3 Resolving forces in x-direction:

pxudyu1= pz (dsu1)sin (900-θ) = 0

FLUID STATICS Or pxudyu1- pz (dsu1)cos θ = 0
But from Fig 3.2, ds cos θ =AB=dy
3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Pascal’s Law for Pressure at a Point. 3.3 Vertical Plane surface Submerged in a Liquid. 3.4 Inclined Plane ? pxudyu1- pz udyu1 =0
surface Submerged in a Liquid. 3.5 Curved surface Submerged in a Liquid. 3.6 Lock gates. Typical examples. Highlights.
Theoretical problems. Numerical problems.
Or px= pz …(i)
Similarly, resolving forces in y-direction, we get:
dx u dy
3.1 Introduction p y u dx u 1  p z u ds cos(900  θ)  u 1u w 0
2
Consider a fluid in contact with a solid
dx u dy
surface as shown in Fig 3.1. Fluid exerts Or p y u dx  p z u ds sin θ  uw 0
pressure on every small surface area = p1·GA1. 2
All forces on small elements are parallel, and p1δA1
But ds sinθ = dx, and also the element is very small and hence weight is negligible.
can be represented by a single force, called ? pyudxu1- pz udx = 0
resultant force (or pressure) acting at right Or py= pz …(ii)
p2δA2
angles to the plane of surface. Resultant force From equations (i) and (ii), we have,
acts at a point called centre of pressure. px = p y = pz …(3.1)
Resultant pressure (or force), R In the limit when the dimensions of the wedge are reduced, the inclined side BC approaches
= sum of forces on all the elements Fig 3.1 point A, and the wedge becomes a point. Since θ is an arbitrary angle, Eq. (3.1) proves that the
= p1·GA1 + p2·GA2 + … pn·GAn pressure intensity at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal’s
law and applies to a fluid at rest. The pressure is thus a scalar quantity.
= 6 p∙GA
If the total area is A, and the pressure acting on the surface is uniform, then the resultant force,
R= p.A, and acts vertically downwards at the centroid of the surface 3.3 Vertical Plane surface Submerged in a Liquid
Definitions: x Total pressure, (P)
Consider any vertical depth in a liquid as shown in Fig 3.3
x Total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface, either plane or
curved when the fluid comes in contact with the surface, and always acts normal to the
surface. O O
x Centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the b x
surface.
x
3.2 Pascal’s Law for Pressure at a Point
dx h
Pascal’s law states that the intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all
directions. The law can be proved as follows: +G
Consider an arbitrary small fluid element of wedge shape in a fluid mass at rest as shown in +C P
Fig 3.2. Let the width of the element be unity, and px, py, and pz be the pressure intensities on the
Let: A = area of surface
three sides AB, AC and BC respectively. The wedge is in equilibrium under these forces.
G = centre of area of surfaceFig 3.3
B p zudsu1 x = depth of centre of area
θ OO = free surface of liquid
pxudyu1 P= total pressure of liquid on surface
For a thin extremely narrow horizontal strip of thickness dx at depth x as shown, let
intensity of pressure assumed uniform on strip = p
A C
pyudxu1 Pressure intensity on strip, p = ρgx, where ρg=w, the specific weight of liquid
Area of strip = b·dx
Fig 3.2 ?Total pressure on strip = puarea = ρgxu b·dx
Force on face AB, Hence, total pressure on whole area, P = ρg³ b·x·dx
= pxuarea of face AB = pxudyu1 But ³ b·x·dx = 1st moment of area = A x
Force on face AC, ? P ρgA x ...(3.2)
= pyuarea of face AC = pyudxu1 (Or total pressure on a surface is equal to the area multiplied by the intensity of pressure at the
Force on face AB, centre of area of the figure).
= pzuarea of face BC = pzudsu1
ª AB u AC º
Weight of element «
¬ 2 »¼ u 1 u w , where w is the weight density of the fluid.

