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BRIDGE ENGINEERING
PART II: DECK SLAB
BRIDGES

DR. MUHAMMAD RJOUB

Al-Balqa’ Applied University

BRIDGES
TYPES AND COMPONENTS

Dr. Muhammad Rjoub

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Types of Bridge
Deck slabs

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Optional criteria for span/depth ratio

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Solid Slab Bridge Design

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 Given: Simple span RC slab Bridge.

 Clear span length, L = 9.15 m

 Total width = 10.7m, Clear roadway width, W=9.64m

 Wbarrier = 5.65 kN/m,

 Wearing s.: thickness = 75 mm,

Unit weights: Asphalt = 22.1kN/m3, Concrete = 23.5kN/m3

Strength: f’c = 28 Mpa, fy = 420 Mpa.
Modulus of elasticity, Ec =26.75 GPa, Es = 200 GPa. (n=8)
Required: Design the slab steel using AASHTO LRFD 2014
(Strength Limit State I and Service Limit State I (cracks)

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Design Steps
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1. Slab Thickness: Table AASHO ….

Simple span, solid RC slab

hmin = 1.2*(9150+3000)/30 = 486mm> 165mm

Use h = 490 mm

Design Steps
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2. Width of live Load equivalent strips:

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Design Steps
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Design Steps
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i. Interior strip:
One lane loaded:
Eint. = 250 + 0.42*(L1*W1)^0.5
L1 = Min (actual span length, 18000)
= Min(9150.18000) = 9150 mm
W1 = Min(10700, 9000) = 9000mm (One Lane)
= Min (10700,18000 = 10700mm (>One Lane)

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Design Steps
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Design Steps
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Edge Strip AASHTO 2014

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Eedge = 0.53 + 0.3 + 2.287/4

= 1.652m < 1.8m
(1.652 m controls)

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Design Steps
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Design of interior Strip:

Dead Load Moments:
MDC-Slab = (23.52*0.49) *9.15^2 /8 = 120.61 kN.m/m
MDC-Barrier = 5.65 *9.15^2 / 8 = 59.12 kN.m
MDW= (0.075*22.1) * 9.15^2 /8 = 17.35 kN.m/m

Live Load Moments:

a. Lane Load moments:
MLane = 9.3 * 9.15^2 /8 = 97.32 kN.m/ strip

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Design Steps
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b. Truck Loading:

Design Steps
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Design Steps
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Design Steps
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Mu = h(1.25 MDC +1.5 MDW + 1.75 * MLL+I)

MLL+I = Max{(Mlane + 1.33*Mtruck),
(Mlane + 1.33*Mtandem)}

= Max{(97.32+ 1.33* 356.47),

(97.32+ 1.33* 437.28)}
= 678.9 kN.m/strip
= 678.9/3.287 = 206.54 kN.m/m
Mu = 0.95[1.25(120.61) +1.5(17.35) + 1.75(206.54)]
= 0.95 * 538.2 = 511.32 kN.m/m

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Design Steps
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MLL+I = Max{(Mlane + 1.33*Mtruck), (Mlane + 1.33*Mtandem)}

= 678.9 kN.m/strip
** The edge strip represent half lane, with Presence factor
=1.2, So, MLL+I = 1.2*687.9/2 = 412.74 kN.m/strip
= 412.74 / 1.8 = 229.3 kN.m/m
MDC = MDC-slab + MDC Barrier = 120.61+ 59.12/1.8
= 153.45 kN.m/m
MDW = 17.35 * (1.8- 0.53)/1.8 = 12.36 kN.m /m
Mu = 0.95[1.25(153.45) +1.5(12.36) + 1.75(226.3)]
= 0.95 * 606.5 = 576 kN.m/m

Design Steps
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Steel Design:
1. Interior Strip

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Interior strip
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r = 0.85*28/420* {1-(1-2*2.766/0.85/28)^0.5)}
= 0.00705

As = 0.00705 * (1000*452.5) = 3190 mm2

Ab = 491mm2

Bar spacing = 1000/(3190/491)

= 154 mm (Say F25mm @ 150 mm)

Maximum steel reinforcement

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c/d < 0.42, c = a/ b1

a = fy As /(0.85*f’c*b)
= 420* 491*1000/150/(0.85*28*1000)
= 58.76 mm

c = 58.76 / 0.85
= 69.1 mm

c/d = 69.1/452.5
= 0.153<< 0.42 OK (T. C. S.)

