'vat ly cua khong khi nhu sau:
X, = 5,74.10 'w/m do; v = 7 9 ,38.10 m /s
Pr = 0,687
1 1
Kich thuac tinh toan: 1 =:L; $ T 773

gPL dt 9,8 1x 2 x ( 9 20 — 80)

v 773x (79 38.10 )

(Gr.Pr) = (1,35.10 ) x 0 , 6 8 7 = 9,27.10

Tit bang 10.1 tim dirac C = 0,135; n = 1 / 3
Nu = C(Gr.Pr„,)" = 0,135 x ( 9 ,27.10 )" = 283,5
-2
' '
a = Nu 283,5 x = 8,13 w/m ' C
L 2
Q<< - 8,13 x 0 , 0628 x (920 — 80) = 429 w
-

Q = 6 442 + 4 2 9 = 6871 w

Tif phuang tr in h ca n b hng nang luang ta co:

Q = RI 6871 w

R — p- Lg — 0 03Q
3,14x10
4
Q = 0,03 I 6871 w
6871
478,6 A
'II n 03
b) Thanh dht num ngang:
Trong truing hap nay thhnh phd'ntrao doi nhijt bAng bCfc xa khong
thay doi, nhmg thhnh phan trao doi nhiet doi lou co thay doi.
N hij t d o t i n h t o an : t „ = 500' C

Kich thu0c tinh town: 1 = d

gpd At 9,81x ( 1 0.10 ) x ( 920 — 80)
1 69103
v - 773x(79,38.10 )

Tra bang 10.1 tim du'ac: C = 0,54; n = 1/4

TRAO DOI AIHIET HUC XA 275

N U„ = 0 ,54(1,16. 10 ) " = 3,15

-2

d 1.10
- 18,1 x 0,0628 x 840 = 955 w
Q<i
955 + 6442 = 7397 w

I„ = = 49 6 5 A
0,03
c) Truorig h~p gio,ihoi ngang qua thanh voi toc do m = 6 m/s: Thanh
phan trao d(ii nhiet b5ng bCfc xa khong thay doi nh0ng trao doi nhiet doi
lm trong truong hop nay la toa nhiet doi lou ceo'ng bCfc vai dong chay ben
n goai th a nh . N h i e t d o t i n h t o a n l a t f -— 80 C, tif phan phu luc tim duroc
thong so vat lycua khong khi:

3 ,05 .10 w / m do; vf = 21,09.10 m /s;

Prf — 0,692
-

Kich thdac tinh toan la d efangkinh ngoai cua thanh l = d

md 6 x0 0 1
2 84 10
21,69.10-'

Nu< - -
0,22 Ref' — 0,22x(2,84.10
-

)' = 25,97

3,05.10
'
u = Nuf — g5,97 '
-

= 79,2 w/ m d q
1.10
Qd< - 7 9,2 x 0,0628 x 8 4 0 = 41 7 8 w

Q = 4 178 + 64 4 2 = 10620 w

10620
r95 A
0,03

12.3.Mot dulng o'ng dan hei ibm bing thdp de num ngang co doing kinh
ngoai d = 25 mm, nhiet do b4ngohi cua ong t~ = 250'C, nhiet dq khong
khi xung quanh tf= 25 'C, dg den be mkt ong s = 0,95.
a ) Xhc dinh ton that nhiet Cmg vdi 1 m b e m5t ong, xhc dinh ty lj ton
that dodoi lou vh bCrc xa gay nen.

b) Neu co dbng khong khi thoi vuong g6c vs dedng ong, toc dj
c o = 2 m/» thi ton t ha t t r en se lh bao nhieu, ty l e t h hn h p h a n to n t h a t
do'i lou vh b e xa thay doi the neo?
Bap so'. a ) q = 6325 w/m, q@ = 43 % , q b „ / q = 5 7 %
276 CHUONG 11

b) q' = 32013 w/m , q'<</q' = 88,7%, q'b„/q' = 11,3/o

12 4. H a i n gu h g t u t r en be m5t ngoa i ong dong t hau co

dp /d~' = 25/22,5 mm, nude chay trong ong vai to'c do e = 1 m/s, nhiet
do trung binh cua noae la 30'C, he so' dan nhiet cua dong thau
X = 113 w/m do.
Tinh he sotruyen nhiet k.
Bap so': k = 3650 w/m

12.5. Tinh nhij t l uang truyen tu' trong phong qua tu'0ng biet nhiet dj k h ong
k hi t r on g p h on g t fy 25 C, nh ie t do kh o n g k h i ng o h i t r a i
tfQ 8 'C. Tudng xay bkng gach dhy 5 = 250 mm, co he so' dan nhiet
X = 0,5 w/m dj, hj sotoa nhiet cua be mat trong u, = 23 W/m do va
be mkt ngohi uz = 8 W/m do.
Bap s6': q = 28,3 w/m 2

12.6. Mot vach lo hoi lam bhng thep day 20 mm, he so dan nhiet
X = 58 w/ m d o , n h ie t d o cu a kh i l o t f , -— 1000'C, nhiet do cua nuoc

trong lola nhiet do bao hba cua noae o ap suat p = 33,5 bar. He so toa
nhiet cua khi lo toi vach la a~ = 116 w/m do, he so toa nhiet til v6ch lo
den nunc la az = 2320w/m do.
Xac dinh mat do dong nhiettruyen qua vach q va nhiet do be mat trong
va ngoai cua v6ch lo.
Bap s6: q = 80.900 w/ m, t „ , = 30 4 C , t , „ z = 278 C

12.7. Mot vhch p hag cua thiet bi co chieu cao H = 1,5m, vhch gan 2 ldrp, l eap
thu'
nhat vent lieu co A ., = 0, 8 w / m ' C , 5, = 100 mm, l eap thief hai co
X q — 0,1 w/m'C , 5 ~ = 20 mm, dien tich be m5t vhch F = 4 m .Nhift dq be
rn5t vhchlanh ngohi cung c6 t3 = 80'C t iep xuc v0 khong khi co tf = 20 ' C .