pmk 1 pmk 2
. Centre of pressure, ( h ): 3.4 Inclined Plane surface Submerged in a Liquid
x Total pressure P
Consider the horizontal strip of thickness dx as before: Consider a plane surface immersed in a liquid at an angle T as shown in Fig 3.5
Force on strip = ρgx u b·dx, as before. O B O
Moment of force on strip about the free surface OO, θ
= ρgx b·dx u x xsinT
= ρg·x2 ·b·dx x x h
Total moment for whole surface area,
= ρg³ b·dx ·x2
dx
But ³ b·dx ·x2 = 2nd moment of area about OO = IO b
?Total moment = ρg IO
Also, moment due to resultant pressure about OO = P h +G
? P h = ρg IO +C

UgI O UgI O I O
Or, h Ax (? P ρgAx )
P UgA x A x Fig 3.5
2 nd moment of area Let: A = total area of inclined surface
Or, the depth of centre of pressure = st
1 moment of area B = point of intersection of surface produced with the liquid surface
T = angle of inclination of immersed surface
IO may be obtained from the theorems of parallel axes: G = centre of area of surface
2
IO I G  Ax ,where I G = 2nd moment of area of figure about a horizontal axis through x = depth of centre of gravity of inclined area from free surface
its h = distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid
centre of area, and parallel to liquid surface. OO = free surface of liquid
P= total pressure of liquid on surface
2 For a thin extremely narrow horizontal strip of thickness dx at depth x at depth x as shown, let
I G  Ax
IG
? h x ...(3.3) intensity of pressure on strip be p.
Ax Ax Pressure intensity normal to strip, p = ρgxsinT
Alternatively, h may be expressed in terms of radius of gyration K G Area of strip = b·dx
2 2 Normal pressure (or force) on strip = puarea = ρgxsinT u b·dx
From, I O I G  Ax 2
AK G  Ax
2
?Total pressure (or total force) on whole surface area,
IG AKG2  Ax K G2 P = ρg³ b·dxuxsinT
?h ...(3.4)
Ax Ax x = ρg sinT ³ b·dx·x
But ³ b dx ·x = 1st moment of area about B
Example 3.1 A circular plate 1.8 m in diameter is placed vertically in water so that the centre of = area of surface u perpendicular distance of its centre of gravity about B
the plate is 1.2m below the surface. Determine the depth of the centre of pressure and the total x Ax § x sinθ x x ·
pressure on the plate. =Au ¨ From s
similarity, , so that hor. dist. z ¸
sinθ sinθ ¨
© x z sinθ ¸¹
Solution
Total pressure, P : O O ª UgA x º
Or P « » sin T UgA x
P ρgAx ¬ sin T ¼
πd π u 1.8 2 2
? P = ρg A x …(3.5)
Area of plate, A 2.545m 2 1.2m
4 4
Centre of area, x 1.2m x Centre of pressure, ( h ):
? P 103 u 9.81u 2.545 u 1.2 29.96kN Consider the horizontal strip of thickness dx as before, and take moments about B:
1.8m dia
Moment of force on strip = ρg xsinT · bdxux
Depth of centre of pressure, h :
2
Sum of moments of forces on whole surface = ρg xsinT ³ b·dx ·x2
IG  Ax But ³ b·dx ·x2 = 2nd moment of area of strip about B = IB
h x Fig 3.4
Ax ?Total moment of normal pressure on whole surface,
πd4 π u 1.8 4 = ρg xsinTIB ...(a)
IG 0.5135m4 Also, total moment of normal pressure P on whole surface,
64 64
0.5135  2.545 u 1.22 h
?h  1.2 1.369m =Pu …(b)
2.545 u 1.2 sin T

