However, it is the interaction of the operating and capital costs which deserve special

attention.

As suggested earlier in the discussion of the exponential rule for estimating, the
value of the cost exponent may influence the decision whether extra capacity should be built
to accommodate future growth. Similarly, the
economy of scale may also influence the decision on rehabilitation at a given time. As the
rehabilitation work becomes extensive, it becomes a capital project with all the implications of its
own life cycle. Hence, the cost estimation of a rehabilitation project may also involve capital and
operating costs.

While deferring the discussion of the economic evaluation of constructed facilities to

Chapter 6, it is sufficient to point out that the stream of operating costs over time represents a
series of costs at different time periods which have different values with respect to the present.
Consequently, the cost data at different time periods must be converted to a common base line if
meaningful comparison is desired.
 UNIT III

DETAILED ESTIMATE
Method of estimating
Before undertaking the construction of a project it is necessary to know its probable
cost which is worked out by estimating. An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities
required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. The primary object of
the estimate is to enable one to know beforehand, the cost of the work (buildings, structures, etc).

The estimate is the probable cost of a work and is determined theoretically by mathematical
calculations based on the plans and drawing and current rates. Approximate estimate may be
prepared by various methods but accurate estimate is prepared by Detailed Estimate Method.

Detailed estimate
Preparation of detailed estimate consist of working out the quantities of different
items of work and then working out the cost ie, the estimate is prepared in two stages.

Detailed of measurements and calculation of quantities

The whole work is divided into different items of work as earth work, concrete, brick work etc, and
the items are classified and grouped under different sub‐heads, and details of measurement of
each item of work are taken out and quantities under each item are computes In prescribed form

Details of measurement form

SL.NO Description of No Length Breadth Height or Content Total

particulars Depth or Qty

Quantity
Abstract of estimated cost

The cost under item of work is calculated from the quantities already computed at workable rate,
and the total cost is worked out in a prescribed form, Abstract of Estimate Form. A percentage of 3
to 5 percent is added for contingencies, to allow for petty contingent expenditures, unforeseen
expenditures, changes in design, changes in rates, etc. which may occur during the execution of the
work. Apercentage of 1.5 to 2 per cent is also added to meet the expenditure of work‐ charged
establishment. The grand total thus obtained is the estimated cost of the work

ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM

SL.NO Description of Quantity Unit Rate Rs. Amount Rs.

particulars

Methods of building estimate

Method – I

i. Separate or individual wall method

In this method, measure or find out the external length of walls running in the longitudinal
direction generally the long wall out‐to‐out, and the internal lengths of the walls running in the
transverse direction in‐to‐in ie, of cross or short walls in‐ to‐in, and calculate quantities
multiplying the length by the breadth and the height. The same rule applies to the excavation in
foundation, to concrete in foundation and to masonry.
 Height
Item Particulars of Lengt Breadth or Total
No Quantity Explanatory note
No Items h(m) (m) Depth Quantity
(m)
1 Earth work in
excavation
in foundation
Length = 5.30 + 0.90 =
2 6.20 0.90 0.90 10.04
long wall 15.55 6.20 m
cum Breadth = 4.30 ‐
2 3.40 0.90 0.90 5.51
Short wall 0.90=3.40 m
2 Concrete in
foundation 5.18
Long wall 2 6.20 0.90 0.30 3.35 cum
Short wall 2 3.40 0.90 0.30 1.83
3 Brick work in
foundation
and plinth
Long wall First
Length = 5.30+0.60 =
2 5.90 0.60 0.30 2.13
footing second 5.90 m
Length = 5.30+0.50 =
2 5.80 0.50 0.30 1.74
footing 5.80 m
Length = 5.30+0.40 =
2 5.70 0.40 0.60 2.74
Plinth walls 5.70 m
10.95
Short wall First
cum
Length = 4.30‐0.60 =
2 3.70 0.60 0.30 1.33
footing second 3.70 m
Length = 4.30‐0.50 =
2 3.80 0.50 0.30 1.14
footing 3.80 m
Length = 4.30‐0.40 =
2 3.80 0.40 0.60 1.87
Plinth walls 3.90 m
4 Brick work in
superstructure
20.16 Length = 5.30+0.30 =
2 5.60 0.30 3.50 11.76
Long wall cum 5.60 m
Length = 4.30‐0.30 =
2 4.00 0.30 3.50 8.40
Short wall 4.00 m
 Method‐ II

