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THIRD E DIT I ON

BIOLOGY THE ESSENTIALS

Mariëlle Hoefnagels
T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F
O K L A H O M A

MEDIA CONTRIBUTIONS BY

Matthew S. Taylor
BIOLOGY: THE ESSENTIALS, THIRD EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2016 and 2013. No part of
this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

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ISBN 978-1-259-82491-3
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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hoefnagels, Mariëlle, author.

Biology: the essentials / Mariëlle Hoefnagels, The University of
Oklahoma; media contributions by Matthew S. Taylor.
Third edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
LCCN 2017034401 | ISBN 9781259824913 (alk. paper)
LCSH: Biology—Study and teaching (Higher)
LCC QH315.H634 2018 | DDC 570.76—dc23 LC record available
at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017034401

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not
indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the
accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
Brief Contents
UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells
1 The Scientific Study of Life 2
2 The Chemistry of Life 20
3 Cells 48
4 The Energy of Life 68
5 Photosynthesis 84
6 Respiration and Fermentation 98
UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and
Biotechnology
7 DNA Structure and Gene Function 112
8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and
Mitosis 138
9 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 154
10 Patterns of Inheritance 170
11 DNA Technology 196
UNIT 3 Evolution and Diversity
12 Forces of Evolutionary Change 216
13 Evidence of Evolution 238
14 Speciation and Extinction 254
15 Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life 272
16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants 300
17 Evolution and Diversity of Animals 318
©Shutterstock/Yavuz Sariyildiz
UNIT 4 Ecology
18 Populations 356
19 Communities and Ecosystems 372
20 Preserving Biodiversity 402
UNIT 5 Plant Anatomy and Physiology
21 Plant Form and Function 420
22 Reproduction and Development
of Flowering Plants 442
UNIT 6 Animal Anatomy and Physiology
23 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems 460
24 The Nervous System and the Senses 476
25 The Endocrine System 502
26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 516
27 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems 534
28 The Digestive and Urinary Systems 556
29 The Immune System 580
30 Animal Reproduction and Development 598
iii
About the Author
Mariëlle Hoefnagels is a professor in the Department of Biology and the Department
of Microbiology and Plant Biology at the University of Oklahoma, where she teaches courses in

introductory biology, mycology, and science writing. She has received the University of Oklahoma

General Education Teaching Award and the Longmire Prize (the Teaching Scholars Award from

the College of Arts and Sciences). She has also been awarded honorary memberships in several

student honor societies.

Dr. Hoefnagels received her BS in environmental science from the University of California

at Riverside, her MS in soil science from North Carolina State University, and her PhD in plant

pathology from Oregon State University. Her dissertation work focused on the use of bacterial

biological control agents to reduce the spread of fungal pathogens on seeds. In addition to authoring

Biology: The Essentials and Biology: Concepts and Investigations, her recent publications have

focused on creating investigative teaching laboratories and integrating technology into introductory

biology classes. She also maintains a blog on teaching nonmajors biology, and she frequently gives
©Davenport Photos
presentations on study skills and related topics to student groups across campus.
DEDICATION
To my students
Mariëlle Hoefnagels
 An Introduction for Students Using This Textbook
I have been teaching nonmajors biology at the University of Oklahoma
since 1997 and over that time have encountered many students who fear
• Summary Illustrations Created specifically for the summary,
these figures tie together the material in a visual way to help you
science in general and biology in particular. The complexity, abstrac- learn relationships 466 UNIT 6 Animal Anatomy and Physiology

tions, and unfamiliar terms can be overwhelming, and some students among the topics in
believe they can’t do well because they’re just not “into science.” In the chapter. See if Burning Question 23.1 23.3 Organ Sy
writing this book, I have focused on students and what you need to be you can explain the The tissues described in se
successful in a nonmajors biology class. relationships in your How does the body react to food poisoning?
This section provides a b
In a healthy body, the organ systems operate utes to the body’s function
In my experience, a big part of the problem is that many
Chapter 23 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems 473
students own words, then go so seamlessly that you are unlikely to no- function of each one relies
tice them. But suppose you eat food that is
just don’t have the right study skills—they focus too much on superficial back to review any tainted with bacteria, viruses, mold, or other
Question 23.1).

learning such as memorizing definitions, but they don’t immediately grasp sections you have contaminants. Within a few hours to a few
days, your body’s reactions are hard to miss. A. The Nervous an
the power of C. The Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Work Together
to Acquire Energy the material. I’ve created the following fea-
understanding trouble explaining. First, receptors in the digestive system

• signal the brain that toxins are in the gut.

Coordinate Comm
Bodies tures to help you
• Themake the
digestive transition
system fromThe
provides nutrients. memorizing to obtains
respiratory system understanding. Progress Bars The The brain responds by triggering vomiting, The human nervous system

•
O2, and the circulatory system delivers nutrients and O2 to tissues. which ejects partially digested food from ©Alix Minde/PhotoAlto/ specializes in rapid comm
es of the structure and bars found at the the stomach. Meanwhile, water moves from Getty Images RF detect stimuli; others relay
Concept•MapsThe body’s Acells
new use O to extractthe
Survey2
energy concept map at the
from food molecules.
Landscape
The circulatory and respiratory systems eliminate the waste CO . bottom of most pages the circulatory system into the intestines. This fluid contributes to other neurons carry impuls
start of each
ues. Tissues build organs,
D. The chapter illustrates Immune,
Urinary, Integumentary, how the andpieces
Lymphatic ofSystems
2
the entire unit fit diarrhea that flushes toxins out of the body. which contract or secrete p
should help you keep Vomiting and diarrhea dehydrate the body. In response, endo- The endocrine system
together. Each
Protectchapter
the Body ends with a Pull It Together concept map crine glands release a hormone called ADH (antidiuretic hormone) communication molecules
• The urinary system removes metabolic wastes from the blood and in mind where you are into the blood. ADH travels in blood vessels and binds to receptors in
metabolism, and many oth
e Types that makes connections
reabsorbs between key terms within the chapter.
useful substances. the kidneys. The kidney’s cells respond by saving water, returning it
in the chapter’s big to the blood instead of eliminating it in urine.
system and stimulate a ch
cellular matrix of water,
• Theconcept
Using these integumentary maps systemtogether will help
provides a physical barrieryou
betweenunderstand
the body how Some forms of food poisoning are accompanied by fever, shivers, relatively slowly, but their
rs. picture.
•
and its surroundings. and fatigue. These are responses of the immune system as it fights
the major• topics covered throughout the book relate
cancer.to one another.

•
The immune system protects against infection, injury, and
Why We Care These invaders. A feverish body is inhospitable to some bacteria. The shivers—
B. The Skeletal an
o forms glands. This tissue
Learn How • Theto Learn
lymphatic Each
system chapter
connects in this
the circulatory booksystems,
and immune contains a tip a rapid series of muscle contractions—help raise the body’s tempera-
and Move the Bod
nd secretes substances. passing the body’s fluids through the lymph nodes. boxes reinforce the ture. And what about fatigue? The body uses a lot of energy to maintain
that focuses
ied (more than one layer), E. TheonReproductive
study skills Systemthat build
Produces understanding.
the Next Generation Don’t try to a fever and to produce immune cells. Ordinarily, we eat to replenish our The skeletal system consis
mnar. applications of specific reserves. But if food and liquids won’t stay down, the digestive system protect underlying soft tiss
implement • them
The all
male and at
femaleonce; choose
reproductive one
systems are that appeals
essential to you and
for the production cannot absorb nutrients or water. Both nutrient depletion and dehydra- marrow within some bones
es Together of offspring. topics to the real tion contribute to low energy.
add more• as you determine what works best for you. minerals such as calcium.

•
functions. Most consist Figure 23.12 summarizes the human body’s organ systems. world. Individual skeletal m

•
Submit your burning question to
matrix.
What’s the Point? This brief introduction helps explain the marielle.hoefnagels@mheducation.com system. When a skeletal m
oose connective tissue, dense 23.4 Organ System Interactions Promote Homeostasis Burning Question In support a person’s posture
e, and blood. importanceHomeostasis
of the chapter topic. A companion feature is What’s
• is stability in the internal environment. Animals may maintain this feature, I answer (fire):
Figure ©Ingram
23.6 Human Publishing/SuperStock RF
tracting skeletal muscles a
Applied,in which
the Point? homeostasis appears
body temperature and innear the end
the chemical of each
composition of the chapter
Organ Systems.
hen protein filaments slide blood plasma and the interstitial fluid. questions from Communication Support and move
and builds• Inonnegative
the chapter’s content by explaining a wide-ranging
feedback, sensors detect a change in the internal environment, students who are either in my classes Nervous systemor who have written
Endocrine system to me Skeletal system
ac, and smooth muscle.topic that is
andrelevant to activates
a control center your life.effectors that counteract the change. The
with a “burning question” of their own.
•
ation Network overall effect is to restore the parameter to its normal range.
e. • Positive feedback reinforces the effect of a change.
Miniglossaries Most chapters have one or more miniglossaries,
euroglia support neurons.
in an animal’s body. Nervous system controls the Food and drinks brief lists of key terms that help you define and distinguish between
skeletal and muscular systems,
which balance and move the body.
previously entered the
digestive system. interrelated ideas. You can use the miniglossaries to create flashcards,
ected
concept maps, and other study aids.
•
dinate Communication Male
ordinate all other organ Scientific Literacy These new thought questions at the end of
Respiratory system each chapter will help you practice thinking like a scientist about
ate rapidly, whereas absorbs O2 and
relevant social, political, or ethical issues. Female

•
ct more slowly. gives off CO2. Integumentary system
gives off excess heat Detects, interprets, and Produces hormones and Provides framework for S
rt and Move the Body produced by active Connect® The content in thisresponds textbook to stimuli is
outside and within the
fromintegrated with
works with the a wide muscles
nervous
system to control many
to attach, making
movement possible. Houses
e
H
upport the body. Bones also muscles.
Endocrine system
variety of digital tools available in Connect
body. With endocrine
system, coordinates all
that will help you
body functions, including
reproduction, response to
learn bone marrow. Protects soft
organs. Stores minerals.
te

ove and generates body heat. helps regulate

A Summary
Functions
Cover interior and
exterior surfaces of
organs; protection;
secretion; absorption
Support, adhesion,
insulation, attachment,
and transportation
Movement
Rapid communication
among cells
heart rate, metabolic
Circulatory system the connections and relationships that are critical to understanding
organ functions. stress, and metabolism.
transports O2, water,
rate, and body fluid
composition.
food molecules, how biology really works. Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies Animals Consist of Four Tissue Types Organ Systems Are In
hormones, and
metabolic wastes.
Although developing study skills is a major step on the pathway to
Wastes accumulate in Lymphatic system success, a student’s mindset is important too. If you believe that you can
collects and
the digestive and
urinary systems for transports plasma develop your talents for biology—even if it takes some hard work—then
leaking out of
elimination later.
blood vessels. you set the stage for a successful semester. Anyone can be a “science
person.”
Immune system
Gametes develop in protects the body I hope that you enjoy this text and find that the study tips and tools
from infection if
reproductive system.
injury occurs. help you develop an understanding of biology.
Mariëlle Hoefnagels
Figure 23.12 Organ System Functions: A Summary.
Photo: ©James Woodson/Getty Images RF

