SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM

CGE 602:
FIELD DEVELOPMENT PLAN I

PRELIMINARY REPORT:
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

PREPARED FOR:
DR SURIATIE

ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR:
DR MUNAWAR

PREPARED BY:
NAME MATRIX NUMBER GROUP
1. HASIF AIMAN BIN TUAH 2021117541 8
2. NAIM SYAUQI BIN JASNI 2020860202
3. WAN JAIZAH ABIRAH BINTI CHE NOH 2020617984
4. ZAIRATUL AZILA BINTI MOHAMED 2020449642
5. RONALDO BASIK ANAK IGNATIUS STOPER 2020608796

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
16 TH JANUARY 2024
Table of Contents
Reservoir Engineering ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. PVT Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.4. Reservoir Pressure and Temperature ....................................................................................... 2
1.5. Gas Density ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.6. Oil Density .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.7. Specific Gravity ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.8. API .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.9. Water Compressibility............................................................................................................. 5
1.10. Gas Solubility (Al-Marhoun) .............................................................................................. 5
1.11. Oil Formation Volume Factor (Al-Marhoun) .......................................................................... 6
1.12. Oil Viscosity ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.13. Routine Core Analysis ........................................................................................................ 8
1.13.1. Capillary Pressure ........................................................................................................... 9
1.14. Ternary Diagram ............................................................................................................... 12
1.15. Fluid Composition............................................................................................................. 13
1.16. GOR .................................................................................................................................. 14
1.17. Bubblepoint Pressure ........................................................................................................ 14
1.18. Phase Diagram .................................................................................................................. 15

1
Reservoir Engineering
1.1. Executive Summary
This section delves into the procedures, data, discussions, and methodologies related to
reservoir engineering, drawing from data gathered from Dahlia 1, Dahlia 2, and Dahlia 3 wells.
This data is derived from geological and petrophysical studies. The data from the wells will be
scrutinized to estimate the reservoir's initial performance. Subsequently, the collected data,
which includes information on fluid behaviour, fluid characteristics, and rock properties, will
be compiled and calculated to gain a more detailed understanding of the reservoir's
characterization.

To evaluate the reservoir's performance, all the data gathered from the reservoir study
will be input into reservoir software like Petrel E&P Software and Eclipse Simulation. The
simulation will be used to forecast production and plan well drilling. A simulated production
projection will be created first to evaluate the production well and measure well performance.
The data can be utilized to make informed predictions, such as the decline in performance at a
specific time. If the well cannot rely on its natural drive, the introduction of an injection well
might be necessary.

1.2. Objectives

1. To conduct an analysis of the properties of reservoir rock and fluid utilizing PVT
(Pressure, Volume, Temperature) analysis and Routine Core Analysis (RCA).
2. To scrutinize the properties of reservoir fluid for the design of well completion and
production.
3. To assess the forecast of reservoir production of oil, gas, and water from a variety of
simulation scenarios to select the best case.

1.3. PVT Analysis

The task for reservoir and production engineers lies in optimizing the hydrocarbon
resource in each well, in line with planning and company requirements. PVT (Pressure,
Volume, Temperature) analysis facilitates the application of initial and key components for
reservoir engineering. At the Schlumberger PVT lab, scientists can optimize heavy crude
distillation based on PVT analysis.

1
 PVT analysis in Dahlia 1 (D1), Dahlia 2 (D2), and Dahlia 3 (D3) wells allows for the
identification of fluid and rock properties, including specific compositions in hydrocarbons. In
this context, the study is primarily conducted on the D1 well using statistical methods and
correspondence to the D2 and D3 wells, considering all three wells are in the same reservoir
location. Therefore, the properties of D1 must be determined before they can be correlated with
the neighbouring wells.
1.4. Reservoir Pressure and Temperature
For the Reservoir Pressure and Temperature, we use the interpolation method with the data
gathered from the Formation Pressure VS Data obtained from the Appendix A.