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Check limits of steel reinforcement

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r ?> rmin (AASHTO LRFD 2014

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Where
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In this example: (nonprestressed concrete members)

Mr > Min(M1, M2)
M1 = g3*g1 (fr * Sc = Mcr) , M2 =1.33 Mu
M1=1.6*(0.75) Mcr =1.2 Mcr
Mcr = [0.8 * 0.63(28)^0.5] * bh^2/6
M1 = 1.2* [0.63(28)^0.5] *(1000* 490*490/6)
= 160 kN.m
M2 =1.33 Mu = 1.33* 511.32
= 680.11 kN.m
Mr = F Mn = ??

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Mr = F Mn
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 Mn = As fy (d-a/2)
a = 58.76 mm
= (491*1000/150) *420 * (452.5 – 58.8/2)
 = 581.8 kN.m

 Mr = 0.9 *581.8 = 523.5 kN.m

 Mr = 523.5 kN.m ?> Min (160, 680.11)

 = 160 kN.m (Controls) OK

 (Old AASHTO: Asmin> (0.03*f’c/fy = 0.002)Ag

0.002*150*490 = 147mm2 ?< 491 mm2 O.K.

Crack control
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fss = ??
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Check if the section is cracked or not

n= 8, b =150mm, d = 452.5 mm, as = 150 mm2

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n As (d-c) = b . c^2/2
8 (491) (452.5 –c) = 150/2 c^2
So, c = 130 mm and Icr = bc^3/3+n As (d-c)^2
Icr =150*130^3/3 +8*491*(452.5-130)^2
= 5.184 x 10^8 mm4

fs = n Msa*(d-c)/Icr ,
Msa = 0.15*344.48 kN.m/ 150mm = 51.075 kN.m
fs or fss =8*344.68*0.15X10^6 (452.5-130)/5.184x10^8
= 257.3 MPa

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 dc = 25+5/2 = 37.5 mm,

 bs = 1+37.5/(0.7*490-37.5) = 1.118

 ge = 1 (class 1 exposure) or 0.75 (Class 2 exposure)

So, maximum bar spacing, Smax = ??

 Smax = 123000*0.75/(1.118*257.3) – 2* 37.5

 = 245.68 mm
 S = 150 mm < 245.68 mm O. K.

Distribution steel
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(Case 1: Traffic flow//Main steel)

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Reinforcement of Edge Strip

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Mu = 581 kN.m

Distribution
steel

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Shrinkage steel
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For nonrectangular sections:

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Bar spacing

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The area of shrinkage steel

per mm on each face..
Ash ≥ 0.75(1*490)/420 = 0.00178 (Ag =1*490)
= 0.875mm2/mm (for 2 directions in tow faces
= 0.875/4 = 0.218 mm2/mm
< 0.233 mm2 /mm (Controls)
Try F12 mm (Ab = 113 mm2)
with s = 113/0.233 = 485 mm < 3h OK
> 450 mm (controls)

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Sketch the design

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Check fatigue
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 Trials ???
 Find X that leads

to maximum moment

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Check fatigue
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As the 145kN axles are

to be spaced 9m, so, only 2
wheels can be placed on the span
Resultant force, R =35 +145 = 180kN
Reactions: SMA =0 yields:
RB = 180 (L – X)/L
=180 -19.67 X and RA = 19.67 X
So, SMunder the 145 load, gives M = RA*(L-X- 0.836)
= RB (X + 0.836) - 35 (4.3)
 M = 19.67 X (8.314 –X) = 163.54 X -19.67 X^2

Check fatigue
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To obtain maximum moment,

dM/dX = 0, 163.54 =2*19.67 X
X = 4.157m and RB= 98.35 kN, RA = 81.65 kN
So, Mmax = 81.76 (8.314 –X) =
= 339.87 kN.m per strip
So, Mfat.=339.87/3.287
= 103.4 kN.m/m
MLL+I = 1.15(103.4)
= 118.9 kN.m/m

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 Load combinations (per 1m width of interior strip)

 Mfatigue = 1 MDC + 1MDW + 1,5 MLL+I

= 120.61 +17.35 +1.5 (118.9)

= 316.31 kN.m
Is it cracked section? (CHECK)
S =bh2/6 =1000 (490^2)/6
= 4.0017X10^7 mm4
ftot = M/Sb = 316.1X10^6/(4.0017X10^7)
= 7.75 MPa > 0.8 fr (cracked section)

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C = kd = 130 mm, k = 130 /452.5 = 0.287

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So, fmin = 103 MPa, ff = 133 Mpa

Or ftot = ffatigue + fperm
= 133 +103 = 236 MPa

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ff = frange
= 166 - 0.33(103)
= 132 MPa.

