Belt Conveying of Bulk Solids

Transfer Chute Design

Notes by: Emeritus Prof. Alan Roberts

Foundation Director, TUNRA Bulk Solids Research Associates
The University of Newcastle, Australia.

Presented by: Dr Craig Wheeler

Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering
Associate Director, TUNRA Bulk Solids Research Associates
The University of Newcastle, Australia.

2
Summary

• Basic principles of chute performance and design are reviewed.

• Chute flow patterns and the development of a lumped parameter

model are presented.

• Equations of motion to describe chute flow dynamics are derived

and applied to chute design.

• Design examples based on the feeding and transfer of bulk solids

are presented.

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 Introduction to Chutes - Guidelines 3

• Chutes are employed in the feeding and transfer of bulk solids in belt
conveying systems.

• Chutes should be symmetrical in cross-section and located central to

the belt in a manner which directs bulk solid onto the belt in the
direction of belt travel.

• In-line component of the bulk solid velocity at exit end of chute should
match, as close as possible, the belt velocity. This is necessary to
minimise power required to accelerate the material to the belt velocity
and to minimise abrasive wear of belt
belt.

• Normal component of the bulk solid velocity at the exit should be as

low as possible in order to minimise impact damage of the belt and
minimise spillage due to re-bounding.

Introduction to Chutes - Guidelines 4

• Slope of the chute must be sufficient to guarantee flow at the specified

rate under all conditions and to prevent flow blockages. The chute
must have sufficient slope at exit to ensure flow, which means that a
normall velocity
l it componentt mustt be b ttolerated.
l t d

• Adequate precautions must be taken in the acceleration zone where

solids feed onto the belt to minimise spillage i.e. the use of skirt
plates.

• Free–fall zones, or zones of high acceleration, in the chute

configuration should be kept to a minimum. Resulting in minimised
impact wear and the aeration (fine powders - materials with high fines
content).

• Attention must be given to bulk solid material properties in view of

transfer configuration design.

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 Feed and Transfer Chutes 5

Two common situations in belt conveyor systems:

• Feed Chutes (to accelerate material)

• Transfer Chutes (to change direction, etc.)

Feeding onto a Conveyor Belt 6

Feeder
Vf

yi
x
h  R

Conveyor
 Vi Vex
y Vb
V


Vey
Ve

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 90 Deg Conveyor Transfer Chute 7

Vb

Curved Impact Chute

Rc2

Rc1 Vd
Dribble
Chute
co
Vex
Vb

Ve
Vey

Feed and Transfer Chutes 8

Basic objective is the efficient feeding and transfer of

bulk materials in terms of:

• Blockage
• Spillage
• Material Degradation
• Symmetrical Loading
• Chute Wear
• Belt Wear
• Dust Production
• Segregation

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 Blockages and Wear 9

Hammer Rash

Build-up in Coal Chute 10

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 Spillage 11

Offset Loading and Segregation 12

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 Key Steps 13

• Know the properties of the bulk solid which is being

conveyed
• Understand the nature and the characteristics of the
application
• Plot the Trajectory
• Hood Design/Analysis
• Spoon Design/Analysis

Bulk Solid Properties 14

• Bulk Density ρ (kg/m3)

• Belt Surcharge Angle ()
• Particle Size (lumps/fines)
• Wall Friction Angle (w)
• Angle of Repose (R)

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 Measurement of Wall or Boundary Friction 15

V Wall Lining Material V

Shear
Bulk Solid Cylinder
Bulk Solid

S
S 105

X f f22 (mm. hz )
10

1000

100
1 10
THICKNESSOF
THICKNESS OF L
LAY
b

10
5
10

4
10

z )
10

2 (mm.
X f f2
X hz
(m m . h
1000
1000

100
100
1 10
10
THICKNESSOF
THICKNESS OF L
LAY
b

10
5
10

4
10

z )
10

2 (mm.
X f f2
X hz
(m m . h
1000
1000

100
100
1 10
10
THICKNESSOF
THICKNESS OF L
LAY
b

10
5
10

4
10

z )
10

(mm.
X f f 2 (m
X hz
m. h
1000
1000

100
100
1 10
10
THICKNESSOF
THICKNESS OF L
LAY
b

5
10

4
10

z )
Shear Ring Piston

Standard Shear Tester Inverted Shear Tester

Direct Shear Tester 16

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 300 mm Inverted Shear Tester 17

Bulk Solid Lining Surface Characteristics 18


Wall or Boundary Yield Locus

Cohesion
w
Boundary Friction
o w Angle

Adhesion o w
w 
Tension Compression w  tan 1  
 w 

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 Bulk Solid Lining Surface Characteristics 19

Effective Angle of
Internal Friction 
Wall Friction Angle w
This means that at low normal
pressures the bulk solid will flow by
internal shear rather than by sliding
against the wall.