vi
 Burning Question 4.1 Do hand sanitizers work?
Investigating Life 4.1 Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibr

olution and Diversity

Author’s Guide to Using This Textbook
s of Evolutionary Change This guide
Burning listsRiding
Calories. key chapter features
a bicycle takes and comes
energy, which describes
from some of the ways that I use them in my own classes.
metabolic reactions inside cells.
LEARNING OUTLINE
©maxpro/Shutterstock RF
12.1 Evolution Acts on Populations
12.2 Evolutionary Thought Has Evolved for Centuries
12.3 Natural Selection Molds Evolution
12.4 Evolution Is Inevitable in Real Populations
12.5 Natural Selection Can Shape Populations
in Many Ways Learn How to Learn
Learn How
S UtoRV E Y study
Learn T H E tips
L A help
N DS CA P E
12.6 Sexual Selection Directly Influences Reproductive studentsScience,
develop their study skills.and Cells
Chemistry,
Success
Focus on Understanding, Not Memorizing
12.7 Evolution Occurs in Several Additional Ways When you are learning the language of biology, be sure to concentrate on Each chapter has one Learn How to Learn
how each new term fits with the others. Are you studying multiple components is the study of Biology
APPLICATIONS
of a complex system? Different steps in a process? The levels of a hierarchy? studyLife
tip, and a complete list is in Appendix F.
Why We Care 12.1 Dogs Are Products of Artificial Selection
©Davenport
Burning Question Photos
12.1 Is there such a thing as a “pinnacle of evolution”? As you study, always make sure you understand how each part relates to the I present
consistsa Study
of units
carryMinute in class each week,
out the
whole. For example, you might jot down brief summaries in the margins of your
withcalled
examples of how
of to use these study tips.
Why We Care 12.2 The Unending War with Bacteria
Investigating Life 12.1 Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the Farm functions
notes, or you could use lists of boldfaced terms in a chapter to make your own
concept map. ATP makes Respiration
Cells uses
pinefish swallows Chapter 12 Forces of Evolutionary Change 237 consist of Carbohydrates
r many predators to
Why do porcupinefish makes
provides the answer.

W R I TE I T O UT PULL IT TOG ETHER Molecules include Proteins Photosynthes

1. List and describe five mechanisms of evolution. does not
Evolution
occur at
Hardy– consist of encodes such as
S2.UHow
RV did EYtheTHEwork ofLAN D SCAP
other scientists E Charles
influence Weinberg
Darwin’s thinking? equilibrium
tes Evolution and Diversity is a change in catalyze the
3. Explain how understanding evolution is important to medicine, acts on a
ey consider “important” during a
Evolution agriculture,has
and maintaining
occurred the diversity of organisms
throughout on Earth.
Life’s history
a population’s Atoms DNA Enzymes cell’s chemical
grams. Both strategies risk losing
n ideas that could help in later
ring lecture, including examples,
4. Write a paragraph that describes the connections among
occurs by require
the following terms: gene, nucleotide, allele,by is deduced
phenotype, has a collection
Concept maps help students see the big picture.
reactions, including
studying Population Gene pool
e instructor uses. It will be much population, genetic variation, natural selection, and evolution. of genes and
te picture of what happened in Natural selection
5.
and other Jellyfish Lake,
Genetic
located
variation on the Pacific island of Palau, is home is a group of alleles called a
New Survey Allthe
cells require energy
Landscape in the
concept formatofthe
maps ATPstart
to carry out th
Fossils, DNA,
mechanisms to millions of jellyfish. Many years ago, sea and levels dropped
other
interbreeding
chemical reactions, acquire resources, and power their
may lead to
exists among
and the jellyfish were trapped
members
from the
in the basin. The
present and
evidence
lake houses of each chapter illustrate how the pieces of the entire
other activities. Enzymes are proteins that speed these
no predators, andof the jellyfish’s stinglefthas weakened.
provide Jellyfish
unit fit together. These new figures integrate with the
each past have Organisms
Lake is now a popular tourist attraction where snorkelers
Reproductive define Species
information
to build
barriers can swim among the jellyfish. Explain how Jellyfish Lake is
evolves by
reactions.
evidence for evolution.
Nonrandom Genetic Natural
existing Pull It Together concept maps in the chapter
For more details, study the Pull It Together feature in the chapter summ
can be causedPhylogenetic
6. Influenza
summary.
includes formation and smallpox are diseases bytrees
different Migration Mutations
and extinction of mating drift selection
types of viruses. Scientists arranged into
must produce a new influenza
vaccine each year, whereas the
Evolution occurs in many ways. The most familiar mecha-smallpox vaccine eradicated
each of which
nism is natural
generation to
the selection,
disease. Explain
perspective.
these results
but genetic changesfrom an
the next also happen by mutation, genetic
fromevolutionary
one has a unique
combination of
After spending class time discussing the key points in
7. Explain
drift, nonrandom how harmful
mating, recessive alleles can persist in
and migration.
populations, even though they prevent homozygous individuals
constructing concept maps, I have my students draw
mix randomly conferring adaptive
concept maps of their own.
For more details, study the Pull It Together feature in the chapter summary.
from reproducing.
unevenly change in are traits become
8. Fraggles are mythical, mouselike creatures that live underground move between in frequency in generated more common in
beneath a large vegetable garden. Of the 100 Fraggles in populations in by
this population, 84 have green fur and 16 have gray fur. A Alleles
dominant allele F confers green fur, and a recessive allele f
confers gray fur. Assuming Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is operating, Figure 12.24 Pull It Together: Forces of Evolutionary Change.
answer the following questions. (a) What is the frequency of the gray
allele f ? (b) What is the frequency of the green allele F? (c) How many
Fraggles are heterozygotes (Ff )? (d) How many Fraggles are homozygous
recessive (ff )? (e) How many Fraggles are homozygous dominant (FF )? Refer to figure 12.24 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.

8
9. Describe the competing selective forces acting on peacock tails. Together, 1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction.
do these selective forces produce disruptive, directional, or stabilizing When has evolution occurred in life’s history? How do scientists know
selection? UNIT
that evolution has occurred in the past?2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology
10. Some researchers suggest that a giraffe’s long neck results from competition
for foliage with other types of animals; others say it is the product of sexual the concept map would occur. DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis
2. Describe situations in which the five mechanisms of evolution shown in

selection. How might each mechanism explain how a long-necked species 3. Add the terms genotype, phenotype, allele frequencies, founder effect,
evolved from an ancestral population with short necks? How does each bottleneck effect, and sexual selection to this concept map.
explanation compare to how Lamarck might have explained it?
LEARNING OUTLINE
Cells Divide and Cells Die
DNA Replication Precedes Cell Division
TheS CLearning Outline introduces the
I EN TI F IC LITERACY Bacteria and Archaea Divide by Binary Fission

chapter’s
Burning Questionmain headings
12.1 explains andbe adapted
why an organism cannot helps to all
environments. Even humans cannot live in all parts of the world. However,
Replicated Chromosomes Condense as a Eukaryotic Cell
Prepares to Divide
students keep
technology allows us to livethe big
in habitats picture
that would in
otherwise be mind.
deadly.
example, the cold temperatures, low oxygen level, and lack of food on a
For Mitotic Division Generates Exact Cell Copies
Cancer Cells Divide Uncontrollably
high mountain would soon kill an unclothed man. However, the same man
Each heading is a complete sentence that
could survive indefinitely in the same location if he had a warm house and
clothing, breathed from an oxygen tank, and grew food in a sophisticated
APPLICATIONS

summarizes the most important idea of

greenhouse. Are human technologies the products of natural selection? Is
a human who lives in a harsh environment “adapted” to that environment,
Answers to Mastering Concepts, Write It Out, Scientific Literacy, and
Pull It Together questions can be found in the Connect ebook.
Burning Question 8.1 Do all human cells divide at the same rate?
Why We Care 8.1 Skin Cancer

the section. Students can also flip to the

even if he must use technology to survive? What areas of the world might be
especially difficult to inhabit, even with the use of current or potential future
connect.mheducation.com Investigating Life 8.1 Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against Cancer

end of the chapter before starting to read;

technologies? Why? Design element: Burning Question (fire background): ©Ingram Publishing/Super Stock

the chapter summary and Pull It Together

concept map can serve as a review or
provide a preview of what’s to come. Growth. Cell division accounts for the growth of a seedling, a child,
and every other multicellular organism.
©PhotoAlto/Getty Images RF

Learn How to Learn S URV E Y T HE LA N DS CA P E

Write It Out—Really! DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology
Get out a pen and a piece of scratch paper, and answer the open-ended vii
“Write It Out” questions at the end of each chapter. This tip applies even if the is
DNA manipulated DNA technology
exams in your class are multiple choice. Putting pen to paper (as opposed to
in
just saying the answer in your head) forces you to organize your thoughts and undergoes encodes
undergoes
THINK you know.
Mutations Proteins carry out Replication
 234 UNIT 3 Evolution and Diversity

Investigating Life 12.1 | Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the Farm
Investigating Life boxes focus on what
Although infectious diseases were once the leading cause of human death,
antibiotics had made many bacteria-caused diseases manageable by the mid- introductory science students need:
1900s. Since that time, bacteria have become resistant not only to the original
penicillin but also to the many manufactured antibiotics that followed it. Now an understanding of the process of science, an ability
antibiotic-resistant bacteria are common, creating new obstacles for physicians
treating infectious disease.
to interpret data, and an awareness of how scientific
Medical practices contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, but
so do farms. Antibiotics promote rapid animal growth when added to the food
research contributes to our understanding of evolution.
of cattle, chickens, swine, and other livestock. This practice comes at a cost 100
to public health. The animals’ manure contains not only antibiotics but also Each box describes a real experiment focusing on an

Number of resistance
80
bacteria that are resistant to the drugs. These microbes swap genes with their

neighbors (see figure 8.7). Farms have therefore become breeding grounds for
antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
To learn more about this problem, researchers from China and the Unit-
ed States collected manure from three Chinese pig farms where antibiotics
are used. Control manure came from pigs that had never been exposed to
the drugs. When the team tallied the number of resistance genes in bacterial
DNA extracted from each sample, they found that manure from antibiotic-
treated animals had many more resistance genes than did control manure
(figure 12.A).
But farmers often compost pig manure and then spread it on their crop-
lands. Do the genes persist under those conditions? To find out, the researchers
collected samples from compost piles and from the soil in nearby fields. DNA
analysis revealed that compost and soil from farms using antibiotics had more
diverse resistance genes than did soil from a forest.
These results have serious implications, and not just for farm workers.
Since composted animal manure is spread over fields, crops may become con-
taminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Meat from treated livestock may
also harbor resistance genes. When we eat the crops or the meat, bacteria in our
intestines may take up the resistance genes.
Source: Zhu, Yong-Guan, and seven coauthors, including James M. Tiedje. 2013. Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
vol. 110, pages 3435–3440.
genes detected
60 evolutionary topic related to the chapter’s content. The
40 studies touch on concepts found in other units; you can
20 encourage students to draw a concept map illustrating
0
Control Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3
the relationships between ideas. You might also use the
Manure sampling site case as a basis for discussion of the nature of science.
Figure 12.A Antibiotic Resistance on the Farm. The diversity of antibiotic-
resistance genes was significantly higher in the manure of antibiotic-fed pigs
than in that of untreated animals. Error bars represent the standard error of the Assignable Connect activities contain questions
focused on the process of science, data interpretation,
mean (see appendix B).
Changes in government policy and consumer awareness may soon decrease
the use of antibiotics on farms. As demand for meat from antibiotic-free animals and how the study contributed to our understanding of
grows, farmers will have an economic incentive to find alternatives to the drugs.
The need for change is urgent because some antibiotics may become useless if evolution.
current practices continue. Evolution never stops, but a thorough understanding
of natural selection and bacteria can help us slow the rise of antibiotic resistance.