1420 − 1326.51 𝑥 − 2120.01

=
1426.5 − 1326.51 2146.91 − 2120.01
𝑥 = 2145.16 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Figure 1 Pressure Plot Dahlia

1420 − 1326.51 𝑥 − 172.65

=
1426.5 − 1326.51 180.75 − 172.65
𝑥 = 180.22 ℉

2
 Figure 2 Temperature Plot Dahlia

Temperature VS Depth
220.00

210.00

200.00
y = 0.0258x + 60
R² = 1
190.00

180.00

170.00

160.00

150.00
3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00 6000.00 6500.00

℉
In the temperature plot for the Dahlia 2 and 3, we use temperature gradient of 0.00258 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
℃
because the gradient is based on the geothermal gradient which initially valued 47 𝑘𝑚. The

gradient is Malay Basin average geothermal gradient based on the research from Bulletin of
Geological Society of Malaysia (Madon & Jong, 2021).

1.5. Gas Density

𝑅𝑇 (10.73) × (640.89)
𝑉= =
𝑃 (2145.16)

𝑓𝑡 3⁄
𝑉 = 3.2057 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

The ideal gas law allows us to predict the behaviour of a gas under different conditions. In your
calculation, you’ve rearranged the formula to solve for V (volume), which is a common
application of the ideal gas law. This formula is used because it allows us to calculate the
volume occupied by a certain amount of gas at a given temperature and pressure.

𝑀𝑉𝑃 (0.171) × (2145.16)

𝜌𝑔 = =
𝑅𝑇 10.73 × (640.89)

𝜌𝑔 = 0.05334 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑓𝑡 3

3
This formula is used because it allows us to calculate the density of a gas under specific
conditions of pressure and temperature. Knowing the density of a gas is crucial in many
applications, such as engineering and environmental science.

1.6. Oil Density

The density at standard conditions (ρ_sc) is a reference density that is used to compare the
densities of different substances under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

𝜌𝑜 = 𝜌𝑠𝑐

𝜌𝑠𝑐 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Obtained from Appendix B:

𝑔
𝜌𝑠𝑐 = 0.8101
𝑚𝐿
𝑙𝑏
Convert to 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑙𝑏
𝜌𝑜 = 50.5729
𝑓𝑡3

1.7. Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of the hydrocarbon can be calculated with a value form Appendix B which
0.8101𝑔⁄
is density of 𝑚𝐿. From this value we can use the formula:
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ⁄𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴𝑖𝑟

0.05334 𝑙𝑏⁄ 3
𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐺𝑎𝑠) = = 0.7
0.0763 𝑙𝑏⁄ 3
𝑓𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ⁄𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

50.5729 𝑙𝑏⁄ 3
𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑂𝑖𝑙) = = 0.8
𝑙𝑏
62 ⁄ 3
𝑓𝑡

The formula used above are often used in several fields such as fluid dynamics, material science
and chemical engineering. These calculations of specific gravity allow us to understand and
predict how substances will interact with their reference substances (air or water in these
cases).

4
1.8. API
From the Specific Gravity value obtained, we can calculate the API value to determine and
verify the type of oil in the system. The API number indicate that the type of oil is Black Oil.

141.5
𝐴𝑃𝐼 = ( ) − 131.5
𝑆𝐺
𝐴𝑃𝐼 = 45.4°𝐴𝑃𝐼

1.9. Water Compressibility

Figure 3 Water Compressibility Correlation

The pressure and temperature are taken at the reservoir fluid contact depth which is 2145.16
psi and 180.22°F individually. Therefore, the water compressibility obtained from water
isothermal compressibility data the is 3.16 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 . It is known that water compressibility
is proportional inverse to pressure where reservoir with high pressure typically have lower
water compressibility value.

1.10. Gas Solubility (Al-Marhoun)

𝑒
𝑅𝑠 = [𝛼𝛾𝑔𝑏 𝛾𝑜𝑐 𝑇 𝑑 𝑝]

Where 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, °𝑅

5
 𝑎 = 185.843208

𝑏 = 1.877840

𝑐 = −3.1437

𝑑 = −1.32657

𝑒 = 1.398441

𝑅𝑠 = [(185.843208)(0.71.877840 )(0.8−3.1437 )(640.89−1.32657 )(2145.16)]1.39844

𝑅𝑠 = 440.99

1.11. Oil Formation Volume Factor (Al-Marhoun)

𝐵𝑜 = 0.497069 + 0.000862963𝑇 + 0.00182594𝐹 + 0.00000318099𝐹 2

𝐹 = 𝑅𝑠𝑎 𝛾𝑔𝑏 𝛾𝑜𝑐

Where 𝑎 = 0.742390

𝑏 = 0.323294

𝑐 = −1.202040

𝐹 = 440.990.742390 × 0.70.323294 × 0.8−1.202040

𝐹 = 107.06

𝐵𝑜 = 0.497069 + 0.000862963(640.89) + 0.00182594(107.06)

