Nutrients and their functions

Protein: Essential for building and repairing tissues, enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals.

Carbohydrates: Primary source of energy for the body, particularly for brain function and physical
activity.

Fats: Provide energy, support cell growth, protect organs, and help the body absorb certain vitamins.

Vitamins: Assist in various bodily functions such as immune system support, vision, blood clotting, and
bone health.

Minerals: Essential for the proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and enzymes, and maintaining fluid
balance.

Water: Vital for hydration, digestion, nutrient transportation, temperature regulation, and overall bodily
functions.

Diet-related issues like malnutrition and obesity have significant impacts:

Malnutrition: Results from an inadequate or unbalanced diet, leading to deficiencies in essential

nutrients, impairing growth, development, and overall health.

Obesity: Occurs when there is an excessive accumulation of body fat due to consuming more calories
than the body can burn, often linked to high intake of unhealthy foods, lack of physical activity, and
genetic factors.
Example of a neutral household item
Water
Table salt
Baking powder
 How vinegar and bleach can remove stain

Vinegar, with acetic acid, dissolves stains and sanitizes surfaces, neutralizing odors. Bleach, containing
sodium hypochlorite, breaks down stains' chemical bonds, disinfects surfaces, and kills bacteria, viruses,
and fungi. Both must be used safely to avoid harm or damage.
Define Bone?
Bone is living tissue that makes up the body's skeleton

Functions of the bones

Bones are classified by their shape—as long, short, flat, and irregular. Primarily, they are referred to as
long or short.

There are 206 bones in the human skeleton, not including teeth and sesamoid bones (small bones found
within cartilage):

80 axial bones. This includes the head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum.

126 appendicular bones. This includes arms, shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet.

What are the functions of bone?

Bone provides shape and support for the body, as well as protection for some organs.
 Skeletal muscles and how they work

Skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, meaning you control how and when they move
and work. Nerves in your somatic nervous system send signals to make them function. If you reach for a
book on a shelf, you’re using skeletal muscles in your neck, arm, and shoulder.

Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscles are only in your heart. They help your heart pump blood throughout
your body. They’re involuntary muscles that your autonomic nervous system controls. That means they
work without you having to think about it.

Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle makes up your organs, blood vessels, digestive tract, skin and other
areas. Smooth muscles are involuntary, too. So, your autonomic nervous system controls them as well.
For example, muscles in your urinary system help rid your body of waste and toxins.

How the arm acts as a lever

The arm functions as a lever when muscles contract, causing movement around joints, with bones acting
as lever arms and joints as fulcrums, enabling various movements like flexion and extension.

Examples of a stable equilibrium

a weight suspended by a spring or a brick lying on a level surface.

Unstable equilibrium example

A ball resting on top of a hill
Electric thermostat used in Fridge

When the temperature inside the refrigerator rises, the bimetallic strip bends to switch on the compressor
which starts the cooling cycle.