pmk 3 pmk 4
 Equating equations (a) and (b): Let: P = total horizontal fluid pressure on rectangular area CB
h W = weight of volume ABC of fluid acting at its centre of gravity G
? ρg xsinTIB = P u R = total reaction to fluid pressure of surface AB.
sin T
The three forces P,W and R maintain the fluid in equilibrium, hence will intersect at a common
Ug sin 2 TI B point, ‘a’.
Or h
P For the rectangular water face CB,
Substituting for P from Eq. 3.5, h Ugh 2
§ BC ·
Ug sin 2 TI B I B sin 2 T P UgAx Ug ( BC u 1) u ¨ ¸ Ug ˜ h ˜
h © 2 ¹ 2 2
UgA x Ax Point of application of P is at h/3 from base. W and P can be plotted to a convenient scale, and
2
Ax R obtained (as ad). Centre of pressure on the surface AB is at e (point at which R cuts the surface).
But IB = I G  , Where I G = 2nd moment of area of figure about a horizontal axis It should also be observed that if the surface is cylindrical, R passes through the centre of curvature
sin 2 T
‘O’.
through its centre of area, and parallel to liquid surface.
§ A x ·¸ sin 2 T
2 C A
? h ¨ IG 
¨ sin T ¸¹ A x
2
© +G
IG sin 2 θ h P a b
Or h= +x …(3.6) e R
Ax h/3 c d
2 2
Ax Ax FigB3.7 W
Alternatively, IB = I G  AK G 
2

sin 2 T sin 2 T
§ Ax · § sin2 θ ·
2
KG2
Or h ¨ AK G2  2 ¸ ¨ ¸ sin 2 θ + x, where KG is the radius of gyration. The resultant force R is usually obtained vectorially i.e. R P 2  W 2 . The inclination of R from
¨ sin θ ¸ © Ax ¹ x the horizontal given by, T =Tan-1(W/P).This simpler approach is to be adopted.
© ¹
Example 3.2 Determine the total pressure and the centre of pressure on one side of an immersed
rectangular plate, 1.8m long and 0.9m wide, when the plate makes an angle of 60 0 with the surface Example 3.3 A sluice gate is in the form of a circular arc of radius 6m as shown in Fig 3.8.
of water. The 0.9m edge is parallel to, and at a depth of 0.75m below the surface level of water as Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate, and the location of with
shown in Fig 3.6. respect to ‘O’ of a point on its line of action.
Solution Solution
Total pressure, P : O B O Depth of water , h 2 sin 30 0 6m
θ Water P
P ρgAx Let V vertical component of force on gate
Area of plate, A 1.8 u 0.9 1.62m 2 0.75m W per unit length 300
Centre of area, x 0.75  0.9 sin 60 0 1.529m Weight of gate displaced by segment PSQ h S O
300
?P 103 u 9.81u 1.62 u 1.529 24.299kN (sec tor OPSQ  'OPQ) Ug
Depth of centre of pressure h : § 60 ·
¨ u S u 6 2 ¸  6 sin 30 0 u 6 cos 30 0 u 10 3 u 9.81 Q
IG sin2 θ © 360 ¹
h x Fig 3.6 Fig 3.8
Ax 32kN / m
0.9 u 1.83 Horizontal component ,
IG 0.4374m4
12 H horizontal component of force on gate / unit length
θ 600 resul tan t force on PQ per unit length
0.4374 u sin2 600 Ugh 2 62
?h  1.529 1.661m
1.62 u 1.529 10 3 u 9.81 u 176.58kN / m
2 2
Re sul tan t force on gate, R P2 W 2 176.58 2  32 2 179.46kN / m
3.3 Curved surface Submerged in a Liquid Inclinatio n of R from horizontal , T tan (W / P) tan 1 (32 / 176.58) 10.27 0
1

Consider a curved surface submerged in a liquid as shown in Fig 3.7. The pressure of a liquid
on a curved surface can conveniently be evaluated by considering the horizontal and vertical
components of the resultant pressure separately, and by drawing the force polygon for the forces
causing equilibrium.
For the curved surface AB, and considering unit length of the surface in a direction
perpendicular to the plan of figure:
Since surface of gate is cylindrica l, the resultant force R must pass through O.
3.5 Lock Gates
These devices are used for changing water level in a canal or river for navigation purposes.
Two sets of gates are used, one set on the upstream side and the other set on the downstream side of
the chamber, as shown in Fig 3.9.