a) Tinh nhij t l dang truyen qua vlch Q[kw].

b) Tinh nhij t d j b e mat n6ng trong cung t, .
Bkp s6: a) Q = 1,44 kw
b ) t, = 1 6 1 ' C t

12.8.Tc&g lb dirac lhm brag 2 lap gach: leap

trong lb gach chiu lira c6 chi0u dhy
5~ = 250 mm, he so dan nhiet A.~= 0,348 w/m do, lap ngohi lh gach do c6
TRAO GOI NHIET BUC XA 277

6p —
- 250 mm va X~ = 0,695 w/rn do. Neu san pham chay trong lo co nhiet

do tf i — 1300 ' C, nhiet do khong khi x ung quanh l o tf ~ = 3 0 ' C , he so

t oa nhiet tu san pham chay den gach chiu lua e , = 34,8 w/ do va tu b e

— 11,6 w/m do.

mat vach ngoaiden khong khi ez -
Tinh mat do dong nhiet truyen qua vach va nhiet do t iep xuc giua 2 lop
gach.
2
Dap so: q = 1150 w/m, t = 440' C

li.9. Mot duong ong din gio nong cho lo cao, toc . do gio nong
~ = 3 5 m/s nhiet do trung binh t f , — 800 ' C , du'ac cau tao boi 3 lap vat
lieu: lop trong cung la gach chiu lua co chieu day 5> -— 250 mm, he so
dan nhiet A,, = 1,17 w/rn do, lo'p vo thep day 5 z — 10 mm , A.z = 4 6 ,5
w/rn do, lap each nhiet ngoai cung co X~ = 200 mm, A3 = 0,174 w/m do,
d uang kinh t r ong cua ong d , = 1000 rnm, ong dat na m n g ang lo t h i e n
co gio thoi ngang qua vai toc do ~ = 4 m/s, nhiet do moi t r u ong khong
k hi xung quanh tf p 10 ' C .
Tinh ton that n h iet t ren 1 m du'ang ong (bo qua ton t ha t n h i e t buc xa)
Dap so: q i -— 2330 w/m

12.1Q. Mot day dien tro de tran duang kinh 6 = 1 mm , L = 1 m, yeu cau khi
co dong dien chay qua nhiet doday khong duac vu'ot qua 600 "C.
a) Xac dinh dong dien cho phep ion nhat chay qua khi day dat num
ngang, nhiet dokhong khi xung quanh t,< — 30'C, dien tra suat cua day
p = 1. 2 Q m m - / m .

b) Trong truong hop day dat th rongdung thi dong dien cho phep bao
nhieu?
Dap so: a ) Day dat num n g ang I » » = 11,5 A

b) Day dat thing dung I»» = 8,56 A

12 11. Mot on g dan h oi i bm bAn g t h ep co he so dan n h i et

l, = 46,4w/m do, duong kinh ong 200/216 mm, ong duoc boc mot lap
each nhiet co chieu dhy 5 = 1 2 0 mm , he so dan n h ie t X,> = 0 ,116 w/m
do. Nhiet dovach o'ng phia hoi t„, = 300 C, nhiet do khong khi xung
q uanh t f z — 25 C, he so' toa nhiet tu be mat n gohi den khong khi
-

a> =9,86 w/ do. Tinh ton that nhiet tren 1 met chieu dai ong vh nhiet do
be mat ngoai lop each rihiet.
278 CHUONG 1f

Bap so: q / = 7 9,94 w/m, t 3 —4 2 , 5 ' C

12.12.Co mot doan ong hoi de tran chieu dai L = 5 m dat nhm ngang, duong
kinh ong d = 100 mm dat trong moi th ong khong khi yen tinh co nhiet
d o t~ — — 40'C, be m5t ong co nhiet do t „ = 200'C . T in h to n t h a t n h i e t
tren toan boduo'ng ong biet do den be m5t ong c, = 0,8
Dap so': Q = 4961 w

12.13.Mot thiet bi trao doi nhiet dang ong long ong, nu'oc chay trong ong vai
100 kfong G~ = 1,2 kg/s, nhiet dj nunc vao t'~ = 2 0 ' C , n h i e t d o n l fdc
ra t"~ = 80 C , n h iet dung rieng cua nuoc cpp 4 18 k J / k g ' C . N eoc
khoang chay n~foc chieutrong phan hinh xuyen giQa 2 vo boc voi neac
khoang c» — 4,31 kJ/kg'C. Ong trong co duo'ng kinh d = 1,5 cm va
t hong doi mong, he so tryen nhiet k = 640 w/m ' C .
X ac dinh dien t ich t r uyen nh iet cua thiet bi v a t ong chieu dai can t h i et
cua ong.

Giai
I ) - S0 dung phuong phap LMTD.
S ct do nguyen ly la m v iec cua thiet bi dude the hien t re n h in h v e .
nude khoang

160'C
nUdc
1',= 2 0 ' C ~ ~ t" , = SO C

G> = 1,2 kg/s

I G ,= 2 k g / s

Gia thiet ruingTBTBN duqc each nhij t r a t t o t n e n co th e xem t oan bo

nhiet luqng chatlong nong nha ra se duroc chAt long lanh hap thu town bo.
Nhiet do ra cua chat long nong t", duo'c xac dinh tu' phuong trinh can
b5ng nhiet:
Q = G pcpp(t p t p) 1 2 x 4 18 x ( 8 0 — 20) = 3 0 = > p>( '<- "y)

t'1 = 160 = 125,1 ' C

G~ cpl 2 x 4, 3 1

ht,„ 151 1 20 = 105 1 C

TRAO DOI NHIET 8lJC XA 279

2 t„„„ = t.', — t"; = 16 0 — 80 = 80 ' C

160 C

t"i = 125,1 C

t"p = 80'C

20C

Bo chenh nhiet do t r ung binh logarit dt I .

