1. Where do fireworks’ colors come from?

What makes fireworks so special is the beautiful colors they produce. These colors are formed in one of two ways: luminescence and
incandescence. Incandescent light is produced when a substance is heated so much that it begins to glow. Heat causes the
substance to become hot and glow, initially emitting infrared, then red, orange, yellow, and white light as it becomes increasingly
hotter. When the temperature of a firework is controlled, the glow of its metallic substances can be manipulated to be a desired color
at the proper time. This light is produced by electrons inside the metal atoms (Fig. 3). These electrons absorb energy from the heat,
which causes them to move from their original ground-energy state to an excited state. Then, nearly immediately, these electrons go
to a lower energy state and emit light with a particular energy and characteristic color.

What is the principle of luminescence?

A. There is no electrons’s move and energy level to emit light with a specific energy and characteristic color.
B. Electrons emits light with a specisifc energy and characteristic color caused by the absorption of electrons energy move to a ground
energy level.
C. Electrons move from low-energy level to high-energy level, and then they emit light with a specific color.
D. Heating atoms causes electrons move from higher energy level to lower energy level, and then they emit light with a specific color.
E. Electrons emits light with a specific energy and characteristic color caused by the excited electrons move to a low-energy level.

2. More often, light from fireworks is produced by luminescence. When fireworks explode in the sky, the gunpowder reactions create a
lot of heat, causing the metallic substances present in the stars to absorb energy from the heat and emit light. These metallic
substances are actually metal salts, which produce luminescent light of different colors when they are dispersed in the air.
The color of the light emitted by the electrons varies depending on the type of metal or combination of metals. So, the colors are
specific to the metals present in the fireworks. The metalcontaining colorants for some common fireworks are listed in Table 1.

What color is a firework containing sodium salts?

A. Green B. Red C. Orange D. Blue E. Yellow

3. Why Does Your Coffee Taste and Smell Delicious?

1. Maillard Reaction
A key reaction for the development of roasted coffee flavor and color is the Maillard reaction. At temperatures from 150-
200°C, carbonyl groups (from sugars) and amino groups in proteins react to form aroma and flavor compounds. Hundreds of coffee
flavor compounds are formed from Maillard chemistry, including the potent coffee aroma flavor compound, 2 furfurylthiol.

2. Caramelization
From 170-200°C the sugars in coffee start caramelizing, which browns the sugar and releases aromatic and acidic compounds.
During roasting, most of the sucrose is converted to caramelized compounds, but if you roast the coffee too lightly, the bitter tasting
compounds won’t degrade.

3. First Crack
Around 205°C water inside the bean vaporizes, causing the bean to expand and crack (both physically and audibly). This first crack
makes the bean double in size. Prior to first crack, the bean changes from a green/yellow color to a light brown color. At this point,
the bean loses about 5% of its weight from water loss. Light roasts are done after this step.

4. Pyrolysis
At approximately 220°C, the heat causes a chemical change inside the bean, leading to the release of carbon dioxide. This
process is called pyrolysis. The color changes to a medium brown and the bean loses 13% of its weight.

5. Second Crack
Pyrolysis continues as temperatures reach 225-230°C, causing the second crack in the bean. That second crack is the cellulose in the
cell wall of the bean breaking apart. The bean is now medium-dark brown in color and has an oily sheen. It’s during this step where
the aromatic compounds are released, contributing to coffee’s classic flavor.

What is the key reaction for the development of roasted coffee flavour and color?

A. Maillard Reaction C. Pyrolysis

B. Second Crack D. First Crack
E. Caramelization
4.

A. There was a decrease of people using bike to work during 2005 to 2014.
B. The amount of water used in 2014 was lesss than 20%.
C. More tree were planted in the protected area.
D. There was a significant reduction in solid waste disposal in 2002.
E. Using PG&E energy was banned in the city since 2006.

5. Text for no. 5 – 7

Incorrect Battery Disposal Causes Needless Fires

Our lifestyles are increasingly dependent on batteries. These ubiquitous sources of energy power everything from our cars
and smartphones, to watches, remote controls and many other devices. However, these essential sources of power can be
hazardous. A report from the Environmental Services Association (ESA) in the U.K. discovered that the incorrect disposal of batteries
causes around 700 fires in Britain each year. This costs fire services $195 million. The financial loss is considerably higher for those
whose property has burnt down. A leading fire expert said: "These fires can be challenging for fire services to deal with. Everyone
can do their bit by ensuring they dispose of batteries correctly.

