BREATHING

BREATHING
Q. Describe structure and function of alveolus.
Ans. The alveolus has thin walls consisting internally of a single cell layer, or epithelium, and beneath
this, a dense network of capillaries supplied with deoxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle
through the pulmonary artery.
Q. Describe structure and function of cilia.
Ans. The lining of the respiratory cavities are Covered with cilia. They are minute, cytoplasmic hairs
which constantly flick to and fore. They can swept away dust particles and bacteria, so that they can not
enter into the lungs.
Q. What is the function of mucus?
Ans. Mucus is present in the inner lining of the respiratory cavities. They are secreted by the glandular
cell's. It can trap dust particles and bacteria So that they can not enter into the lungs. Q. What is
diaphragm?
Ans. The diaphragm, is a mascular sheet of tissue extending across the body cavity between the thorax
and abdomen.
Q. Describe the process of inhalation.
Ans. During inhalation the volume of the thorax is increased by two movements.
a) The muscles of the diaphragm contract and Cause it to flatten from its domed position.
5) The lower ribs
are raised up wards and outwards by contraction of of the intercostal muscles. which run one obliquely
from next
Both these
one rib to the
movements increase the volume of the thorax, and consequently, the volume of the lungs which follow
the movements. The increase in volume raises the capacity of the lungs so that atmospheric pressure
forces air into them through the nose and trachea. Q. Describe the process of exhalation.
Exhalation, results mainly from a relaxation of the muscles of the ribs and diaphragm. The ribs move
down under their own weight and the organs below the diaphragm, under pressure from the mascular
walls of the abdomen, push the relaxed diaphragm back into its domed position as a result of these
movements and by virtue of their elasticity, return to their original
Volume.
BREATHING
In this way
air containing less more carbon dioxide and water
Oxygen and
vapour than when it entered the lungs is expelled from them.
Q. Describe gaseous exchange in the lungs.
>EC45B
Ans. The lining of the alveoli is covered with a film of moisture. The oxygen concentration in the blood is
lower than in the alveolus, hence in the air space dissolves in the film of moisture and diffuses through
the epithelium, the capillary wall the plasma and into a red cell, where it combines with the haemoglobin.
The capillaries reunite and eventually form the pulmonary veins which return the oxygenated blood to the
left atrium of the heart. The low concentration of carbon dioxide in the alreali stimulates the enzyme,
carbonic anhydrase, in the blood to breakdown the hydrogen carbonate salts and liberate carbon
dioxide.
"In what ways Canbe kept in
Carbon dioxide content
a balance.
Ans. The rhythmical breathing movements
Controlled by
a
are
region of the brain which is very sensitive to the carbon dioxide concentration Concentration of the blood
reaching this region of the brain which is called hypothalamus. Nerve impulses are automatically sent to
the diaphragm and rib muscles which increase the rate and depth of breathing.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is mate most likely to rise during vigorous activity, and
the accelerated rate of breathing helps to expel the rapidly accumulating carbon dioxide and to increase
the amount of oxygen.
so meeting the demands of increased tissue respiration. By regulating the Oxygen and carbon dioxide
levels in the blood, the lungs are
homeostatic function.
in the blood
fulfilling
O. Explain the importance of an increased pulse rate during exercise.
During exercise, more blood is sent to the muscles so that the oxygen supply to the muscles is
increased and the excess carbon dioxide from the muscle is removed. The heart beat faster to deliver
blood hence the increased pulse rate.
BREATHING.
Q. Why it takes several minutes for the pulse rate to return to normal after exercise. Ans. After some
time during the race, respiration takes place anaerobically because the maximum rate of oxygen uptake
is less than the oxygen demand. There is build up of lactic acid. After exercise, a period of recovery is
needed to provide the oxygen- so that the lactic acid can be oxidized and to provide the energy for the
recovery of the muscles.
Q. If
an
athelete is a regular smoker explain how this might affect both his pulse and his breathing rate during
exercise.