+ 0.00000318099(107.06)2

𝐵𝑜 = 1.25 𝑏𝑏𝑙/𝑆𝑇𝐵

The Al-Marhoun correlation is often used to calculate the FVF because it provides an
empirical function of solution gas-oil ratio, gas relative density, oil relative density, pressure,
and reservoir temperature. This correlation was developed from a large dataset of 11,728
experimentally obtained FVF values from oil-gas mixtures collected from fields all over the
world. The Al-Marhoun correlation has been found to outperform other existing correlations
for FVF of oil and gas mixtures based on high correlation coefficient and on low values of
average percent relative error, average absolute percent relative error, and standard deviation
(Al-Marhoun, 1992).

6
1.12. Oil Viscosity
Begg Robinson Correlation

𝜇𝑜𝑑 = 10𝑥 − 1

(13.108−6.591⁄𝑆𝐺 )
Where 𝑥 = 𝑇 −1.163 × 𝑒 𝑜

𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝜇𝑜𝑑 = 1.0412 𝑐𝑝

Chew-Conally Correlation

𝜇𝑜𝑏 = 0.3709 𝑐𝑝

The Chew-Connally correlation is often used to estimate the viscosity of oil at bubblepoint
pressure due to the following reasons:

• Function of Dead Oil Viscosity and Solution GOR: The Chew-Connally correlation is
a function of dead oil viscosity and solution gas-oil ratio (GOR) under reservoir
conditions. This makes it possible to estimate oil viscosity at bubblepoint pressure
from commonly available field data (Abdul-Majeed et al., 1990)
• Large Dataset: The correlation was developed from a large dataset of crude oil
samples gathered from different areas of the USA, Canada, and South America1. This
makes it reliable for a wide range of oil types and conditions (Abdul-Majeed et al.,
1990).
• Accuracy: The Chew-Connally correlation has been found to provide accurate
estimates of oil viscosity at bubblepoint pressure (Abdul-Majeed et al., 1990).

Beal’s Correlation

7
 𝜇𝑜 = 0.3511 𝑐𝑝

The Beal correlation is often used to estimate the viscosity of undersaturated oil due to the
following reasons:

• Function of Bubble Point Oil Viscosity and Pressure: The Beal correlation was derived
as the rate of change of the undersaturated oil viscosity per unit pressure increase above
the bubble point pressure and the bubble point crude oil viscosity. This makes it possible
to estimate undersaturated oil viscosity from commonly available field data (Abdul-
Majeed et al., 1990).
• Large Dataset: The Beal correlation was developed based on a large dataset, which
makes it reliable for a wide range of oil types and conditions(Abdul-Majeed et al.,
1990).
• Accuracy: The Beal correlation has been found to provide accurate estimates of
undersaturated oil viscosity (Abdul-Majeed et al., 1990).

1.13. Routine Core Analysis

Routine Core Analysis (RCA) is a crucial laboratory test in the field of reservoir engineering
and petroleum geology. It involves studying core samples taken from a reservoir to gain
insights into various essential parameters and properties. Here are some key aspects typically
investigated in RCA:

1. Capillary Pressure: This measures the pressure difference across the interface of two
immiscible fluids in porous media. Understanding capillary pressure is vital for
predicting fluid flow behaviour within the reservoir.
2. Relative Permeability: RCA helps determine the relative permeability of different fluid
phases (e.g., oil, water, and gas) within the reservoir rocks. Relative permeability data
is crucial for reservoir simulation models, enabling engineers to predict fluid flow under
various conditions.
3. Porosity: Porosity is a measure of the void spaces within the rock. RCA provides
accurate information about the porosity of the reservoir rocks, helping to estimate the
volume of fluids the reservoir can hold.
4. Saturation: Saturation refers to the fraction of pore space occupied by a particular fluid
(e.g., water saturation or oil saturation). RCA helps quantify the saturation levels for
each fluid phase in the reservoir.

