SVY 201 AND SVY 202 PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

REPORT WRITE-UP
Note: Please write legibly in the space provided to complete your report write-up.

NAME: OLANREWAJU HAMED OLABODE

MATRICULATION NUMBER: 150405007

DEPARTMENT: SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS

GROUP: F

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 SVY 201 AND SVY 202 PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

TITLE: THEODOLITE TRAVERSE OF A PORTION OF LAGOON FRONT UNIVERSITY

OF LAGOS

SITE: THE SITE IS LOCATED AT THE LAGOON FRONT UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

AKOKA YABA, LAGOS STATE

INTRODUCTION
A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in the field and
whose lengths and directions have been determined from observations. In traditional surveying by
ground methods, the act of marking the lines, that is, establishing traverse stations and making the
necessary observations, is one of the most basic and widely practiced means of determining the
relative locations of points.
In Theodolite traversing, a Theodolite is used to obtain the angles between two lines while
a tape is employed to measure horizontal distance of each line, these angle and distances will then
be used to calculate the coordinates of each point. From the coordinate of each point the area can
be calculated if it is a closed boundary.

AIMS
This practical work was carried out for the following reasons:
 To know the dimensions of the given portion of land
 To determine the bearing and distances of the survey boundary
 To generate the coordinates (x,y) of each points
 To calculate the area of the portion of land using traversing survey method
 To test students ability in Theodolite traversing
 To test students ability to process the acquired data
 Production Comprehensive Plan Drawn to scale

INSTRUMENTS
During the practical the following equipments were used:
i. Theodolite with accessories

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ii. Ranging poles

iii. 50m Linen tape
iv. Pegs

1.4 SCOPE
The practical is of two phases, i.e. the FIELD WORK and the OFFICE WORK.
FIELD WORK: The extent of work done during fieldwork is highlighted below:
 A reconnaissance of the whole area to be surveyed was carried out during which a
Reconnaissance diagram (rough sketch) of the area is drawn
 The distances of lines forming the loop are measured with a tape and the included angles
measured with a Theodolite

OFFICE WORK:
 The observed readings were reduced to get the included angles
 Forward computation was performed to obtain the coordinates of each point
 The area of the traverse was calculated using the cross coordinate method
 A two dimensional representation of the site was plotted to scale using AutoCAD

PROCEDURE
For the success of any survey it is crucial that the surveyor must carefully plan all his
operations. He would have to consider accessibility of the area and other factors that are germane
to the success of the survey and he must also have the overall idea of how to carry out the survey.
Technically in survey, it could also be referred to as Reconnaissance

RECONNAISSANCE
Reconnaissance is a pilot exploration that is carried out in an area to be surveyed. It is a
very crucial success factor to survey operations. It is further subdivided into (i) Field
Reconnaissance (ii) Office Reconnaissance

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 Field Reconnaissance: Before conducting the survey, the surveyor visits the site that the
survey is to be carried out and considers factors like the accessibility of the area, the terrain
of the area. Also sketch that shows the overall frame work of the area known as the
Reconaissance Diagram is drawn. The surveyour also searches for nearby pillars which he
could connect his job to for proper orientation. During the search for controls we located a
total of three control pillars (UNILAG 01, UNILAG02, UNILAG03) to which we connected
our job. The reconnaissance drawn during this practical is attached to this report.
 Office Reconnaissance: Having witnessed firsthand the situation on site, the surveyour
goes back to his office to decide the equipments to be used, the best method that is
suitable for the job, the number of personnel required and the cost implication. Also he also
searches for existing datas such as existing maps or plans that could aid him in the
execution of the job. He also searches for the coordinates of the control pillars to be used.
During this stage of the practical, we obtained the coordinates of the control pillars to be
used and they are as follows:
NAME NORTHING EASTING
UNILAG01 720459.690 544474.910
UNILAG02 720430.370 544587.690
UNILAG03 720379.635 544533.468

PERSONNEL
Personnel’s are the human resources employed in the execution of any work or endeavour.
The personnels who carried out this practical are group F members. Their names are:

NAME MATRIC
 OLANREWAJU HAMED OLABODE (REPORTER) 150405007
 SHITTU OLUWADAMILARE PELUMI 160405520
 IJABADENIYI IFEDAYO 160405519
 METTLE IBUKUNOLUWA EZEKIEL 160405513
 RAJI OLUWATOBI 150906037
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 AKANDE TOLUWANI JOSHUA 150405053

 OKEDIJI IMOLE FAVOUR 150405040
 SODUNKE EMMANUEL WILLIAM 150405015
 ODULATE IBUKUNOLUWA O. 150405022
 OMORUKHE ENAHORO ORUMEN 160405506
 AGOSU ANTHONY ANJOLA 150405030

TEST OF INSTRUMENT
Before the commencement of any survey job, the surveyor must test his instruments to
ascertain their condition and see if they’re suitable for the job.

