Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course Outline
Lecture Date Speaker Title
1 21 Sep Jenny Burridge Introduction, Background and Codes
2 28 Sep Charles Goodchild EC2 Background, Materials, Cover
and effective spans
3 5 Oct Paul Gregory Bending and Shear in Beams
4 12 Oct Charles Goodchild Analysis
5 19 Oct Paul Gregory Slabs and Flat Slabs
6 26 Oct Charles Goodchild Deflection and Crack Control
7 2 Nov Jaylina Rana Columns
8 9 Nov Jenny Burridge Fire
9 16 Nov Paul Gregory Detailing
10 23 Nov Jenny Burridge Foundations
Lecture 4 1
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Analysis
Lecture 4
14th October 2015
Model Answers to
Week 3
Lecture 4 2
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Aide memoire
Exp (6.10)
Remember
this from the
first week?
Or
Concise
Table 15.5
Lecture 4 3
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Solution - Flexure
M 186 10 6
K 0.137 K’ = 0.208
bd 2 fck 300 3892 30
M 186 x 10 6
As = 1280 mm2
fyd z 435 x 334
Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm2)
Solution - Shear
Shear force, VEd = 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN
Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 93 x 103/(300 x 0.9 x 389)
= 0.89 MPa
vRd = 3.64 MPa
vRd > vEd cot = 2.5
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
Asw/s = 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)
Asw/s = 0.24 mm
Try H8 links with 2 legs, Asw = 101 mm2
s < 101 /0.24 = 420 mm
Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm
provide H8 links at 275 mm spacing
Lecture 4 4
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Analysis
Lecture 4
12th October 2017
Summary: Lecture 4
Lecture 4 5
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Structural Analysis
(5.1.1)
• Common idealisations used:
– linear elastic behaviour
– linear elastic behaviour with limited redistribution
– plastic behaviour
– non-linear behaviour
Lecture 4 6
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Soil/Structure Interaction
(5.1.2)
Soil/Structure Interaction
(5.1.2)
e.g. Basement wall moment envelope, ULS
with/without ground
Ground
•
water
water
water,
• partial load and
material factors to
EN1997 Combinations
1 and 2
• presumed backfilling occurs
after GF slab (otherwise
cantilever case!)
Lecture 4 7
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Soil/Structure Interaction
(5.1.2)
• Relative stiffness between the structural system and the ground >
0.5 indicates a rigid structural system
Lecture 4 8
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Lecture 4 9
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Unbraced Braced
Most usual
Lecture 4 10
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
i Na
Hi
Nb
l i /2 i
Na
Hi
Nb
i /2
Hi = i (Nb-Na) Hi = i (Nb+Na)/2 Hi = i Na
Lecture 4 11
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Lecture 4 12
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
beff = beff,i + bw b
beff
where
beff,1 beff,2
beff,i = 0,2bi + 0,1l0 0,2l0
bw
and beff,i bi
bw
b1 b1 b2 b2
b
l0, is the distance between points of zero moment , viz:
l0 =
l0 = 0,85 l1 0,15(l1 + l2 ) l0 = 0,7 l2 l0 = 0,15 l2 + l3
l1 l2 l3
h leff
Lecture 4 13
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
• Linear elastic analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS
Lecture 4 14
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.53K)0.5]/2
x = 2.5(d - z)
x = 2.5(d - d [ 1 + (1 - 3.53K)0.5]/2)
x/d = 2.5(1 - [ 1 + (1 - 3.53K)0.5]/2)
Lecture 4 15
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Redistribution Limits
= 1 - % redist/100
for Class B & C Steel for Class A Steel
35
30
25 25
20 20
% r e d is t
15 15
% redist
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
x /d
x /d
fck =70 fck =60 fck =50
fck =70 fck =60 fck =50
Lecture 4 16
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
B = ly/2 ly
B – Middle strip
Lecture 4 17
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Plastic Analysis
(5.6)
m’
External energy Expended
by the displacement of
loads
=
Internal energy
m’
Dissipated by the m’
yield lines rotating
m’
m’ m’
mxy
Lecture 4 18
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Lecture 4 19
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
c) Design members
• Design ties
• Check nodes and struts
(may be)
40
Lecture 4 20
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
In principle - where non-linear strain distribution exists, strut and tie models
may be used. e.g
• Supports
• Concentrated loads
• Openings
Lecture 4 21
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
D
regions
43
Concept by R
Whittle, drawn by
I Feltham. Used
with permission
Lecture 4 22
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Struts
6.5.2 Struts
Where there is no transverse tension
Rd,max = fcd
= 0.85 fck /1.5
= 0.57 fck
Lecture 4 23
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
fcc
Transverse tension
Loss in axial
strength due
Compression
to transverse
tension
fct fcc
Compression
Tension
Transverse
stress, y, or z
fct
Tension
Lecture 4 24
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Partial discontinuity
Full discontinuity
T
Reinforcement ties to resist the
transverse force T may be
“discrete” or can be “smeared”
over the length of tension zone
arising from the compression
stress trajectories.
If required such transverse
reinforcement should be placed
between 0.4h and 1.0h from the
loaded surface.