8
 5. Rock Compressibility: This parameter provides insights into how the rock matrix
compresses under pressure changes. It is crucial for understanding reservoir
compaction and its impact on fluid flow.
6. Core Permeability: The absolute permeability of the reservoir rock is determined
through RCA. This parameter is essential for calculating fluid flow rates and predicting
the overall performance of the reservoir.
7. Wettability: SCAL assists in determining the wettability of the reservoir rock, indicating
whether it tends to be more water-wet, oil-wet, or gas-wet. Wettability affects fluid
distribution and flow patterns in the reservoir.
8. Pore Size Distribution: Information about the distribution of pore sizes within the rock
is critical for understanding fluid storage and movement characteristics.

The data obtained from RCA tests are utilized to develop and calibrate reservoir models. These
models are then employed for reservoir management and optimization of production strategies.
By gaining a comprehensive understanding of these parameters, engineers can make informed
decisions to enhance oil recovery, minimize production costs, and maximize the economic
potential of the reservoir.

1.13.1. Capillary Pressure

Capillary pressure refers to the forces at play between fluids and rock, employed to ascertain
pore throat characteristics and establish connections between water saturation, permeability,
porosity, and the distance above the oil-water contact in a reservoir.

Table 1 Capillary Pressure Data

Depth Type of
Porosity Perm
(m) Rock
24.4 %
1492.1 159.0 mD
1 0.24
Rock 3
26.0 %
1493.0 34.0 mD
2 0.26
28.4 %
1493.6 301.0 mD Rock 4
3 0.28
22.4 %
1494.9 26.0 mD Rock 3
4 0.22
19.0 %
1497.6 2.3 mD
5 0.19
Rock 2
22.0 %
1499.8 14.0 mD
6 0.22
31.6 %
1504.4 1031.0 mD Rock 1
7 0.32

9
 14.7 %
1680.6 3.9 mD
8 0.15
Rock 2
17.7 %
1682.7 7.6 mD
9 0.18
Capillary Pressure, Pc Res 0.9 1.3 2.5 5.0 9.4 21.9 37.5
Capillary Pressure, Pc Lab 1.5 2.0 4.0 8.0 15.0 35.0 60.0
1 0.811 0.654 0.522 0.432 0.377 0.337 0.313
2 0.878 0.781 0.566 0.440 0.390 0.368 0.356
3 0.802 0.579 0.359 0.287 0.261 0.230 0.217
4 0.903 0.796 0.600 0.503 0.467 0.442 0.436
Water Saturation, Sw 5 0.942 0.909 0.868 0.824 0.793 0.752 0.728
6 0.856 0.765 0.704 0.644 0.603 0.573 0.554
7 0.825 0.657 0.228 0.138 0.110 0.095 0.093
8 0.939 0.902 0.875 0.839 0.805 0.755 0.732
9 0.952 0.899 0.840 0.783 0.738 0.696 0.695

Figure 4 Permeability and Porosity Plot from Capillary Pressure Data

1200

Permeability VS Porosity
1031

1000

800
Permeability

600 Rock 3
Rock 4
Rock 2
Rock 1
400
301
26

14
200 159

34
3.9 7.6 2.3
0
0.12 0.17 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.37
Porosity, fraction

Figure 5 shows the category of rock in the reservoir based on the permeability and
porosity correlation from the capillary pressure data in Dahlia Field case study report. The
result identified that Dahlia field has four types of rock with different porosity and permeability

10
properties. From the reservoir capillary pressure and water saturation, graph is plotted in Figure
6 and Figure 7.

Figure 5 J Function (Lab) against Sw_J

Figure 6 J Function (Res) against Sw_J

Leverett J-function is to define and correlate the capillary pressure as dimensionless for the
reservoir rock properties quality with the laboratory test and water saturation. From the J-
function and water saturation plot, value of a and b is determined to estimate the Sw_J. The
value of a and b for every sample plug is recorded with J-function and Sw_J. Next, correlation
plot for J-function and Sw_J is shown in Figure 6 and 7 which correlate and normalize the
scatter capillary pressure. The highest J-function value obtained is at sample plug 7 at depth of

11
interest zone 1504.4m. Thus, indicate low capillary pressure for plug 7 which have high
tendency to be permeable rock in category rock 1.

1.14. Ternary Diagram

Figure 7 Ternary Diagram for Dahlia 2

• C1-N2: 17.09%
• C2-C6+CO2: 51.72%
• C7+: 31.19%

This suggests that the fluid composition of “Dahlia 2” is primarily made up of CO2 and N20,
followed by heavy components (C6-C11+), and then light components (C1-C5). Thus, the
hydrocarbon within Dahlia 2 is Black Oil.