Ans.
Nicoline
This results in an
in the blood
causes the
release of adrenaline into the blood stream. increase in heart rate and pressure. Carbon monoxide in the
cigarette Smoke also affect affects the transport of Oxygen by combining with haemoglobin in red blood
cells. A smoker therefore has to breathe faster to get more oxygen. When a smoker exercises he will
experience much higher pulse rate and breathing rate.
L
6. Describe the route taken and explain in mechanism involved in moving a molecule of Carbon dioxide
from blood capillary in a lungs to the nasal cavity.
Ans. The carbon dioxide molecule in the blood plasma of the capillary moves by diffusion through the
thin walls of the capillary and the alveolus. The concentration of the Coz is lerver in the space of alveolus
than in the blood capillary bringing the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
The molecule has to be breathed out and this is brought about as follows. The internal intercostal
muscles contract and the external intercostal muscles relax and at the Same time the diaphragm muscle
relaxes. The result is that the thoracic cavity decreases in sime due to the lowering of the rib cage and
the arching upward of the diaphragm. The results of these actions are that the internal volume of the
thoracic cage decreases and the internal pressure therefore increases. This pressure is greater than the
external pressure of the air and so the air in the lungs is forced out, helped by the elasticity of the lungs.
The air passes out of the alveoli in to the air sacs, through the bronchioles and bronchi and up the
trachea
BREATHING
The molecule of carbon dioxide
follows this
same route and the exhaled air eventually reaches the larynx and the back of the throat. The molecule is
then Carried in the
over the soft palate and into the nasal cavity.
Q.
air
6. Explain how during strenuous exercise, the human body temperature rises.
Ans During strenuous exercise, much energy is required and tissue respiration in the muscles increases
to meet this demand for energy. This produces a lot of heat. Some other metabolic activities also
produce heat. The heat generated is distributed to all parts of the body by the circulating blood, resulting
in a general increase of the body temperature
Q. Explain how the body temperature returns to normal when the exercise is over.
When the exercise is over, the metabolic
activities previously invoked to support the high energy requirement eg tissue respiration slow down so
that much, less heat is generated. At the same
time, the
is monitored by the beard
heat regulating centre in the brain. The brain sends Signals to the sweat glands to produce more sweat
so
that
more latent heat can escape by sweat evaporation from the surface of the skin. Vasodilation of the
arterioles in the skin also allow greater blood flow to the skin and balance enhance heat loss by
radiation, Conduction and convection. Rapid breathing helps to remove hat too. All these processes
allow the excess heat built up in the body during strenuous exercise to be removed until the body
temperature returns to normed.
6. Explainant account for the effect of exercise on
the breathing rate.
Ans. strenuous exercise causes the breathing rate to increase. This is because more energy is required
and to meet this high demand for energy, the rate of aerobic respiration has to increase accordingly.
Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration, thus the amount of oxygen required rises. At the same time
much carbon dioxide is produced as a result of higher rate of aerobic respiration. To satisfy the high
Oxygen requirement and to remove the large amount of carbon dioxide produced, the breathing rate has
to
increase
BREATHING.
Q. Explain the effect of exercise on the pulse
rate.
Ans. Exercise
increases
the pulse rate & because of the increased circulation of blood. To deliver extra oxygen required for
increased aerobic respiration during strenuous exercise, and to remove carbon dioxide produced as
result of aerobic respiration
a
blood circulation has to increase. To achieve this,
the heart has to pump at a quicker pace, thus increasing the pulse rate
6 Explain effect of smoke in the lungs.
Tobacco smoke is composed of gases, Vapours and very tiny solid particles that make the Smoke
visible. The gases include carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, both of which are poisonous, while
the vapour include pico nicotine and tar. The alveoli in the lungs provide a large surface area for the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This surface will absorb well. The solid nicotine and carbon
monoxide as
particles in the smoke settle on the surface of the alveoli and on the lining of the bronchial tubes