Chapter 5 Photosynthesis 89

What’s the Point? APPLIED

chlorophyll, in turn, replaces its “lost” electrons by splitting water molecules,
Evolution occurs in every population; bacteria are
What’s the Point? and What’s the Point? Applied boxesLight
yielding
evolutionOof as a waste product. help Hrelate
2 HIV, for example, has made this virus a
O 2 CO2

These twoan resources

effective (energy and “loaded”
has yet electron carriers) set the Chloroplast
no exception. The evolutionary changes in microbes
have important implications in human medicine.
chapter topics to life outside the classroom.
moving
stage
to befor
target;
the second
invented.
anti-HIV vaccine
partunderstanding
A better of photosynthesis:
of how thethe carbon reactions. In
What’s the Point?
Why We Care 12.2 and Investigating Life 12.1 high- the carbon
virus and evadesthe
evolvesreactions, chloroplast
the immune system uses ATP, the high-energy
might
light one problem: In the hundred years since the These boxes can be used as a starting point for traditional lecture or as the basis
lead to better
electrons treatments
in NADPH, andagainst
CO2 HIV.
to produce sugar molecules. These
discovery of antibiotics, many strains of resistant 4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy
Studying evolution has led to innovative
reactions are the “-synthesis” part of photosynthesis. The ATP and
ATP
bacteria have appeared. Health“I wish I had yourcan
professionals metabolism!” Perhaps for class discussion.
ideas in the treatment of disease. For example,
NADPH come from the light reactions, and the CO2 comes from
you have overheard
minimize this problem by prescribing antibiotics a calorie-counting You’re running late. You overslept,ofyou
the evolution have no time for breakfast,
chemotherapy-resistant cancer and you Light NADPH Carbon
the atmosphere (seeresearchers
Burning Question 5.2). Once inside the leaf,
only when needed and by friend educating
makethe public comment to
a similar have a full morning ofcells classes.
has You rummage
inspired through to your
develop cupboard
new and find reactions reactions
CO diffuses into a mesophyll cell and across8.1).through the mem-
the chloroplast NADP+
about the proper use of the drugs.
someone who stays slim on a diet of something called an drug 2 delivery
“energy strategieswhat
bar”—just (see Investigating
you need toLifeget Chapter 4 The Energy of Life 81
Viruses also evolve. The surprising and some- ©PhotoAlto sas/Alamy Stock Photo RF brane
Also, into the stroma,
studying where
intestinal worms thehas
carbon
led toreactions
new occur. ADP
fattening foods. morning. But what is energy?
times deadly appearance of new influenza strains such as H1N1 is evidence theories about the origin of Overall, photosynthesis
allergies. As is an oxidation–reduction
explained in Investigating Life 29.1, (redox) process.
In thatmutations
of how viruses change over time. Rapid context,inthe
viralword
DNA provide enor- these findings may make “Oxidation” means that electrons are removed from an atom or molecule;
parasites a viable option for treating an overac-
mous variation that fuels natural selection.means
metabolism Understanding
how fast viral evolution al-
a person A. Energy Allows Cells to Do Life’s Work
tive immune system. “reduction” means electrons are added. As you will see, photosynthesis strips
lows researchers to stay a step ahead, producing vaccines that protect In the future, biologists hope to apply evolutionary theory to answer
burns food. But biochemists define
against the new strains of the flu that arise each year. Unfortunately, scientists
Physicists What’s the Point?
electrons
define energy
These
from
as the the oxygen
APPLIED
ability
electronsisreduce
atoms in H2is,
to do work—that
questions about everything from aging to mental illness. A thorough
the carbon
O (i.e.,
to move
under-
in CO2. Because
the oxygen
matter. atoms are oxidized).
oxygenonatoms attract electrons
O2 Sugar
metabolism as all of the chemical
have not been able to develop vaccines against all viral infections. The rapid This idea,
standing of as
thisabstract
powerfulas it sounds,
process fundamental
will undoubtedly lead totoa healthier
biology. Life depends
future.
reactions that build and break down more strongly than do carbon atoms (see chapter 2), moving electrons from oxy-
rearranging atoms and trafficking substances across membranes in precise Figure 5.6into
Overview of Photosynthesis. In the light
©Comstock Images RF Metabolism describes all theto chemical reactions in a cell. Because for this reaction is, oftransport
course, fatty acids cells become more numerous afterreactions,
molecules within any cell. How are ways. These intricategen movementscarbonrepresent
requires energy.
work, and Thethey energy source
require energy. pigment molecules captureproviding
light energycells
and transfer it to molecules
our cells always lose energy
light. i asredox
heat,reactions,
they require
sectionconstant
4.2B en- one to two weeks of exercise, with easier
these two meanings related? Although it may seem strange to think of a “working” cell, all organisms
ergy input to continue fueling their reactions. So the familiar access toofenergy.
ATP and NADPH. The carbon reactions use this energy to build
Interlocking networks of metabolic reactions supply the do tremendous amounts of work on a microscopic scale. For example, a plant sugar may
molecules out of carbonmetabolism.
dioxide.
definition of metabolism—how fast a person burns calories in Caffeine also accelerate Although caf-
cell assembles glucose molecules into long cellulose fibers, moves ions across
energy that every cell needs to stay alive. In humans, teams food—relates to the rate 5.4 at which Mastering Concepts
cellular reactions are occur- feine contains zero calories, many people can attest to the
its membranes, and performs thousands of other tasks simultaneously. A
of metabolizing cells perform specialized functions such ring. What can you do to make your cells use the energy in food “energy boost” that it provides. Caffeine increases the release
gazelle grazes on a plant’s 1. tissues
What happens
to acquire inenergy
each of
thatthe twoenable
will main itstages
to do of
its photosynthesis?
as digestion, muscle movement, hormone production, and more quickly? of fatty acids into the blood and raises the heart rate, giving
own cellular work. A crocodile
2. Where eatsinthat
thegazelle for thedoes
chloroplast sameeachreason.
stage occur?
countless other activities. It all takes a reliable energy supply— Exercise
The totalspeeds
amountup the body’s
of energy in anyenergy
object ismetabolism in
the sum of energy’s two forms: cells quick access to energy reserves. However, studies have
food, which each of us “burns” at a different rate. several ways.
potential Immediately
and kinetic (figure 4.1)after exercise,
. Potential energycellsis stored
work energy
to available to shown that getting too little sleep (a side effect of excess caf-
This chapter describes the fundamentals of metabolism, rebuild ATPAand
do work. other atenergy
bicyclist the topreserves, so caloricpotential
of a hill illustrates demands energy, as does a feine) disturbs normal metabolism.
including how cells organize, regulate, and fuel the chemical arecompressed
high. Also,spring.
body The
temperature remains elevated for hours
covalent bonds of molecules, such as the ingredients Finally, metabolism slows down when the body receives too
reactions that sustain life. after exercise,
in your energyspeeding chemical
bar, contain 5.5 The Light Reactions Begin
a formreactions
of potential and contributing
energy to
called chemical energy.
©Corbis RF
few calories. Hormones then signal the body that it is entering a
increased metabolism.
A concentration Regular
gradient exercise
is another formalso increases
of potential the size
energy of
(see section 4.5). starved state. In response, cells begin to conserve energy via several
muscle cells, which
i covalent bonds,require
section more
Photosynthesis
2.2C energy than fat cells even when at mechanisms. One way to keep your metabolism high is therefore to
rest. Exercise also increases
Kinetic energy Ais the
plantenergy theofin
placed abundance
motion;
a dark any of enzymes
moving
closet literallyobject and other this
possesses
starves. Without maintain
light, your
the plant blood sugar level by eating multiple small, healthy meals
cannot
proteins
form ofthat regulate
energy. energyATP
The bicyclist
generate metabolism.
coasting down the
or NADPH. For example,
hill
And in figure
without proteins that
4.1 critical
these sources throughout
demonstrates of energy andtheelec-
day.
kinetic energy, as dotrons,
molecules inside
the plant a cell.
cannot In fact,
produce all oftothe
sugars chemical
feed reac-its stored reserves are
itself. Once
tions that sustain lifegone,
rely on
thecollisions
plant dies.between moving
The plant’s molecules.
life thus dependsThe colder
on the light reactions of photo-
an object feels, the slower thewhich
synthesis, movement of the
occur in its membranes
atoms and molecules; this is
of chloroplasts.
why many cells die if conditions are too chilly.
Calories are units used to measure energy. One calorie (cal) is the amount
Burning
Figure 4.1 Potential and Kinetic cover
Questions topics
Energy. (a) A bicyclist at that Burning
of energy required to raise Question
the temperature of 1 gram 5.1of water from 14.5°C to B. ATP Represents Short-Term Energy Storage
CHAPT ERenergy
S U content
MMAofRY
students wonder about.
the top of a hill has potential energy, which can be converted to 15.5°C. The food, however, is usually measured in kilocalories
•
ATP is too unstable for long-term storage. Instead, cells store energy as fats
kinetic energy as the cyclist coasts down. (b) A compressed spring Why do leaves change colors in the fall? and carbohydrates.
4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy
has potential energy, which is released as kinetic energy when
Every
the spring ischapter
released. (c)in the book
Chemical energy is answers one or
a form of potential moreAllows Cells toMost
A. Energy leaves Work
Do Life’s are green throughout a plant’s growing season, although there
are exceptions; some ornamental plants, for example, have yellow 4.4or Enzymes Speed
time as a spectacular autumn display. These pigments soon disappear as well,
and the Reactions
dead leaves turn brown and fall to the ground.
energy, which is released when the molecule’s bonds break.
Burning Questions, encouraging readers to • Energy is the ability to do work. Potential energygreenis stored energy,
and ask
purple foliage. The familiar color comes from chlorophyll A.
a, Enzymes Bring ReactantsSpring brings a flush of fresh green leaves. The energy to pro-
Together
kinetic energy is action.
the most abundant pigment in photosynthetic plant parts. duce the foliage comes from glucose the plant produced during the
questions ofOntheir hill: own. I ask my students to write • Energy is measured in units called
But calories.
the leaf One
also hasfood Calorie
other is
photosynthetic pigments. • Enzymes are organic molecules (usually proteins) that speed biochemical
last growing season and stored as starch. The new leaves make
reactions by lowering the activation energy.
High potential energy 1000 calories, or 1 kilocalorie.
Carotenoids contribute brilliant yellow, orange, and red hues. food throughout the spring and summer, so the tree can grow—
down a Burning Question on the first day B. Life Purple pigments, such as anthocyanins, are not photosyn- •
of Requires Energy Transformations Substrate molecules fit into the enzyme’s activeand
both above the ground site.
below—and produce fruits and seeds.
thetically active, but they do protect leaves from damage by B. Many Factors Affect Enzyme As Activity
the days grow shorter and cooler in autumn, the cycle
class. I answer all of them during the semester, • Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted to
Glucoseother forms.
molecule:
to the so they •
ultraviolet radiation. A reaction product may will continue,
temporarily shut and
downthe its
colorful
own pigments
synthesiswill again participate
whenever
whenever a relevant topic comes Coastingupdownin • Every reaction increases entropy
hill:class.
(disorder)
Carotenoids are and
less loses
High
abundant
potential
heatthan
energy energy
chlorophyll, in one of nature’s great disappearing acts.
its levels rise. Such negative feedback may occur by competitive
Energy is released
environment. usually remain invisible to the naked eye during the growing sea-
as kinetic energy. son. As winter approaches, however, deciduous plants prepare to inhibition or noncompetitive
Submitinhibition.
your burning question to