THEODOLITE
For the purpose of this practical, we carried out a test on the Theodolite as follows:
Two stations (A and B) were selected and the Theodolite was set on station A then all
temporary adjustments (Centering, Levelling and Focusing) were performed and then a target was
placed at station B it was bisected and the readings were recorded. It was tabulated as follows:
STATION SIGHT FACE H.C.R
A B L 156004’21”
B R 336004’33”

Difference = 336004’33” - 156004’21” = 1800 00’12”

Normally, the angle on a straight line (i.e. difference between back and forward bearing is
usually ±1800) and from the observation taking the error obtained is 00 0 00’12” which is within the
acceptable limit. Therefore this confirms that the instrument can be used for the job.

2.0.3 CONTROL CHECK

To afford the surveyor accurate orientation of his jobs, he must perform a control check on
the control pillars to ascertain that they are in their correct relative and absolute position on ground
and have not been tampered with in any way. To do this, the Surveyor has to obtain coordinates of
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the control pillars and perform a back computation to obtain the bearing and distance. Then the
included angle is computed using the formular Included Angle = Forward bearing – Back bearing.
After this, he proceeds to site to take observation on the controls. The Theodolite was set on the
middle pillar (UNILAG02) and all temporary adjustments (Centering, Levelling and Focusing) was
performed then a target was placed on the third pillar (UNILAG03) the target was bisected and a
backsight observation was taken on face left and the reading was recorded. Then the instrument
was transited and the first pillar (UNILAG01) was bisected on face left, then face right. The
instrument was transited and the third pillar (UNILAG03) was also observed on face right. The
readings obtained are as follows:

STN FACE SIGHT H.C.R MEAN ANGLE DIST.

UNILAG02 L1 UNILAG03 1650 30’ 46”
L2 UNILAG01 3580 12’ 10” 1920 41’24”
R2 UNILAG01 1780 12’10” 1920 41’24”
R1 UNILAG03 3450 30’ 46” 1920 41’ 24” 69.46m

Table 2.4 shows Computed value of the starting control check.

FROM BEARING DIST. ΔN ΔE NORTHING EASTING TO
855100.452 656976.873 UNILAG01
FPE 90005’ 33” 70.052m -0.113 70.052 855100.339 657245.251 UNILAG02
019
FPE 770 24’ 23” 35.201m 7.675 35.354 855108.014 657031.460 UNILAG03
020

Difference = Computed Included angle – Observed Included angle

= 1920 41’ 00”– 192041’ 24”
= - 00 00’ 24”

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A discrepancy of 24” was obtained from the control checks. Since the discrepancy is still
within the allowable limit, it shows that the controls are insitu therefore suitable for the job. In a
case were the discrepance exceeds the allowable limit, the surveyor has to use a different set of
controls or the controls have to be re-established before they can be used for the job.

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 SVY 201 AND SVY 202 PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

DATA ACQUISITION
Since the data acquired during the control check shows that the controls are suitable for the
job, we proceeded to start the traverse operation. During reconnaissance each of the traverse
station was marked with the aid of pegs. The Theodolite was set on the third control pillar
(UNILAG01) all temporary adjustments (Centering, Levelling and Focusing) were performed then a
target was placed at the second control Pillar (UNILAG02) it was bisected on face left as the
backsight and the observation was recorded. The instrument was transited and a target placed on
the first station (PEG1) was also bisected on face left and then face right. The instrument was then
transited again and UNILAG02 was also observed on face right. The distance was measured with
the aid of a tape and all the observation was recorded in their appropriate column in the field book.
The instrument was then moved to the next station (PEG2) and similar procedure was repeated till
the whole project area was covered. The data acquired are presented below:
STN FACE TARGET H.C.R V.C.R MEAN ANGLE DIST.

UNI L1 UNILAG02 114°32’01”

LAG01 L2 PEG 1 226°11’37” 93°26’59” 111°39°36”
R2 PEG 1 46°11’46” 266°41’03” 111°39’40”
R1 UNILAG02 294°32’06” 111°39’38” 36.25
L1 UNILAG01 241°34’31”
PEG1 L2 PEG 2 49°36’21” 93°10’28” 168°01’50”
R2 PEG 2 229°36’22” 266°49’56” 168°01’58”
R1 UNILAG02 61°34’24” 168°01’54” 18.87
L1 PEG 1 65°54’17”
PEG 2 L2 PEG 3 315°33’05” 93°46’40” 249°38’48”
R2 PEG 3 135°33’23” 266°00’45” 249°38’52”
R1 PEG1 245°54’31” 249°38’50” 21.25

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L1 PEG 2 216°24’58” 286°46’06”

PEG 3 L2 PEG 4 143°11’04” 95°43’00’ 286°46’12”
R2 PEG 4 323°11’04” 264°10’54”
R1 PEG 2 36°24’52”
286°46’09” 16.92
L1 PEG 3 357°27’42”
PEG4 L2 PEG 5 213°28’49” 90°27’24” 216°01’07”
R2 PEG 5 33°28’41” 269°28’27” 216°01’09”
R1 PEG 3 177°27’32” 216°21’08” 53.10
UNILA L1 PEG4 357°27’42”
G02 L2 UNILAG01 224°59’36” 91°22’34” 227°31’54”
R2 UNILAG01 44°59’28” 270°18’07” 227°31’56”
R1 PEG4 177°27’32” 227°31’55”

