User Manual

Bernoulli's Principle Demonstration

Training System
 Bernoulli’s Principle Demonstration Training System

Table of Contents
1.Introduction................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.Training System Overview ............................................................................................................2
1.2.Theoretical Background ................................................................................................................3
1.2.1.Bernoulli's Principle ............................................................................................................... 3
2.User Manual Symbols .................................................................................................................... 7
3.Components of the Training System ............................................................................................... 8
4.Experiments................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.Experiment Objectives .................................................................................................................9
4.2.Experiment Pre-Setup ..................................................................................................................9
4.3.Experiment Assessment .............................................................................................................15
4.4.Experiment (1): Velocity Profile in the Venturi Nozzle..................................................................17
4.5.Experiment (2): Pressure Distribution Venturi Nozzle ..................................................................20
4.6.Experiment (3): Determination of Flow Rate Factor .....................................................................21

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 Bernoulli’s Principle Demonstration Training System

1. Introduction
1.1. Training System Overview
The Bernoulli’s principle demonstration trainer is designed to illustrate
Bernoulli’s theorem, which describes the relation between the flow
velocity and pressure of the fluid. This is done by measuring the
pressures in a venturi nozzle.

Figure 1-1
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1.2. Theoretical Background

1.2.1. Bernoulli's Principle

Bernoulli's principle is a seemingly counterintuitive statement about
how the speed of a fluid relates to the pressure of the fluid. It seems like
Bernoulli's principle shouldn't be correct, but this might be due to a
misunderstanding about what Bernoulli's principle actually says.
Bernoulli's principle states the following.
Bernoulli's principle: Within a horizontal flow of fluid, points of higher
fluid speed will have less pressure than points of slower fluid speed.
So, within a horizontal water pipe that changes diameter, regions where
the water is moving fast will be under less pressure than regions where
the water is moving slow. This sounds counterintuitive to many people
since people associate high speeds with high pressures. But we'll show in
the next sec on that this is really just another way of saying that water
will speed up if there's more pressure behind it than in front of it. In the
section below we'll derive Bernoulli's principle, show more precisely
what it says, and hopefully make it seem a little less mysterious.
• Derive Bernoulli's Principle
Incompressible fluids have to speed up when they reach a narrow-
constricted section in order to maintain a constant volume flow rate.
This is why a narrow nozzle on a hose causes water to speed up. But
something might be bothering you about this phenomenon. If the water
is speeding up at a constriction, it's also gaining kinetic energy.
The only way to give something kinetic energy is to do work on it. This
is expressed by the work energy principle.
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑾𝑾𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = ∆𝑲𝑲 = 𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇 − 𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
So, if a portion of fluid is speeding up, something external to that
portion of fluid must be doing work it. What force is causing work to be
done on the fluid? Well, in most real-world systems there are lots of
dissipative forces that could be doing negative work, but we're going to
assume for the sake of simplicity that these viscous forces are negligible
and we have a nice continuous and perfectly laminar (streamline) flow.
Laminar (streamline) flow means that the fluid flows in parallel layers
without crossing paths. In laminar streamline flow there is no swirling
or vortices in the fluid.

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So, we'll assume we have no loss in energy due to dissipative forces. In

that case, what non-dissipative forces could be doing work on our fluid
that cause it to speed up? The pressure from the surrounding fluid will
be causing a force that can do work and speed up a portion of fluid.
Consider the diagram below which shows water flowing along
streamlines from left to right. As the outlined volume of water enters the
constricted region it speeds up. The force from pressure P1 on the left
side of the shaded water pushes to the right and does positive work since
it pushes in the same direction as the motion of the shaded fluid. The
force from pressure P2 on the right side of the shaded fluid pushes to
the left and does negative work since it pushes in the opposite direction
as the motion of the shaded fluid.

