IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Differential Calculus

7/2/24, 12:51 IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Differential Calculus
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IB MATHEMATICS AA HL - QUESTIONBANK
Differential Calculus
Differentiation Rules, Properties of Curves, Optimization, Related Rates, Limits,
L’Hopitals Rule…
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Question 1
EASY
[Maximum mark: 5]
Let f (x) = 2x2 − 5x + 7. The line L intersects f at P(3, 10) and is perpendicular to the tangent to the
curve of f at P. Find the equation of L in the form y = mx + c.
Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Mark complete Ask Newton
Question 2
EASY
[Maximum mark: 5]
Note: In this question, distance is in metres and time is in seconds.
A tennis ball is thrown in the air. Its height h above the ground after time t is given by
h(t) = −5t2 + 20t + 4, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.

(a) Find h′ (t). [2]
https://www.revisionvillage.com/ib-math/analysis-and-approaches-hl/questionbank/calculus/differential-calculus/ 1/78
(b) Find the maximum height attained by the ball. [3]

Question 3
EASY
[Maximum mark: 5]
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = e2x−4 − x at the point where x = 2.

Question 4
EASY
[Maximum mark: 5]
Let f (x) = e3x . The line L is the tangent to the curve of f at (0, 1).
Find the equation of L in the form y = mx + c.

EASY
Question 5
[Maximum mark: 6]
Let f (x) = 0.5x3 − 3.2x. There is a local maximum at point A and a local minimum at point B.
(a) (i) Find the coordinates of point A.
(ii) Find the coordinates of point B. [2]
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of inflection of f . [2]
(c) Write down the values of x for which the graph of f has a negative rate of change. [2]

Question 6
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
Let f (x) = e−3x .
(a) Write down f ′ (x), f ′′ (x) and f ′′′ (x). [3]
(b) Find an expression for f (n) (x). [3]

Question 7
EASY
[Maximum mark: 5]
Let f ′ (x) = x3 − 9x2 + 24x + 3.
(a) There are two points of inflection on the graph of f . Write down the x-coordinates of these points. [3]
(b) Let h(x) = f ′′ (x). Explain why the graph of h has no points of inflection. [2]

Question 8
EASY
[Maximum mark: 4]
The following diagram shows the graph of f ′ , the derivative of f .
The points M(− 2, −60) and N( 2, −60) lie on the graph of f ′ .

The point P( 2, 40) lies on the graph of the function f .

(a) Write down the gradient of the curve of f at P. [1]
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve of f at P. [3]

Question 9
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
The diagram shows part of the graph of y = f ′ (x). The x-intercepts are at points A and C . There is a
minimum at point B and a maximum at point D.
(a) (i) Write down the value of f ′ (x) at A.
(ii) Hence, show that A corresponds to a maximum on the graph of f . [3]
(b) Which of the points A, B, C, D corresponds to a minimum on the graph of f . [1]
(c) Which of the points A, B, C, D corresponds to a point of inflection of f . Justify your answer. [3]

Question 10
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
2x
Consider the function f (x) = . Find f ′ (π).
cos x


EASY
Question 11
[Maximum mark: 6]
Let f (x) = 6x − ln x, for x > 0.
(a) Find f ′ (x). [2]
(b) Find f ′′ (x). [1]
(c) Solve f ′ (x) = f ′′ (x). [3]

Question 12
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
Let f (x) = 4x sin(2x).
(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]

π
(b) Find the gradient of the curve when x = . [4]
2


Question 13
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
p
Consider f (x) = x3 − ,x=
 0, where p is a constant.
x
(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]
(b) There is a minimum value of f (x) when x = 1. Find the value of p. [3]

Question 14
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
The following diagram show part of the graph of y = f (x).
The graph has a local maximum at A, where x = −2, and a local minimum at B, where x = 8.
(a) On the graph above, sketch the graph of y = f ′ (x). [4]
(b) Write down in order from least to greatest: f (−2), f ′ (8), f ′′ (−2). [2]

Question 15
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
A particle moves in a straight line with velocity v(t) = 2t − 0.3t3 + 2, for t ≥ 0, where v is in ms−1 and t
in seconds.
(a) Find the acceleration of the particle after 2.2 seconds. [3]
(b) (i) Find the time when the acceleration is zero.
(ii) Find the velocity when the acceleration is zero. [3]

Question 16
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
Let f (x) = kx3 .
(a) Show that the point P(2, 8k) lies on the curve of f . [1]
1
At P, the normal to the curve is parallel to y = x.
6

(b) Find the value of k . [5]

Question 17
EASY
[Maximum mark: 8]
A function f (x) has derivative f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 24x. The graph of f has an x-intercept at x = 1.
(a) Find f (x). [4]
(b) The graph of f has a point of inflexion at x = k . Find k . [2]
(c) Find the values of x for which the graph of f is concave-up. [2]

Question 18
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
2x
Consider the curve y = , x ∈ R, x =
 −1.
1+x

dy [2]
(a) Find .
dx

(b) Determine the equation of the normal to the curve at the point P(−2, 4). [4]

Question 19
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
Let f (x) = px3 − qx. At x = 0, the gradient of the curve of f is 2. Given that
f −1 (12) = 2, find the value of p and q .

Question 20
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
Let f (x) = x2 ex and g(x) = 4x − x2 .
(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]
(b) Find the x-coordinate where the tangents of f (x) and g(x) are parallel. [3]

Question 21
EASY
[Maximum mark: 5]
A function f is defined by f (x) = −x5 + e−x + 2, x ∈ R. By considering f ′ (x), determine whether f is a

one-to-one or many-to-one function.

Question 22
EASY
[Maximum mark: 14]
5x
Let f (x) = , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10.
e3x

(a) Sketch the graph of f . [3]
(b) (i) Write down the x-coordinate of the maximum point on the graph of f .
(ii) Write down the interval where f is increasing. [3]
′
(c) Find f (x) using the quotient rule. [4]
(d) Find the interval where the rate of change of f is increasing. [4]

Question 23
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
A farmer wants to build a rectangular enclosure for his chickens. The area of the enclosure must be 350 m
2
. The fencing used for the side AB costs $13 per metre. The fencing for the other three sides costs $4 per
metre. The farmer wants the cost of the enclosure to be a minimum. Find the minimum cost.

Question 24
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
Consider the function f (x) = ln(2x − 1). Let point A be the point on the curve where x = 3.
(a) Write down the gradient of the curve at A. [2]
(b) The normal to the curve at A cuts the x-axis at P. find the coordinates of P. [5]

Question 25
EASY
[Maximum mark: 15]
Let f (x) = x3 + 3x2 − 9x + k . Part of the graph of f is shown below. The graph of f has a local
maximum at A, a local minimum at B and a point of inflection at C.
(a) (i) Find f ′ (x).
(ii) Find f ′′ (x). [4]
(b) Find the x-coordinate of the point of inflection at C. [2]
Given that f (−1) = 14.
(c) (i) Find f (0).
(ii) Hence, find the coordinates of the local maximum A(x, y) and justify your answer. [7]
(d) Write down in order from least to greatest f ′′ (B), f ′ (B), f (B). [2]

EASY
Question 26
[Maximum mark: 7]
Let f (x) = g(x)h(x), where g(3) = 6, h(3) = 2, g ′ (3) = 4 and h′ (3) = 1.
Find the equation of the normal to the graph of f at x = 3.

Question 27
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
g(x)
Let f (x) = + 15, where g(5) = 30, h(5) = 10, g ′ (5) = 20 and h′ (5) = 5.
h(x)
Find the equation of the normal to the graph of f at x = 5.

Question 28
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
The values of the functions f and g and their derivatives for x = 3 and x = 7 are shown in the following
table.
Let h(x) = f (x)g(x).
(a) Find h(3). [2]
(b) Find the equation of the normal to h when x = 7. [5]

Question 29
EASY
[Maximum mark: 6]
9 1
Consider the curve y = + .
5−x x−1

Find the x-coordinates of the points on the curve where the gradient is zero.