4.2 Networks of Chemical Reactions

shed their leaves. Anthocyanins accumulate while chlorophyll degrades,
Sustainpigments
Life reveal their colors for a short
•
Enzymes have narrowmarielle.hoefnagels@mheducation.com
ranges of conditions in which they function.
and the now “unmasked” accessory (leaves): ©Carlos E. Santa Maria/Shutterstock RF
• Metabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in a cell. 4.5 Membrane Transport May Release
A. Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release Energy Energy or Cost Energy
viii • Compressed
In reactions spring:
that require energyExtended
High potential
The Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis
spring:
input, the products have more energy
Energy is released Stored energy is •
The Carbon Reactions Produce Carbohydrates C3, C4, and CAM Plants
Membranes have selective permeability, which means they admit only
than the reactants. Conversely,
energy as in reactions
kinetic energythat
and release energy,when
released the the some substances.
products have less energy than transferred
the reactants.
to ball. bonds are broken.
a. B. Linked Oxidation
b. and Reduction Reactions Form c. Electron
Transport Chains
69 Miniglossary | Energy of Life
 168 UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology

9.5 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability

CHAPTER SUMMARY
A. Crossing Over Shuffles Alleles

108 UNIT
The 1chapter
Science, Chemistry,
summary and Cells 9.1 Why Sex?
• Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. Sexual reproduction
• Crossing over, which occurs in prophase I, produces variability when
portions of homologous chromosomes switch places. After crossing over,
produces offspring by mixing traits from two parents. the chromatids carry new combinations of alleles.

highlights key points and • Asexual reproduction can be successful in a stable environment, but a
changing environment selects for sexual reproduction.
B. Homologous Pairs Are Oriented Randomly During Metaphase I
• Every possible orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at
metaphase I is equally likely. As a result, one person can produce over

terminology from the chapter. 9.2 Diploid Cells Contain Two Homologous Sets
of Chromosomes
8 million genetically different gametes.
C. Random Fertilization Multiplies the Diversity

• • Because any sperm can fertilize any egg cell, a human couple can produce
a. Alcoholic fermentation Diploid cells have two full sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
A karyotype is a chart that displays all of the chromosomes from one cell. over 70 trillion genetically different offspring.

Chapter summary illustrations help •

6.8 Fermenters Acquire ATP Only
In humans, the sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine whether an
individual is male or female. The 22 homologous pairs of autosomes do
not determine sex.
• Identical (monozygotic) twins arise when a zygote splits into two embryos.
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins develop from separate zygotes.

students see the big picture.

Glycolysis • 9.6 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions:

in Glycolysis
Homologous chromosomes share the same size, banding pattern, and

ATP
centromere location, but they differ in the alleles they carry.
•
A Summary
Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritanc
Glucose 2 9.3 Meiosis Is Essential in Sexual Reproduction •
Mitotic division produces identical copies of a cell and occurs throughout life.
Meiosis produces genetically different haploid cells. It occurs only in
• Meiosis halves the genetic material to produce haploid cells. Fertilization specialized cells and only during some parts of the life cycle.

2 NAD+
Most of the known organisms onSometimes
Earth, Occurincluding
occurs when gametes fuse, forming the diploid zygote. Mitotic cell division
9.7 Errors
produces the body’s cells during growth and development.
Figure 9.13 summarizes the events of a sexual life cycle.
In Meiosis humans, use aerobic cellular
A. Polyploidy Means Extra Chromosome Sets
respiration. Nevertheless, • life thrives without O2 in waterlogged soils, deep Polyploid cells have one or more extra sets of chromosomes.
2 Pyruvate B. Nondisjunction Results in Extra or Missing Chromosomes

7. In the ABO blood type system, the enzymes that link puncture
molecules wounds,A andsewage
B • treatment plants, and your own digestive tract, to Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister

PULLof IT O2, TOG ETHinER

chromatids to separate, causing gametes to have incorrect chromosome

to red blood cells each consist of 354 amino acids;name their just a few places.
differ In the absence the microbes these habitats
numbers. A sex chromosome abnormality is typically less severe than an
2 NADH sequences DEVELOPMENT
incorrect number of autosomes.
MEIOSIS

by four amino acids. The allele encoding the i allelegenerate

has a ATP using
frameshift
FERTILIZATION
metabolic pathways that are anaerobic (meaning they do
2
not use O2). Fermentation is one such pathway.
GAMETE FORMATION

mutation; it therefore encodes a nonfunctional protein.

Ethanol Combine the Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n)

concepts of chapters 7 and 10 to diagram how blood cells acquire their In organisms that use fermentation,
HAPLOID glycolysis
CELLS still yields DIPLOID two ATPs,
CELLStwo
2 CO2 Diploid (2n = 4)

ABO phenotype, starting with transcription of• the NADHs, IA, IB, or iand two molecules of pyruvate per molecule of glucose. But the
Figure 9.13 Sexual Life Cycle Events.

allele and
Somatic cells do not participate in reproduction, whereas diploid germ cells
MEIOSIS I

NADH does not donate its electrons to an electron transport chain, nor is the
produce haploid sex cells.

Input endingOutput with the surface of the red blood cells.9.4 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the
pyruvate
Nucleus Divides Twice further oxidized.
2 8. Calico2cats have large patches of orange and black • fur;Instead,
in tortoiseshell
The events of meiosis ensure that gametes are haploid and genetically
in fermentation, electrons from NADH reduce pyruvate. This
variable (figure 9.14).
•
cats, the patches are smaller. In which type of• cat does X inactivation
During interphase, which precedes meiosis, the cell grows and copies its Haploid (n = 2) Haploid (n = 2)

2 CO 2 process DNA.
regenerates NAD+, which is essential for glycolysis to continue. But
Spindle proteins move the chromosomes throughout meiosis. Homologous
MEIOSIS II MEIOSIS II

occur earlier
2 NAD+in development? How do you know? fermentation producesProtein
pairs of chromosomes align during prophase I, line up double-file at the
no additional ATP. This
2 NADH and pathway is therefore far less
cell’s center during metaphase I, then split apart during anaphase I.
Processing
contain one
The chromosomes arrive at the poles in telophase I, and the cell often Degradation containSome twoproteins
9. Explain the following “equation”: • efficient than respiration.
divides (cytokinesis).

must be Not surprisingly,

altered before of fermentation
set they
The two products of meiosis I each enter meiosis II. The chromosomes
become functional
condense during prophase II. During metaphase II, they line up single-file
is most ofcommon
(figure
sets 7.11, step
among microorganisms 6).that live ininsulin,
Producing sugar-rich environments
for example,
at the cell’s equator. The sister chromatids are separated in anaphase II,
requireswhere a precursorfoodprotein
is es- to
Genotype + Environment = Phenotype
Four haploid cells (n = 2)
and the chromosomes arrive at the poles in telophase II. Cytokinesis then
b. Lactic acid fermentation sentially unlimited. be cut in two places. If these modifications fail to occur, the insulin Autosomes Ot
occurs once more to yield four haploid cells. Figure 9.14 Summary of Meiosis.

Many of the microbes proteinthatcannot function.

live in human intestines make their entire may beliving
tr
Glycolysis Chromosomes
by fermentation. One In addition,
example is a to do its job, a protein
disease-causing must(an
protist move from thethat
amoeba) ribosome to
Glucose 2 ATP where the cell needsNew
X or Y (sex
SCI E N TI F I C LI TE RACY causes a form of dysentery in humans. it. For example,
Others, Scientific
includinga protein
the secreted
Literacy
bacterium in milk must be escorted
Esch- chromosomes) DNA
to the Golgi apparatus andinclude be packaged
multiple forlinked
export (see figure 3.11). A gene is
2 NAD+ erichia coli, use O2 when it is availablequestions but switch to help studentswhen it is
fermentation
effectively silenced if its product never moves to the correct destination. Finally,
a.

2 PyruvateReview Burning Question 10.1, which describes the inheritance pattern like
not. Most multicellular organisms,
RNA, not all however,
understand
proteins require
are equally toostable.
muchSome
where energy
biology to rely on
are degraded shortly after they
of the metabolic disease called PKU. Today, genetic testing fermentation for manyexclusively.form, whereas othersintersects persist longer.Genes with ethics, politics,
2 NADH Of parents
the manyhave fermentation pathways that exist, onetoof the most familiar
disorders is relatively easy and inexpensive. Do prospective A human cell mayand express
social hundreds
issues. thousands of genes at once. Unraveling
an obligation to determine how likely they are to produces
conceive a ethanol
child with (an
a thealcohol).
complex regulatory
In mechanisms
alcoholic that control the pyruvate
fermentation, expression ofiseach gene is an
2 have alternative
enormous
and CO2challenge. Biologists now have thetotechnology to begin+ navigating this
some possible drawbacks converted of learningtomore ethanol , while NADH isversions
oxidized called produce NAD
b.
genetic disorder? What Lactic are
acid about
regulatory maze. The work has just begun, but the payoff will be a much better
or lactate (figure 6.10a) . Alcoholic fermentation produces
one’s own genetics? What are some possible advantages to oneself and to understanding of cell biology, along with many new medical applications. The wine from grapes, beer
from barley, and cider from apples. Dominant
society? Output
Input same research may also help scientists understand how external influences on gene
In lactic acid fermentation, a cell uses
expression contribute NADHAlleles
to complex to reduce
traits, such pyruvate, mayy be ebut in see Burning
as homosexuality;
2 2 this case, the products are NAD+7.1. and lactic acid or its close relative, lactate (figure Recessive
Question A A A A
6.10b). The bacterium Lactobacillus, for example, B Bfermentsbthe b lactose in milk,
2 NADH
Write ItGE Out Nand 2 NAD+
E TI C S P ROConcepts
Mastering B LE M Squestions areproducing useful
the lactic acid that gives yogurt its sour taste. typically
Fermentation also occurs 7.5 Masteringin human muscle Concepts cells. During vigorous exer- encodes
for student review or as short in-class writing assignments. nonfunctionalc.
Figure 6.10 See Fermentation.
the How to Solve a Genetics ATP
In fermentation, comessection
Problem at thecise,
only from end of muscles work so
this chapter forstrenuously
1. Which steps that in theygene consume
g expression
g their available
G require G energy? oxygen
I compile
glycolysis. them
step-by-step
(a) Yeasts into aethanol
list ofand
guidance.
produce Guided
carbonReading
dioxide by alcoholic that
Questions supply.
help In this “oxygen debt” 2. Why condition,
do cellsthe muscle
regulate cellsgenes
which can acquire
are expressed?ATP only
students1.
fermentation; focus
one on
possiblematerial
product I
is cover in
champagne.class.
(b) I also
Lactic use
acid them from
as glycolysis. The cells 3. use How lactic
doesacid fermentation
a repressor protein helpto generate
regulate NAD
+
so
the expression of a Protein
In rose bushes, red flowers (FF or Ff) are dominant to white flowers (ff). Figure
that glycolysis can continue. Lactate
bacterial concentrations
operon? therefore rise. After the
discussion
fermentation questions
occurs in some in Action
bacteria and,Centers, where
occasionally, in students
mammalian
A true-breeding red rose is crossed with a white rose; can come two for
flowers of the if twoo different ent if t
two identical
ide and other
muscle cells. exercise, when the circulatory 4. Explainsystem how catches
epigenetic up with the muscles’
modifications changedemand for
the likelihood of
additional Fhelp
1
with course
generation material. crossed. What will O
are subsequently be, the livermostcellscommon
convert lactatetranscription.
back Heterozygous
to pyruvate. Mitochondria then process the
factors, in
Photos: (a): ©Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF; (b): ©Corbis RF 2 Homozygous (c) DNA b
genotype of the F2 generation? pyruvate as usual. 5. What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression? polymera
2. In Mexican hairless dogs, a dominant allele confers hairlessness. One common misconception aboutGgintense exercise is GG thatorlactic
gg
acid
However, inheriting two dominant alleles is lethal; buildup
the fetus causes
diesthebefore
pH to drop in muscle cells, provoking soreness a day or two
birth. Suppose two dogs that are heterozygous for the hair allele mate. is a myth. Instead, microscopic tears in muscle tissue
later. This idea, however,
Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of theare now thought
puppies that areto be the culprit responsible for delayed
born. may bemuscle soreness.