Centre line method

In this method known as centre line method sum‐total length of centre lines of walls, long and
short, has to be found out. Find the total length of centre lines of walls, of same type, long and short
having same type of foundations and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total
centre length by the respective breadth and the height. In this method, the length will remain same
for excavation in foundation, for concrete in foundation, for all footings and for superstructure
(with slight different when there are cross walls or number of junctions). This method is quick but
requires special attention and consideration at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross
walls, etc.

Height or
Item Particulars of Breadth Total Explanatory
No Length(m) Depth (m) Quantity
No Items (m) Quantity note
1 Earth work in Total centre
excavation length of all
15.55 walls = 19.20
1 19.20 90.00 0.90 10.04
in foundation cum m
2 Concrete in
5.18
foundation
cum
Long wall 1 19.20 0.90 0.30 3.35
3 Brick work in
foundation
and plinth
First footing 1 19.20 0.60 0.30 3.46
second footing 1 19.20 0.50 0.30 2.88 10.95
cum
Plinth walls 1 19.20 0.40 0.60 4.61
4 Brick work in
20.16
superstructure
cum
1 19.20 0.30 3.50 20.16
 Height
Item Breadth or Total
Particulars of Items No Length(m) Quantity
No (m) Depth Quantity
(m)
1 earth work excavation (a)
Foundation trenches centre
line method 1 16.40 0.70 0.90 10.32
L&S Wall method
Long wall 2 5.00 0.70 0.90
short wall 2 3.20 0.70 0.90 10.32

(b) Steps 1 1.20 0.75 0.10 0.09 10.41

cum
2 Earth work filling
(a) Foundation trenches 1/5th of 2.08
excavation
(b) Plinth 1 3.90 3.50 0.60 8.19 10.27
cum
3 Cement concrete (1:3:6) (a)
Foundation trenches centre
line method 1 164.00 0.70 0.30
L&S Wall method
Long wall 2 5.00 0.70 0.30
 short wall 2 3.20 0.70 0.30 3.44
(b) Steps 1 1.20 0.90 0.10 0.11 3.55
cum
Brickwork in cement
4
mortar
(a) Walls
centre line method L&S 1 16.40 0.40 1.40
Wall method Long wall
short wall 2 4.70 0.40 1.40
(b) Steps 2 3.50 0.40 1.40 9.18
1 9.61
1.20 0.60 0.60 0.43 cum
5 2.5 cm thick D.P.C (1:2:4)
centre line method L&S 1 16.40 0.30 ….. 4.92
Wall method Long wall
short wall 2 4.60 0.30 ….
Deduction for 2 3.60 0.30 ….

Door sill 1 4.56

1.20 0.30 (‐)0.36 Sq.m
Brickwork in
6
superstructure
(a) Walls
centre line method L&S 1 16.40 0.30 3.10 15.25
Wall method Long wall
short wall 2 4.60 0.30 3.10
2 15.25
3.60 0.30 3.10 cum
(b) Parapet
Long sides (out to out)
short side (in to in) 2 4.60 0.20 0.30 0.55
2 3.80 0.20 0.30 0.46
Deduction for
Door opening
1 1.20 0.30 2.10 (‐) .76
R.C lintel 1 15.45
1.80 0.30 0.15 (‐) .05 cum
7 R.C.C work excluding
reinforcement and
shuttering
Roof slab 1 5.20 4.80 0.12 2.99
1 3.07
Lintel 1.80 0.30 0.15 0.08 cum