~to>ax ~tn>in 105,1 — 80
~t n~a.x 105, 1
LA
~t nwn n 80

Tif phuong trin h t r u yen nh iet ta co:

k I' ht I m F
kb,tI

301xlp
640x92
Chieu dai can th iet. cua on@:
F 5. 11
F = rtLd m L 108,4 m
zd 3,14x0,015
II) - Su dung phu'ang phap c - NTU.
G, c„, = 2 x 4,31 = 8 ,6 2 k w / ' C = C„ ,,„

C2 = G2cp2 - 1 ,2 x 4 , 1 8 = 5 ,0 2 k w / ' C = C „ ),„

C~>>>>
(t'> t 'g ) 5 y0 2 ( 16 0 20 ) 70 2 >8 kw

k)ay lh gi 6 t r i c u'c dai t heo ly t h u yet m a t h i e t b i c o t h e t r u y e n d u qc,

treu thu'c te' nhiet leo'ng truyen la:
Q = Q, = G,c„z(t "2- t'2) = 1,2 x 4 , 1 8 (80 — 20) = 301 k w

E fieu suat cua thie't bi trao doi nhiet :

301
0,428
702,8

Ti' bang 12.4 ta tin h t h eo cong thCrc

280 CHUOr,~ ~r

NTU = ln
• L.C
C-1

C = C „ /C „ 5,02/8,62 = '0,583

1 0,428-1
NTU
0,583-1 0,428x 0,583 — 1
kf F = NT U x C n~ in 0,651x5020
NTU
min k 640

Nhan -xet:
a) Cung c o t h e t i f d o t hi e—
, NTU, vd i g i a t r i c = 0 , 42 8 v a

C = C „„n / C, „ —0,583 ta tim duqc gia tri F.

b) Ket qua tinh toan b5ng hai phuang phap kha phu hap nhau, moi
phuong phap deu co m va nhaoc diem rieng nen tuyloai bai toan ma chon
phoning phap nao gon.
12.14. Mot t h i e t b i t r a o d o i n h i e t k i e u o ng l o n g o ng l ou d o ng n g u'ac chieu,
nd6c chay trong ong vdi nhiet do vao t'z — 20'C v a n h i e t d o ra
t "2 - — 60'C, dau chay ben ngoai ong ( c> — 2 kJ/kg do), lou leang n lMc
G2 - — 2 kg/s,lou luong dau G, = 2 kg/s, nhiet do dau vao t', = 150 C,

he so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi la k = 600 w/m do.

Mc d i nh d i en t i ch t r u y en n h i et c ua th i et b i .
Giai
Nhiet do trung binh cua nude:
t2 = 0 , 5 ( t ' 2 + t "q) = 0 ,5 ( 2 0 + 6 0 ) = 4 0 ' C

N hiet dung ri eng cua nude vai t z = 4 0 ' C l a c . , = 4,175 kJ/kg do

Nhiet luqng neoc nhan du'oc do dau truyen qua thiet bi:
Q = G 2 c p2(t p t p ) = 2 x 4 , 175 x (60 — 2 0 ) = 334 k w

Ve phia dau:
Q = G > c py(kt> ) = 2 x 2 x h t, = 334 kw

334 .C
htj = t ')- t ) -
TRAO OOI IVHIET BUC XA 281

1 50 — 83,5 = 6 6 ,5 ' C
150 C

>t,„ = 9O ' C

66,5'C 60'C

46,5'C

20'C

h,tm,„„ = 150 — 60 = 90' C

= 66,5 — 20 = 46,5

B o chenh nhiet do tr ung binh logarit :

"" " '
b,t = " " ' "

= = 65 8 ' C
mal x

atm,„ 46,5

Dieu tich truyen nhiet cua thiet bi:

Q 334 10'
8,46 m
kit> 600x 65,8

12.15. M ot thiet bi t r a o doi nhiet, chat long nong deqc lam nguoi tir nhiet d o
t ', = 3 0 0 ' C d e n t " , = 2 0 0 C v a c hat l ong l anh d uqc gia nhiet tif n h i et
do t ' ~ = 25 ' C den t " 2 = 175"-C. Tinh d o c h enh n h ie t d o t r un g b i n h
logarit tr ong ba truong hqp sau:
a) Chat long chuyen dong cung chieu
b) Chat long chuyen dong nguqc chieu
c) Chuyen dong giao nhau.
Dap so'. a) Atqh = 1 0 4 ' C
b ) b,t<g = 14 9 ' C

c) h,t, = 134 ' C

12.16. Mot thiet bi t r ao doi nhiet moi gia can lam lanh 2 50 lit c hat long nong
c6 khoi l an g rieng p, = 1 1 0 0 k g/ m , n hi et d un g ri en g
cp> 3 kJ/kg do fB nhiet do t ', = 120 ' C ha xuo'ng t ", = 50 ' C, nunc
l am nguoi co 1W luqng 1000 lit/h, nhiet d o v a o = 10'C . Xa c din h d i e n
tich be mat trao doi cua thie't bi klii luu dong thuan chieu va lou dong
ngdqc chieu, biet he so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi k =1161w/ do.
Dap so'. F,h — — 0,24; F„g — 0,22 m

12.17. M ot thi et bi t r a o doi nhiet loai ong long ong co dien tich t r u yen n h i e t
282 CHUONG 11

F = 8m , luu l u o n g cha ' t long nong V, = 0 25 m / h ,

p, = 1100kg/m , c~, = 3,04 kJ/k g ' C , t ' , = 120' C . N uoc giai n hiet co:
V2 — 1000 L/h, p z — 1100 kg/m3, t ' ~ = 1 0 C , b i e t h e s o t r u y en n h i e t
cua thiet bi k = 34,5 w/m ' C .
S u dung phuong phap c - N T U t i n h n h i e t l u ong t r uyen cua t h iet, bi Q ,
nhiet do ra cua cha't long t " , v a c h a't long lan h t " z t r o n g 2 t r u ong hop
luu dong thuan chieu va luu dong nguoc chieu.