Figureand It Out questions reinforce 7.6 Mutations Change DNA

chapter
3. A species of ornamental fish comes in two colors; red is dominant Genotype
concepts Aand
mutation is any change
typically have in a cell’s DNA sequence. The change may occur
numeric
gray is recessive. Emily mates her red fish with a gray fish. If 50 of the
in a gene or in a regulatory region GG, Gg, suchorasgg
a promoter. influence
Many people thinkPhenotype
that
Figure100 babies are red, what is the genotype of Emily’s fish?
It Out answers (supporting
6.8 Mastering Concepts student math skills).
mutations are always harmful, perhaps because some of them cause such dra-
Compare4. theTwo lizards
number have green
of molecules of ATPskin and from
generated large 100dewlaps
glucose (genotype GgStudents
1. How Dd).
many If ATP
theymatic
can changes
work
molecules on per(figure
these 7.13). Although
in
glucosesmalldoes someinmutations do cause illness, they
groups,
fermentation
Environment
mate andaerobic
molecules undergoing 32 offspring
respirationare born,
versus how many of the offspring
fermentation. are
produce?expected also provide the variation that makes life interesting (and makes evolution
class, or inpossible).
Action Centers. Most could easily be
to be homozygous recessive for both genes? (Assume2.thatWhat theused
traits
areas assort
clicker
two Toquestions
examples theascookbook
well.Fertpathways?
of fermentation
continue analogy introduced earlier, a mutation in a gene
ilizer
independently.)
Answer: 3600 (theoretical yield) for aerobic respiration; 200 for fermentation.
is similar to an error in a recipe. A small typographical error might be barely
5. A fern with genotype AA Bb Cc dd Ee mates with another fern with noticeable. A minor substitution of one ingredient for another might hurt (or
improve) the flavor. But serious errors H2Osuch as missing ingredients or truncated
genotype
Cells Use Energy in Food to Makeaa
ATPBb CC Dd ee. What
Cellular proportion
Respiration: of the offspring will
Three Processes be Produce
Mitochondria Most ATP Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate
instructions are likely to ruin the dish.
heterozygous for all genes? (Assume the genes assort independently.) Figure 10.28 Pull It Together: Patterns of Inheritance. ix
a.
Hint: Use the product rule.
6. In Fraggles, males are genotype XY and females are XX. Silly, a male A. Mutations Range from Silent
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Changes by Chapter
Chapter 1 (The Scientific Study of Life):
Developed new miniglossary comparing sexual and asexual reproduc-
tion; revised figure 1.12 to include experimental design.
Chapter 2 (The Chemistry of Life):
Clarified definitions in miniglossary of matter; added periodic table en-
try and definitions to figure 2.4; developed new table 2.3 to summarize
water’s characteristics; improved illustration of cellulose in figure 2.19
to show hydrogen bonds; omitted vitamin D as an example of a steroid;
updated nutrition label in What’s the Point? Applied to conform with
latest FDA guidelines; wrote new Investigating Life on defensive chemi-
cals in ants; simplified and improved summary figures for clarity.
Chapter 3 (Cells):
Clarified functions of free-floating and membrane-bound ribosomes.
Added the following ebook-specific learning tools: table summarizing
cell junctions; table summarizing the structures in eukaryotic cells.
Chapter 4 (The Energy of Life):
Explained how kinetic energy relates to an object’s temperature; made
small changes to section 4.1 to clarify the passage on energy transforma-
tions; clarified definition of negative feedback; improved illustrations of
plant cells in figure 4.17. Added the following ebook-specific learning
tool: table showing types of energy.
Chapter 5 (Photosynthesis):
Expanded miniglossary of leaf anatomy; revised caption of figure 5.5 to
clarify components of photosystems (based on SmartBook user data);
improved description of electron transport chain in the light reactions;
clarified passage on C4 pathway; wrote new Investigating Life on solar-
powered salamanders. Added the following ebook-specific learning
tool: table summarizing photosynthetic pigments.
Chapter 6 (Respiration and Fermentation):
Changed chapter title to complement “Photosynthesis” chapter title;
revised caption of figure 6.2 to include the role of electron carriers
(based on SmartBook user data); clarified in several places through-
out the chapter that proton is synonymous with hydrogen ion (H+);
improved figure 6.9 to show how nitrogen from amino acids becomes
a metabolic waste (based on SmartBook user data). Added the fol-
lowing ebook-specific learning tools: table showing where respiration
occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; table comparing respiration and
photosynthesis.
xii
Chapter 7 (DNA Structure and Gene Function):
Omitted the implication that transcription is a stage of protein synthesis
(i.e., proteins are produced only in translation); added new miniglos-
sary to help students understand the relationships between nucleotides,
genes, chromosomes, and genomes (based on SmartBook user data);
clarified that each cell contains many different tRNA molecules; im-
proved figure 7.8 by zooming in on the codon/anticodon interaction
(based on SmartBook user data); added photo of translation to comple-
ment the translation art in figure 7.9; expanded coverage of epigenetics,
both in the main narrative and in Burning Question 7.1; added Ebola
and Zika viruses to table 7.2, which lists viruses that infect humans;
improved viral replication figure 7.18 to show receptors on the entire
cell surface; wrote new subsection within section 7.8 explaining how
influenza causes symptoms; improved and expanded miniglossary of
viruses; clarified Investigating Life section and reworked figure 7.A to
include evolutionary tree; improved summary figures 7.25, 7.26, and
7.28; added summary table 7.3 comparing viruses and cells. Added the
following ebook-specific learning tools: table describing three types of
RNA; tables summarizing the stages of transcription and translation
(based on SmartBook user data); table summarizing regulated points in
protein production.
Chapter 8 (DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis):
Improved definitions in miniglossary of cell division; used the words
align and line up consistently (in referring to chromosome move-
ments) to conform with changes in chapter 9; modified Burning
Question 8.1 to include cancer cells; briefly mentioned newer cancer
therapies (such as immunotherapy); wrote new Investigating Life es-
say that explains how evolutionary principles can be used in planning
chemotherapy; added miniglossary of cell division terms to chapter
summary.
Chapter 9 (Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis):
Used the words align, line up, and orient consistently (when referring to
chromosome movements); explicitly listed in the narrative three mech-
anisms that generate genetic variability and added new Figure It Out
problem in section 9.5 (based on SmartBook user data); defined recom-
binant and parental chromatids to improve consistency with chapter 10
and added both terms to a miniglossary; revised figure 9.15 (Pull It
Together) to improve the connections among the terms.
Chapter 10 (Patterns of Inheritance):
Clarified some headings and subheadings to better reflect chapter con-
tent; changed alleles for yellow and green seeds from G and g to Y and