Figure 1-2

We know that the water must speed up (due to the continuity equation)
and therefore have a net positive amount of work done on it. So, the
work done by the force from pressure on the left side must be larger
than the amount of negative work done by the force from pressure on
the right side. This means that the pressure on the wider/slower side P1
has to be larger than the pressure on the narrow/faster side P2.
This inverse relation between the pressure and speed at a point in a fluid
is called Bernoulli's principle.
Bernoulli's principle: At points along a horizontal streamline, higher
pressure regions have lower fluid speed and lower pressure regions have
higher fluid speed.
It might be conceptually simplest to think of Bernoulli's principle as the
fact that a fluid flowing from a high-pressure region to a low-pressure
region will accelerate due to the net force along the direction of motion.
The idea that regions where the fluid is moving fast will have lower
pressure can seem strange. Surely, a fast-moving fluid that strikes you
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must apply more pressure to your body than a slow moving fluid, right?
Yes, that is right. But we're talking about two different pressures now.
The pressure that Bernoulli's principle is referring to is the internal fluid
pressure that would be exerted in all
directions during the flow, including on the sides of the pipe. This is
different from the pressure a fluid will exert on you if you get in the way
of it and stop its motion.
Note that Bernoulli's principle does not say that a fast-moving fluid can't
have significantly high pressures. It just says that the pressure in a
slower region of that same flowing system must have even larger
pressure than the faster moving region.
• Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli's equation is essentially a more general and mathematical form
of Bernoulli's principle that also takes into account changes in
gravitational potential energy. We'll derive this equation in the next
section, but before we do, let's take a look at Bernoulli's equation and get
a feel for what it says and how one would go about using it.
Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, speed, and height of any two
points (1 and 2) in a steady streamline flowing fluid of density ρ.
Bernoulli's equation is usually written as follows.
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 + 𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 + 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 = 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 + 𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
The variables 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 , 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 , 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 refer to the pressure, speed, and height of the
fluid at point 1, whereas the variables 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 , 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 , 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 refer to the pressure,
speed, and height of the fluid at point 2 as seen in the diagram below.
The diagram below shows one particular choice of two points (1 and 2)
in the fluid, but Bernoulli's equation will hold for any two points in the
fluid.

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Figure 1-3

When using Bernoulli's equation, how do you know where to choose

your points? Choosing one of the points at the location where you want
to find an unknown variable is a must. Otherwise, how will you ever
solve for that variable? You will typically choose the second point at a
location where you have been given some information, or where the
fluid is open to the atmosphere, since the absolute pressure there is
known to be atmospheric pressure
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷.
Note that the h refers to the height of the fluid above an arbitrary level
that you can choose in any way that is convenient. Typically, it is often
easiest to just choose the lower of the two points (1 or 2) as the height
where h = 0. The P refers to the pressure at that point. You can choose
to use gauge pressure or absolute pressure, but whichever kind of
pressure you choose (gauge or absolute) must also be used on the other
side of the equation. You can't insert the gauge pressure at point 1, and
the absolute pressure at point 2. Similarly, if you insert the gauge
pressure at point 1 and solve for the pressure at point 2, the value you
obtain will be the gauge pressure at point 2 (not the absolute pressure).
𝟏𝟏
The terms 𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 and 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 in Bernoulli's equation look just like kinetic
𝟏𝟏
energy 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 and potential energy 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 only with the mass 𝒎𝒎
replaced with density 𝝆𝝆 So it may not come as much of a surprise that
Bernoulli's equation is the result of applying conservation of energy to a
flowing fluid.

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2. User Manual Symbols

Notes

Alarm

Technical data

Theory

Pre-experiment Setup

Experiment steps

Attention

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3. Components of the Training System

Figure 3-1

1. Hose connection, water supply. 2. Inlet valve

3. Outlet valve 4. Discharge pipe
5. Venturi nozzle with six 6. Pitot tube for measuring overall
measurement points pressure (can be moved axially)
7. Manometers 8. Illustrative diagram

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4. Experiments
4.1. Experiment Objectives

• Setup of the training system

• Velocity profile in the venturi nozzle
• Pressure distribution venturi nozzle
• Determination of flow rate factor

4.2. Experiment Pre-Setup

• The trainer is used to investigate Bernoulli’s law. The measurement

object is a Venturi nozzle with six pressure measurement points.
• The six static pressures are displayed on a board with six water
pressure gauges.
• The overall pressure can also be measured at various locations in the
Venturi nozzle and indicated on a second water pressure gauge.
Measurement is by way of a Pitot tube which can be moved axially
with respect to the Venturi nozzle. The Pitot tube is sealed by way of
a compression gland.
• Water is supplied either from the main hydraulic unit or from the
laboratory water supply.
• The main hydraulic unit enables a closed water circuit to be
constructed.