pmk 5 pmk 6
Operation: P
Suppose a vessel at position 1 on the left hand side of the chamber is to transfer to position 2 ? F ...(ii )
2 sin T
on the right hand side. The following procedure will be followed: To calculate F and R:
(i) Sluice S1 on the upstream gate G1 is opened so as to fill the chamber with water up to level A-A In equation (ii), F can be calculated if P and T are known. The value of T is calculated from the
(ii) Lock gate G1 on the upstream side is opened to permit the vessel to enter the chamber. angle between the lock gates.
(iii) Gate G1 is then closed.
The angle between the lock gates = 180-2T, hence T can be calculated.
(iv) Sluice S2 on the downstream gate G2 is then opened so as to allow water to fall to level B-B.
(v) Gate G2 on the downstream side is then opened so as to permit the vessel to leave the chamber.
To calculate P:
(vi) If the vessel is to be transferred from position 2 to position 1, the above procedure is reversed.
Let: H1 = height of water on the upstream side
H2 = height of water on the downstream side
Vessel - position 1 P1 = water pressure on the gate on the upstream side
A A Vessel - position 1 P2 = water pressure on the gate on the downstream side
L= width of gate
Upstream S1 Chamber S2
Now P1 ρgA1 h1
S1,S2 = sluices B B H1 ­ H1 ½
G1,G2 =gates Downstream ρg(H1 u L) u ® A H1 u L, h1 ¾
G1 G1 2 ¯ 2¿
H12
ρgL
Fig 3.9 Lock Gates 2
Similarly, P2 ρgA 2 h2
Total pressure on Lock gates and reaction at the hinges: H2
ρg(H2 u L) u
2
Fig 3.10 shows the plan and elevation of a pair of lock gates.
H22
ρgL
2
hinge C H12 H2
? Re sul tan t force P P1  P2 ρgL  ρgL 2
2 2
H1 P1 u/stream B P d/stream width, L Substituting the value of T and F in equation (ii), the value of F and R can be calculated.
P2 H2
H1/3 H2/3 F Reactions at the top and bottom hinges:
A Let: Rt= reaction of top hinge
R
ELEVATION PLAN
Rb= reaction of bottom hinge
Then R= Rt+ Rb
Fig 3.10 Lock gate The resultant water pressure P acts normal to the gate. Half the value of P is resisted by the hinges
on one lock gate and the other half by the hinges of the other lock gate. Also P acts at a distance of
Let AB and BC be two lock gates. Each gate is supported on two hinges fixed on their top and H1 H
from bottom while F2 acts at a distance of 2 from bottom.
bottom at ends A and C. In the closed position , the gates meet at B. 3 3
Taking moments about the lower hinge,
Consider gate AB: P1 H1 P2 H2
Let: P = resultant force due to water on the gate AB acting at right angles to the gate Rt u sinθ u h u  u ...(iii)
2 3 2 3
R = reaction at the lower and upper hinges where h = distance between the two hinges
F = reaction at the common contact surface of the two gates and acting perpendicular to the Resolving forces horizontally,
contact surface F1 F2
T = inclination of the lock gate with the normal to the side of the lock. Rt sinθ  Rb sinθ  ...(iv)
2 2
From equations (iii) and (iv), Rt and Rb can be found.
Let the force F and P meet at O. The reaction R must pass through O as the gate AB is in
equilibrium under the action of three forces, F, P and R. In ∆ ABO, ‘OAB =‘ ABO = T Example 3.4: Each gate of a 5m wide lock is 6m high and is supported by two hinges placed on top
Resolving all the forces along the gate AB and equating to zero, we gate: and bottom of the gate as shown in Fig 3.11. When the gates are closed, they make an angle of
R cosT - F cosT = O or R = F …(i) 1200. If the water levels are 4m and 2m on the upstream and downstream sides respectively,
Resolving all forces normal to the gate AB: determine the magnitudes of the forces on the hinges due to water pressure.
R sinT + F sinT - P = O
Or P= R sinT + F sinT =2FsinT (R=F) Solution
Given: Height of lock = 6m