y in art and narrative; clarified cookbook analogy by relating it back
to chapter 7; added an explanation for why certain alleles are reces-
sive; clarified that cells with incorrect chromosome numbers may not
have exactly two alleles per gene; reworked Burning Question 10.1 to
focus more on the warning label; improved miniglossary of genetic
terms by adding some terms and revising others; improved illustration
of test cross (figure 10.8); clarified explanation of the product rule;
more clearly distinguished recombinant chromatids from recombinant
offspring (based on SmartBook user data); clarified explanation of
ABO blood group system; improved explanations of pleiotropy and
many gene/one phenotype situations; connected environmental effects
on gene expression to epigenetics; reworked figure 10.25 to add the
frequency of each possible skin color phenotype; updated Investigating
Life essay to include two-toxin strategy for slowing the evolution of
Bt-resistant insects; added new summary figure 10.26 to show the con-
nection between mutations and Punnett squares; improved summary
figure 10.27 to better illustrate the light bulb analogy. Added the fol-
lowing ebook-specific learning tools: new figure depicting the P, F1,
and F2 generations (based on SmartBook user data); new summary fig-
ure showing a timeline that includes the main genetics-related events
described in the chapter.
Chapter 11 (DNA Technology):
Expanded passage on ethical issues related to transgenic organisms;
added content on high-throughput DNA sequencing methods; updated
data on DNA exonerations; added content on cloning in plants, including
a new illustration (figure 11.10); added new subsection to section 11.4
on CRISPR-Cas9, including a new illustration (figure 11.15).
Chapter 12 (Forces of Evolutionary Change):
Improved figure 12.8 to show the connection between natural selec-
tion and DNA; added table listing misconceptions about evolution and
showing how a biologist would address each (based on SmartBook user
data); added new Burning Question about whether there is a “pinna-
cle of evolution”; modified figure 12.13 to make the Hardy–Weinberg
equations more prominent; modified figure 12.14 to include three phe-
notypes for directional selection; clarified the distinction between the
bottleneck effect and natural selection; wrote new Investigating Life on
antibiotic-resistant bacteria from livestock; reworked figure 12.24 (Pull
It Together) to make it more informative.
Chapter 13 (Evidence of Evolution):
Added the proposed Anthropocene epoch to geologic timescale
(figure 13.2); improved figure 13.15 for clarity and to add a lemur ex-
ample. Added the following ebook-specific learning tools: miniglossary
of estimating a fossil’s age; miniglossary of comparative anatomy.
Chapter 14 (Speciation and Extinction):
Made small changes to several evolutionary trees to ensure consistent
use of the word ancestor; added terms to miniglossary of speciation
and extinction; revised Why We Care 14.1 to add new illustration and
Changes by Chapter xiii
information about why extinctions are important; wrote new Burning
Question 14.2 (“Did rabbits come from frogs?”); clarified the relation-
ship between genus and species (based on SmartBook user data); wrote
a new Investigating Life essay on plant “protection rackets.” Added the
following ebook-specific learning tools: miniglossary of reproductive
barriers; new figure showing multiple ways to depict the same evolu-
tionary relationships.
Chapter 15 (Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life):
Made small changes to several evolutionary trees to ensure consistent
use of the word ancestor; clarified that the outer membrane is consid-
ered part of the cell wall in bacteria; added miniglossary of prokaryote
anatomy and revised miniglossary of prokaryote diversity; reworked
figure 15.12 to clarify aerobic and anaerobic habitats; foreshadowed
in section 15.2C that proteobacteria and cyanobacteria are related to
the bacteria participating in endosymbiosis, then returned to that idea
in section 15.3A and in figure 15.19; clarified explanation of nitrogen
fixation; referred specifically to human microbiota; wrote new Burning
Question 15.2 about areas on Earth without life; added new figure 15.21
to illustrate the evolution of multicellularity; clarified basidiomycete
life cycle in figure 15.35; added illustration (figure 15.37) showing
fungi in everyday life; based on heat map data, clarified the differences
between arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae and between
endophytes and mycorrhizae; revised figure 15.40 to show resources
exchanged between the partners in a lichen. Added the following
ebook-specific learning tools: miniglossary of types of algae; table of
plasmodial and cellular slime mold life cycles; miniglossary of types
of protozoa; miniglossary of fungal anatomy; miniglossary of fungal
partnerships.
Chapter 16 (Evolution and Diversity of Plants):
In section 16.1’s narrative, clarified relationship between zygote and
sporophyte (based on SmartBook user data); reworked figure 16.10
to clarify that fern gametophytes do not self-fertilize; in section 16.4,
clarified that ovules develop into seeds in narrative and corresponding
art. Added the following ebook-specific learning tool: table listing key
plant-adaptations.
Chapter 17 (Evolution and Diversity of Animals):
Clarified arrows depicting gastrulation in figure 17.5; added new mini-
glossary of arthropod diversity; modified figure 17.30 to better high-
light the three groups of primates; clarified that Ardipithecus species are
extinct and mentioned the recently discovered H. naledi fossils; added
evolutionary tree to figure 17.C (Investigating Life).
Chapter 18 (Populations):
Updated demographic data for the world population in art and narrative;
improved explanation of the demographic transition and added new il-
lustration (figure 18.14); updated information on China’s one-child pol-
icy. Added the following ebook-specific learning tool: miniglossary of
population growth.
xiv Changes by Chapter
Chapter 19 (Communities and Ecosystems):
Made small corrections to convection cells in figure 19.4; added new
figure 19.14 to illustrate mutualism and commensalism; updated data
about mercury in tuna; added new Burning Question 19.2, comparing
bottled water with tap water; clarified the meaning of the word eutro-
phication; wrote new Investigating Life essay on monarch butterfly mi-
gration.
Chapter 20 (Preserving Biodiversity):
Added the term Anthropocene and a new illustration (figure 20.2) illus-
trating where human impacts on the biosphere are most intense; men-
tioned the acronym HIPPO at the start of the chapter; added landfills
as a source of water pollution; improved narrative and figure 20.9 ex-
plaining acid deposition; updated narrative and improved figure 20.10
explaining greenhouse effect; added graph to figure 20.12 showing de-
cline in the extent of Arctic sea ice; added advice for people who fish to
Burning Question 20.5; clarified figure 20.19 (Pull It Together). Added
the following ebook-specific learning tools: table listing consequences
of global climate change; miniglossary of pollution.
Chapter 21 (Plant Form and Function):
Added art of shoot apical meristem to figure 21.15; clarified that
axillary bud and lateral bud are synonymous; wrote new Burning
Question 21.2 about controlled burns; clarified that hormones are pres-
ent in xylem sap; added photo of a wilted plant (figure 21.21) and a
corresponding description of why plants wilt when soil is too dry.
Chapter 22 (Reproduction and Development of
Flowering Plants):
Clarified passage on flower structure; added miniglossary of the angio-
sperm life cycle (based on SmartBook user data); clarified passage on
coevolution between flowers and pollinators; clarified role of cotyledons
in eudicots and monocots; added photo of coconut to figure 22.9 to show
a water-dispersed fruit; added new Why We Care 22.1 on “talking plants”;
annotated figure 22.15 to show how photoperiod affects flowering time.
Chapter 23 (Animal Tissues and Organ Systems):
Modified art for simple columnar epithelium in figure 23.2 to better
match the accompanying photo; added new Burning Question 23.1 on
the body’s reaction to food poisoning; clarified narrative and figure 23.8
to identify the stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector(s); added
miniglossary of negative feedback; clarified definition of ectotherm.
Added the following ebook-specific learning tools: miniglossary of ani-
mal anatomy and physiology; miniglossary of animal tissues; miniglos-
sary of temperature homeostasis.
Chapter 24 (The Nervous System and the Senses):
Added new miniglossary of neuron anatomy; clarified definitions of
membrane potential and resting potential (based on SmartBook user
data); clarified why the inside of a resting neuron has a net negative
charge; labeled the voltage meters in figures 24.4 and 24.5 to clarify
their function; added context to figure 24.13 illustrating the blood–brain
barrier; added information about concussions to section 24.6; wrote new
Burning Question 24.2 explaining whether we use 10% of our brain;
improved figure 24.19 by showing context for the olfactory bulb and
olfactory epithelium; added new miniglossary of vision; clarified in fig-
ure 24.24 that the overlying membrane in the cochlea does not consist
of cells; expanded description of cochlear implants. Added the follow-
ing ebook-specific learning tools: miniglossary of membrane potentials;
miniglossary of smell and taste; miniglossary of hearing.
Chapter 25 (The Endocrine System):
Added paragraph about negative feedback loops to section 25.1; clari-
fied that internal hormone receptors may be in the cytosol or in the
nucleus and elaborated that steroid hormones may either stimulate or
inhibit protein production (based on SmartBook user data); completed
descriptions of effects of ADH and oxytocin in figure 25.4; reworked
Burning Question 25.1 to focus on endocrine disruptors; adjusted labels
in figure 25.7 to add the role of the hypothalamus as a sensor; adjusted
labels in figure 25.9 to add the role of the pancreas as a sensor; reworked
figure 25.11 showing the correlation between obesity and diabetes; re-
worked the What’s the Point? Applied box to focus on chronic stress.
Added the following ebook-specific learning tool: summary table of
hormones and their functions.
Chapter 26 (The Skeletal and Muscular Systems):
Clarified illustration of scoliosis (figure 26.3); revised figures in sec-
tion 26.4 for clarity and improved page layout; improved description of
the sarcomere and of the cross bridges in the sliding filament model;
added a paragraph about sports balms to Burning Question 26.2; added
miniglossary of the muscular system to the chapter summary. Added
the following ebook-specific learning tool: table outlining the steps of
muscle contraction.
Chapter 27 (The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems):
Improved consistency between ABO blood type passage in section 27.1
and related material in section 10.6; clarified the roles of the pulmo-
nary and systemic circulation, especially with regard to O2 and CO2
(based on SmartBook user data); wrote new Burning Question 27.3
on extreme exercise; added terms to the miniglossary of circulation;
clarified blood pressure monitors in figure 27.13. Added the following
ebook-specific learning tools: miniglossary of the heartbeat; miniglos-
sary of breathing.
Chapter 28 (The Digestive and Urinary Systems):
Improved consistency in the use of ions and salts throughout the chapter
(based on SmartBook user data); added information about how a high-
fiber diet lowers cholesterol and helps regulate blood sugar; updated
figure 28.4 to reflect new nutrition label regulations; added Burning
Question 28.1 about fad diets; clarified that the stomach does not absorb
the proteins it begins to digest (based on SmartBook user data); clarified
illustration of the large intestine (figure 28.19).
 Changes by Chapter xv

Chapter 29 (The Immune System):

Improved explanation of lymph; clarified narrative, figure 29.7, and fig-
ure 29.10 to show clonal selection for both T cells and B cells; added
paragraph about cancer immunotherapy; reworked figure 29.13 illus-
trating the effects of immunodeficiencies; clarified that mast cells and
basophils participate in allergies; added new Burning Question 29.2
about tick-transmitted meat allergies; added narrative about “retraining”
the immune system in children with peanut allergies.

Chapter 30 (Animal Reproduction and Development):

Clarified description of external fertilization; improved explanation
of how oocytes enter uterine tubes; changed sexually transmitted
diseases to sexually transmitted infections to recognize that not all
infections lead to visible disease symptoms; added a labeled sperm
cell to figure 30.12 to remind students where the acrosome is (based
on SmartBook user data); clarified two descriptions in table 30.4; im-
proved the explanation and illustration (figure 30.15) of the placenta’s
structure and function; added labels to clarify the stages of childbirth
in figure 30.18; added new summary figure 30.20 to illustrate the paths
of sperm and egg cells. Added the following ebook-specific learning
tools: miniglossary of embryonic support structures; new summary
table showing a timeline of human development (based on SmartBook
user data).
Acknowledgments
It takes an army of people to make a textbook, and while I don’t work
with everyone directly, I greatly appreciate the contributions of each per-
son who makes it possible.
Matt Taylor continues to be my right-hand man, participating in
every stage of book development; in addition, he has seamlessly inte-
grated the book’s approach into our digital assets. His hard work, exper-
tise, and eye for detail have improved every chapter in large and small
ways. In addition, Sarah Greenwood has scrutinized every illustration,
contributing a valuable student perspective to this book.
I appreciate the help of my colleagues at the University of Okla-
homa, including Dr. Doug Gaffin, Dr. Ben Holt, Dr. Heather Ketchum,
Dr. Cameron Siler, Dr. Doug Mock, and Lynn Nichols. Helpful col-
leagues from other institutions include Dr. Tamar Goulet, who has
provided insightful comments on LearnSmart prompts.
My team at McGraw-Hill is wonderful. Thank you to Managing
Director Thomas Timp and Executive Portfolio Manager Michelle
Vogler, who help us navigate the ever-changing terrain in the pub-
lishing world. Product Developer Anne Winch continues to amaze us
with her insights and sense of humor. Marketing Manager Britney
Ross and Market Development Manager Beth Theisen are skillful and
enthusiastic marketers. Emily Tietz continues to provide excellent ser-
vice in photo selections. I also appreciate Program Manager Angie
Fitzpatrick and Content Project Manager Vicki Krug for capably steer-
ing the book through production. Also among the talented folks at
McGraw-Hill are Lead Digital Product Analyst Eric Weber, Content
Licensing Specialist Lori Hancock, Designer Tara McDermott, and
Assessment Content Project Manager Christina Nelson. Thanks to all
of you for all you do.
MPS produced the art and composed the beautiful page layouts. I
appreciate their artistic talent and creative ideas for integrating the nar-
rative with the illustrations.
My family and friends continue to encourage me. Thank you to my
parents, my sister, and my in-laws for their pride and continued support. I
also thank my friends Kelly Damphousse, Ben and Angie Holt, Michael
Markham and Kristi Isacksen, Karen and Bruce Renfroe, Ingo and An-
drea Schlupp, Clarke and Robin Stroud, Matt Taylor and Elise Knowlton,
Mark Walvoord, and Michael Windelspecht. Smudge and Snorkels oc-
casionally keep me company in the office as well. Finally, my husband.
Doug Gaffin, is always there for me, helping in countless large and small
ways. I could not do this work without him.