1. Arrange the experimentation set-up on the main hydraulic unit

such that the discharge pipe of the trainer routes the water into
the channel of the main hydraulic unit.
2. Make hose connection between the main hydraulic unit and the
trainer.
3. Open the discharge pipe of the trainer.
4. Set cap nut of the pitot tube compression gland such that slight
resistance is felt on moving the pitot tube.
5. Make sure that upper valves are closed.

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Bernoulli’s Principle Demonstration Training System

Figure 4-1

6. Open inlet and outlet valves of the trainer gradually to avoid

water shocking.

Figure 4-2

7. Switch on the main hydraulic unit’s pump circuit breaker.

8. Close the outlet valve gradually.

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Figure 4-3

o Notice that water starts filling the venturi tube.

o Notice that water goes up to fill the manometers.
9. Open vent valve (1) on manometers.

Figure 4-4

10. Close the inlet valve.

Figure 4-5

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11. Open the following vent valve.

Figure 4-6

12. Open the outlet valve gradually until the manometers are
stabilized at a required reading.

Figure 4-7

13. Carefully close outlet valve.

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14. Close both vent valves.

Figure 4-8

15. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet valve, regulate water

level in manometers such that neither upper nor lower range
limit (UL, LL) is overshot or undershot.

Figure 4-9

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16. Record pressures at all measurement points. Then move overall

pressure pitot tube to corresponding measurement level and
note down overall pressure.
17. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to
establish time t required for raising the level in the tank of the
main hydraulic unit from 20L to 30L for example.

Notice
• For taking pressure measurements, the tank of the main
hydraulic unit must be empty and the outlet valve open, as
otherwise the delivery head of the pump will change as the water
level in the tank increases. This results in fluctuating pressure
conditions. A constant pump delivery pressure is important with
low flow rates to prevent biasing of the measurement results.
• Both valves must be reset whenever the flow changes to ensure
that the measured pressures are within the display ranges.

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4.3. Experiment Assessment

The measured values are to be compared to Bernoulli’s equation.

Figure 4-10

Bernoulli’s equation for constant head 𝒉𝒉:

𝒑𝒑𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
+ = + = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄.
𝝆𝝆 𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆 𝟐𝟐
Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressures 𝒑𝒑𝟏𝟏 and 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐
into static pressure heads 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 and 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 yields:
𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 + = 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 + + 𝒉𝒉𝒗𝒗
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
• 𝒑𝒑𝟏𝟏 : Pressure at cross-section 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 .
• 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 : Pressure head at cross-section 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 .
• 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 : Flow velocity at cross-section 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 .
• 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐 : Pressure at cross-section 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 .
• 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 : Pressure head at cross-section 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 .
• 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 : Flow velocity at cross-section 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 .
• 𝝆𝝆: Density of medium = constant for incompressible fluids such
as water.
• 𝒉𝒉𝒗𝒗 : Pressure loss head.

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The mass flow is constant in closed systems.

Figure 4-11

𝒎𝒎̇𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎𝒎̇𝟐𝟐
Given,
𝒎𝒎̇ = 𝑽𝑽̇𝝆𝝆
̇𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 𝝆𝝆 = 𝑽𝑽̇𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆
𝑽𝑽̇𝟏𝟏 = 𝑽𝑽̇𝟐𝟐
Given,
𝑽𝑽̇ = 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 = 𝑽𝑽̇ = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄.