Normal Pressure  w

Friction Angles for a Particular Coal on

20
Mild Steel Surfaces
60
Effective Angle of
Internal Friction 
50
LL FRICTION ANGLE (deg.)

Mild Steel - Dull

Mild Steel - Polished
40

30
WAL

20

10
0 2 4 6 8 10
NORMAL PRESSURE (kPa)

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 Build-Up On Surfaces 21

Fo= 
o A
S = c A

S =  A B
B B

(a) Boundary Shear (b) Cohesion (c) Adhesion

Carry-Back on Conveyor Belts 22

Adhesion

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 Build-up in a Zinc Concentrate Chute 23

Cohesion

Failure Envelope - Cohesive Bulk Materials 24

•In this case the shear stress versus normal stress failure envelope for a
cohesive bulk solid is always greater than the failure envelope at the boundary.
•For such cases, it is expected that failure will occur at the boundary surface
rather than internally within the bulk solid.

Failure occurs within bulk

Failure
solid and at boundary
Envelope for
Bulk Solid
Shear Stress

Failure occurs
at boundary

Boundary
Failure
Envelope

Tensile Stress Compressive Stress

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 Failure Envelope - Free Flowing Bulk Solids 25

•For free flowing, dry bulk solids with no cohesion, the boundary surface
failure envelope is higher than the bulk solid failure envelope.
•In this case, adhesion of the bulk solid to a chute surface will not occur.

Boundary
Shear Stress Failure
Failure occurs Envelope
at boundary

Failure
Failure occurs p for
Envelope
within bulk solid
Bulk Solid

Tensile Stress
Compressive Stress

Failure Envelope - Special Case 26

•In cases of high moisture content cohesive bulk solids it is possible for the
failure envelope of the bulk solid at lower consolidation stresses or pressures
to give lower internal strength than the corresponding strength conditions at the
boundary. The body forces may then cause failure by internal shear leaving a
layer of solid adhering to the chute surface. This layer may then build up
progressively over a period of time.
Failure occurs within bulk
solid and at boundary Failure
Envelope for
Bulk Solid
hear Stress

Boundary
Failure
Failure occurs
Sh

Failure occurs Envelope

at boundary
within bulk solid

Tensile Stress Compressive Stress

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 Feed Chutes 27

•Bulk Solid assumed to fall a

vertical height “yi” before making
contact with curved section of
the feed chute. Feeder
Vf
•Since, belt/apron feeder velocity
Vf normally under 0.5m/s,
velocity at impact Vi will be yi
essentially in vertical direction. x
h  R
•Goals:
Vex = Vb
Conveyor
V = minimum
Vey i i  Vi Vex
y Vb
•Constrained by self-cleaning V
condition:
-1 o
Ψ > Tan (μE)+5

Vey
Ve

For the Free Fall Section 28

Neglecting air resistance, (normally assumed):

2
vi = vfo + 2 g yi

If air resistance is taken into account:

vfo
1-
v ∞2 v∞ vi - vo
yi = loge -( ) v∞
g vi g
1-
v∞
Where: v∞ = terminal velocity

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 Impact Model 29

Restitution factor, e:

 0 < e < 1.0

Completely elastic impact
Vi no loss in energy; e = 1
Completely inelastic
impact no rebound; e = 0
V2  = kinetic friction lower
Rimp  than equivalent friction used
 Rimpp in chute
Vo
v0
 cos(1)  (1 e) sin(1)
vi

Chute Flow Model 30

. Ho , Ao B
m v "n"
"y"

vo R H
FD
FN v Rectangular Cross
Section
Acceleration
2 m H, A
m v B
R
Velocity
 Profile
v
H
.
m g v Circular Cross
"x" Retardation "s" Section

Accelerated Flow for Condition H/B < 1.0

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 Energy Losses 31

(Roberts 1967)

Ub: Us: Ui = 82%: 9%: 9%

Ub = energy loss due to sliding along chute bottom
Us = energy loss due to sliding against side wall
Ui = energy loss due to inter-particle sliding