Content Reviewers
Nicole Ashpole M. Cameron Harmon Julie Posey
University of Mississippi School of Fayetteville Technical Community College Columbus State Community College
Pharmacy Manjushri Kishore Randal Snyder
Eddie Chang Heartland Community College SUNY Buffalo State
Imperial Valley College Jocelyn Krebs Robert Stark
Ray Emmett University of Alaska, Anchorage California State University, Bakersfield
Daytona State College Catarina Mata Ellen Young
Michele Engel Borough of Manhattan Community College College of San Mateo
University of California Bakersfield

Focus Group Participants

Nancy Buschhaus Michele B. Garrett Caroline Odewumi
University of Tennessee at Martin Guilford Technical Community College Florida A&M University
Jocelyn Cash Bridgette Kirkpatrick Tanya Smutka
Central Piedmont Community College Collin College Inver Hills Community College
Matthew Cox Elizabeth A. Mays Pamela Thinesen
Central Carolina Technical College Illinois Central College Century College
Christina Fieber Reid L. Morehouse Martin Zahn
Horry Georgetown Technical College Ivy Tech Community College Thomas Nelson Community College

xvi
Detailed Contents
Brief Contents iii | About the Author iv | An Introduction for Students Using This Textbook vi | Author’s Guide to Using This Textbook vii |
McGraw-Hill Connect® x | Changes by Chapter xii | Acknowledgments xvi

UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells

1 The Scientific Study of Life 2 2.3 Water Is Essential to Life 29

A. Water Is Cohesive and Adhesive 29
1.1 What Is Life? 3 B. Many Substances Dissolve in Water 29
A. Life Is Organized 5 C. Water Regulates Temperature 30
B. Life Requires Energy 5 D. Water Expands As It Freezes 30
C. Life Maintains Internal E. Water Participates in Life’s
Constancy 6 Chemical Reactions 31
D. Life Reproduces, Grows,
and Develops 6 2.4 Cells Have an Optimum pH 32
©IM_photo/Shutterstock RF E. Life Evolves 7 2.5 Cells Contain Four Major Types of Organic
1.2 The Tree of Life Includes Three Molecules 33
Main Branches 9 A. Large Organic Molecules Are Composed
of Smaller Subunits 33
1.3 Scientists Study the Natural World 10 B. Carbohydrates Include Simple Sugars
A. The Scientific Method Has Multiple and Polysaccharides 34
Interrelated Parts 10 C. Proteins Are Complex and Highly Versatile 36
B. An Experimental Design Is a Careful Plan 12 D. Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit
C. Theories Are Comprehensive Explanations 13 Genetic Information 38
D. Scientific Inquiry Has Limitations 14 E. Lipids Are Hydrophobic and Energy-Rich 40
E. Biology Continues to Advance 16
Why We Care 2.1 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life 34
Burning Question 1.1 Are viruses alive? 8 Burning Question 2.1 What does it mean when food is “organic”
Why We Care 1.1 It’s Hard to Know What’s Bad for You 15 or “natural”? 35
Burning Question 1.2 Why am I here? 16 Why We Care 2.2 Sugar Substitutes and Fake Fats 42
Investigating Life 1.1 The Orchid and the Moth 16 Burning Question 2.2 What is junk food? 43
Investigating Life 2.1 Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield 44

2 The Chemistry of Life 20

2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter 21
3 Cells 48
A. Elements Are Fundamental Types 3.1 Cells Are the Units of Life 49
of Matter 21 A. Simple Lenses Revealed the First
B. Atoms Are Particles of Glimpses of Cells 49
Elements 22 B. Microscopes Magnify Cell
C. Isotopes Have Different Numbers Structures 49
of Neutrons 23 C. All Cells Have Features in
©ML Harris/Getty Images
LM (fluorescently labeled) 20 μm
Common 51
©Thomas Deerinck, NCMIR/
Science Source
2.2 Chemical Bonds Link Atoms 24
A. Electrons Determine Bonding 25 3.2 Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three
B. In an Ionic Bond, One Atom Transfers Electrons to Domains 52
Another Atom 25 A. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Contain Prokaryotic
C. In a Covalent Bond, Atoms Share Electrons 26 Organisms 52
D. Partial Charges on Polar Molecules Create Hydrogen B. Domain Eukarya Contains Organisms with Complex
Bonds 28 Cells 53
xvii
xviii Detailed Contents
3.3 A Membrane Separates Each Cell from Its
Surroundings 54
3.4 Eukaryotic Organelles
Divide Labor 56
A. The Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum,
and Golgi Interact to Secrete Substances 57
B. Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Peroxisomes Are Cellular
Digestion Centers 59
C. Mitochondria Extract Energy from Nutrients 60
D. Photosynthesis Occurs in Chloroplasts 60
3.5 The Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells 62
3.6 Cells Stick Together and Communicate with One
Another 64
Burning Question 3.1 Is it possible to make an artificial cell from
scratch? 55
Why We Care 3.1 Most of Your Cells Are Not Your Own 57
Investigating Life 3.1 Bacterial Magnets 65
4 The Energy of Life 68
4.1 All Cells Capture and Use
Energy 69
A. Energy Allows Cells to Do Life’s
Work 69
B. Life Requires Energy
Transformations 70
4.2 Networks of Chemical
©maxpro/Shutterstock RF
Reactions Sustain Life 71
A. Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release
Energy 71
B. Linked Oxidation and Reduction
Reactions Form Electron Transport Chains 71
4.3 ATP Is Cellular Energy Currency 72
A. Energy in ATP Is Critical to the
Life of a Cell 72
B. ATP Represents Short-Term Energy Storage 73
4.4 Enzymes Speed Reactions 74
A. Enzymes Bring Reactants Together 74
B. Many Factors Affect Enzyme Activity 74
4.5 Membrane Transport May Release Energy or Cost
Energy 75
A. Passive Transport Does Not Require Energy Input 76
B. Active Transport Requires Energy Input 78
C. Endocytosis and Exocytosis Use Vesicles to Transport
Substances 79
Why We Care 4.1 Enzymes Are Everywhere 74
Burning Question 4.1 Do hand sanitizers work? 75
Investigating Life 4.1 Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic
Fibrosis? 80
5 Photosynthesis 84
5.1 Life Depends on
Photosynthesis 85
5.2 Photosynthetic Pigments Capture
Sunlight 86
5.3 Chloroplasts Are the Sites
of Photosynthesis 87
© Rodrigo A. Torres/
Glowimages
5.4 Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages 88
5.5 The Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis 89
A. Light Striking Photosystem II Provides
the Energy to Produce ATP 90
B. Electrons from Photosystem I Reduce NADP+ to NADPH 91
5.6 The Carbon Reactions Produce Carbohydrates 92
5.7 C3, C4, and CAM Plants Use Different Carbon Fixation
Pathways 93
Burning Question 5.1 Why do leaves change colors in the fall? 89
Burning Question 5.2 Does air have mass? 91
Why We Care 5.1 Weed Killers 93
Investigating Life 5.1 Salamanders Snack on Sugars from Solar
Cells 95
6 Respiration and Fermentation 98
6.1 Cells Use Energy in Food to Make
ATP 99
6.2 Cellular Respiration Includes
Three Main Processes 100
6.3 In Eukaryotic Cells, Mitochondria
Produce Most ATP 101
©Three Images/Lifesize/
Getty Images RF
6.4 Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate 102
6.5 Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More ATP than
Glycolysis Alone 103
A. Pyruvate Is Oxidized to Acetyl CoA 103
B. The Krebs Cycle Produces ATP and High-Energy Electron
Carriers 104
C. The Electron Transport Chain Drives ATP Formation 105
6.6 How Many ATPs Can One Glucose Molecule Yield? 106
6.7 Other Food Molecules Enter the Energy-Extracting
Pathways 107
6.8 Fermenters Acquire ATP Only in Glycolysis 108
Why We Care 6.1 Some Poisons Inhibit Respiration 103
Burning Question 6.1 How do diet pills work? 105
Burning Question 6.2 What happens during hibernation? 107
Investigating Life 6.1 Hot Plants Offer Heat Rewards 109
 Detailed Contents xix

UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology

7 DNA Structure and Gene 8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission,

Function 112
7.1 DNA Is a Double Helix 113
7.2 DNA Stores Genetic Information:
An Overview 115
7.3 Transcription Uses a DNA
Template to Build RNA 116
©PhotoAlto/Getty
©G. Murti/Science Source
TEM (false color)
1 μm
and Mitosis 138
8.1 Cells Divide and Cells Die 139
A. Sexual Life Cycles Include
Mitosis, Meiosis, and
Fertilization 139
B. Cell Death Is Part of Life 140
8.2 DNA Replication Precedes
Cell Division 141

Images RF

7.4 Translation Builds the Protein 118 8.3 Bacteria and Archaea Divide by Binary Fission 142
A. Translation Requires mRNA, tRNA,
and Ribosomes 118 8.4 Replicated Chromosomes Condense as a Eukaryotic
B. Translation Occurs in Three Steps 119 Cell Prepares to Divide 143
C. Proteins Must Fold Correctly after
8.5 Mitotic Division Generates Exact Cell Copies 145
Translation 120
A. DNA Is Copied During Interphase 145
7.5 Cells Regulate Gene Expression 121 B. Chromosomes Divide During Mitosis 146
A. Operons Are Groups of Bacterial Genes That Share One C. The Cytoplasm Splits in Cytokinesis 148
Promoter 121
8.6 Cancer Cells Divide Uncontrollably 148
B. Eukaryotic Organisms Use Many
A. Chemical Signals Regulate Cell Division 148
Regulatory Methods 121
B. Cancer Cells Are Malignant 149
7.6 Mutations Change DNA 123 C. Cancer Treatments Remove or Kill Abnormal Cells 149
A. Mutations Range from Silent to D. Genes and Environment Both Can
Devastating 123 Increase Cancer Risk 150
B. What Causes Mutations? 124 Burning Question 8.1 Do all human cells divide at the same
C. Mutations Are Important for Many Reasons 125 rate? 145
Why We Care 8.1 Skin Cancer 150
7.7 Viruses Are Genes Wrapped in a Protein
Investigating Life 8.1 Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against
Coat 126 Cancer 150
A. Viruses Are Smaller and Simpler than Cells 126
B. Viral Replication Occurs in Five Stages 127

7.8 Viruses Infect All Cell Types 128 9 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 154
A. Bacteriophages May Kill Cells Immediately
9.1 Why Sex? 155
or “Hide” in a Cell 128
B. Animal Viruses May Cause Immediate 9.2 Diploid Cells Contain
Cell Death 129 Two Homologous Sets of
C. Some Animal Viruses Linger for Years 129 Chromosomes 156
D. Viruses Cause Diseases in Plants 131
9.3 Meiosis Is Essential
7.9 Drugs and Vaccines Help Fight Viral in Sexual Reproduction 157
Infections 131 ©IT Stock/age fotostock RF