EASY
Question 30
[Maximum mark: 8]
3
Consider the function f defined by f (x) = ln (4x2 − 9) for x > .
2

The following diagram shows part of the graph of f which crosses the x-axis at point A, with coordinates
(a, 0). The line L is the tangent to the graph of f at the point B.
(a) Find the exact value of a. [3]
1 [5]
(b) Given that the gradient of L is , find the x-coordinate of B.
2


Question 31
EASY
[Maximum mark: 13]
A particle moves in a straight line and its velocity, v ms−1 , at time t seconds, is given by v(t) = (t2 − 2)2 ,
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
(a) Find the initial velocity of the particle. [2]
(b) Find the value of t for which the particle is at rest. [2]
(c) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds. [3]
(d) Show that the acceleration of the particle is given by a(t) = 4t3 − 8t. [3]
(e) Find the values of t for which the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative. [3]

Question 32
EASY
[Maximum mark: 15]
A particle P starts from a point O and moves along a horizontal straight line. Its velocity v ms−1 after t
seconds is given by
⎧3t + 1, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
v(t) = ⎨
⎩2 t − + 3,

1
for 1 ≤ t ≤ 8

t2

The following diagram shows the graph of v .
(a) Find the initial velocity of particle P . [3]
(b) Find the acceleration of the particle in the first second. [3]
(c) How many times does the particle change direction in the first 8 seconds. Explain your answer. [3]
(d) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 8 seconds. [6]

Question 33
EASY
[Maximum mark: 7]
The function f is defined for all x ∈ R. The tangent to the graph of f at x = 3 has equation y = 4x − 2.
′
(a) Write down the value of f (3). [1]
(b) Find f (3). [1]
The function g is defined for all x ∈ R where g(x) = 11 − 2x2 and h(x) = f (g(x)).
(c) Find h(2). [2]
(d) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the graph of h at x = 2. [3]

EASY
Question 34
[Maximum mark: 6]
The following diagram shows the graph of f ′ , the derivative of f .
The graph of f ′ has a local maximum at A, a local minimum at B and passes through P(2,−3).
(a) The point Q(2, 6) lies on the graph of the function f .
(i) Write down the gradient of the curve of f at Q.
(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve of f at Q. [4]
(b) Determine the concavity of the graph of f when 2 < x < 3 and justify your answer. [2]

Question 35
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
ln x
Let f (x) = , for x > 0.
x
(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]
(b) The graph of f has a maximum at point P. Find the coordinates of P. [4]

Question 36
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
Let f (x) = 24 − 2x2 , for x ∈ R. The following diagram shows part of the graph of f and the rectangle
OPQR, where R is on the positive x-axis, P is on the y -axis and Q is on the graph of f .
Find the coordinates of point R(x, y) that gives the maximum area of OPQR.

MEDIUM
Question 37
[Maximum mark: 7]
The displacement, s, in metres, of a particle t seconds after it passes through the origin is given by the
expression s = ln (3 + t − 2e−t ), t ≥ 0.
(a) Find an expression for the velocity, v , of the particle at time t. [2]
(b) Find an expression for the acceleration, a, of the particle at time t. [3]
(c) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 0. [2]

Question 38
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 6]
An inverted cone is being filled with water.
Initially, the cone is empty. The empty cone has a radius of 4 cm and a height of 20 cm.
Liquid is poured into the cone at a rate of 28.5 cm3 s−1 .
The volume of water in the cone is V at any particular time t, and h is the height of the water above the
vertex of the cone as shown in the diagram.
You may assume the liquid is always horizontal as it fills.

5 3 [2]
(a) Show that V = πr .
3

(b) Find the rate at which the radius is increasing when h = 12 cm. [4]

Question 39
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
The values of the functions f and g and their derivatives for x = 2, x = 3 and x = 6 are shown in the
following table.
3
[2]
(a) Evaluate ∫ g ′′ (x) dx.
2
f (x) [2]
(b) Let k(x) = . Find k ′ (2).

g(x)
(c) Let h(x) = f (g(x)). Find the equation of the tangent to h at x = 6. [4]

Question 40
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 6]
Consider the curve y = (kx − 1) ln(2x) where k ∈ R and x > 0.
2
The tangent to the curve at x = 2 is perpendicular to the line y = x.
5 + 4 ln 4

Find the value of k .

Question 41
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 13]
A closed cylindrical can with radius r cm and height h cm has a volume of 24π cm3 .
(a) Express h in terms of r. [2]
The material for the base and top of the can costs 15 cents per cm2 and the material for the curved side
costs 10 cents per cm2 . The total cost of the material, in cents, is C .
480π [4]
(b) Show that C = 30πr2 + .
r
(c) Given that there is a minimum value for C , find this minimum value in terms of π . [7]

Question 42
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
Let f (x) = (x2 + a)5 .
In the expansion of the derivative, f ′ (x), the coefficient of the term in x5 is 960. Find the possible values
of a.

Question 43
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
Let f (x) = sin(3x) and g(x) = ln(2x + 1).
(a) (i) Find f ′ (x);
(ii) Find g ′ (x). [4]

π
(b) Let h(x) = f (x) × g(x). Find h′ ( ). [4]
2


MEDIUM
Question 44
[Maximum mark: 15]
A particle P moves along a straight line so that its velocity, v ms−1 , after t seconds, is given by v =
sin 3t − 2 cos t − 2, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6. The initial displacement of P from a fixed point O is 5 metres.
(a) Find the displacement of P from O after 6 seconds. [5]
The following sketch shows the graph of v .
(b) Find when the particle is first at rest. [2]
(c) Write down the number of times the particle changes direction. [2]
(d) Find the acceleration of P after 2 seconds. [2]
(e) Find the maximum speed of P . [4]

Question 45
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 16]
Let f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2, for x ∈ R. The following diagram shows part of the graph of f .
The graph of f crosses the x-axis at the point P(1, 0) and at the point Q(2, 0).
(a) Show that f ′ (1) = −1. [3]
The line L is the normal to the graph of f at P.
(b) Find the equation of L in the form y = mx + c. [3]
The line L intersects the graph of f at another point R, as shown in the following diagram.
(c) Find the x-coordinate of R. [4]
(d) Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of f and the line L. [6]

Question 46
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
Jack makes an open container in the shape of a cuboid with square base, as shown in the following
diagram.
The container has base length x m and height y m. The volume is 32 m3 .
Let A(x) be the outside surface area of the container.
128 [4]
(a) Show that A(x) = + x2 .

x
(b) Find A′ (x). [2]
(c) Given that the outside surface area is a minimum, find the base length of the container. [4]
(d) Jack coats the outside of the container with waterproof resin. A can of resin covers a surface area of
5 m2 and costs $15. Find the total cost of the cans needed to coat the container. [5]

Question 47
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 6]
4x2 + px
Consider the function f (x) =  −1 and p ∈ R.
, where x =
x+1

Find the value of p for which the graph of f has exactly one point with a gradient of zero.

MEDIUM
Question 48
[Maximum mark: 7]
Consider f (x), g(x) and h(x) = (f ∘ g)(x), for x ∈ R. Given that g(5) = 8, g ′ (5) = 2 and f ′ (8) = −4,
find the gradient of the normal to the curve y = h(x) at x = 5.

Question 49
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
The displacement, s, in metres, of a particle t seconds after it passes through the origin is given by the
expression s = ln (1 + te−t ), t ≥ 0.
(a) Find an expression for the velocity, v , of the particle at time t. [3]
(b) Find an expression for the acceleration, a, of the particle at time t. [3]
(c) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 0. [2]

Question 50
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
The following diagram shows the graph of f (x) = a sin kx + c , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 16.
The graph of f has a minimum at P(4, 8) and a maximum at Q(12, 16).
(a) (i) Find the value of c.