The biggest culprits for fires starting are lithium-ion batteries. These can explode and start fires if they are crushed or they get wet.
An ESA spokesperson told the BBC that, "more and more people are putting devices containing these batteries in with household
waste". He said: "That causes a real problem because they have a tendency – when damaged – to explode or ignite. They're likely to
be crushed, compacted, smashed or they might get wet." He added: "That can cause them to short-circuit. And of course, they're
then in the presence of other flammable material like plastic, paper and card and that can lead to quite big fires."
 We may conclude that the main information of the text is about ...
A. Problems occurs due to the improper discard of batteries.
B. Increasing dependence on batteries in nowadays lifestyle.
C. A report from the Environmental Services Association (ESA) in the U.K. on batteries usage.
D. The disadvantages of using batteries as a part of lifestyle.
E. A high financial loss for those whose property has burnt down caused by fire.

6. What is likely to be discussed in the next paragraph?

A. Describing the problems of usage of batteries in human life.
B. Informing the economic benefit a company may get from producing batteries.
C. Encouraging people to be mindful of the potential hazards of batteries.
D. Explaining the process how to batteries are produced.
E. Influencing people to stop using batteries to prevent the current problems.
7. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the text?
A. Batteries can short-circuit and start fires if they are crushed and dry .
B. Throwing numbers of people throw batteries in the garbage at home.
C. People are more aware of the patent danger of improper disposal of batteries.
D. The article says batteries are the most important thing in current lifestyle.
E. Proper batteries discharge are the cause of over 7,000 fires each year in the U.K.

8. Text for no. 8 and 9

The Risks of Nuclear Power

There are three separate sources of hazard in the process of supplying energy by nuclear power. The radioactive material must
be transported from the factory to the power plant. The containers used to carry the material are not well-built, despite the fact that
the power stations themselves are. The sole options for transportation are often the road or the rail. Unfortunately, both of these
involve close contact with the general public, since the routes are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.

Next, there is problem with waste. All nuclear power plants generate waste, the majority of which will continue to be radioactive for
thousands of years. These wastes must be preserved in one of the cumbersome methods that science has developed since it is
impossible to make them nonradioactive. For instance, they may be submerged in the earth, dumped into defunct mines, or
drowned in the ocean. These approaches do not, however, address the problem because an earthquake may easily split the
containers apart.

The last problem is inadvertent exposure brought on by a leak or explosion at the power plant. This does not provide a significant
challenge to the nuclear program since, unlikee the other two dangers, it is not very probable. Nevertheless, it is possible.

Separately, these three types of risks are not a great cause for concern. On the whole though, the probability of disaster is still high.

The whole text tells us about ....

A. people’s objections to the establishment of nuclear stations.
B. the accidents caused by nuclear power station.
C. the way to make radioactive wastes not dangerous for people.
D. the risks associated by using nuclear power to produce energy.
E. the danger of transporting the radio active materials.

9. Which of the following statements is TRUE about radioactive wastes?

A. Radioactive wastes have little prospect of saving people's lives.
B. Natural disasters could result in very catastrophic leaks in buried radioactive waste containers.
C. When radioactive wastes are buried underground, there won't be any more hazard.
D. Only earthquakes can change radioactive wastes into non radioactive wastes
E. When radioactive wastes are submerged in water, they stop becoming radioactive.

10. Mental Disorders

Certain forms of mood disorders that affect cognition are associated with mental illness. People who have one of these illnesses will
probably experience despair, anxiety, hallucinations, or psychosis when they see reality inaccurately. Clinical depression itself can
cause people to occasionally experience both pleasant and terrible moods. However, the negative sentiments will probably prevail.

People may have uni polar, a significant depressive condition, if they are very gloomy and feel as though they are going through a
moderate life crisis. People may feel as though they are unable to continue because of their sorrow and lack of hope. They will need
to set up a consultation with a certified therapist at this stage. They may begin taking antidepressants in some circumstances.
Correcting cognitive distortions is the aim in order to restore patients' zest for life. The severe instances could take several months
to recover from; strong support from family and friends is crucial.

The second most common kind of depression after uni polar depression, which may result from hormonal or thyroid-related changes
in mood, is bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder symptoms may vary from person to person, making it challenging for medical specialists
to identify. Bipolar manic depression will manifest as swings from hopelessness to euphoria. Some patients may think they possess
superhuman abilities or characteristics. Additionally, bipolar individuals may spend money carelessly. They could also take
dangerous actions.

It may be concluded from the text above that ...

A. depressions and mental health are closely related.
B. essentially, there is no therapy available for those with mental disorders.
C. having a psychiatrist is the first line of defense for those with mental diseases.
D. clinically, persons frequently experience mood changes over time.
E. people who are quick to anger may have mental health issues.