8 Shuttering and centering

Roof bottom 1 5.20 4.80 …. 24.96
Edges 1 20.00 ……. 0.12 2.40
Lintel (side) 2 1.80 ….. 0.15 0.54
Lintel bottom 1 1.20 0.30 …… 0.36 28.26
 cum
10 cm thick (av) lime 1 15.96 15.96
9
terracing 4.20 3.80 ….. Sq.m Sq.m
10 15cmx8cm vent hole 3 ….. ……… ……… 3 nos
1 .0528
11
Sal wood in door frame 6.60 0.10 0.08 cum
Battened door 25mm 1 2.108
12
thick 1.07 …. 1.97 Sqm
1 2.52
13
Steel grated door 1.20 ………. 2.10 Sqm
0.8%
14 vol.of 1.91
Tor steel for R.C.C item (7) quin
15 M.s clamps
2x3 6 Nos @
(0.50 Kg
50x6 and 40 cm long each) 3 Kg
16 12 mm thick CM :6 (a)
Inside Long side (b) Out 2 4.00 …. 3.10 24.80
side
(i) from G.L to P.L
Long side 2 4.70 ……… 0.85 7.99
Short sode 2 4.30 …. 0.85 7.31
(ii) From P.L to above
including parapet outer Long
side 2 4.70 …… 3.40 31.28
Short side 2 4.20 …… 3.40 28.56
(iii) Parapet Inside
Long side 2 4.2 0.20 1.68
……..
Short side 2 3.8 0.2 1.52
…….
(iv) Parapet top
Long sides (out to out) 2 4.6 0.2 1.84
.
short sides (in to in) 2 3.8 0.2 1.52
…
Deduction for
Door opening 1 1.2 2.1 (‐) 2.52
.
125.34
Step rises 1 1.2 0.8 (‐) .96 Sq.m
17 12 mm thick cement
plaster(1:2)) for steps rise
treads 1 1.2 … 0.8 0.96
3 1.2 ….. 0.3 1.08
sides 2.76
2 0.6 …. 0.6 0.72 Sq.m
18 6m thick CM 1:4 (a)
Ceiling 1 4 3.6 … 14.4
(b) Cornice both faces
Long sides 2x2 5.2 0.3 …… 6.24
Short sides 2x2 4.2 0.3 ….. 5.04
 © Cornice
Long sides 2 5.2 0.12 ….. 1.25
28.08
Short sides 2 4.8 0.12 ……… 1.15 Sq.m
10 cm thick lime
19
concrete
(1.5:2:7) floor over
13.65
brick flat soling 1 3.9 3.5 ….. 13.65 Sq.m
20 12.5 cm artificial stone
14.4
(1:2:4) flooring 1 4 3.6 ….. 14.4 Sq.m
same as
otem nos
21
White washing three 16+18 153.42
coats Sq.m
22 Painting to wood work
6.55
……
Door and its frame 2x1.3 1.2 2.1 6.55 Sq.m
6.55
23 ….
Painting to steel door 2x1.3 1.2 2.1 6.55 Sq.m
24 Coal tarring two coats
.66
….
to back of frams 1 6.6 0.1 0.66 Sq.m
25 75 mm Dia. Rain water
spouts 2 2 …….. …… …….. 2 rm
 Height
Item Breadth or Total
Particulars of Items No Length(m) Quantity
No (m) Depth Quantity
(m)
1 Earth work excavation
Foundation Room Long
wall 2 6.10 0.80 0.95 9.27
short wall 2 3.70 0.80 0.95 5.62
Plinth dwalf wall
Front 1 3.10 0.46 0.60 0.86
Sides, Short 2 1.55 0.46 0.60 0.86
Steps 1 2.20 0.57 0.10 0.13 17.70
cum
2 Earth work filling in plinth
Room 1 4.90 4.10 0.375 7.53
Verandah 1 4.50 2.10 0.375 3.54
Deduct pillar projection
 Central 1 0.40 0.20 0.375 (‐) 0.03
Sides 2 0.20 0.20 0.375 (‐) 0.03 11.04
cum
3 Lime concrete in
Foundation Room
Long wall short wall