DATA PROCESSING

Traverse Computation: Data gotten from the field operation were imputed into the field book and
computed as follows:
The observed angles were reduced by subtracting L1 from L2 and then R1 from R2 to
obtain the mean and where the bearings obtained were negative, 360 is added to get a positive
value. Then, the Right mean and the Left mean are added and divided by two to get the Angle.
The three starting controls used for this project were entered into a Traverse computation
sheet in red ink. Then back computation was performed to obtain the bearing and distances. The
observed bearings and distance were entered into the computation sheet with their respective
station names. 180˚ was added to the forward bearing of the control to obtain the back bearing of
the first station then the forward bearing of other stations were computed by using the relationship
B.B + O.B = F.B (where B.B is the back bearing, O.B. is the observed bearing, F.B. is the Forward
Bearing) where the bearings obtained are greater than 360, 360 is subtracted from the value and
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recorded as the forward bearing. Then if the value is greater than 180, 180 is subtracted and vice
versa to obtain the Back bearing of the next station. The computed bearing of the Last Station
(Check angle) was compared with it’s original bearing and the error was deduced and
subsequently distributed by dividing the error by the total number of stations and multiplied by the
values of the stations and added to the Forward bearings to obtain the corrected bearings. The ∆N
and ∆E were calculated using the formular lcosƟ and lsinƟ respectively (where l=length and Ɵ =
corrected bearing). The ∆N and ∆E were added and subtracted accordingly from the Northing and
Easting coordinates respectively to obtain the Uncorrected coordinates of the points. The real
coordinate of the control connected to was brought down and the uncoorected coordinate was
subtracted from it to deduce the error. Then the arithmetic sum of each station was calculated by
cumulatively summing the ∆N and ∆E. Then the errors of other stations were calculated by diving
the error of the last station by the last arithmetic sum multiplied by the arithmetic sum of that station
then the errors are subtracted or added to the uncorrected coordinates to obtain the corrected
coordinates

LINEAR ACCURACY AND PRECISION

This forms the basis for checking the quality of the survey work. If the accuracy and
precision is high, then the job is perfect and vice versa. It is usually calculated as follows:
Angular Misclosure = 30”√ n
= 30”√ 4
= +00˚01’13.18”

1
Linear Misclosure = √ ∆ N + ∆ E2
2
=
Total Distance
1
√¿¿¿
¿

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1
= √ 0.082369+ 0.012769
554.13

1
= √ 0.095138
554.13

1
= 0.308445
554.13

ANALYSIS OF RESULT
STANDARD ALLOWABLE EXPECTED ACCURACY REMARK

ACCURARY MISCLOSURE ACCURACY OBTAINED

Angular

Observation 30” x √n ±00˚02’10.77” +00˚00’52” ACCEPTABLE

Linear 1

Measurement
√ ∆ N + ∆ E2
2
1:5, 000 1:6, 000 ACCEPTABLE
Total Distance

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INFORMATION PRESENTATION
Every survey job carried out usually under taken with the aim of producing a map or plan as
the datas obtained will be meaningless if it is not presented in a useful form. For the purpose of this
practical, the information obtained was presented in form of a traverse plan.
 Traverse Plan: The information obtained was plotted using AutoCAD. The study area was
represented on a traverse plan at a scale of 1:500. A copy of the traverse plan was printed and
attached to this report.

5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During the execution of this project, the following problems were encountered:
 Availability of Instrument: During the course of this practical, only two instruments were
released for the whole class therefore three groups were combined (about 30 students)
which eventually lead to over crowding.
 Whether Condition: This practical work was carried out in unfavourable whether condition
(Scorching Sun)
 Unavailability of controls: One getting to the initial site where the practical was to be carried
out, sufficient controls were not available and in one case the intervisibility of the controls
was being disturbed so the sites could not be used.
 Political Hindrance: Our control points were located around the VC’s lodge which is a
restricted area. Therefore we had to perform the control check and other observations
hurriedly

SUMMARY
This Practical work entails a Third Order Topographical using a Theodolite for traversing, a
Level for Heighting and the Theodolite for Spot Heighting. At the end of the exercise, enough x, y,
and z datas were acquired, processed and presented to show the terrain of the land and the
features exactly as they are on ground.

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CONCLUSION
Having carried out the survey, the datas obtained were plotted digitally with the AutoCAD.
The accuracy obtained were within the allowable limits which shows that this practical work was
carried out thoroughly and all the aims were successfully achieved.

RECOMMDNATIONS
Having successfully carried out the practical, I humbly wish to make the following
recommendations:
 That the department should ascertain the position and values of controls and also ensure
their intervisibility so that they can be readily used for their intended purposes without any
ado.
 That this type of practical work should be encouraged among students to aid their skill
acquisition.

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