Relative Clauses - zdania podrzędne

The girl who is sitting in the first row is looking at me

main clause (zdanie główne) relative clause (zdanie podrzędne)

1. Defining relative clause * defining sentence - information is necessary to understand the whole sentence

eg. Students who know how to use relative clauses will get fives.

- dostarczają informacji bez których zdanie traci sens

- zdania nie są oddzielone przecinkami
- mogą rozpoczynać się od zaimków względnych :
WHO lub THAT ( mówiąc o ludziach)
WHICH lub THAT (mówiąc o rzeczach)
WHOSE ( mówiąc o przynależności - ludzie i rzeczy)
WHERE ( mówiąc o miejscu)
- można opuścić zaimek względny "who, that lub which" jeśli bespośrednio po nim występuje zaimek lub
rzeczownik eg. He is the man ( who / that) I want to marry.
BUT He is the man who/that wants to marry me.
2. Non - defining relative clause.
* the information is not necessary to understand the meaning of the whole sentence

eg. Anna P. , who knows how to use relative clauses, will get five.
- zawsze zwierają zaimek względny
- dostarczają informacji bez których zdanie i tak zachowa sens
- są oddzielone przecinkami
- rozpoczynają się od tych samych zaimków względnych
eg. My brother who has a big farm milks his cows 3 times a day. (mamy wiecej niż jednego brata)