π
(ii) Show that k = .
8

(iii) Find the value of a. [6]
The graph of g is obtained from the graph of f by a translation of ( ).

d
0

The minimum point on the graph of g has coordinates (6.5, 8).
(b) (i) Write down the value of d.
(ii) Find g(x). [3]
The graph of g changes from concave-up to concave-down when x = ν .
(c) (i) Find ν .
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the maximum positive rate of change of g . [6]

Question 51
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 6]
x2 e2x
Use L'Hôpital's rule to determine the value of lim
x→0 1 − cos x


Question 52
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 5]
Use L'Hôpital's rule to find
arctan(3x)
lim
tan(4x)

x→0

Question 53
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 16]
2x + 1
Let f (x) = , x ∈ R, x =
3
x−3

(a) (i) Find the equation of the vertical and horizontal asymptote of f .
(ii) Write down the coordinates of the point Q at which the asymptotes intersects.
(iii) Find the x and y intercepts of f . [5]
7 [2]
(b) Show that f ′ (x) = − .
(x − 3)2

(c) Hence, find the equation of the tangent at point P(4, y). [3]
(d) The point S also lies on the graph of f . The tangent to S is parallel to the
tangent at point P. Find the coordinates of S. [4]
(e) Show that Q is the midpoint of [PS]. [2]

Question 54
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 14]
Let f (x) = sin x − 3 cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

The following diagram shows the graph of f .
The curve crosses the x-axis at A and C and has a maximum at point B .
(a) Find the exact coordinates of A and of C . [6]
(b) Find f ′ (x). [2]
(c) Find the coordinates of B . [6]

Question 55
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
Use L'Hôpital's rule to determine the value of
2 sin2 (x)
lim
x→0 ln(1 + x2 )


Question 56
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
π
In a triangle ABC, AB = 2 cm, CB̂A = and BÂC = θ.
4

2 [4]
(a) Show that AC = .
cos θ + sin θ

(b) Given that AC has a minimum value, find the value of θ for which this occurs. [4]

MEDIUM
Question 57
[Maximum mark: 15]
Let f (x) = 16 − x2 , for x ∈ R.
(a) Find the x-intercepts of the graph of f . [2]
The following diagram shows part of the graph of f .
Rectangle ABCD is drawn with A & B on the x-axis and C & D on the graph of f .
Let OA = a.
(b) Show that the area of ABCD is 32a − 2a3 . [2]
(c) Hence find the value of a > 0 such that the area of ABCD is a maximum. [4]
Let g(x) = (x − 4)2 + k , for x ∈ R, where k is a constant.
(d) Show that when the graphs of f and g intersect, 2x2 − 8x + k = 0. [2]
(e) Given that the graphs of f and g intersect only once, find the value of k . [5]

Question 58
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 6]
The function f is defined by
at2 + bt, t ≤ 4,
f (t) = {
∣t − 4∣ + 2, t > 4.
where a and b are real constants.
Given that both f and its derivative are continuous at t = 4, find the value of a and the value of b.

Question 59
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
Note: In this question, distance is in metres and time is in seconds.
A particle P moves in a straight line for six seconds. Its acceleration during this period is given by a(t) =
−2t2 + 13t − 15, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6.
(a) Write down the values of t when the particle's acceleration is zero. [2]
(b) Hence or otherwise, find all possible values of t for which the velocity of P is increasing. [2]
The particle has an initial velocity of 7 ms−1 .
(c) Find an expression for the velocity of P at time t. [6]
(d) Find the total distance travelled by P when its velocity is decreasing. [5]

MEDIUM
Question 60
[Maximum mark: 7]
The curve C is defined by the equation x2 y + ln(xy) = 1, x > 0, y > 0.

d
dy [4]
(a) Find in terms of x and y .
dx

(b) Determine the equation of the tangent to C at the point P(1, 1). [3]

Question 61
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
Let f (x) = 2x + 1 for x ≥ −0.5.

(a) Find
(i) f (12);
(ii) f ′ (12) [4]
Consider another function g(x). Let P be a point on the graph g . The x-coordinate of P is 12. The
equation of the tangent to the graph at P is y = x + 3.
(b) Write down g ′ (12). [2]
(c) Find g(12). [2]
(d) Let h(x) = f (x) × g(x). Find the equation of the tangent of h at the
point where x = 12. [7]

Question 62
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 16]
The diagram below shows the graph of f (x) = a sin(k(x − d)) + c, for 2 ≤ x ≤ 14.
The graph of f has a maximum at P(5, 15) and a minimum at Q(11, −5).
(a) Write down the value of:
(i) a;
(ii) c. [3]
π
(b) (i) Show that k = .
6

(ii) Find the smallest possible value of d, given d > 0. [4]
(c) Find f ′ (x). [3]
5π [6]
(d) At a point R, the gradient is − . Find the x-coordinate of R.
3


Question 63
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
The displacement, in centimeters, of a particle from an origin, O, at time t seconds, is given by s(t) =
t sin 2t − 7 sin t cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.
(a) Find the maximum distance of the particle from O. [3]
(b) Find the acceleration of the particle at the instant it changes direction for the the second time. [4]

Question 64
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
Consider f (x) = x ln(x) − x, for x > 0
(a) Find f (1). [2]
(b) Solve f (x) = 0. [3]
The graph of f has a local minimum at point P(x, y).
(c) Find the coordinates of point P and explain why it is a local minimum. [5]
(d) Find the set of x values for which f is increasing. [2]
(e) Hence, sketch the graph of f , for x > 0. [3]

MEDIUM
Question 65
[Maximum mark: 5]
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume is increasing at a constant rate of
15 cm3 min−1 .
4 3
The surface area S and the volume V of a sphere of radius r are given by S = 4πr2 and V = πr .
3

Find the rate at which the surface area of the balloon is increasing when its radius hits 10 cm.

Question 66
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
Consider the ellipse defined by the equation x2 + 3y 2 = 12.
(a) Find the equation of the normal to the ellipse at the point P(3, 1). [5]
(b) Find the volume of the solid formed when the region bounded by the ellipse, the x-axis for x ≥ 0
and the y -axis for y ≥ 0 is rotated through 2π about the y -axis. [3]

Question 67
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 16]
1 3
Let f (x) = x + 2x2 − 5x + 10.
3

(a) Find f ′ (x). [2]
The graph of f has horizontal tangents at the points where x = a and x = b, a < b.
(b) Find the value of a and the value of b. [3]
(c) (i) Sketch the graph of y = f ′ (x).
(ii) Hence explain why the graph of f has a local maximum point at x = a. [2]
(d) (i) Find f ′′ (b).
(ii) Hence, use your answer to part (d) (i) to show that the graph of f
has a local minimum point at x = b. [4]
The tangent to the graph of f at x = a and the normal to the graph of f at x = b intersect at the point
(p, q).
(e) Find the value of p and the value of q . [5]

MEDIUM
Question 68
[Maximum mark: 12]
In a triangle ABC, BÂC = 60°, AB = (1 − x) cm, AC = (x + 3)2 cm, −3 < x < 1.
(a) Show that the area, A cm2 , of the triangle is given by
3
A= (9 − 3x − 5x2 − x3 ).

