Gland/Structure
Hypothalamus
-integrates endocrine &
nervous systems
-receives inputs and initiates
endocrine responses
Anterior Pituitary
-Located at base of brain &
attached to hypothalamus
-produced by anterior &
released in response to
hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
-produced by hypothalamus
& stored in posterior
Thyroid Gland
-butterfly-shaped gland
-regulated by hypothalamus-
pituitary axis
Adrenal Cortex
-two glands on each kidney
-outer layer
Adrenal Medulla
-inner layer
Pancreas
-located b/w stomach &
small intestine
Ovaries
Hormones Made Function Leads to/Act on
Growth-hormone releasing Stimulates release of (GH) Anterior pituitary
Corticotropin-releasing Stimulates release of (ACTH) Anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin-releasing Stimulates release of (TSH) Anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin-releasing Stimulates release of FSH and LH Anterior pituitary
Growth (GH) Stimulates growth factors Liver, bone, muscles
Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates release of glucocorticoids Adrenal glands
(ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating (TSH) Stimulates release of thyroid Thyroid gland
hormones
FSH & LH Stimulates production of gametes and Reproductive systems
sex hormones
Prolactin Stimulates milk Mammary gland
Antidiuretic Reabsorption of H2O by kidneys Stored in posterior
Acts on kidneys
Oxytocin Induces uterine contractions & milk Stored in posterior
release Acts on female reproductive
Thyroxine & Increase basal metabolic rate, affect
Triiodothyronine metabolic processes, regulate long
bone growth
Mineralocorticoids Increases reabsorption of Na by
kidneys
Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response Increase blood glucose level
by stimulating synthesis of
glucose and gluconeogenesis
Epinephrine & Short-term stress response Increase heart, breathing
norepinephrine rates, blood pressure,
glucose, accelerate
breakdown of glucose and
fats
Insulin Decrease glucose levels by promoting Converts glucose to glycogen
uptake of glucose by liver
Glucagon Increases blood glucose levels by
promoting breakdown of glycogen
Estradiol Regulates development &
maintenance of cycles
Progesterone Prepares uterus for pregnancy
Hormones Function Acts on Additional Information
Auxin Cell elongation, apical dominance, Phototropism -Master growth regulator
directs flowering, fruit ripening, Gravitropism
inhibition of abscission, relay for Apical Dominance
blue and red-light responses Abscission
Cytokinin Promotes cytokinesis, delay Senescence -Cell division
senescence (aging), promotes Apical Dominance -most abundant in growing
differential in meristem tissues
-effects are in combination
with other hormones
Gibberellins Shoot elongation, seed Synthesized in root and stem apical -stem, fruit & seed growth
germination, fruit & flower meristems -abscisic acid is a strong GA
maturation, delay aging and break Senescence antagonist
dormancy Dormancy
Abscisic Acid Cause abscission, inhibits stem Accumulates as response to -Dormancy
elongation, induces dormancy, stressful environmental conditions -counteracts GA and auxin
closes stomata Dormancy
Short-term drought response
Ethylene Fruit ripening, flower wilting, leaf Produced in aging tissues and -volatile gas (C2H4)
fall nodes of stems -aging
Systemin Plant responses to wounds, initiates Distributed systemically in the plant -anti-herbivory
production of jasmonic acid, body
prevent digestion from herbivores Herbivory
Methyl Salicylate (MeSa) Responses to infection by parasites Causes hypersensitive response -Immune response
or pathogen (HR) & systemic acquired response
(SAR)
Pathogens & Parasites