Dap so:

a) Luu dong thuan chieu:

Q = 16,33 kw , t " , = 49 , 6 ' C , t "2 = 2 4 ' C
b) Luu dong nguqc chieu Q = 17,35 k w , t " , = 4 5, 2 ' C , t " 2 -— 24,9'C

12.18.Bo say khong khi kieu chum ong cua lo hoi nha
m ay nhiet d ien dot t h a n d uoc bo tr i n h u' htnh v e .
K hong kh i ca n d uoc say n ong c o l u u l u ong
G., = 21,5 kg/s t u n h i e t d o v a o t ' z — 30'C den
-

n hiet d o r a t " 2 = 260 C c h u yen d ong ben n g oai

c hum ong. Khoi n on g c o t h an h p h a n 13 / c C O z ,
11'/c H zO ch uy e n d on g t ron g on g t h ep
(A. = 46,5 w/m do) voi luu luong G , = 19,6kg/s, toc
d o trung b i n h u ) t — 14 m/s, nhiet do khoi vao thiet
-

bi t', = 380 "C, to c d o cu a d on g k h o n g k h i q u a c h o

hep nhat la co, = 8 m/s. Chum ong cua thiet bico

duong kinh d2/d, = 53/50 mm bo tri sole voi buoc G,
ong S, = Sz = 1,3d2. Xac din h d i e n t i c h b e m a t
truyen nhiet cua thiet bi, chieu cao cua ong L, v a so luong ong ca> thiet.
Dap so': F = 1830m
n = 1080 ong; L~ = 5,4 m

12.19.Bo say khong khi cua 16 hoi, khong khi chuyen dong ngang q~a chum
o'ng va khoi chuyen dong trong ong tu tren xuong voi 1Lu luo'ng
V , = 35m /s nhiet do vao t ' , = 345'C , n h iet do ra t " , = 1 6 0 ' C , k h o n g
k hi c o l u u l u o n g V 2 = 23m /s, nhiet do ting tu t'z —
- 2('C d e n
t "2 -— 250'C. Thiet bi cotong so ong n = 2019 ong, duong kinh ong
d2/d, = 53/50 mm, ong botriso le buoc ngang S, = 70 mm va buoc doc
S2 — 60 mm, so ong skp xe'p theo chieu ngang dong n, = 77 va t h e o
TRAO OOI NHIET BUC XA 283

chieu do»g chay »2 = 27, chieu rong cua defang khoi b = 5,4 m, khoi v a
khong khi chuyen dong tu'ang tLI hinh ve bai 12.18.
X6c dinh dien tich truyen nhiet cua thiet bi.
G181

D 1) chenh nhiet do tr ung bi nh :

At~~g x Cg1

( 160 20) ( 34 5 2 5 0 ) 'C

]60-20
/11
345-250
t, — t', 345 — 160
250 — 20
t "2 =- t '2 250- 20
p
t "~ — t'q 345 — 20
T ra do thi i p h a n ph u luc c « = f(P,R) = 0,9

do do: dt = 115 x 0,9 = 104,5' C

Die» tich thu'c te khoi chuyen dong qua:

7T 3,14
F, = n — d, = 2 079 ' x (5 0 . 1 0 ) = 4,1 rn
4 4
Toc do trung binh cua khoi.
V,' 35
(01 = = = 8,5 rn/s
Fq 4,1

N hiet do tr ung binh cua khoi :

t> = 0,5 (345 + 160) = 252,5' C
C an cu' theo nhiet do nay t r a a p ha n ph u luc t i rn du'qc thong so vat l y
cua khoi tuong u'ng nhu' sau:
-2 -6
X, = 4,41.10 w / m do ; v, = 39,3.10 m / s ; P r> = 0 , 6 60

Ve phia khoi:
o qd, 8,5x (5 0 .10 ) 4
v, 39,3.10
Nu> — 0,021Re, P r>
-

— 0,21(10800) ' (0,66) ' = 29,4

29,4x(4,44. 10 ) / 2d„
Qg
(50.10 ')
Dien tich tie't dien dong khong khi chuyen dong qua (di(:n tich t ie't
dien tq do):
284 CHLfONG 11

F2 = L(b — n,d2) = L (5 4 - 7 7 x 0 0 5 3 ) = 1 3 2 x L

To'c do trung binh cua dong khong khi:

VR 23 17,4
F2 1,32L

Nhiet do trung binh cua dong khong khi:

t2 = 0,5 (250 + 20) = 13 5 ' C
Thong so vat ly cua k h ong khi th o ng C fng vai t 2 :

3,46.10 w / m d o ; v 2 = 2 7 , 21 0 m / s P r2 = 0,685

Ve phia khong khi:

~d2 17. 4 9 5 3. 10 34200
L 27,2.10-' L
Khi dong khong khi chuyen dong ngang qua chum ong so le, gia thiet
la Re< > 10 ( sau khi tinh deac L se kiem tra lai) co:
Nu 2 = 0,35Re2' c,b
2
1 1
(0,6+ 07+ 25c3 )
n2 27

1
( 0,6 + 0,7 + 25 x 1) = 0,975
27

34200 176
Nu> -
-

0,35x0,975x
I T 0.6

176x(3,46.10 ) 116
L x ( 5 3 10 ' ) L'

H e so truyen nh iet cua th iet bi

1 +5— +-1 1 (1,5.10 ) 1

—
a A. e ~ 26 46 ,5 ] 16/L '
116
4,7+L '
Q = kFa t ( ' )
2 nd,b n L la dien t ich toa n h iet cua t h iet b i .

Q = m d< xnxLx k x h t ( * )

Q =
p2cp2V2(t "2 — t'2) = [ 1, 1 0 2 x 0 , 8 6 5 x 2 3 x 2 3 0 I 10 =4 , 6 . 10

Boi v d'i khong khi u'ng vdi t2 t h i :

TRAO DOI NHIET BUG XA 285

c» = 1.012.10 J / k g do ; pz = 0,865 kg/m

Thay gia tr i Q t i i n duqc nay vao phuang tr in h (~) duqc:

2x14x(51,5.10 ) x 2 079x L x 1 16x 104,5
4,6. 10
4,7+ L"
L ' = 1 , 80L — 4,7

Be tim L ta su'dung phuang phap do thi, n6

t im d u q c t i f g i a o d i e m c u a 2 du a n g c o n g
1'y(LI = L va fp(L) = 1,8 L — 4,7. o<
Ket qua tim du'ac I

L = 3 ,70m qV f
2 /j
F = 2546m I

D ung ke't qu a L k iem tra lai gia thiet k h i

L=3.7 m
t inh ta co I/d > 50 nen gia thiet hqp ly .