4

[2]
dA
(b) (i) Calculate .
dx

dA 1 [3]
(ii) Verify that = 0 when x = − .
dx 3

d2 A 1
(c) (i) Find and hence verify that x = − gives the maximum area of
dx2 3

triangle ABC.
(ii) Calculate the maximum area of triangle ABC.
(iii) Find the length of [BC] when the area of triangle ABC is a maximum. [7]

Question 69
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
Consider a function with domain a < x < b. The following diagram shows the graph of f ′ , the derivative
of f .
From the graph above p, 0 and s are x-intercepts of f ′ , and there is a local minimum at x = q and a local
maximum at x = r.
(a) Find all the values of x where the graph of f is increasing. Justify your answer. [2]
(b) Find the value of x where the graph of f has a local minimum. Justify your answer. [2]
(c) Find the value of x where the graph of f has a local maximum. Justify your answer. [2]
(d) Find the values of x where the graph of f has points of inflexion. Justify your answer. [4]
The total area of the region enclosed by the graph of f ′ and the x-axis between x = p and x = s is 25.
(e) Given that f (p) + f (s) = 13, find the value of f (0). [5]

Question 70
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 12]
Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + kx − 3. Part of the graph of f is shown in the following diagram.
The graph of f crosses the y -axis at the point Q. The line L is tangent to the graph of f at Q.
(a) Find the coordinates of Q. [2]
(b) (i) Find f ′ (x).
(ii) Hence find the equation of L in terms of k . [4]
The graph of f has a local maximum at the point P. The line L passes through P.
(c) Find the value of k . [6]

Question 71
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 9]
Let f (x) = (x + 1)e−2x , x ∈ R.
(a) Find f ′ (x). [2]
dn f [7]
(b) Prove by induction that = [n(−2)n−1 + (−2)n (x + 1)]e−2x for all n ∈ Z+ .
dxn


Question 72
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
Consider the curve defined by the equation x5 + y 5 = 5x2 y .
dy 2xy − x4 [3]
(a) Show that = 4 .
dx y − x2

The normal to this curve is parallel to the y -axis at the point where x = h, h > 0.
(b) Find the value of h, giving your answer correct to two decimal places. [5]

Question 73
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
Let the Maclaurin series for cot x be

a1
cot x = + a 2 x + a 3 x3 + ⋯

x
where a1 , a2 and a3 are non zero constants.

(a) Find the series for csc2 x, in terms of a1 , a2 and a3 , up to and including the x2 term

(i) by differentiating the above series for cot x;
(ii) by using the relationship csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x. [4]
(b) Hence, by comparing your two series, determine the values of a1 , a2 and a3 .
[3]

Question 74
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 11]
Farmer Thomas wants to build a sheep farming field in the shape of a rectangle with semicircles of radius
r on two sides, as shown on the diagram. He has decided to use in total 350 metres of wooden fencing.
(a) (i) Find an expression for the area of the farming field in terms of r.
(ii) Find the width of the farming field when the area is a maximum. [9]
(b) Show that in this case the length of the rectangle is equal to zero and the farming field is the circle
of radius 175π −1 metres. [2]

Question 75
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 14]

3
Let y = (x2 + x) 2 , for x ≥ 0.

dy [3]
(a) Find .
dx

(b) Hence find ∫ (2x + 1) x2 + x dx.

[3]
1 x
Consider the functions f (x) = x2 + x and g(x) = 5 − x2 + x, for x ≥ 0.
4 2

The graphs of f and g are shown in the following diagram.
The shaded region S is enclosed by the graph of f , the graph of g , the y -axis and the line x = 2.
(c) Write down an expression for the area of S . [1]
(d) Hence find the exact area of S . [7]

Question 76
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 10]
All lengths in this question are in metres.
16 − 4x2
Consider the function f (x) = , for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. In the following diagram, the shaded region is
7

enclosed by the graph of f and the x-axis.
A rainwater collection tank can be modelled by revolving this region by 360 ° about the x-axis.
(a) Find the volume of the tank. [2]
Rainwater in the tank is used for drinking, cooking, bathing and other needs during the week.
The volume of rainwater in the tank is given by the function g(t), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 7, where t is measured in
days and g(t) is measured in m3 . The rate of change of the volume of rainwater in the tank is given by
g ′ (t) = 1.5 − 4 cos(0.12t2 ).
(b) The volume of rainwater in the tank is increasing only when a < t < b.
(i) Find the value of a and the value of b.
(ii) During the interval a < t < b, the volume of rainwater in the tank increases by d m3 . Find the
value of d. [4]
When t = 0, the volume of rainwater in the tank is 8.2 m3 . It is known that the tank is never completely
full of rainwater during the 7 day period.
(c) Find the minimum volume of empty space in the tank during the 7 day period. [4]

MEDIUM
Question 77
[Maximum mark: 17]
Consider a function f . The line L1 with equation y = 2x − 1 is a tangent to the graph of f when x = 3.

(a) (i) Write down f ′ (3).
(ii) Find f (3). [4]
Let g(x) = f (x2 − 1) and P be the point on the graph of g where x = 2.
(b) Show that the graph of g has a gradient of 8 at P. [5]
Let L2 be the tangent to the graph of g at P. The line L1 intersects L2 at the point Q.

(c) Find the y -coordinate of Q. [8]

Question 78
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
Consider the function f defined by f (x) = 2 ln(24 − 1.5x) for x < 16.
The line L1 : y = x intersects the graph of f at point P.

The line L2 is perpendicular to L1 and tangent to the graph of f at point Q.

(a) Find the x-coordinate of point P, to three significant figures. [2]
(b) (i) Find the exact coordinates of point Q.
(ii) Show that the equation of L2 is y = −x + 2 ln 3 + 14.

[6]
The shaded region A, as shown in the previous diagram, is enclosed by the graph of f , the line L1 and the
line L2
(c) (i) Find the exact x-coordinate of the point where L2 intersects L1 .

(ii) Hence, find the area of A, to two decimal places. [5]
The line L2 is also tangent to the graph of the inverse function f −1 .

(d) Find the shaded area enclosed by the graphs of f , f −1 and the line L2 . [2]

Question 79
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
Consider the functions f , g , defined for x ∈ R, given by f (x) = e2x sin x and g(x) = e2x cos x.
(a) Find
(i) f ′ (x);
(ii) g ′ (x). [3]

π
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find ∫
e2x cos x dx. [4]
0

Question 80
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]

x
Let f (x) = 2e 5 and g(x) = mx, where m ≥ 0, and −6 ≤ x ≤ 6. Let R be the region enclosed by the y -

axis, the graph of f , and the graph of g .
(a) Let m = 2.
(i) Sketch the graphs of f and g on the same axes.
(ii) Find the area of R. [7]
(b) Consider all values of m such that the graphs of f and g intersect. Find the value of m that gives
the greatest value for the area of R. [8]

Question 81
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 8]
A biased coin is tossed 10 times. Let X be the number of tails obtained.
The probability of obtaining a tail in any one throw is p > 0.
(a) Find, in terms of p, an expression for P(X = 8). [2]
(b) (i) Determine the value of p for which P(X = 8) is a maximum.
(ii) For this value of p, determine the expected number of tails. [6]

Question 82
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
The function f is defined by f (x) = e−x sin x − x + x2 .
By finding a suitable number of derivatives of f , determine the first non-zero term in its Maclaurin
series.

Question 83
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
A curve has equation 2y 2 ex+1 − 5x2 = 3.
dy [3]
(a) Find an expression for in terms of x and y .
dx

(b) Find the equations of the tangents to this curve when x = −1. [4]

Question 84
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 15]
A physicist is studying the motion of two separate particles moving in a straight line. She measures the
displacement of each particle from a fixed origin over the course of 10 seconds.
The physicist found that the displacement of particle A, sA cm, at time t seconds can be modelled by the

function sA (t) = 7t + 9, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 10.

The physicist found that the displacement of particle B , sB cm, at time t seconds can be modelled by the

function sB (t) = cos(3t + 5) + 8t + 4.

(a) Use the physicist's models to find the initial displacement of
(i) Particle A;
(ii) Particle B correct to three significant figures. [3]
(b) Find the values of t when sA (t) = sB (t).