Lecture 4 25
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
6.5.4 Nodes
CCC nodes
Lecture 4 26
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
CCT nodes
CTT nodes
The maximum compressive stress is:
Rd,max = k3 ’fcd
Where:
k3 = 0.75
’ = 1-fck/250
Lecture 4 27
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Ties
Design strength, fyd = fyk/1.15
Usually taken
as a maximum
63o of 1:2
Lecture 4 28
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Worked Example
Pile-Cap Using S&T
Lecture 4 29
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Pile-cap example
Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is required
for a pile cap supporting a 500 mm square column carrying 2500 kN
(ULS), and itself supported by two-piles of 600 diam @ 1800 cc.
fck = 30 MPa
2 500 kN (ULS)
Breadth = 900 mm
1400
150
2700
Pile-cap example
STM
Angle of strut = tan-1(900/1300) 2 500 kN (ULS)
= 34.7°
Width of strut* = 250/cos 34.7°
= 304* mm
1400
34.7o 34.7o
= 1520 kN
Force in tie = 1250 tan 34.7°
100
= 866 kN 1800
500/2 = 250
1 250 kN 1 250 kN
(ULS) (ULS)
Strut angle
Lecture 4 30
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Pile-cap example
Pile-cap example
Check forces in truss
Stress in strut (top – under half of column)
=1520 x 103/(304 x 500)
Ed
column
=10.0 MPa 500x500
866 kN
Strength of strut:
Rd,max = 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck
= 10.6 MPa
OK
Lecture 4 31
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Pile-cap example
2500 kN
(Elevation)
Nodes: top
calculated in the
From before previous slide 1520 kN 1520 kN
Ed,2 = 10.0 MPa (from above)
Ed,3 = 10.0 MPa (as above) 1520 kN 1520 kN
Ed,1
Rd,max (for CCC node) (Upside down
elevation!)
= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
2500 kN
= 15.0 MPa
64
Pile-cap example
Nodes: bottom (as a check)
Strut above pile dia. 600mm
Width of strut* = 600/cos 34.7°
= 730 mm
Stress in strut (bottom as an ellipse) Ed,2
Lecture 4 32
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Pile-cap example
Detailing
Detailed checks are also required for the following:
• Small piles
• Determine local tie steel across struts (if req’d)
• Detailing of reinforcement anchorage (large radius bends may
be required)
Strut dimensions
Re * previous statement that calculated strut dimension
as 304 mm were “Conventional but simplistic - see later”
For the CCT node: Not used in previous calcs.
Hence struts themselves
rarely critical.
Lecture 4 33
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Assume:
25 mm for tension reinforcement
12 mm link
d = h – cnom - link - 0.5
= 1400 – 75 - 12 – 13
= 1300 mm
1300
2
1 1 3.53 0.025 1270 mm
As = 1125 x 106 / (435 x 1270) = 2036 mm2
Use 5 H25 (2454 mm2)
Lecture 4 34
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Lecture 4 35
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Design Methods
Elastic methods – e.g. moment
distribution, continuous beam, sub-
frame, plane frame, etc – all
acceptable.
Plastic methods – yield line,
Hillerborg - acceptable
Finite Element Methods - elastic,
elasto-plastic, non-linear etc -
acceptable
Common pitfalls:
◦ Using long term E-values (typically 1/2 to 1/3
short term value)
◦ Not using cracked section properties (typically
1/2 gross properties) by adjusting E-value to suit
◦ Therefore appropriate E-values are usually 4 to
8 kN/mm2
◦ Mtmax (and column transfer moments)
TCC Guidance available
◦ Check punching
Exercises
Lecture 4
Lecture 4 36
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T
Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is required
for a pile cap supporting a 650 mm square column carrying 4 000 kN
(ULS), and itself supported by two-piles of 750 mm diameter?
Are the Node stresses OK?
fck = 30 MPa
4 000 kN (ULS)
Breadth = 1050 mm
1800
If there is time:
Design Asreq’d
using beam
150
theory
3300
Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)
= _____ mm
Force per strut = ______/cos _____°
= ______ kN
100
Lecture 4 37
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)
Strength of strut:
Rd,max = 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck
= ______ MPa
Area of steel required:
As ≥ _______ x 103/435
≥ _______ mm2
Use ______ H ________
Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)
Nodes: bottom
Above pile
Ed,1 = 2000 x 103/(____2 π)
= _____ MPa ______ kN
Ed,2 = ______ MPa (say as above)
2000 kN
Rd,max = 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck
= _____ MPa
Lecture 4 38
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)
2398 kN 2398 kN
Nodes: top
From above
Ed,1 = 4000 x 103/(6502)
= ______ MPa
4000 kN
Ed,2 = _____ MPa
Ed,3 = _____ MPa
Rd,max
= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
= ______ MPa
Working space
Lecture 4 39
Eurocode 2 Webinar course Autumn 2017
Course Outline
Lecture Date Speaker Title
1 21 Sep Jenny Burridge Introduction, Background and Codes
2 28 Sep Charles Goodchild EC2 Background, Materials, Cover
and effective spans
3 5 Oct Paul Gregory Bending and Shear in Beams
4 12 Oct Charles Goodchild Analysis
5 19 Oct Paul Gregory Slabs and Flat Slabs
6 26 Oct Charles Goodchild Deflection and Crack Control
7 2 Nov Jaylina Rana Columns
8 9 Nov Jenny Burridge Fire
9 16 Nov Paul Gregory Detailing
10 23 Nov Jenny Burridge Foundations
Lecture 4 40