12.20. Trong mot t h i e t b i

t r a o doi n h iet l u u d ong n g uqc chieu giua nuac va
san pham chay, luuluang nuac Gz — 10 kg/s n uac vao c 6 n h i e t d o
-

t'z -— 26'C khi ra la haiqua nhiet c6 t "~ = 126 C, ap suat nuac trong
t hie't bi p = 1 , 013 bar. Nuac duqc gia nhiet v a b i e n t h an h ha i nh a s a n
p ham chay kh i va o t h iet b i t ' > — 650 C, l ~
-

l u q n g G ~ = 4 5 kg/s, he so

truyen nhiet cua thiet bi k = - 197 w/m d q .

Tinh dien t ich t r uyen nhiet cua thiet bi ( kh i t i n h t o a n su dung thong so
vat, lv cua khong khi).

Dap so: F = 6 9 6 m

12.21.Bo hkm nuac cua 16 hai cua nhh mAy nhiet t',

d ien duqc the hien nhu hinh ve, l~ l u q n g j

nuac can duqc ham G z — 230 tan/h tu n h i et
2
d o vao t ' q = 1 6 0 ' C d e'n t " z — 300 ' C , n u n c
vao tu ong g6p duaichay trong ong thdp cua
chic phan tu' uon dang song vh duqc dua vao
ong g6p tren, du'ang kinh ong d, /d~ = 44/51
mm, toc do nuac chuyen dong trong ong lb.
o> = 0,6m/s, he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu ibm
ong X = 22 w/m do.
Khoi chuyen dong ben ngoai chum ong tu'
t ren xuong (13%CO>., 11/oH~O) vai to c d o
t"
1
286 CHUONG 11

q ua cho hep nhat ; ~ = 13 m/s, luu luong khoi G , = 5 0 0 t a n/h, nh iet do

k hoi vao bo ham t ' , = 800'C. Ong duroc skp xep dang so le buac ngang
S> = 2 1 d va buoc doc S2 = 2d.

Xac dinh dijn tich truyen nhiet cua bo ham, chieu dai ong cua moi phan
t0 va so' phan td cua thiet bi .
Giai
Nhiet do trung binh cua nude:
t„ = 0,5 ( t' + t " ) = (160 + 30 0 ) = 230' C

Tu' nhietdo nay, tra bang thong so vat ly cua noae i phan phu luc co:

p2 — 827 kg/m ;
- cpp 4 68 kJ/ k g d o

A f2 0 637 w/m do; v f z = 0, 145 . 10 m / s

P rf2 = 0,88.

Nhiet luqng truyen cho neac:

230 10 4
Q = G 2 c 2( t "2 - t ' 2 ) = x4,68x (300 — 160) = 4,2.10 k w .
3600
Tri so Rc,, cua dong nude:

~d> 0 ,6x(4,4-10 )
0,145. 10
Be tinh duqc u 2 c h ung ta can p ha i b ie t n h i e t d o be ma t v ach ong, tuy
nhien so bo t a c6 th e b i e t d dsc l a cuong do to a n h i e t u z v e p h i a n ude rat
l an so vdi cui n g d o to a n h ie t a ~ v e p h i a k h o i d o d o n h ie t d o be ma t t r o n g
c ua vach ong khong k hac n h iet do t r un g b in h cu a neoc la bao nhieu, vi v a y
c6 the xe m ( P rf 2/Pr„2) ' = 1.

230.10
Q = G ,c„,
2 P ( t " , — t'2) = x4,68x(300 — 160) = 314 kw
3600

u = Nu = 314 4 550 w/m d j

dg 4 410

Vi nhiet dung rieng cua kh6i bien doi theo nhiet do khong nhieu, de
tim nhijt dora cua khoi, mot cich gin dung xem nhiet dung rieng cua khoi
cpy 1 25 kJ/kg do ta tim deqc:
4,2 — 558'C
1 800
G jcpg (500.10 )x125
tf) 0 ,5 (t 'y+ t 'y ) 0 ,5 (8 0 0 + 5 5 8 ) = 679 ' C

v 0i nhiet do n ay, tit b ang t h ong so vat l y c u a k hoi t a t i r n dirac gia t r i

TRAO DOI NHIFT B(JC 2'A 287

cp> 1 234 k J/kg do, va ket qua tin h lai tom dtfoc:
5 54 C v a tf) — 677 ' C.

V Oi nhiet d o t r u» g bi» h cua k ho i t f , — 677 C t i m -

d u'ac cac thong so

v at ly cua khoi :
3.
p> = 0,373 kg/m ; k f, — 0,0808 w/m do

vf, — 108. 10
- m ; Prf , — 0,6 1
-

(0)d 2 1,30x(5.1.10 )
Pef;
vf~ 108.10

C hum ong bo tri so le vai Rcf > 1 0 ta co:

Nu, = 0 ,40 Ref', — Pref,

-

— 0,4(6130) ' ( 0 ,61) '

-

= 62,7

~f, 0 08 10
a', = Nu, = 62,7 ' ., = 99,3w/m
d2 5, 1.10

D o se barn bui be mat va mot so anh heong phu, trong thiet ke k y

thuat thu'ong chon:

a> — 0,8a',
-

= 0 , 8 x 9 9 3 = 79,4 4 = 8 0w/m do

Do anh heing cua buc xa lam tang kha nang truyen n hiet tren be mat ,
t a se t i n h t h e m h e s o t o a n h ie t bCfc xa cua dong k h o i d oi vai v ach o n g .
Khoang defang
tu do trung binh cua tia trong chum ong:

I, = 1 , 0 8 d2 - '

— 0,785 = 10,8 x 0 , 0 5 1(2x 21 - 0,785) = 0 , 18 8 m

p<p, l = 0 , 1 3 x 0 , 1 8 8 = 0,0 2 4 5 m . a t

pH pl = 0 , 1 1 x 0 , 1 8 8 = 0,02 0 7 m . a t

B o den cua khoi Crng vd'i nhiet do trung binh cua dong khi t < , = 677' C
tim dude tu do thi H . 1 2.1 den H.12.3:
cg = ecp, + Pen p — 0,072 + 1,08 x 0 , 042 =
-
0 ,117

vi a , « a 3 n e n d u t i n h t „ y — t 2 + 20 250 C
0,65 0.65
Ag = epp2 + PCH>p = 0,064 +1,08x0,07 = 0,17
250+ 273

Do den hindu qua cua vo boc

E' ] = 0 5 (E + 1) = 05 (0 8 + 1) = 0 9

Mat do dong nhiet bCfc xa.