Lumped Model 32

v1

v2 v >v >v >v

4 3 2 1

v3

v4

Chute Surface


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 Chute Flow Model 33

Moving Coordinates: ”t” and “n”

R “n”
FD
FN
 F  mv  mg cos( )  F
t D

v2
m  Fn  m R
 FN  mg sin( )
v

θ
Using Coulomb Friction; FD   e FN
“t”
 e  ???
m g

Equivalent Friction - Rectangular Cross-Section 34

e =  (1 + KvB )=  ( 1 + V )
H C
B
KV= 0.4 to 0.6 C = KV Vo Ho
B
(Roberts 1967)

H Note;
H
If  1 (thin stream)
B
Then e    const
 = actual friction coefficient between
chute surface and bulk solid

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 Depth Variation - Continuity 35

Ho
v0
H H0
v
Vo
s

H V

Chute Flow Model 36

Moving Coordinates: ”t” and “n”

Analysing the dynamic equilibrium conditions

leads to the following differential equation:
R “n”
FD dv  v2 
 g cos( )  e   g sin( ) 
FN dt R 
m Note : -
v  changes with position
e is a function of velocityy
θ
R is the radius of curvature
“t”
and is not necessarily constant
m g 3
[1  y2 ] 2
R
y

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 Constant Radius Chutes 37

Special Case:-
dv dv d v dv
R = Const, μe = Const  
dt d dt R d
v = v0 when
h θ=0
Feeder
or,

 ev  cos( )  e sin( )

dv gR
d v
Solution: 
θ
v0
R v
2ggR
4e 1
2
1 2e sin(
2

i ( )  3e cos(( )  Ke 
K 2e 
v
2 6e gR
K  v0 
1 4e
2

Comparison of Chute Performance 38

COORDINATE y (m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 7

Const Radius Chute Velocities

Parabolic Chute
0.5 Const Radius + Straight Chute

6.5
STREAM VELOCITY v (m/s)

1
Chute Profiles
COORDINATE x (m)

1.5
6

2.5 55
5.5
S

Velocity - Const Radius Chute

Velocity - Parabolic Chute
3 Velocity - Const Radius + Straight Chute
o
e = 55
3.5 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
VERTICAL COORDINATE POSITION x (m)

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 Minimum Chute Cut-Off Angle 39

Feeder
Vf

yi
•Constrained by self-cleaning
condition: x
h  R
Ψ > Tan-1(μE)+5o
Conveyor
T i ll assume: Ψ = 90o - e
•Typically   Vi Ve
Vex
y Vb
V

e
Vey
Ve

Chute Design 40

Chute design involves several issues that can and can

not be compromised:

Compromises:- No compromise:-
• Chute wear • Blockage
• Belt wear • Spillage
• Material degradation

Some issues are common sense design issues,

issues some
we can model.

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 Linear Wear Test Apparatus 41

Bin and Bulk Solid

Hopper Re-Cycled
via Bucket
Shear
Normal Load Elevator and
Load Cell V Chute
S Test Sample
Pressure Plate

p
Belt Speed v
'Wedge'
'W d ' off
Bulk Solid
Conveyor Belt

Circular Wear Test Apparatus 42

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 Circular Wear Test Apparatus 43

Conveyor Belt Wear Test Results 44

Pressure = 2.0 kPa

Velocity = 0.285 m/s
120
Wear rate is proportional
Thickness Loss (µm)

100 to Power;
80
60 W   n v
40 ((Frictional p
power p
per unit area))
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (hours)

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 Wear at a Belt Feed Point 45

The objectives are:

(1) To match the horizontal component of the exit velocity
Vex as close as possible to the belt speed
(2) To reduce the vertical component of the exit velocity
Vey so that abrasive wear due to impact may be kept
within acceptable limits.

The abrasive wear of the belt may be estimated as follows:

Impact pressure: Pvi =  Vey2 (kPa)
Abrasive wear: Wa = b  Vey2 (Vb - Vex) (kPa m/s)

Where μb = friction coefficient between the bulk solid and conveyor belt

Wear at a Belt Feed Point 46

Qm La

vex x
e vb

vey ve
y
W  b n (vb  vex )  b vey (vb  vex )  b vb NWB
2 3

2 ( vR - sin e )
N = cos e v
vR = b
wb ve
v3
R

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 Wear at a Belt Feed Point 47