[3]
(c) For t > 6, prove that particle B was always further away from the fixed origin than particle A. [3]
(d) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, find the total amount of time that the velocity of particle A was greater than the
velocity of particle B . [6]

Question 85
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
Consider the curves C1 and C2 defined as follows

C1 :
3y 2 + 2x2 = 5, y > 0,

C2 :
y 2 − 5x3 = 0, y > 0.
dy [4]
(a) Using implicit differentiation, or otherwise, find for each curve in terms of x and y .
dx

Let P(a, b) be the unique point where the curves C1 and C2 intersect.

(b) Show that the tangent to C1 at P is perpendicular to the tangent to C2 at P.

[3]

Question 86
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
A ladder of length 13 m rests on horizontal ground and leans against a vertical wall. The bottom of the
ladder is pulled away from the wall at a constant speed of 1.2 m s−1 . Calculate the speed of descent of the
top of the ladder when the bottom is 5 m away from the wall.

Question 87
MEDIUM
[Maximum mark: 7]
A bird is 4 km East and 6 km North of its nest It is flying East at a rate of 14 km h−1 and North at a rate
of 18 km h−1 .
Calculate the rate that its distance from the nest is changing.

Question 88
HARD
[Maximum mark: 8]
The double folium is a curve defined by the equation (x2 + y 2 )2 = 8xy 2 , shown in the diagram below.
Determine the exact coordinates of the point P on the curve where the tangent line is parallel to the x-
axis.

Question 89
HARD
[Maximum mark: 8]
The function h is defined by h(x) = cos(π cos x), −π ≤ x ≤ π .
(a) Determine whether h is even, odd or neither even nor odd. [2]
(b) Show that h′′ (0) = 0. [4]
(c) Jack states that, because h′′ (x) = 0, the graph of h has an inflexion at the point P(0, −1). Explain
briefly whether Jack's statement is correct or not. [2]

Question 90
HARD
[Maximum mark: 6]
An oval-shaped superspeedway can be described by the curve x2 + 12y 2 = 1 + 10x2 y 2 ,
dx
shown in the diagram below. A F1 racing car is moving along the track with = 240 km h−1 when x =
dt

0.67 km.
dy
Find the value of , giving your answer to the nearest km h−1 .
dt


Question 91
HARD
[Maximum mark: 8]
The function f is defined by f (x) = e2x − 4ex + 2, for x ∈ R, x ≤ a, where a ∈ R.
Part of the graph of y = f (x) is shown in the following diagram.
(a) Find the largest value of a such that f has an inverse function. [3]
(b) For this value of a, find an expression for f −1 (x), stating its domain. [5]

Question 92
HARD
[Maximum mark: 8]
A curve is given by the equation y = cos(2π cos x).
dy
Find the coordinates of all the points on the curve for which = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
dx


Question 93
HARD
[Maximum mark: 7]
34 3 41 2
Find the x-coordinates of all the points on the curve y = 2x4 − x + x − 10x
3 2

7
at which the tangent to the curve is parallel to the tangent at P(1, ).
6


Question 94
HARD
[Maximum mark: 7]
A curve is given by the equation y = cos(2π sin x).
dy
Find the coordinates of all the points on the curve for which = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
dx


Question 95
HARD
[Maximum mark: 9]
The function f is defined by f (x) = ex cos x, x ∈ R.
(a) By finding a suitable number of derivatives of f , determine the Maclaurin series for f (x) as far as
the term x4 . [6]
ex cos x − x − 1 [3]
(b) Hence, or otherwise, determine the exact value of lim .
x3

x→0

HARD
Question 96
[Maximum mark: 14]
A curve is defined by x2 + 10xy + y 2 = 48.
dy 2x + 10y [3]
(a) Show that =− .
dx 10x + 2y

(b) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point P(−2, 22). [4]
(c) Find the distance between the two points on the curve where each tangent is parallel to the line
y = −x. [7]

Question 97
HARD
[Maximum mark: 27]
This question asks you to investigate some properties of cubic functions and their tangents.
Consider the cubic function q(x) = x3 − 6x2 − x + 30.
(a) (i) Show that x = 5 is a root of q(x) = 0.
(ii) Hence, factorise q(x) as a product of linear factors.
(iii) Find the equation of the tangent to y = q(x) at x = 4.
(iv) Sketch y = q(x) and the tangent to x = 4 on the same set of axes. [9]
Consider the cubic function f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a =  0, and the line L(x) = mx + 1.
With the point (x∗ , f (x∗ )) being a point of inflection on f (x).

Let x1 , x2 , x3 be the roots of the equation f (x) − L(x) = 0.

(b) (i) Show that the sum of the roots is a constant which is independent of the choice of line L.
x1 + x2 + x3 [5]
(ii) Show that y = f (x) has an inflection point at x∗ = .

3

Suppose y = L(x) is a tangent to y = f (x) at the point x = x1 .
(c) (i) Show that f ′ (x) − L′ (x) = 3a(x − x1 )(x − β) for some β .

a
(ii) Hence show that f (x) − L(x) = (x − x1 )2 (2x + x1 − 3β).
2

(iii) Assuming it exists, find the x-coordinate of the other point of intersection between the cubic
and the line, in terms of x1 and x∗ .

(iv) Sketch the functions f (x) and L(x) on the same axes identifying the x-coordinate of the points
of intersection and inflection.
(v) In the case that L(x) = 0, interpret the result in (c)(iii) in terms of the graph of the cubic
function and its x-intercepts. [13]
Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit Mark complete

Ask Newton
Question 98
HARD
[Maximum mark: 7]
Consider the curve, C , described by the equation:
(x2 + y 2 )(y 2 − 9) + 9y 2 = 0 where x > 0 and y > 0.
Show that the curve has no local maximum or local minimum points.

Question 99
HARD
[Maximum mark: 6]
Consider
2 arctan(ex ) − c
lim
3x

x→0
where c ∈ R.
π
(a) Show that a finite limit only exists for c = . [2]
2

1
1 [4]
(b) Using l'Ho^pital's rule, show algebraically that the value of the limit is .
3


Question 100
HARD
[Maximum mark: 20]
10
Consider the function f (x) = − 1, where 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
x2

(a) Sketch the curve y = f (x), indicating the coordinates of the endpoints. [2]
10
(b) (i) Show that f −1 (x) = .
x2 + 1

(ii) State the domain and range of f −1 . [5]
The curve y = f (x) is rotated through 2π about the y -axis to form a solid of revolution that is used to
model a vase.
(c) (i) Show that the volume V cm3 , of liquid in the vase when it is filled to a height of h centimetres
is given by V = 10π arctan(h).
(ii) Hence, determine the volume of the vase. [5]
At t = 0, the vase is filled to its maximum volume with water. Water is then removed from the vase at a
constant rate of 4 cm3 s−1 .
(d) Find the time it takes to completely empty the vase. [2]
(e) Find the rate of change of the height of the water when half of the water has been emptied from the
vase. [6]

HARD
Question 101
[Maximum mark: 9]
2
2
e−5x − 2 cos(5x) + 1 [6]
(a) Use L'Hôpital's rule to determine the value of lim .
4x2

x→0
x
∫ (e−5t − 2 cos(5t) + 1)dt [3]
2

0
(b) Hence find lim
x .
∫
x→0
4t2 dt
0

HARD
Question 102
[Maximum mark: 10]
(a) By successive differentiation find the first five non-zero terms in the Maclaurin series for f (x) =
(2 − 2x) ln(1 − x) + 2x. [8]
2 [2]
(b) Deduce that, for n ≥ 2, the coefficient of xn in this series is .
n(n − 1)


Question 103
HARD
[Maximum mark: 6]
A particle moves such that its velocity v m s−1 is related to its displacement s m by the equation v(s) =
2 arctan (cos s), 0 ≤ s ≤ π .
(a) Find the particle's acceleration a m s−2 in terms of s. [4]
(b) Using an appropriate graph, find the particle's displacement when its acceleration is 0.5 m s−2 . [2]