Verandah pillars 2 6.10 0.80 0.30 2.93
Plinth dwalf wall 2 3.70 0.80 0.30 1.78
Front 3 0.70 0.70 0.20 0.29
Sides, Short
Steps 1 3.10 0.46 0.15 0.21
2 1.65 0.46 0.15 0.23
1 2.20 0.70 0.10 0.15 5.59 cum
4 First class brickwork in
foundation and plinth in
cement mortar (1:6) Room
Long wall
1st footing 60cm
2nd footing 50cm 2 5.90 0.60 0.20 1.41
plinth wall 40 cm 2 5.80 0.50 0.20 1.16
short wall 2 5.70 0.40 0.70 3.19
1st footing 60cm
2nd footing 50cm 2 3.90 0.60 0.20 0.94
plinth wall 40 cm 2 4.00 0.50 0.20 0.80
Verandah pillars 2 4.10 0.40 0.70 2.30
1st footing 50 cm
plinth wall 40 cm 3 0.50 0.50 0.20 0.15
Dwalf wall sides 3 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.34
(i) Lower part upto 30 cm
(ii) upper part 1 3.50 0.20 0.20 0.14
Dwalf wall sides
(i) Lower part upto 20 cm 1 3.70 0.20 0.70 0.52
(ii) upper part
Steps 2
1.80 0.20 0.20 0.14
2 1.96 0.20 0.70 0.53
1 11.89
2.00 0.45 0.30 0.27 cum
2.5 cm thick D.P.C
5
(1:2:4)
Long wall 2 5.60 0.30 …. 3.36
short wall 2 4.20 0.30 …. 2.52
Verandah pillars 3 0.30 0.30 ….. 0.27
Deduction for
1 5.82
Door opening 1.10 0.30 (‐)0.33 Sq.m
6 Brickwork in
superstructure in Long wall 2 5.60 0.30 3.60
short wall 2 4.20 0.30 3.60
CM 1:6
Verandah pillars 3 0.30 0.30 2.50 0.68
Above vertical lintel
Front long wall 1 4.80 0.30 0.20 0.29
Sides short walls 2 2.00 0.30 0.20 0.24
Parapet
Long wall 2 5.60 0.20 0.30 0.67
short wall 2 4.40 0.20 0.30 0.53
Deduct
Door opening 2 4.60 0.20 0.30 0.55
Window opening 1 1.10 0.30 2.10 (‐)0.69
Shelves 5 0.90 0.30 1.50 (‐)2.03
Band lintel in main walls 1 0.90 0.20 1.50 (‐)0.27
Long wall 2 5.60 0.30 0.10 (‐)0.34
4 20.00
short wall 4.20 0.30 0.10 (‐) 0.25 cum
 Height
Item Lengt Breadth or Total
Particulars of Items No Quantity
No h(m) (m) Depth Quantity
(m)
1 Earth work excavation (a)
For foundation trenches
Main walls
Verandah walls 1 29.00 0.90 0.90 23.49
(b) Steps 1 12.00 0.70 0.90 7.56
1 2.60 0.80 0.15 0.31 31.36
cum
2 Earth work in filling
(a) Foundation trenches 1/5th 6.27
of
excav
ation
(b) Plinth of room 1 3.50 4.40 0.43 6.62
plinth of room plinth 1 3.50 3.90 0.43 5.87
of verandah 1 8.90 1.50 0.43 5.74 24.50
cum
3 Lime concrete in
foundation (1:3:6)
Main walls Verandah 1 29.00 0.90 0.30
walls 1 12.00 0.70 0.30
(b) Steps 1 2.60 1.00 0.15 0.39 10.74
cum
4 Brickwork in cement
 mortar
(1:4) in foundation and
plinth
Main walls
1st footing 1 29.30 0.60 0.20 3.52
2nd footing Plinth 1 29.40 0.50 0.20 2.94
walls Verandah 1 29.50 0.40 0.80 9.44
walls 1 16.40 0.40 1.40
1st footing 1 12.30 0.40 0.20 0.98