NSIONAL WEAR AT FEED POINT NWb

0.5
Cut-Off Angle
30 deg
04
0.4 35 deg
40 deg
45 deg
50 deg
0.3 55 deg
60 deg

0.2
NON-DIMEN

0.1

0
0.5 1 1.5 2
RATIO VR = Vb/Ve

Wear in Chutes 48

vo
R "n"
W  v n FD
FN
FN m  v 2 
n     g sin( ) , so, m
A Bv  R  L
m ge
W NWR
B v
v2
Where, NWR   sin( ) “t”
gR
m m
Note:  
v L

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 Comparison of Chute Performance 49

NWR - Const Radius Chute

NWR - Parabolic Chute
COORDINATE y (m)
NWR - Const Raius + Straight Chute
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 2
Const Radius Chute
Parabolic Chute
05
0.5 18
1.8

NON DIMENSIONAL WEAR NWR

R
Const Radius + Straight Chute

1 1.6
COORDINATE x (m)

Chute Profiles
1.5 1.4

2 1.2

2.5 1 Wear
3 0.8

3.5 0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
VERTICAL COORDINATE POSITION x (m)

Feed Chute Example 50

Consider the following system;

Coal is being fed at a rate of 1000t/h from a 1

1.8m
8m wide
feeder running at 0.3m/s that is situated 5m above a belt
conveyor travelling at 6m/s.

Task:- Design a constant radius feed chute to load the belt.

Coefficient of friction;
Coal – Chute, μ = 0.46
Belt – Coal, μ = 0.6

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 Feed Chute Example 51

For self-cleaning;
Feeder
Ψ > Tan-1(μ)+50
Vf = 300
Set Ψ = 350
h 1000t/hr ≈ 0.2m3/s

5m Ho
R  0.2
B
Vex
Vb

Ψ Conveyor

Vey
Ve

Constant Radius Chute Options 52

Feeder

Vf
h = 5 – R sin(θe)

h x = R(1 – cos(θ))
x
θ θe y = R sin(θ)
5m
y R
Vex
Vb
θe Conveyor

Vey
Ve

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 Constant Radius Chutes 53

When; v
4e 1
2
2gR 2
  
1 2e sin( )  3e cos( )  Ke2 
e

R = Const,, μe = Const
and, v = v0 when θ = 0 Where,K  v 2  6e gR
0
1 4e
2

vr  sin(e )
NWB  cos2 (e ) 3
Belt Wear:- vr
vb
Where vr 
Where,
ve

v2
Chute Wear:- NWC   sin( )
gR

Feed Chute Example 54



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 Chute and Belt Wear 55

Summary 56

In any given situation there is often no “best chute”! Using

these techniques it is possible to evaluate designs.

Key points to design in constant radius chutes;

• Self-cleaning condition fixes exit angle
• Free-fall and chute flow determine exit velocity
• Large radius curves are preferred (to a limit)
• Constrained by belt speed and head room

Gains can be made using non-constant radius chutes,

however the optimisation is difficult. Never mind
construction.

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 Transfer Chutes 57

It is common to employ
Impact Wear Zone
- Hard Lining
chutes of multiple
geometrical sections in
which the zone of first
Abrasive Wear Zone - contact and flow is an
Possible Low Friction Lining inverted curve.
Vibrator

Cross-Section of The lining is divided into

Chute Impact Plat
Flexible
Packing
two zones, one for the
impact region under low
impact angles, and the
Abrasive Wear Zone -
other for the streamlined
Low Friction Lining flow.
Possible
Vibrator ReceivalBelt

Transfer Chute Models 58

Many models are required for transfer chute design:

• Trajectory model (belt to hood)

• Impact model (hood)
• Chute flow model (hood)
• Free-fall/trajectory model (hood to spoon)
• Impact model (spoon)
• Chute flow model (spoon)

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 Trajectory Model 59

X Y
Lt


h
z

(a) Conveyor Discharge


 H h
h ha

C
B Drum

(b) Section X at Idler Set (c) Section Y at Discharge Drum

Assumptions 60

+ We are assuming;

Lt
• Material lifts off at the
tangent to the drive pulley
hb
 • No belt sag in the transition
z
 • No cohesion
• Neglecting acceleration due
to transition

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 Load Profiles at Discharge 61

2
A=Ub

 H h
h ha

C
B Drum
r = C/B
b = B+2C
Section at Idler Set Section at Discharge Drum
1 r2 tan 
U= { r sin  + sin2  + [ 1+ 4 r cos  + 2 r 2 (1+ cos2  )]}
(1+ 2 r )2 2 6

H = C sin  + (B + 2C cos ) tan 

4
A
h=
( B + C)

Angle of Discharge 62

In general, slip may occur before lift-off takes place. Hence, the acceleration
and inertia force are included. However, it is unlikely that slip will be
significant so it may be neglected.