Question 104
HARD
[Maximum mark: 18]
ln(8x3 )
Let f (x) = where x > 0, k ∈ R+ .
kx
3 − ln(8x3 ) [4]
(a) Show that f ′ (x) = .
kx2

The graph of f has exactly one maximum point A.
(b) Find the x-coordinate of A.
2 ln(8x3 ) − 9
The second derivative of f is given by f ′′ (x) = . The graph of f has exactly one point of
kx3

inflexion B.
e3/2 [3]
(c) Show that the x-coordinate of B is .
2

The region R is enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis, and the vertical lines through the maximum point
A and the point of inflexion B.
(d) Given that the area of R is 5, find the value of k . [8]

Question 105
HARD
[Maximum mark: 9]
Let f (x) = ex cos x.
′′ ′
(a) Show that f (x) = 2 (f (x) − f (x)). [4]
(b) By further differentiation of the result in part (a), find the Maclaurin
expansion of f (x), as far as the term in x5 . [5]

Question 106
HARD
[Maximum mark: 15]
A curve is defined by x2 + y 2 − 3xy + 45 = 0.
dy 3y − 2x [3]
(a) Show that = .
dx 2y − 3x

(b) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point (21, 9). [4]
(c) Find the distance between the two points on the curve where each tangent is perpendicular to the y
-axis. [8]

HARD
Question 107
[Maximum mark: 16]
π π 2x 1 − x2 1
Consider the functions f (x) = sin x, − ≤ x ≤ and g(x) = , x ∈ R, x =
± .

2 2 1 − 2x2

(a) Find an expression for (g ∘ f )(x), stating its domain. [2]
(b) Hence show that (g ∘ f )(x) = tan 2x. [2]
dy π [6]
(c) Letting y = (g ∘ f )(x), find an exact value for at x = .
dx 3

(d) Show that the area bounded by the graph of y = (g ∘ f )(x), the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x =
π 1 [6]
is ln 2.
3 2


HARD
Question 108
[Maximum mark: 25]
This question asks you to investigate some properties of even and odd functions.
5
Consider the functions f1 (x) = and f2 (x) = 3x2 + 8.
x3

(a) Determine whether:
(i) The function f1 (x) is an even function or an odd function,

(ii) The function f2 (x) is an even function or an odd function.

[4]
Suppose g(x) is a function with domain R and let h and j be the functions
g(x) + g(−x) g(x) − g(−x)

h(x) = , j(x) =

2 2

(b) (i) Show that g(x) = h(x) + j(x).
(ii) Hence, show that g(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function. [4]
(c) Using the results from part (b), find the even part and the odd part of
g(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 − 2x [3]
Let f (x) be a function that is differentiable for all x ∈ R.
(d) Show that:
(i) if f (x) is an even function, then f ′ (x) is an odd function
(ii) if f (x) is an odd function, then f ′ (x) is an even function. [4]
(e) Show that if f (x) is an even function defined and differentiable at x = 0, then:
(i) f ′ (0) = 0,
(ii) f 2k+1 (0) = 0 for k ∈ Z+ ,
(iii) its Maclaurin series expansion contains only even powers of x. [5]
(f) Show that if f (x) is an odd function, then its Maclaurin series expansion contains only odd powers
of x. [5]

Ask Newton
Question 109
HARD
[Maximum mark: 18]
Consider the functions f and g defined on the domain 0 < x < 2π by
f (x) = 4 cos 2x and g(x) = 2 − 8 cos x.
The following diagram shows the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x).
(a) Find the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs. [7]
(b) Find the exact area of the shaded region, giving your answer in the form aπ + b 3, where a, b ∈ Q.
[6]
At the points P and Q on the diagram, the gradients of the two graphs are equal.
(c) Determine the y -coordinate of P on the graph of g . [5]

HARD
Question 110
[Maximum mark: 16]
The curve C is defined by the equation y 2 + 4xy + ex = 10. The point P(0, b) lies on C where b < 0.
(a) Find the value of b. [2]
dy 4y + ex [4]
(b) Show that =− .
dx 2y + 4x

(c) Find the equation of the normal to C at the point P. [3]
(d) Find the coordinates of the second point at which the normal found in part (c) intersects C . [4]
du [3]
(e) Given that u = y 4 , y < 0, find at x = 0.
dx


Question 111
HARD
[Maximum mark: 14]
A water truck tank which is 3 metres long has a uniform cross-section in the shape of a major segment.
The tank is divided into two equal parts and is partially filled with water as shown in the following
diagram of the cross-section. The centre of the circle is O, the angle AOB is α radians, and the angle
AOF is β radians.
π
(a) Given that α = , calculate the amount of water, in litres, in the right part
4

of the water tank. Give your answer correct to the nearest integer. [3]
(b) Find an expression for the volume of water V , in m3 , in the left part of the water tank in terms of β . [3]
The left part of the tank is now being filled with water at a constant rate of 0.001 m3 per second.
dβ
dβ 3π [4]
(c) Calculate when β = . Round your answer to 3 significant figures.
dt 5

(d) Calculate the amount of time it will take for the left part of the tank to be fully filled with water.
Give your answer in minutes and correct to the nearest integer. [4]

HARD
Question 112
[Maximum mark: 17]
Consider the function g(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where x ∈ R and a, b, c, d ∈ R.
(a) (i) Write down an expression for g ′ (x).
(ii) Hence, given that g −1 does not exist, show that b2 − 3ac > 0. [3]
x3 9
Consider the function f (x) = + 3x2 + 6x +
2 2

(b) (i) Show that f −1 exists.
(ii) f (x) can be written in the form p(x + 2)3 + q , where p, q ∈ R. Find the value of p and the
value of q .
(iii) Hence, find f −1 (x). [7]
The graph of f (x) may be obtained by transforming the graph of y = x3 using a sequence of three
transformations.
(c) State each of the transformations in the order in which they are applied. [3]
(d) Sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = f −1 (x) on the same set of axes, indicating the points where
each graph crosses the coordinate axes. [4]

Question 113
HARD
[Maximum mark: 17]
3
x3 + x − 2
Let f (x) = , x ∈ R, x =
 0.
2x

(a) The graph of y = f (x) has a local minimum at A. Find the coordinates of A. [5]
(b) (i) Show that there is exactly one point of inflexion, B, on the graph of y = f (x).
(ii) The coordinates of B can be expressed in the form B(2p , 2q ), where p, q ∈ Q. Find the value of
p and the value of q . [8]
(c) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) showing clearly the position of the points A and B. [4]

Question 114
HARD
[Maximum mark: 19]

πy
The following graph shows the relation x = 5 sin ( ) + 10, 0 ≤ y ≤ 60.
30

The curve is rotated 360∘ about the y -axis to form a volume of revolution.
(a) Calculate the value of the volume generated. [8]
A vase with this shape is made with a solid base of diameter 20 cm. The vase is filled with water from a
faucet at a constant rate of 150 cm3 sec−1 . At time t sec, the water depth is h cm, 0 ≤ h ≤ 60 and the
volume of water in the vase is V cm3 .
2
dV dh
= π[5 sin ( ) + 10] , find an expression for
πh
(b) (i) Given that .
dh 30 dt

dh [4]
(ii) Find the value of when h = 45 cm.
dt

2
2
d h
(c) (i) Find .
dt2

d2 h
(ii) Find the values of h for which = 0.
dt2

dh
(iii) By making specific reference to the shape of the vase, interpret at the values of h found in
dt

part (c) (ii). [7]

Question 115
HARD
[Maximum mark: 23]

x
Let f (x) = (x − 1)e 3 , for x ∈ R.

(a) Find f ′ (x). [2]
dn f 3n + x − 1 x
(b) Prove by induction that =( )e 3 for all n ∈ Z+ .