but My brother, who has a big farm, milks his cows 3 times a day. (mamy wiecej niż jednego brata)
* that = who / which - używamy z zdaniach definiujących
* that - nie używamy w zdaniach niedefiniujących
- może stanowić komentarz do pierwszej części zdania
eg. Tom was late for Thanksgivig dinner again, which made his mother furious.
The bartender continued to stare at me, which I found extremely annoying.
! Zdania podrzędnie skrócone:
 zamiast zaimka względnego i czasownika można napisać formę Present Participle = strona czynna lub Past
Participle = strona bierna
eg. Elderly people living alone (= who live alone) should be in touch with a family member or a friend every day.
Children raised (= who are raised) in bilingual environment may begin to speak a little later.
 zdania mogą być definiujące i niedefiniujące
eg. Do you know the man talking (= who is talking) to Mr. Smith? - defnining sentence
Rich people, accustomed (= who are accustomed) to luxurious living, will never understand poor people.
! whom - used in formal English; used after preposition - about whom
Ex. 1. Write sentences using relative clauses and decide whether they are defining or non-defining clauses.
1. Some women are very unhappy. Their husbands drink a lot of alcohol.
2. Anna P. is very unhappy. Her boyfriend has 5 other girlfriends.
3. A table is good for nothing. Its leg is broken.
4. She is a girl. She loves me.
5. She is a girl. I love her.
6. She is a girl. I told you about her yesterday.
7. That's the book. I have been looking for it.
8. My boyfriend is a sportsman. I am proud of him.
9. This is the house. I was born in it.
10. Next month I'm going to Warsaw. It is a big city.
Ex. 2. Write a pronoun:
1. A coffee maker is a machine ………. makes coffee. 5. The newspaper .............. you lent me was a bit old.
2. The lady ........... came to our house yesterday is a 6. That’s the city ……… I live.
salesperson. 7. At ……… are you looking?
3. The factory, ................ is big, has existed since 1985. 8. The meeting at ………. I was yesterday lasted an
4. The baby, ………. toy is new, is playing in the living hour.
room.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences using relative pronouns : who / which /whose
1. Bill, ................ mother is in hospital, has just called 12. Mr Richards, .............. is a taxi driver, lives on the
you. corner.
2. The CD ................ Chris gave me last month is 13. We often visit our aunt in Norwich ..............is in East
fantastic. Anglia.
3. The woman ................ is shouting now is my wife. 14. This is the girl ......................comes from Spain.
4. Kate, ................ reads a lot of books, works with 15. That's Peter, the boy ......................... has just arrived
Paul’s cousin. at the airport.
5. Mark, ................ is very tall, won a lottery two weeks 16. Thank you very much for your e-mail ................... was
ago. very interesting.
6. Cracow, ................ was the capital city of Poland, is a 17. The man, ........................... father is a professor,
very beautiful city. forgot his umbrella.
7. Beethoven, ................ music is fantastic, was born in 18. The children, ........................... shouted in the street,
Bonn. are not from our school.
8. The man ................ paintings are on this wall is 19. The car, ...........................driver is a young man, is
vegetarian. from Ireland.
9. A hummingbird is a bird ................ is very small. 20. What did you do with the money........................ your
10. The ruler ................ is in your drawer belongs to me. mother lent you?
11. I talked to the girl.............. car had broken down in
front of the shop.
Ex. 4 Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.  This is the picture that Jane painted.
1. A castle is a place a king or queen lives. necessary / not necessary
2. An actress is a woman plays in films or  Do you know the man who is speaking on the phone?
theatre plays. necessary / not necessary
3. This is the girl mother is from Canada.  We ate the sweets which my mother had bought.
4. This is the time of the year many people suffer necessary / not necessary
from hayfever.  Is this the boy who plays the piano?
5. The flowers grow in the garden are necessary / not necessary
beautiful.  This is the house that was broken into.
Ex.5. Decide whether the relative pronoun is necessary or not. necessary / not necessary
Ex. 6 Complete the sentences using a relative clause.
1. Catherine and Sue are two girls (like dancing)
2. My mobile phone is something (be very important to me)
3. Antony is a friend of mine (live in Boston)
4. West Side Story is a musical (be very famous)
5. An airport is a place (planes land)
Ex. 7 Combine the sentences using relative clauses without relative pronouns (contact clauses).
a) We bought a car last week. The car is blue. ----> The car
b) The girl is a singer. We met her at the party. ----> The girl
c) The bananas are on the table. George bought them. ----> The bananas
d) We watched a film last night. It was really scary. ----> The film
e) I have to learn new words. They are very difficult. ----> The new words
Ex. 1. Write sentences using relative clauses and decide whether they are defining or non-defining clauses.
11. Some women are very unhappy. Their husbands drink a lot of alcohol.
12. Anna P. is very unhappy. Her boyfriend has 5 other girlfriends.
13. A table is good for nothing. Its leg is broken.
14. She is a girl. She loves me.
15. She is a girl. I love her.
16. She is a girl. I told you about her yesterday.
17. That's the book. I have been looking for it.
18. My boyfriend is a sportsman. I am proud of him.
19. This is the house. I was born in it.
20. Next month I'm going to Warsaw. It is a big city.
Ex. 2. Write a pronoun:
9. A coffee maker is a machine ………. makes coffee. 13. The newspaper .............. you lent me was a bit old.
10. The lady ........... came to our house yesterday is a 14. That’s the city ……… I live.
salesperson. 15. At ……… are you looking?
11. The factory, ................ is big, has existed since 1985. 16. The meeting at ………. I was yesterday lasted an
12. The baby, ………. toy is new, is playing in the living hour.
room.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences using relative pronouns : who / which /whose
21. Bill, ................ mother is in hospital, has just called 32. Mr Richards, .............. is a taxi driver, lives on the
you. corner.
22. The CD ................ Chris gave me last month is 33. We often visit our aunt in Norwich ..............is in East
fantastic. Anglia.
23. The woman ................ is shouting now is my wife. 34. This is the girl ......................comes from Spain.
24. Kate, ................ reads a lot of books, works with 35. That's Peter, the boy ......................... has just arrived
Paul’s cousin. at the airport.
25. Mark, ................ is very tall, won a lottery two weeks 36. Thank you very much for your e-mail ................... was
ago. very interesting.
26. Cracow, ................ was the capital city of Poland, is a 37. The man, ........................... father is a professor,
very beautiful city. forgot his umbrella.
27. Beethoven, ................ music is fantastic, was born in 38. The children, ........................... shouted in the street,
Bonn. are not from our school.
28. The man ................ paintings are on this wall is 39. The car, ...........................driver is a young man, is
vegetarian. from Ireland.
29. A hummingbird is a bird ................ is very small. 40. What did you do with the money........................ your
30. The ruler ................ is in your drawer belongs to me. mother lent you?
31. I talked to the girl.............. car had broken down in
front of the shop.
Ex. 4 Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.  This is the picture that Jane painted.
6. A castle is a place a king or queen lives. necessary / not necessary
7. An actress is a woman plays in films or  Do you know the man who is speaking on the phone?
theatre plays. necessary / not necessary
8. This is the girl mother is from Canada.  We ate the sweets which my mother had bought.
9. This is the time of the year many people suffer necessary / not necessary
from hayfever.  Is this the boy who plays the piano?
10. The flowers grow in the garden are necessary / not necessary
beautiful.  This is the house that was broken into.
Ex.5. Decide whether the relative pronoun is necessary or not. necessary / not necessary
Ex. 6 Complete the sentences using a relative clause.
6. Catherine and Sue are two girls (like dancing)
7. My mobile phone is something (be very important to me)
8. Antony is a friend of mine (live in Boston)
9. West Side Story is a musical (be very famous)
10. An airport is a place (planes land)
Ex. 7 Combine the sentences using relative clauses without relative pronouns (contact clauses).
f) We bought a car last week. The car is blue. ----> The car
g) The girl is a singer. We met her at the party. ----> The girl
h) The bananas are on the table. George bought them. ----> The bananas
i) We watched a film last night. It was really scary. ----> The film
I have to learn new words. They are very difficult. ----> The new words
 Key answers