. For an arbitraryy radius R, discharge

g
m v m v2 will commence when the normal
FD = N r force N, becomes zero.
 A = Contact Area
v2 F
(h - r)
 gcosθ  A
r m
N  v
.
r v Where: m  ρA(h r)  mass of element
FΑ  σo A  adhesive force
FA m g σo  adhesive stress
ρ  bulk density

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 Angle of Discharge 63

In most cases, the speed of the conveyor is such that discharge will
commence as soon as the belt makes contact with the discharge drum. In
this case  = - (α+ε), where (α+ε) = slope of the belt at contact point with the
drum. The critical case will be for the belt surface, that is, when r = 0. The
minimum belt speed for discharge at the first point of drum contact is
σo
vb  Rg(cos(α  ε)  )
ρgh
There are a number of different methods for the calculation of the angle of
discharge. CEMA (amongst others) states the critical condition (for
discharge at first point of contact) to be:
2
vb
1
 1
Rg
If the speed is not sufficient to satisfy this condition, then the material will
wrap around the pulley (from the vertical) by an angular distance α:
2
vb
 cosα
Rg

Discharge Trajectory 64

In most cases the influence of air drag is negligible. Hence the equations of
motion simplify. The equation of the path (based on projectile motion and in
terms of the horizontal position “x”) is given by:
g
y x2  tanα  ε x
2Vo cos2 α  ε
2

The bounds for the trajectories may be determined for the two radii (R + h)
and R for which the angle  is obtained from previous page.
The radius of curvature of the discharge trajectory is given by:
gx 2 1.5
[1 (-tanθ  )]
[1 (y)2 ]1.5 or 2
vb cos2θ
RC  RC 
y g
2
vb cos2θ
For contact to be made with a curved impact plate of constant radius, the
radius of curvature of the trajectory at the point of contact must be such
that:
RC ≥ R where R is the radius of curvature of the chute

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 Hood Design 65

Hood directs flow towards spoon.

• Ideal hood “catches” material at a tangent
• Design hood to have
ha e the same radi
radiuss of ccurvature
r at re as
the trajectory at point of intersection
e X
vo
vb h x
vo Y
 + 
R
c vc
yc Impact Plate
Rc

xc
y ve

Problem Specification:
Hood Example 66

Bulk Material - Bauxite Bulk density as loaded r = 1.3 t/m 3

throughput Qm = 2500 t/h Belt speed, delivery belt vb = 5 m/s
Belt speed, receiving belt, vb = 5 m/s; Surcharge angle of bauxite on belt  = 25o
Conveyor inclination  = 10o . Effective drive drum diameter = 1.2 m
Idl iinclination
Idler l  = 35o
li ti angle Receiving
R i i b beltlt att right
i ht angle
l tto d
delivery
li b
beltlt

For example;
• Belt speed 5m/s, inclination 100
pp. 21 of paper
• Inline transition (ε = 0)
e X
y = -0.176 x + 0.202 x2 vo
vb h x
vo Y
 + 
R
c vc
yc Impact Plate
Rc

xc
y ve

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 Curvature of Trajectory 67

4.5

DIUS OF CURVATURE Rc (m)

4

3
[1 y2 ]2 3.5

Rc 
y 3
RAD

2.5

2
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
DISTANCE FROM CENTRE (x - e) (m)

Hood Location 68

Assume X = (x-e) = 1m, or , x = 1.137m, Y = 0.061m

Radius of curvature Rc = 2.8m (radius of hood)

Angle of tangent θc = cot-1(y’) = 740
Centre of curvature xc = X – Rccos(θc) = 0.238m
yc = Y + Rcsin(θc) – (R+h)cos(α+ε) = 1.98m
e X
vo
vb h x
vo Y
 + 
R
c vc
yc Impact Plate
Rc

xc
y ve

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 Real World Problems 69

While the hood may be designed to catch the material at a

tangent to the stream, this cannot always be taken for
granted;

•Belt speed variations,

•Conveyor loading variations,
•Material property variations,
•Trajectory assumptions.

To deal with non-tangential impacts we need an impact

model.