[7]
dx n 3n

(c) Find the coordinates of any local maximum and minimum points on the graph of y = f (x). Justify
whether such point is a maximum or a minimum. [5]
(d) Find the coordinates of any points of inflexion on the graph of y = f (x). Justify whether such point
is a point of inflexion. [5]
(e) Hence sketch the graph of y = f (x), indicating clearly the points found in parts (c) and (d) and any
intercepts with the axes. [4]

Question 116
HARD
[Maximum mark: 13]
(a) Use L'Hôpital's rule to find lim x3 e−x . [4]

x→∞
∞
∞
(b) Show that the proper integral ∫ x3 e−x dx converges, and state its value. [9]
0

Question 117
HARD
[Maximum mark: 16]
ae−x
Consider the function f (x) = where a > 0, b > 0.
b − ae−x

−abe−x [3]
(a) Show that f ′ (x) = .
(b − ae−x )2

(b) Explain why f ′′ (x) is never zero. [5]
(c) Find the equation of:
(i) the vertical asymptote of f ;
(ii) the horizontal asymptote of f . [2]
(d) Draw a sign diagram for f ′ (x). [1]
(e) If a = 3 and b = 1,
(i) sketch the graph of f labelling all asymptotes;
(ii) find the area of the region enclosed by f , the x and y axes and the line x = ln 2. [5]

HARD
Question 118
[Maximum mark: 14]
The function f is defined by f (x) = (arccos x)2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
(a) Show that f ′ (0) = −π [2]
The function f satisfies the equation
2
(1 − x2 )f ′′ (x) − xf ′ (x) = 2.
(b) By differentiating the above equation twice, show that
(1 − x2 )f (4) − 5xf ′′′ (x) = 4f ′′ (x)
where f (n) (x) denotes the nth derivative of f (x). [4]
π2
(c) Hence show the Maclaurin series for f (x) up to and including the term in x4 is − πx + x2 −
4

π 3 x4 [5]
x + .
6 3

1 20 [3]
(d) Use this series approximation for f (x) with x = to find an approximate value for 25π − π 2 .
2 3


HARD
Question 119
[Maximum mark: 17]
x π 3π
Consider the function f (x) = , <x< .

2 cos x 2 2

(a) (i) Show that the x-coordinate of the maximum point on the curve y = f (x) satisfies the equation
1 + 2x tan x = 0.
(ii) Determine the values of x for which f (x) is an increasing function. [7]
(b) Sketch the graph of y = f (x), showing clearly the maximum point and any asymptotic behaviour. [3]
(c) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = f (x) where the normal to the curve is
perpendicular to the line y = x. Give your answers correct to two decimal places. [4]
Consider the region bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the lines
3π 4π
x= ,x= .
4 3

(d) The region is now rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis. Find the volume of revolution,
giving your answer correct to two decimal places. [3]

Question 120
HARD
[Maximum mark: 20]
Consider the function defined by f (x) = (1 − x) 2x − x2 where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
(a) Show that f (1 − x) = −f (1 + x), for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. [3]
(b) Find f ′ (x). [4]
(c) Hence find the x-coordinates of any local minimum or maximum points. [3]
(d) Find the range of f . [3]
(e) Sketch the graph of y = f (x), indicating clearly the coordinates of the x-intercepts and any local
maximum or minimum points. [3]
(f) Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of y = f (x) on the x-axis, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. [2]
2 ∣ 2 ∣ [2]
(g) Show that ∫ ∣f (x)∣ dx > ∫ f (x) dx .

0 ∣ 0 ∣

Question 121
HARD
[Maximum mark: 22]
Let f (x) = x4 − 0.4x3 − 2.85x2 + 0.9x + 1.35, for x ∈ R.
(a) Find the solutions for f (x) > 0. [3]
(b) For the graph of y = f (x),
(i) find the coordinates of local minimum and maximum points.
(ii) find the x-coordinates of the points of inflexion. [5]
The domain of f is now restricted to [a, b] where a, b ∈ R+ .
(c) (i) Write down the smallest value of a > 0 and the largest value of b > 0 for which f has an
inverse. Give your answers correct to three significant figures.
(ii) For these values of a and b, sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = f −1 (x) on the same set of
axes, showing clearly the coordinates of the end points of each curve.
(iii) Solve f −1 (x) = 0.5. [6]
2 1 1 π 1 π
Let g(x) = sin(2x − 1) + , − ≤ x ≤ + .
3 2 2 4 2 4

−1
(d) (i) Find an expression for g and state its domain.
(ii) Solve (f −1 ∘ g)(x) < 0.5. [8]

Question 122
HARD
[Maximum mark: 17]

π
Consider the function f (x) = −2 sin2 x + 3 sin 2x + tan x − 3, 0 ≤ x < .
2

(a) (i) Determine an expression for f ′ (x) in terms of x.

π
(ii) Sketch the graph of y = f ′ (x) for 0 ≤ x < .
2

(iii) Find the x-coordinate(s) of the point(s) of inflexion of the graph of y = f (x), labelling these
clearly on the graph of y = f ′ (x). [5]
(b) Let u = tan x.
(i) Express sin x in terms of u.
(ii) Express sin 2x in terms of u.
(iii) Show that f (x) = 0 can be expressed as u3 − 5u2 + 7u − 3 = 0. [9]
(c) Solve the equation f (x) = 0, giving your answers in the form arctan p, where p ∈ Z. [3]

Question 123
HARD
[Maximum mark: 31]
This question ask you to investigate the relationship between the number of sides and the
area of an enclosure with a given perimeter.
A farmer wants to create an enclosure for his chickens, so he has purchased 28 meters of chicken coop
wire mesh.
(a) Initially the farmer considers making a rectangular enclosure.
(i) Complete the following table to show all the possible rectangular enclosures with sides of at
least 4 m he can make with the 28 m of mesh. The sides of the enclosure are always a whole
number of metres. [3]
(ii) What is the name of the shape that gives the maximum area? [1]
The farmer wonders what the area will be if instead of a rectangular enclosure he uses an equilateral
triangular enclosure.
196 3 [3]
(b) Show that the area of the triangular enclosure will be .

9

Next, the farmer considers what the area will be if the enclosure has the form of a regular pentagon.
The following diagram shows a regular pentagon.
Let O be the centre of the regular pentagon. The pentagon is divided into five congruent isosceles
triangles and angle AOB is equal to θ radians.
(c) (i) Express θ in terms of π .
14 π
(ii) Show that the length of OA is cosec ( ) m.
5 5

196 π
(iii) Show that the area of the regular pentagon is cot ( ) m2 . [6]
5 5

Now, the farmer considers the case of a regular hexagon.
(d) Using the method in part (c), show that the area of the regular hexagon is [5]
196 π
cot ( ) m2 .

6 6

The farmer notices that the hexagonal enclosure has a larger area than the pentagonal enclosure. He
considers now the general case of an n-sided regular polygon. Let An be the area of the n-sided regular
polygon with perimeter of 28 m.
196 π
(e) Show that An = cot ( ) .