pmk 7 pmk 8
 Width of lock = 5m From equation (i),
Width of each lock gate, L = AB R= F = 169.929kN
AD 2.5 If Rt and Rb are the reactions at top and bottom hinges, then:
? L 2.887m
cos300 cos300 Rt+ Rb=R=169.929kN
Taking moments of hinge reactions Rt, Rb and R about the bottom hinge, we have:
Rtu6.0+ Rbu 0 = Ru1.555
169.929 u 1.555
Hinge Rt ? Rt 44.04kN
6
R And Rb = R- Rt = 169.929-44.04 =125.889kN
4m 6m
2m 3.33 Dams
Rb
ELEVATION
C Example 3.5. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant water pressure acting on a
x2
curved face of a dam which is shaped according to the relation, y , as shown in Fig 3.11.
6
u/stream B 1200 5m d/stream
Take the width of dam as unity.

A
PLAN
Fig 3.10 Lock gates
B A

0
x2
Angle between gates =120 y
6
180 0  120 0 12m
?T 30 0
2 O
Fig 3.11
Depth of water: O
H1 = 4m (upstream side) Solution
H2 = 2m (downstream side) x 2 6y, or x 6y 2.45y1 / 2
Total water pressure on upstream side,
Horizontal thrust exerted by water,
P1 ρgA1 h1, where A1 H1 u L 4 u 2.887 11.548m2
12
H1 4 H ρgA x 10 3 u 9.81 u (12 u 1) u 706.32kN
h1 2m 2
2 2 Vertical thrust exerted by water,
?P1=9.81u103u11.548u2=226.572kN V= wuarea OABuwidth of dam
H 4 ª12 º ª12 º
P1 acts at a distance 1 1.333m from bottom
3 3 = 10 3 u 9.81 u « ³ xdy » u 1.0 9810 u « ³ 2.45y1 / 2 dy»
Similarly, total water pressure on downstream side, ¬0 ¼ ¬0 ¼
12
P2 ρgA 2 h1, where A 2 H2 u L 2 u 2.887 5.774m2 ª 2.45y 3 / 2 º ª 2.45 u 12 3 / 2 º
= 9810 u « » 9810 u « » 666.06kN
H2 12 ¬ 3/ 2 ¼0 ¬ 3/ 2 ¼
h2 1m
2 2
Resultant thrust, R P2  V2 706.32 2  666.06 2 970.84kN
?P2=9.81u103u5.774u1=56.643kN
V 666.06
H 2 Tan θ 0.943
P2 acts at a distance 2 0.667m from bottom P 706.32
3 3 1
Resultant water pressure on each gate, ? θ Tan (0.943) 43 019c
P= P1 - P2 =226.572-56.643=169.929kN
Let x be the height of P from bottom. Taking moments of P1, P2 and P about the bottom, we have:
Pux = P1 u1.333 - P2 u 0.667
Or 169.929x = 226.572u1.333-56.643u0.667
Or x = 1.555m
From equation (ii),
P 169.929
F 169.929kN
2 sin T 2 sin 30 0

pmk 9 pmk 10
Table 3.1 Geometrical Properties of Common Shapes

Shape Area 2nd moment of area IGG about the neutral axis

dx
x
bd3
X A = bd I XX =
12
d/2

Rectangle

bh 3
A = bh/2 I xx =
36
b

Triangle

πd 2 πd 4
A= I XX =
4 64

Circle

X R X
4R πR 2
A= IXX = 0.1102R 4
3π 2
Semi-circle

pmk 11