Impact Model 70

Calculating the change in momentum;

Normall : - mvi sin( i ( 2 )   Rimp dt

i (1 )  mv2 sin( d

Tangent : - mvi cos(1 )  mv0    Rimp dt
Vi
v2 sin( 2 )
Restitution : - e 
vi sin(1 )
V2
Rimp 
 Rimp Note: - v0  v2 sin(2 )
Vo

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 Impact Model 71

Restitution factor, e:

 0 < e < 1.0

Completely elastic impact
Vi no loss in energy; e = 1
Completely inelastic
impact no rebound; e = 0
V2  = kinetic friction lower
Rimp  than equivalent friction used
 Rimpp in chute
Vo
Eliminating the impulse term:
v0
 cos(1)  (1 e) sin(1)
vi

Inverted Chute Flow 72

Material flow in the hood can be modeled similar to feed

chutes;

FD
H

 v B
Cross Section
"t"
"n" N
m g

With one exception:- material can “fall off the chute” (N = 0).

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 Convergence 73

To minimise spillage convergent hoods can be used:

Equivalent friction varies with position.

Chute Flow Equivalent Friction 74

Ho B

vo H
H
Kv pn
s
pn
dFn v H tan 
ds e =  [ 1 + Kv( ) (1 +  )]
 Bo - 2 s tan
C
e =  [1 + 12 ]
Bo B vB
tan 
where C1 = Kv Bo Ho vo (1 +  )
=  pn B = Bo – 2 s tan 

pn

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 Equation of Motion 75

F  mv  mgcos( )  F
t D

F 2
v
D
F  m R  N  mgsin(
n i ( )

 v2 
N  m  g sin( ) 
v
 R 
"t"
UsingFD  e N;
"n"
N
m g dv  v2 
 g cos(( )  e   g sin(
i ( ) 
dt R 
v2
for g sin( ) 
R

Constant Radius 76

F
D
dv dv d v dv
 
dt d dt R d
v So,


 ev  cos( )  e sin( )

dv gR
"t" 
"n"
N d v
m g

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 Exact Solution 77

F
D

 ev  cos( )  e sin( )

dv gR

d v
v v  v0 , at   0


"t"
"n"
N
m g

v
2gR
4e 1
2
  
2e 1 sin( )  3e cos( )  Ke2e
2

Solution: 
 2
K  v0 
2gR
1 4e
2
 

3e cos(0 )  (2e 1) sin(0 ) e2e0
2

 

An Example 78

For example;
• Belt speed 5m/s, inclination 100
• From before; y = -0.176
-0 176 x + 00.202
202 x2
• Locate hood as before

e 1m

vb At point of impact;
vo 0.061m
• vx = 4.92m/s
c vc • vy = 1.40m/s
Impact Plate • v = 5.12m/s
• θc =74.20
y ve

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 Velocity Profile 79

Wear Profile 80

As before, chute wear is

indicated by;
W  vn
FN m   v2 
n     g sin( ) , so,
A Bv  R 
 ge
m
W NWR
B
v2
Where,NWR   sin( )
gR

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 Impact 81

•Assumed tangential – No impact!

 •Now assume 10o impact
•Allowing for 100 error (e = 0);
Vi
v0
 cos(1 )   (1  e) sin(1 )
V2 vi

v0  5.12cos((10)  0.6 sin(
i (10)  4.51m/s
/
Rimp
Vo

Velocity Profile, 10 Deg Impact 82

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 Spoon Design 83

Spoon design is identical to feed chute design!

R “n”
FD
FN
m
Rc2 v

 θ
vey vb “t”
vex ve m g

Constant Radius Chutes 84

Recall Special Case:-

dv dv d v dv
R = Const, μe = Const  
dt d dt R d
v = v0 when
h θ=0
Feeder
or,

 ev  cos( )  e sin( )

dv gR
d v
Solution: 
θ
v0
R v
2g
gR
4e 1
2

1 2e sin(
2
 K 2e
i ( )  3e cos(( )  Ke 
v
2 6e gR
K  v0 
1 4e
2

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 90 Deg Conveyor Transfer Chute 85

Vb = 5 m/s

Curved
Impact
Chute

Rc2 = 2.8 m

Rc1 = 3.0 m Vd = 6.75 m/s

Dribble
Chute
co = 35 deg
deg.
Vex = 4.57 m/s
Vb = 5 m/s

Ve = 5.57 m/s
Vey = 3.12 m/s

CBSPT University of Newcastle 43