[5]
n n
(f) Hence, find the area of an enclosure that is a regular 14-sided polygon with a perimeter of 28 m.
Give your answer correct to one decimal place. [2]
(g) (i) Evaluate lim An .
n→∞
(ii) Interpret the meaning of the result of part (g) (i). [6]

Ask Newton
Question 124
HARD
[Maximum mark: 15]
Consider the function f (x) = cos(p arccos x), −1 < x < 1 and p ∈ R.
pπ
(a) Show that f ′ (0) = p sin ( ). [2]
2

The function f and its derivative satisfy
(1 − x2 )f (n+2) (x) = (2n + 1)xf (n+1) (x) + (n2 − p2 ) f (n) (x), n∈N
where f (n) (x) denotes the nth derivative of f (x) and f (0) (x) is f (x).
(b) Show that f (n+2) (0) = (n2 − p2 )f (n) (0). [1]
(c) For p ∈ R ∖ {±1, ±2, ±3}, show that the Maclaurin series for f (x), up to and including the x4 term,
is
pπ
pπ pπ p2 cos ( )
cos ( ) + p sin ( ) x − 2 x2

2 2 2

pπ pπ
(1 − p2 )p sin ( ) (4 − p2 )p2 cos ( )
2 x3 − 2 x4

+
6 24

[5]
cos(p arccos(x)) [3]

(d) Hence or otherwise, find lim where p is an odd integer.

x→0 x
(e) If p is an integer, prove the Maclaurin series for f (x) is a polynomial of degree p. [4]

Question 125
HARD
[Maximum mark: 22]
Let f (x) = (x + 1)e−2x , x ∈ R.
df [2]
(a) Find .
dx

dn f [7]
(b) Prove by induction that = [n(−2)n−1 + (−2)n (x + 1)]e−2x for all n ∈ Z+ .
dxn

(c) Find the coordinates of any local minimum and maximum points on the graph of y = f (x). Justify
whether any such point is a minimum or a maximum. [5]
(d) Find the coordinates of any points of inflexion on the graph of y = f (x). Justify whether any such
point is a point of inflexion. [5]
(e) Hence sketch the graph of y = f (x), indicating clearly the points found in parts (c) and (d) and any
intercepts with the axes. [3]

Question 126
HARD
[Maximum mark: 24]

x
Let y = e− 2 cos ( ).
x
2

dy [2]
(a) Find an expression for .
dx

d2 y 1 x x [2]
(b) Show that = e− 2 sin ( ).

dx2 2 2

x
Consider the function f defined by f (x) = e− 2 cos ( ), −π ≤ x ≤ π .
x
2

π
(c) Show that the function f has a local maximum value when x = − . [4]
2

(d) Find the x-coordinate of the point of inflexion of the graph of y = f (x). [2]
(e) Sketch the graph of y = f (x), clearly indicating the positions of the
local maximum point, the point of inflexion and the intercepts with
the axes. [3]
(f) Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of y = f (x) and
the x-axis. [6]
∣ d2 y ∣
2
∣ dx ∣

The curvature at any point (x, y) on a graph is defined as κ = 3

.
2
[1 + [ ] ]
2
dy
dx

(g) Find the value of the curvature of the graph of y = f (x) at the local maximum point. [3]
(h) Find the value of κ for x = 0 and comment on its meaning with respect to the shape of the graph. [2]

Question 127
HARD
[Maximum mark: 22]
x2 − 1
A function f (x) is defined by f (x) = arccos ( ) , x ∈ R.
x2 + 1

(a) Show that f is an even function. [1]
(b) Find the equation of the horizontal asymptote to the graph of y = f (x). [2]
2x
(c) (i) Show that f ′ (x) = − for x ∈ R, x =
 0.
x2 (x2 + 1)

(ii) Using the expression for f ′ (x) and the result x2 = ∣x∣, show that f is increasing for x < 0.
[9]
x2 − 1
A function g is defined by g(x) = arccos ( ), x ∈ R, x ≥ 0.
x2 + 1

(d) Find the range of g . [2]
(e) Find an expression for g −1 (x). [4]
(f) State the domain of g −1 (x). [1]
(g) Sketch the graph of y = g −1 (x). Clearly indicating any asymptotes with their equations and stating
the values of any axes intercepts. [3]

Question 128
HARD
[Maximum mark: 21]
1
Let f (x) = , x < 1.
1−x

3 [3]
(a) Show that f ′′ (x) = (1 − x)−5/2 .
4

(b) Use mathematical induction to prove that [9]

n
1 (2n)!
f (n) (x) = ( ) (1 − x)−1/2−n n ∈ Z, n ≥ 2.
4

n!
Let g(x) = cos(mx), m ∈ Q.
Consider the function h defined by h(x) = f (x) × g(x) for x < 1.
3
The x2 term in the Maclaurin series for h(x) has a coefficient of − .
4

(c) Find the possible values of m. [9]

Question 129
HARD
[Maximum mark: 20]
The function f is defined by f (x) = earctan x .
(a) Find the first two derivatives of f (x) and hence find the Maclaurin series for f (x) up to and
including the x2 term. [6]
1 [6]
(b) Show that the coefficient of x3 in the Maclaurin series for f (x) is − .
6

(c) Using the Maclaurin series for sin x and ln(2x + 1), find the Maclaurin series for sin(ln(2x + 1)) up
to and including the x3 term. [6]
f (x) − 1 [2]
(d) Hence, or otherwise, find lim .
sin(ln(2x + 1))

x→0

HARD
Question 130
[Maximum mark: 19]
A curve C is given by the implicit equation x − y + sin(xy) = 0.
dy 1 + y cos(xy) [5]
(a) Show that = .
dx 1 − x cos(xy)

(b) The curve xy = π intersects C at P and Q.
(i) Find the coordinates of P and Q.
(ii) Given that the gradients of the tangents to C at P and Q are m1 and m2 respectively, show

that m1 ⋅ m2 = 1.
[7]
(c) Find the coordinates of the three points on C , nearest to the origin, where the tangent is parallel to
the line y = x. [7]

HARD
Question 131
[Maximum mark: 22]
Consider the function defined by f (x) = (2x − 6) ln(x + 3) + x for x ∈ R, x > p.
(a) Find the value of p. [2]
(b) Find an expression for f ′ (x). [3]
The graph of y = f (x) has no points of inflexion.
(c) Determine if the graph of y = f (x) is concave down or concave up over its domain. [3]
1
The function g is defined by g(x) = 3 ln ( ) + x, for x ∈ R, x > −3.
x+3

(d) Find an expression for g ′ (x). [4]
(e) Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of g ′ (x). [2]
(f) Find the exact value of the minimum of y = g(x). [3]
(g) Solve f (x) < g(x) for x ∈ R, x > −3. [5]

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IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Differential Calculus

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Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Note: In this question, distance is in metres and time is in seconds.

h(t) = −5t2 + 20t + 4, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.

(a) Find h′ (t). [2]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Find the equation of L in the form y = mx + c.

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

(a) (i) Find the coordinates of point A.

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Let f (x) = e−3x .

(a) Write down f ′ (x), f ′′ (x) and f ′′′ (x). [3]

(b) Find an expression for f (n) (x). [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Let f ′ (x) = x3 − 9x2 + 24x + 3.

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

The following diagram shows the graph of f ′ , the derivative of f .

The points M(− 2, −60) and N( 2, −60) lie on the graph of f ′ .

The point P( 2, 40) lies on the graph of the function f .

(a) Write down the gradient of the curve of f at P. [1]

(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve of f at P. [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

(a) (i) Write down the value of f ′ (x) at A.

(ii) Hence, show that A corresponds to a maximum on the graph of f . [3]

(b) Which of the points A, B, C, D corresponds to a minimum on the graph of f . [1]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Let f (x) = 6x − ln x, for x > 0.

(a) Find f ′ (x). [2]

(b) Find f ′′ (x). [1]

(c) Solve f ′ (x) = f ′′ (x). [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Let f (x) = 4x sin(2x).

(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Mark complete Ask Newton

The following diagram show part of the graph of y = f (x).

(a) On the graph above, sketch the graph of y = f ′ (x). [4]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

(ii) Find the velocity when the acceleration is zero. [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Let f (x) = kx3 .

(b) Find the value of k . [5]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

(a) Find f (x). [4]

(b) The graph of f has a point of inflexion at x = k . Find k . [2]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Let f (x) = x2 ex and g(x) = 4x − x2 .

(a) Find f ′ (x). [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Mark complete Ask Newton

A function f is defined by f (x) = −x5 + e−x + 2, x ∈ R. By considering f ′ (x), determine whether f is a

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

[Maximum mark: 14]

(a) Sketch the graph of f . [3]

(ii) Write down the interval where f is increasing. [3]

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit

Formula Booklet Mark Scheme Solutions Revisit