288 CHUONG 11

fl Tw 1
qb E
I
IC A
100 100

677+ 273 250+ 273 2

= 0 ,9 x 5,7 4230 w/m
100 100
He so toa nhiet buc xa duoc tinh nhu sau:
qbx 4230
4x 9 ,9w/m d o
tf - t I 677-250

He so toa nhiet tong hap:

ot = QI + Qb 8 0+ 9, 9 = 89 , 9 = 90 w/ m ' C

He so truyen nhiet:
2
= 88 w/m do
1 5 1 1 3 5 10 1
+ + + +
Otl X Q2 90 22 4550
Bo chenh nhiet do trung binh:
coo C
I
:Xt „=500 C

554 C I
I
II .300 C
I
~ min=
II

160 C
I

500
1,269 < 2
ht „ 394

Do do: at = — (at + a t „ ) = 0,5 ( 5 0 0 + 3 9 4 ) = 447 C

2
D ien tich be mht t r u yen n h ie t cua th iet b i :

Q 4 '2 1 0 3 2
F = = 10 = 1067 m
k h,t 88 x 44 7
So phd'n tu ong uon dang s6ng:
4G, 4x(230.10 )
86
p2~dIM2 x 3600 827x3,14x(4,4.10 ) x 0 , 6 x 3600

Chieu dpi cua moi phan tu:

F 1067
77,5 m.
Kd2n 3 ,14x(5,1.10 ) x 8 6
TRAO DOI NHIET BI JCXA 289

12.22. Mot binh nin g t u hoi NH z l oai vo boc chum ong num ngang co 370
ong thep den l oa i p = 2 5 x 2 , 5 m m , t o n g d ie n t i c h t r u yen n h i et
F = 114 >n , nu'oc giai nhiet co luu l uring G= 24 kg/s, so pas ong lh 8,
n hiet do nuoc vao t " , = 28'C, n h iet do he i N H 3 n g t~ g t u t , = 38 ' C ,

b iet he sA" truyen nhiet cua thie't bi k = 900 w/m ' C .

Tinh nhiet lu'qng truyen cua thiet bi, nhiet do ra cua noae giai nhiet.
Giai
C hung ta su dung phu'ong phap c- N T U

24x4,18x10
vi hai ngung tu nen C„ , -„,/C„,,„= 0

T if do thi lu'u dong nguqc chieu vai NTU = 1,02 va C„„„/ C . „ 0 ta

tra tim duqc c = 0,64 (phan phu luc H.6)
t"2 = c (t',— t~)+ t ' q = 0,64(328 — 28) + 28 34,4'C

Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ngmg:

Q = G 2 c > 2d t = 4x (4,18.10 )x(34,4 — 28) = 6,45.10 w

A-A
12.23. Thiet bi gia nhiet cho nunc bhang
hoi
bao hoa boi tri da t t h ang dung nhu
hinh ve. Luu luqng nuoc qua thiet bi
Gy = 30 T/'h nhiet do nuac vao t ',
0
20 ' C, a h i et do n u'dc ra
t "> = 95 ' C . N u'oc chuyen dong trong

ong (X,„ = 104,5 w/ m do ) co defang Nude, G,

kinh d 2 /d ] 14/ 1 2 m r n vOi toc do

(o, = 1,5m/s v a q u a t h i e t b i v d i 4
Hai nude
pass. Hai la chat long nong ngUtng tu bao hoa, Gz
phia ngohi o'ng dat t h i n g dCfng, hei
vao thietbe 16 hei bao hba kho c6 ip
suat p = 1 .27,5 kPa, nudening ra
khoi thiet be lh nu'oc bho (nude soi).
Tinh:

a) Lou luantg hoi can thiet cung ca'p

c ho thiet bi G2
NUdc ngUng

b) Dien tich truyen nhiet cua thie't bi

290 CHLJONG 11

c) So luctng o'ng cua thiet bi n va chieu cao cua phan ong H.

Khi tinh t oan c o d u t i n h t o n t h a t n h i e t r a m o i t r e ang xung quanh

kho6ng 2% nhiet icing cap cho nude.
Dap s6' a) G z -—4310 kg hei/h

b) F = 2 0 m
c) n = 200 ong;
H = 2,5m.

12.24.Xac dinh cac thong so co ban de thiet ke mot thiet bi ham noae nong
bo tridat narn ngang nhu hlnh ve. Hoi bao hoa c6 ap s uat p = 1 , 5 a t
duqc ngL1ng tu ben ngoai vh truyen nhie t t",
cho neoc. Neve dirac born day chuyen dong
t rong ong dong co dicing kinh 20 x 1 m m
v oi toc d o ( oz = 1,35 m/s, nhiet do noae
v ao thiet b i t ' > = 60' C va n h iet do noae
ra t "~ = 100'C, nhiet l uringcung cap cho
7
t hiet bi trao doi nh ie t Q = 10 k c a l / h . t'p .