12
1.15. Fluid Composition
The provided fluid composition table for Dahlia 2 in the case study plays a crucial role in forecasting
the hydrocarbon content of the produced oil. This information is instrumental in shaping a process plan
and selecting appropriate equipment to ensure the production of valuable products while minimizing
any undesirable impacts.

Table 2 Fluid Composition of Dahlia 2

Component Mol%
N2 0.49
CO2 44.55
C1 16.6
C2 1.44
n-C3 2.57
i-C4 0.94
n-C4 0.78
i-C5 0.57
n-C5 0.32
C6 0.55
C7 0.4
C8 0.51
C9 0.31
C10 0.39
C11+ 29.58
Molecular Weight, g/mol 112.8

Based on the tabulated case study data, the hydrocarbon component in the Dahlia 2 field mainly
consists of heavy components (C6 and C11+) compared to light components (C1 – C5). The
composition data can be used to create a phase envelope and ternary diagram for the
reservoir.

Table 3 Category of Dahlia 2 fluid composition

Item Value, %
Light Component (C1-C5) 23.22
Heavy Component (C6-C11+) 31.74

13
 Other (CO2, N20) 45.04

The table categorizes the fluid composition of “Dahlia 2” into three components along with
their respective percentages:

1. Light Component (C1-C5): 23.22%

2. Heavy Component (C6-C11+): 31.74%
3. Other (CO2, N20): 45.04%

The specific type of oil and gas can be determined based on the composition. The heavy
component percentage (C6-C11+) being higher than the light component percentage (C1-C5)
suggests that it is a heavier crude oil. Additionally, the high percentage of other gases such as
CO2 and N2O may indicate that it is associated with sour gas, which contains significant
amounts of these gases.

Therefore, based on the hydrocarbon composition provided, the sample is a mixture of heavier
crude oil and natural gas, potentially associated with sour gas due to the presence of CO2 and
N2O.

1.16. GOR

The gas oil ratio can be obtained from Appendix B which is 871.3 𝑆𝐶𝐹⁄𝑏𝑏𝑙 .

1.17. Bubblepoint Pressure

𝑃𝑏𝑝 = 2885.26 𝑝𝑠𝑖

14
Based on the equation from Vazque-Beggs Correlation, the bubblepoint pressure of the
reservoir is 2885.26 psi. The bubblepoint pressure is higher than the pressure of the reservoir,
making it a saturated reservoir.
1.18. Phase Diagram
Figure 8 Phase Diagram of Reservoir

At same temperature:
Bubble point pressure: 2147.24 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Reservoir pressure: 2145 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑃𝑏𝑝 > 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠

The saturated condition of the reservoir causes several effects within the system such as:
1. No Gas Liberation: Since the bubblepoint pressure is higher, the reservoir oil remains
in a single-phase liquid state. There is no liberation of natural gas from the oil. This
means that the oil does not release any gas bubbles.
2. Stable Oil Phase: The oil phase remains stable, and there is no transition to a two-phase
(liquid + gas) system. The reservoir fluid behaves as a single-phase liquid.
3. Viscosity and Flow Behavior: The viscosity of the oil remains relatively constant, and
its flow behavior is typical for a single-phase liquid. This behavior is different from
what occurs at pressures below the bubblepoint.
4. Relative Permeability: The relative permeability to gas remains low because there is
no significant gas phase present. Gas production does not increase rapidly due to the
lack of gas mobility within the reservoir rock.

15
References
Abdul-Majeed, G. H., Kattan, R. R., & Salman, N. H. (1990). New Correlation for Estimating the
Viscosity of Undersaturated Crude Oils. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 29(03).
https://doi.org/10.2118/90-03-10

Al-Marhoun, M. A. (1992). New Correlations For Formation Volume Factors Of Oil And Gas Mixtures.
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 31(03). https://doi.org/10.2118/92-03-02

Beggs, H. D., & Robinson, J. R. (1975). Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems. Journal of
Petroleum Technology, 27(09), 1140–1141. https://doi.org/10.2118/5434-PA

Madon, M., & Jong, J. (2021). Geothermal gradient and heat flow maps of offshore malaysia: Some
updates and observations. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 71, 159–183.
https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm71202114

1
Appendix A

2
Appendix B

3
Appendix C