ex. 2.
1. The factory, which is big, has existed since 1985. Jaki to rodzaj
zdania względnego?
2. All the people …who……. went to the birthday party enjoyed it.
3. The baby, …whose……. toy is new, is playing in the living room.
4. A coffee maker is a machine …which/ that……. makes coffee.
5. The lady who came to our house yesterday is a salesperson. Jaki to
rodzaj zdania względnego?
6. The teacher, who is forty years old, is my uncle.
7. The newspaper ... which ...you lent me was a bit old.
8. That’s the city …where…… I live.
9. The meeting at …which……. I was yesterday lasted an hour.
10. At …who…… are you looking?
ex.4
1. A castle is a place where a king or queen lives.
2. An actress is a woman who plays in films or theatre plays.
3. This is the girl whose mother is from Canada.
4. This is the time of the year when many people suffer from hayfever.
5. The flowers which grow in the garden are beautiful.
ex.3
1. I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of
the shop.
2. Mr Richards, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3. We often visit our aunt in Norwich which is in East Anglia.
4. This is the girl who comes from Spain.
5. That's Peter, the boy who has just arrived at the airport.
6. Thank you very much for your e-mail which was very
interesting.
7. The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his
umbrella.
8. The children, who shouted in the street, are not from our
school.
9. The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
10. What did you do with the money which your mother lent
you?
ex 6
1. Catherine and Sue are two girls who like dancing.
2. My mobile phone is something which is very important to me.
3. Antony is a friend of mine who lives in Boston.
4. West Side Story is a musical which is very famous.
5. An airport is a place where planes land.

ex 5 ex 7.
1. This is the picture that Jane painted. relative pronoun is not necessary 1. We bought a car last week. The car is blue. The car we bought
2. Do you know the man who is speaking on the phone? relative last week is blue.
pronoun is necessary 2. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party. The girl we met at the
3. We ate the sweets which my mother had bought. relative pronoun is party is a singer.
not necessary 3. The bananas are on the table. George bought them. The
4. Is this the boy who plays the piano? relative pronoun is necessary bananas George bought are on the table.
5. This is the house that was broken into. relative pronoun is necessary 4. We watched a film last night. It was really scary. The film we watched
last night was really scary.
5. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult. The new words I
have to learn are very difficult
1. A hotel is a place people stay when they're on holiday.
2. What's the name of the woman lives in that house?
3. What do you call someone writes computer programs?
4. A waiter is a person job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
5. Overalls are clothes people wear to protect their clothes when they are
working.
6. Is that the shop you bought your new laptop?
7. He's the man son plays football for Manchester Utd.
8. Hal didn't get the job he applied for