Plinth wall lower part 1 12.40 0.30 0.20 0.75
Plinth wall upper part (b) 1 12.50 0.30 0.80 3.00
Steps 1 21.28
2.40 (0.30+0.90)/2 0.45 0.65 cum
5 2.5 cm thick D.P.C (1:2:4)
Main walls 1 29.60 0.30 ….. 8.88
Pillars 5 0.20 0.20 0.20
Deduction for
Door sill 3 1.20 0.30 ……… (‐) 1.08 8.00 Sq.m
6 Brickwork in superstructure
Main walls 1 29.60 0.30 3.60 31.97
Above pillar 1 12.60 0.20 0.90 2.27
Pillars 5 0.20 0.20 2.70 0.54
Deduction for
Door opening D 3 1.20 0.30 2.10 (‐) 2.27
Window opening W R.C 8 1.10 0.30 1.50 (‐) 3.96
band lintel for Main
walls Verandah 1 29.60 0.30 0.15 (‐)1.33
1 12.60 0.20 0.15 (‐) 0.38
Shelves opening 1 26.81
1.10 0.20 0.15 (‐) 0.03 cum
7 10 cm thick brick wall
(1:4) parapet
Sides short 2 6.00 …….. 0.70 8.40
2 21.56
Back and front long 9.40 ……. 0.70 9.40 Sq.m
8 Cement concrete (1:2:4)
excluding reinforcement and
shuttering
(a) For lintel (band)
Main walls Verandah 1 29.60 0.30 0.15 1.33
(b) For chajjas 1 13.60 0.20 0.15 0.41
Windows
Verandah front 6 1.30 0.45 0.07 0.25
Verandah sides 1 10.30 0.45 0.07 0.32
©Roofing slab 2 1.80 0.45 0.07 0.11
Web of beam 1 9.40 6.00 0.10 5.64
2 4.20 0.20 0.15 0.25 8.31 Sq.m
 9 Hire and charges for
centering and shuttering (a)
For lintel (band)
Main walls out side 1 27.20 …… 0.15 4.08
Main wall inside 1 31.40 …… 0.15 4.71
Vearandah outside 1 13.30 …… 0.15 1.99
Verandah inside 1 10.75 …… 0.15 1.61
(b) Chajjas bottom 1 21.70 …… 0.45 9.77
Edges front 1 21.40 0.05 1.07
….
Edges window sides 6x2 0.45 0.05 0.27
…..
Edges verandah sides 2 0.45 0.05 0.04
…….
© Roofing slab
Bigger room 1 4.50 ….. 16.20
3.60
Smallar room 1 4.00 ….. 14.40
3.60
2x2 57.02
Sides of beams 3.60 0.20 2.88 cum
10 cm thick (av) lime 1 53.36
10
terracing 9.20 5.80 ….. 53.36 Sq.m
11 Sal woodwork for frames
(a) Doors 3 5.48 0.10 0.08 0.13
(b) Windows 8 5.20 0.10 0.08 0.33 0.46 Cum
12.00 35mm thick Indian teak
wood panel shutters
(a) Doors 3 1.07 …. 2.03 6.52
(b) Windows 8 17.15
0.97 ….. 1.37 10.63 Sq.m
13 12 mm thick cement
plastering(1:4) finished
smooth with cement
plastering
(a) plinth wall from 15 cm
below G.L including offset Back
and front 2 9.50 ….. 0.80 15.20
Sides 2 6.10 …. 0.80 9.76
(b) Steps
Treads 3 2.40 0.30 …… 2.16
Sides 2 0.60 …. 0.75 0.90
Deduction for offsets of
1 28.02
Verandah 13.20 0.05 ….. 0.66 Sq.m
14 10 mm thick cement
plastering(1:6) on wall (a)
Inside (i) Rooms Long
sides 2 4.50 …… 3.60 32.40
long sides 2 4.00 …… 3.60 28.80
Short sides 4 3.60 ….. 3.60 51.84
Jjambs, sills and soffits of 1 5.20 0.20 ……. 1.04