Giai Nude

Nhiet do trung binh cua neac:

tfp 0,5(t'z — t ">) = 0,5 (60 + 100) = 80 C

v ai tf ~ — 80' C n h i e t d ung r i en g cua noae c z -— 4,195 kJ/kg do; =w/m

do k f p — 67,4 . 10 ; v,~ = 0,0365 . 10 m /s; P rf~= 2,21

Lou luang neoc nong do thiet bi san xuat:

Q = G2 p2( 2 2

@ 4,18x10
G = 693 k /
c ~(t "~ — t'g) 4,195 ( 1 0 0 - 60) x 3600

Nude qua thietbi di 2 pass nen tong so ong N cua thiet bi la:
4G 8x69,3
415 ong
Kdyp~~~ 3, 14x(18. 10 ) x 972x 1,35

pz — 972 kg/m - khoi luong rieng cua nude ct 80 C. Hei vao thiet bi la hei
b ao hba kh o c 6 a p s u a t p = 1,5 at, t h rong fC
ng c6 n h iet d o bao hoa
t, = 110,8' C v a a n n h i e t hoa hoi r = 531,9 kcal/kg.

Bo chenh nhiet do trung binh daqc tinh:

TRAO DOI NHIET BL/C XA 291

100-60
tS t'8 110,8 — 60
t, — t "2 In 110,8- 100

I
p I
110,8 C ts=110,8 C

t"2=100 C

t'2=60 C
I

(02d > 1, 3 5 x ( 1 8. 1 0 ) 04
0,365.10
Vi nhiet do cua hoi va n tfac chenh l ech k h on g l d n , ne n su ch enh l e ch
nhiet do giu'avach o'ng va nude cung khong lan, do do co the xem
0.25
"f

Pr,„
0 .8 0. 4 3
Nuf2 — 0,021 R ef2 Prf2
-

0,21(2,21) '
= 0,021 x 7 1 9 8 x 1,4 = 2 1 2 , 6
67,4.10
'
— 212,6 x = 7960 w/m2 0' C
'

u2
18.10
H oi ngtfng tu tren ong dat nam ngang dtfoc tin h :
— X3
u„ = 0 72 4 t'( t )
Qv,d,(t, — t„|
B e tim du'oc chung ta t h iet la p s u ca n b 5n g d ong n h ie t t i f 2 p h i a c u a
vach:
ht
n>(t„) x(t, — t„)
1 5 1
+ — +-
c t)(t „ ) X, (x2

Tong so ong sudung trong thie'

t bi khoang N — 415 ong, do do tong so
hang theo chieu dong khoang:
n = JN = ~415 = 20 on g

Cong thu'c tinh c ~„ o t r e n l a t i n h c h o o'ng dern, trong cht'm on ~ ! i e c

292 CHLJOIVG 11

ngung hoi co kern han do tac dung anh heing cua dong nude ngung tircac
hang ong phia tren chay xuong, do do chon:
ui = 09 lu

b,t 25,8
1 5 1 p~gr1 k~ 10 1
+— +
u y(t ) A, u2 0,91x0,72 v>d2(t, — t ) 90 7960

v a: f 2 ( t , „ ) = 0,91 x 0 , 7 2 4 . ' ' A,3

' x(t,— t„)
v ld2 (t — t,„)

Thay g i a t r i cac thong s o vat l ' v a o 2

[W/l11 C]
phasingtrinh tren ta setim du'ac phuong 121.670
t rinh f , ( t ,„) va f2(t „ ) .
Tim duroc t,„chung ta se tim duac u,

va tim ddsc q, sau do tim du'dc F = —, de

q
1„( C)
tim chung tasu'dung phasing phap do thi
1007 C
b Ang c5ch cho cac gia tr i ( t ~), ve do t h i
defangc ong fy(t ) , v a f 2 ( t „ ) g i a o d ie m 2 d11ang cho ta xac dinh g i a t ri t , „ =

Ig
1 00,7' C v a gi a tr i q = 12 16 7 0 w / m ; k = 4 7 0 4 w / m ' C .

Q 10 x1,16 2
D ien tich t r u yen n h iqt cua th iet bi : F 95m
q 121.670

T ren ca sa cac t h ong so da co t a c o t h e t i e n h a n h t i n h t o a n t h i e t k e

k et cau thiet bi .

12.25.Thiet bi trao doi dang ong long ong, nude chuyen dong trong ong vai
lou luqng G2 -— 10 kg/s, nhiet do nu(lcvao t'2 — 15 C va nhiet dh noae
ra t"2 = 33 C. Cha't long nong can deoc ibm nguoi co nhiet do vho
t' 2, = 75'C, dectng icing nude cua chat long nong (G,cz,) = 25 kw/ ' C

vh he so truyen nhiet cua thiet bik = 1570 w/m do.

Tinh dien tich truyen nhiet cua thie't bi trong hai tracing hqp:
a) Chat long lou dong thuan chieu.
b) Chat lying lou dong nguoc chieu.
TRAO DOI IVHIET BUC XA 293
t'1=75 C

Nude 0
t"~=33 C
t'~-15 C
G~ = 10kg/s t"
1
G1Cp1=25kW/dO

2
Bap so: a) F = 16,1m ;2.b ) F ' = 13,5m

12.26. 1Vlot thiet bi dung hoi nude de gia nhiet khong khi, l~ l a o ng khong
k hi G ~ = 8, 4 k g / s , t ' ~ = 2 "C, d ie n t i c h t r u y e n n h i e t c u a t h i e t b i
F = 52,9 m , h e so' truyen nhiet nhiet cua thiet bi k = 4 0 w/ m ' C , h e i su'
dung la hei bao hoa kho co p = 3 bar.
Sd dung phuang phap c - NTU de tinh nhiet ludng truyen qua Q va
n hiet do ra cua khong khi t " , .