So, ffat = 133 MPa = 132 MPa (OK)

Note: If the equation is not satisfied, one may decrease

bar spacing, or increase area of steel reinforcement.

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AASHTO 5.7.3.6.2 Deformations

(Deflection & Camber)
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AASHTO 5.7.3.6.2 Deformations

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(Deflection)

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AASHTO 5.7.3.6.2 Deformations

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(Deflection)
Assuming the bridge act as a beam with the total width.
Total Dead Load, WDL = WDW + WDC
WDC = 2*5.65 + 0.49*23.52*10.7
= 134.62 kN/m
WDW = 0.075*22.1*9.64
= 16 kN/m
WDL = 150.6 kN/m
MDL = WDL(9.15^2)/8 = 1576 kN.m/m

AASHTO 5.7.3.6.2 Deformations

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(Deflection)
Deflection caused by DL ,
Ec = 4.7 (28^0.5) = 24.87 Gpa
Ig = 10.7*.49^3/12
= 1.04904 x 10^11 mm4

Icr =150*130^3/3 +8*491*(452.5-130)^2

= 5.184 x 10^8 mm4 (for 150mm width)
Icr = 10700/150(5.184x10^8)
=3.6979 x10^10 mm4 (For the entire bridge width)

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AASHTO 5.7.3.6.2 Deformations

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(Deflection)
Mcr = fr I/y = fr (bh^2)/6
fr = 0.63 *(28)^0.5 = 3.33 MPa
Mcr = 3.33* (10700*490^2)/6 =1427.12 kN.m
Mcr/Ma = 1427.12/ 1576= 0.91
WDL = 150.6 kN/m
Ie = (0.91^3)x 1.049x10^11 +[(1-.91^3)]* 3.6979 x10^10
= 8.742 X10^10 mm4
So,
dDL = 5* 150.6 (9150^4)/(384*24.87*10^3*8.742* 10^10)
= 6.32 mm

AASHTO 5.7.3.6.2 Deformations

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(Deflection)
Calculations Based on gross section
Instantaneous deflection, DDL = 6.32 *(Ie/Ig)= 5.27 mm

DLT = 4*(5.27) = 21.08 mm

Or based on effective, Ie

As’ = 0, So DLT = 3 * 6.32 = 18.96 mm

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Live Load Deflections (Optional)

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 L

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Truck load moment (2 Trucks/Intire width)

MLL+I = 356.47*1.33*2 = 948.2 kN.m
Mlane = 9.3 * 9.15^2/8 = 97.32 kN.m
Mlane +.25 truck = 0.25*948.2 + 97.32 * 2
= 431.7 kN.m
Ma = Max(948.2, 431.7)+ 1576
= 2524 kN.m

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Truck Maximum Moment (when span > 10m

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Total loads
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Mcr/Ma = 1427.12/2524 = 0.565

Ie = (0.565^3)x 1.049x10^11 +
[(1- 0.565^3)]* 3.6979 x10^10
= 4.926 X10^10 mm4

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Deflection (one Truck+1.33 ,…

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145 kN @ mid-span
D145 = 145000*9150^3/
(48*4.926 X10^10*24870)= 1.89 mm

145 @ 275 mm from ends

D145 = 145000*275*(9150/2)
(9150^2-275^2-(9150/2)^2)/
(6*24870*4.926 X10^10*9150)
= 0.17
D35 = 0.17*35/145
= 0.041 mm

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 DLL = 1.89 + 0.17+ 0.041

 = 2.1 for one truck
 = 2* 2.1 = 4.2 mm

DLL+I = 1.33* 4.2

= 5.59 mm ?< L/800
 = 9150/800 = 11.44 mm O.K.

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Deflection caused by lane plus 0.25 Truck

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Dlane = 5*9.3*9150^4/(384*24870*4.926x10^10)
= 0.69 mm
D0.25 Truck = 0.25*2.1 = 0.525 mm
D2,(lane+Truck) = 2*(1.33*0.525+ 0.69)
*(Multiple presence factor =1) = 2.78 mm
 So, DLL+I = Max(5.59, 2.78)

 = 5.59 mm ?< L/800 = 9150/800

 = 11.44 mm O.K.

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