Leptospira spp.

Reservoir host: Feral and wild

I animals Rodents, rats, etc.
> Urine Sequestered and
Leptospire toxins affect Increased removed by Spleen
RBC metabolism destruction of RBC’s leading to
Humans: Splenomegaly
Predisposing factors:
 Works at meat factory, Sewer
workers, Mine workers
 Heavy-flooded area Liver is the common target because Impaired conversion
 Exposed open wounds one of its physiological functions is to of Ammonia to
 Incubates for 6-15 days filter the blood and fight Urea> Increased
 infections(inflammatory proteins) > Ammonia levels >
Increase activity Toxic to the brain
Leptospirosis leading to Altered
Hepatocellular mental status
Hepatomegaly damage > Liver failure

Leptospires is a Gram negative

bacteria that contains LPS
(Lipopolysaccharide) which is
an exogenous pyrogens
PAMP”Pathogen-associated
Molecular Pattern”(e.g.LPS) acts
on the toll-like receptor of
Macrophages (CD14)
Macrophage will release
cytokines IL-1 and TNF-alpha
that will induce inflammatory
response
IL-1 then acts on Arachidonic
acid pathway and stimulate
the production of
ProstaglandinE2(PGE2)
Induces vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability: Increased both direct
Increased fluid and leukocyte and indirect bilirubin
extravasation into the tissue Arrythmia
Jaundice
Decreases the venous return >
Decrease in Cardiac output> Ischemic Injury to the Impaired renal blood flow
Decrease blood kidney( Acute renal leading to:
pressure(Hypotension)> Decrease failure) Increased BUN, Creatinine
blood flow to organ> Shock
Decrease in urine
PGE2 is also a chemical that
Also meadiates pain: Myalgia, Dry cough output(Oliguria)
can trigger cough reflex arc
headache
Chills(or shivering)- is the
It will then act in the pre-optic
body’s mechanism of heat
area of the hypothalamus that
production leading to `Fever
control thermostat
increase body temp.