Bap so'. Q = 2,465.10 w

t ~ = 31 2 C

l2.27. H oi b a o h o a c o d o k h o x = 0, 1 , a p s u a t p = 1 ba r v o i l e l trq n g
G, = 12kg/ph dirac lam nguoi den n h iet d o r a l a 8 0 C d o m o t t h i e t b i

t rao do i g i a i n h i e t b a n g n o ae . N o a e g i a i n h i e t c o nh i e t d o v ao
t 'g -— 15'C va lou laqng Gz -— 20 kg/ph. He so truyen nhiet cua thietbi
l a 400 w/m ' C .
a) Xac dinh d ien t i ch t r uyen nh iet cua t h iet b i k h i c h a t l o n g lo u d ong
nguac chieu.
b ) Xac dinh p han d ien t ich cua th iet b i t r a o do i n h ie t d e b ien he i b a o
hoa am thanh long bao hba.
Bap so: a) F = 2,64 m
b'l F>h — —
0,61 rn

Hdi nunc
t",=80 C

G, = 12kg/ph
x,=0,1
p,=ibar
294 CHLfO/VG 11

12.28. M ot th i et bi t r a o d oi n h i et co cac dieu ki en va t h o ng so can t h i et c h o

tren hinh ve.

Dau nong
t',=80 C

35 C
t ',=i S C G, =skg/s
Gz=9,94kg/s cp i =2 sk J/kg C

NUdc

H e so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi la 300 w/ m ' C.

X ac dinh dien t ich t r u yen n h iet cua t h ie t b i .
Dap so: F = 6 , 2 5 m .

1 2.29. Mot thiet bi dun soi ethyl alcohol gia nh iet b ang hoi co ap suat la 3 at ,
e thyl alcohol dt1oc soi trong the tich ion o' dieu kien ap suat khi t r oi . H o i
n doc ddsc ng~ g t u t r o n g on g c o doing kinh 51x 3 mm voi chieu dai
L = 1,6m .
X ac dinh h e s o t r u yen n h iet cu a t h i e t b i , k h i t i n h c o x e m x e t d e n s u'
barn ban tren be mat truyen nhiet.
Cho biet: Cac thong so nhiet va t l y cua et hy l a l cohol nhu sau.
0 ap suat khi trodi nhiet do soi la 78,4' C .
2 -3
k = 0 , 16 7 w/ m K ; p . = 0,45 .1 0 P a.s
3
p, = 735 kg/m ;3. p „ = 1 , 6 k g / m
o = 0,0169 N/m .
b = 0,0885 (Cfng vdi p, /p h — 735/1,6 = 460).

Giai
H oi nt10c soi a ap suat p = 3 at co n h ie t d o bao hoa t , = 132,9' C .

B o chenh nhiet do t r ung bin h g iu'a hai chat l o n g :

At = 132,9 — 78,4 = 54,5 ' C .
He so toa nh iet cua hoi k h i n g un g t u t r o n g on g co t h e t i n h t h e o cong
thCfc sau:

(x, 1 36 C ' L' d'

=- 1 3 6 x 7 5 xq x16 . x 0 04 5 ' ' = 26 1 q '

0 day gia tri C xac dinh theo do thi the'c nghiem u'ng voi t = 132,9' C
TRAO OOI NHIFT OL~CXA 295

la C= 7,5.
Be xac dinh he so toa nhiet cua ethyl alcohol chung ta su dung cong
t,h Lfc:

Thav cac tri so vao ta co:

1/3
0,167 x735 q0.6 = 1 74 q 0.67
0)
L (0,45.10 ) x 0,0169x 351,5
•
•

Do su barn cau tren be mat nen tong nhiet trD:

5 0,003
' 1 1
R,„ = — +R „ , + R ,c, = + + 0 ,00041 m ' C / w
4 6,5 5 8 0 0 5 8 0 0

He so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi du'oc tinh:

1
k
1
+QR,„+-(Xg + 0,0041 +
Qg 26,1q ' 1 74q
54,5
q = kit
0,0384q + ( 4 1.10 ' ) + 0,575q

Sau khi bie'n doi phuo'ng trinh nay ta tim du'qc phucIng trinh sau:
0,038 q"' + ( 4 l . 1 0 ) q + 0 , 5 75q ' — 54,5 = 0

B e tim du'qc q ta su' dung phu'ong phap do t hi , p ha n ben t r a i c u a

p heong trin h goi l a y , cho y cac gia tri k h a c n hau va t i n h t oa n t a t h i e't la p
duroc quan he nhu' bang du'ai day.
Bang 12.5
o,s 0,33

60.000 245 38,6 1,7

50.000 224 36,4 -4,5

55.000 235 37,5 -1,4

Tu' ket qua 8 bang 12.1 ta ve do th i n h u' hin h s au, ti f d o t h i c 5 t t r u e

h oanh (voi y = 0) ta tim daric q= 57300 w /m , c h u n g t a t i m d u 'oc h j s o
t ruyen nhiet k :
q 57300
k = = 1050w/m 'C va cung tu' day tinh tiep:
h,t 54,5

n> — 26,1 q ' = 26,1 x 5 7300 " = 6320 w/ m C.

296 cHUONG ~~

u2 — 1,74 q ' = 1 ,7 4 x 5 7 3 0 0 ' . 2680 w/m 'C

60.000 q
50.000

-2

-3

-4

-5

Kiem tra la i ke t qua tom du'ac:

k 1060
1 5 1
+ (41.10 l + — -
6230 2680
K et qua tinh toan tim dirac la hop ly k = 1060 w/m C.

12.30. M ot th i at h i t a rn m at d ac u vo hoc c h u m
ong (chat long di trong ong 2 pass, chat
l ong chay doc ngoai vo boc di qua ong 1
pass), n hie t do n uoc va o
t '2 = 3 3 ' C , d a u duroc lam mat l a da u so

hieu 30 co cac thong so nhu sau:

p> —
- 879kg/m , c, = 1 9 5 0 J /k g C , G ,
I
= 39 in' /h , t ' , = 5 8 , 7 ' C , h e so t r uyen n h iet k = 4 0 5 w/ m C, d i e n t i c h
truyen nhiet cua thiet bi F = 36,1 m , l o u l u qng nuoc G2 = 4 7,5 T/h.
Sir dung phuong phap E - NTU de tinh t "y t " 2 va Q.

Dap s o: C C min /Cmq~ = C) /C 2 = 0 ~337

NTU = 0,787 E. = 0,51

~ Q = 2 4 3 , 4 k w , t "y = 4 5 6 C t "2 = 3 7 4 C