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4.4. Experiment (1): Velocity Profile in the Venturi

Nozzle
The Venturi nozzle used has six measurement points.
The table below shows the standardized reference velocity ��� 𝒘𝒘𝒊𝒊 . This
parameter is derived from the geometry of the Venturi nozzle.
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝒘𝒘𝒊𝒊 =
���
𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊

Figure 4-12

Point 𝒊𝒊 𝑨𝑨 (𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 . 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 ) �

Reference velocity in 𝒘𝒘
1 3.38 1.00

2 2.33 1.45
3 0.846 4.00

4 1.70 2.00

5 2.55 1.33

6 3.38 1.00

Multiplying the reference velocity values with a starting value, the

student can calculate the theoretical velocity values 𝒘𝒘𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 at the six
measuring points of the Venturi nozzle.
At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical
velocity is found as:
𝑽𝑽̇
𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 =
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏

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The results for the various flow rates can be found in the following table.
I h1 in h2 in h3 in h4 in h5 in h6 in t for 10 𝑉𝑉̇
mmWC mmWC mmWC mmWC mmWC mmWC Lit In L/s
hstat 116 100 5 64 78 81 85 0.12
htotal 125 126 125 95 90 88
hdyn 9 26 120 31 12 7
Wmeas 0.42 0.71 1.53 0.78 0.48 0.37
Wcalc 0.35 0.50 1.39 0.69 0.46 0.35
hstat 166 161 103 133 146 149 110 0.09
htotal 177 178 176 156 155 152
hdyn 11 17 73 23 9 3
Wmeas 0.46 0.58 1.20 0.67 0.42 0.24
Wcalc 0.26 0.45 1.09 0.64 0.38 0.26

The table makes allowance for the following relationships.

Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
𝒉𝒉𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒉𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 − 𝒉𝒉𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
The velocity 𝒘𝒘𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 was calculated from the dynamic pressure:

𝒘𝒘𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
The graph below illustrates the measured and calculated velocity profile
along the Venturi nozzle at a flow rate of 0.12 L/s.

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The deviations can be attributed to inexact measurements.

Figure 4-13 Flow Velocity in the Venturi Nozzle

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4.5. Experiment (2): Pressure Distribution Venturi

Nozzle
The pressure changes in the Venturi nozzle can be represented in a
graph directly:

Figure 4-14 Pressure Distribution Venturi Nozzle

The graph shows, that the equation:

𝒉𝒉𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒉𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 − 𝒉𝒉𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
is fulfilled at every point in the Venturi nozzle.
Furthermore, it becomes clear, that there is a slight overall pressure loss
(𝒉𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 ) in the Venturi nozzle.

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4.6. Experiment (3): Determination of Flow Rate Factor

A Venturi nozzle can be used for flow rate measurements. In
comparison with orifice or nozzle, there is a far more smaller pressure
loss during measurements of flow rate. The pressure loss ∆𝒑𝒑 between
largest and smallest diameter of the tube is used as measure for the flow
rate:

Figure 4-15

𝑽𝑽̇ = 𝑲𝑲�∆𝒑𝒑
The flow rate factor 𝑲𝑲 is generally made available for the user by the
manufacturer of a Venturi nozzle. If the flow rate factor is unknown, it
can be determined from the pressure loss ∆𝒑𝒑:
𝑽𝑽̇
𝑲𝑲 =
�∆𝒑𝒑
The following table shows the pressure loss for various flow rates as well
as the flow rate factor 𝑲𝑲.
𝑉𝑉̇ = 0.15 𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉̇ = 0.12 𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉̇ = 0.08 𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠
Measurement ∆𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∆𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∆𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐾𝐾 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
points i 𝑆𝑆. √𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆. √𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆. √𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
1&3 204 1.05 128 1.06 55 1.08

The pressure loss is read off from the 6-fold manometer in mm water
column and set in the equation as bar. The flow rate can be used with
unit l/s.

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 th th
Lot 47, 29 A Badr El-Deen Complex, 4 Industrial Zone, 6 of October City, Giza, Egypt
th th
Lot 36, 4 Industrial Zone,6 of October City,Giza,Egypt

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