7.10 Viroids and Prions Are Other Noncellular
Infectious Agents 132
Why We Care 7.1 Poisons That Block Protein Production 120
Burning Question 7.1 Is there a gay gene? 125
Burning Question 7.2 Why do we get sick when the weather turns
cold? 128
Investigating Life 7.1 Clues to the Origin of Language 133
9.4 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the Nucleus
Divides Twice 158
9.5 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability 160
A. Crossing Over Shuffles Alleles 160
B. Homologous Pairs Are Oriented Randomly During
Metaphase I 161
C. Random Fertilization Multiplies the Diversity 162
xx Detailed Contents

9.6 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions: A
Summary 162
9.7 Errors Sometimes Occur in Meiosis 164
A. Polyploidy Means Extra Chromosome Sets 164
B. Nondisjunction Results in Extra
or Missing Chromosomes 164
Burning Question 9.1 If mules are sterile, then
how are they produced? 160
Why We Care 9.1 Multiple Births 164
Investigating Life 9.1 Evolving Germs Select for Sex in
Worms 167
10 Patterns of Inheritance 170
B. X Inactivation Prevents “Double Dosing”
of Proteins 184
10.8 Pedigrees Show Modes of Inheritance 186
10.9 Most Traits Are Influenced by the Environment and
Multiple Genes 188
A. The Environment Can Alter the Phenotype 188
B. Polygenic Traits Depend on More than One Gene 189
Burning Question 10.1 Why does diet soda have
a warning label? 174
Burning Question 10.2 Is male baldness really from the female side
of the family? 186
Why We Care 10.1 The Origin of Obesity 188
Investigating Life 10.1 Heredity and the Hungry Hordes 190

10.1 Chromosomes Are Packets

of Genetic Information: A
Review 171 11 DNA Technology 196
10.2 Mendel’s Experiments 11.1 DNA Technology Is Changing
Uncovered Basic Laws of the World 197
Inheritance 172
11.2 DNA Technology’s Tools Apply
A. Dominant Alleles Appear to Mask
©Rick Gomez/Corbis/Getty to Individual Genes or Entire
Recessive Alleles 173
Images Genomes 198
B. For Each Gene, a Cell’s Two Alleles May Be A. Transgenic Organisms
Identical or Different 174 ©Tony Gutierrez/AP Images Contain DNA from Multiple
Sources 198
10.3 The Two Alleles of a Gene End Up in Different
Gametes 175 B. DNA Sequencing Reveals the Order of Bases 200
A. The Simplest Punnett Squares Track the Inheritance of C. PCR Replicates DNA in a Test Tube 202
One Gene 175 D. DNA Profiling Detects Genetic Differences 202
B. Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Law of Segregation 176
11.3 Stem Cells and Cloning Add New Ways to Copy Cells
10.4 Genes on Different Chromosomes Are Inherited and Organisms 205
Independently 178 A. Stem Cells Divide to Form Multiple
A. Tracking Two-Gene Inheritance May Require Large Cell Types 205
Punnett Squares 178 B. Cloning Produces Identical Copies
B. Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Law of an Organism 206
of Independent Assortment 178
11.4 Many Medical Tests and Procedures Use DNA
C. The Product Rule Is a Useful Shortcut 178
Technology 208
10.5 Genes on the Same Chromosome May Be Inherited A. DNA Probes Detect Specific Sequences 208
Together 180 B. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Can Screen Embryos
A. Genes on the Same Chromosome Are Linked 180 for Some Diseases 208
B. Studies of Linked Genes Have Yielded Chromosome C. Genetic Testing Can Detect Existing Diseases 209
Maps 181 D. Gene Therapy Uses DNA to Treat Disease 209
E. CRISPR-Cas9 Cuts and Edits Specific Genes 210
10.6 Inheritance Patterns Are Rarely Simple 182 F. Medical Uses of DNA Technology
A. Incomplete Dominance and Codominance Add Phenotype Raise Many Ethical Issues 211
Classes 182
B. Relating Genotype to Phenotype May Be Difficult 182 Burning Question 11.1 Is selective breeding the same as genetic
engineering? 198
10.7 Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Inheritance Burning Question 11.2 What are the uses of DNA testing? 204
Patterns 184 Why We Care 11.1 Gene Doping 211
A. X-Linked Recessive Disorders Affect More Males than Investigating Life 11.1 Weeds Get a Boost from Their Transgenic
Females 184 Cousins 212
 Detailed Contents xxi

UNIT 3 Evolution and Diversity

12 Forces of Evolutionary Change 216

13.3 Biogeography Considers Species’ Geographical
Locations 243
12.1 Evolution Acts on A. The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Populations 217 Explains Earth’s Shifting Continents 243
B. Species Distributions Reveal Evolutionary Events 244
12.2 Evolutionary Thought Has
Evolved for Centuries 218 13.4 Anatomical Comparisons May Reveal Common
A. Many Explanations Have Been Descent 245
Proposed for Life’s Diversity 218 A. Homologous Structures Have
B. Charles Darwin’s Voyage Provided a Shared Evolutionary Origin 245
©Steven Hunt/Stone/Getty
a Wealth of Evidence 219 B. Vestigial Structures Have Lost Their Functions 245
Images C. Convergent Evolution Produces Superficial
C. On the Origin of Species Proposed Natural Selection as an Similarities 246
Evolutionary Mechanism 220
13.5 Embryonic Development Patterns Provide Evolutionary
D. Evolutionary Theory Continues to Expand 222
Clues 246
12.3 Natural Selection Molds Evolution 223
A. Adaptations Enhance Reproductive Success 223 13.6 Molecules Reveal Relatedness 248
B. Natural Selection Eliminates Poorly Adapted Phenotypes 224 A. Comparing DNA and Protein Sequences
C. Natural Selection Does Not Have a Goal 224 May Reveal Close Relationships 248
D. What Does “Survival of the Fittest” Mean? 225 B. Molecular Clocks Help Assign
Dates to Evolutionary Events 249
12.4 Evolution Is Inevitable in Real Populations 226
Burning Question 13.1 Does the fossil record include transitional
A. At Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium, Allele Frequencies Do
forms? 241
Not Change 226
Why We Care 13.1 An Evolutionary View of the Hiccups 248
B. In Reality, Allele Frequencies Always Change 227
Investigating Life 13.1 Evolving Backwards 250
12.5 Natural Selection Can Shape Populations in
Many Ways 228
12.6 Sexual Selection Directly Influences Reproductive
14 Speciation and Extinction 254
Success 230 14.1 What Is a Species? 255
A. Linnaeus Classified Life Based on
12.7 Evolution Occurs in Several Additional Ways 231 Appearance 255
A. Mutation Fuels Evolution 231 B. Species Can Be Defined Based on
B. Genetic Drift Occurs by Chance 231 the Potential to Interbreed 255
C. Nonrandom Mating Concentrates Alleles Locally 233
D. Migration Moves Alleles Between Populations 233 14.2 Reproductive Barriers Cause
Species to Diverge 256
Why We Care 12.1 Dogs Are Products of Artificial Selection 220 ©Kike Calvo/National
Geographic/Getty Images
A. Prezygotic Barriers Prevent
Burning Question 12.1 Is there such a thing as a “pinnacle of
Fertilization 258
evolution”? 226
B. Postzygotic Barriers Prevent Development
Why We Care 12.2 The Unending War with Bacteria 229
of a Fertile Offspring 258
Investigating Life 12.1 Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the
Farm 234 14.3 Spatial Patterns Define Two Types of Speciation 259
A. Allopatric Speciation Reflects a Geographical Barrier 259
13 Evidence of Evolution 238 B. Sympatric Speciation Occurs in a Shared Habitat 260
C. Determining the Type of Speciation May Be Difficult 261
13.1 Clues to Evolution Lie in the
Earth, Body Structures, and 14.4 Speciation May Be Gradual or May Occur in Bursts 262
Molecules 239 14.5 Extinction Marks the End of the Line 263
13.2 Fossils Record Evolution 241 14.6 Biological Classification Systems
A. The Fossil Record Is Often Are Based on Common Descent 265
Incomplete 241 A. The Taxonomic Hierarchy Organizes Species into Groups 265
©Martin Shields/
B. The Age of a Fossil Can Be B. A Cladistics Approach Is Based on Shared Derived
Alamy Stock Photo Estimated in Two Ways 242 Traits 265
xxii Detailed Contents

C. Cladograms Depict Hypothesized Burning Question 15.3 Why and how do algae form? 285
Evolutionary Relationships 266 Why We Care 15.2 Preventing Mold 296
D. Many Traditional Groups Are Not Clades 267 Investigating Life 15.1 Shining a Spotlight on Danger 297
Burning Question 14.1 Can people watch evolution and speciation in
action? 258
Why We Care 14.1 Recent Species Extinctions 264 16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants 300
Burning Question 14.2 Did rabbits come from frogs? 267 16.1 Plants Have Changed the
Investigating Life 14.1 Plant Protection Rackets May Stimulate World 301
Speciation 268
A. Green Algae Are the Closest
Relatives of Plants 301
B. Plants Are Adapted to Life on
15 Evolution and Diversity Land 303
of Microbial Life 272 16.2 Bryophytes Are the
©Joe Scherschel/National
15.1 Life’s Origin Remains Geographic/Getty Images Simplest Plants 306
Mysterious 273
16.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Have Xylem and Phloem
A. The First Organic Molecules
but No Seeds 308
May Have Formed in a Chemical
“Soup” 274 16.4 Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants 310
B. Clays May Have Helped
Monomers Form Polymers 275 16.5 Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits 312
©Europics/Newscom Burning Question 16.1 Do all plants live on land? 303
C. Membranes Enclosed the Molecules 276 Burning Question 16.2 What are biofuels? 304
D. Early Life Changed Earth Forever 276 Why We Care 16.1 Gluten and Human Health 313
Investigating Life 16.1 Genetic Messages from Ancient Ecosystems 314
15.2 Prokaryotes Are a Biological Success Story 277
A. What Is a Prokaryote? 277
B. Prokaryote Classification Traditionally Relies on Cell
Structure and Metabolism 278
17 Evolution and Diversity
C. Prokaryotes Include Two Domains with Enormous of Animals 318
Diversity 280 17.1 Animals Live Nearly
D. Bacteria and Archaea Are Essential to All Life 281 Everywhere 319
15.3 Eukaryotic Cells and Multicellularity Arose More A. What Is an Animal? 319
Than a Billion Years Ago 284 B. Animal Life Began in the
A. Endosymbiosis Explains the Origin of Mitochondria and Water 319
Chloroplasts 284 C. Animal Features Reflect Shared
B. Multicellularity May Also Ancestry 320
Have Its Origin in Cooperation 286 ©Imagemore Co, Ltd./ D. Biologists Also Consider
Getty Images RF Additional Characteristics 322
15.4 Protists Are the Simplest Eukaryotes 287 17.2 Sponges Are Simple Animals That Lack Differentiated
A. What Is a Protist? 287 Tissues 323
B. Algae Are Photosynthetic Protists 287
C. Some Heterotrophic Protists Were Once Classified as 17.3 Cnidarians Are Radially Symmetrical, Aquatic
Fungi 289 Animals 324
D. Protozoa Are Diverse Heterotrophic Protists 290
17.4 Flatworms Have Bilateral Symmetry and Incomplete
15.5 Fungi Are Essential Decomposers 292 Digestive Tracts 325
A. What Is a Fungus? 292
17.5 Mollusks Are Soft, Unsegmented Animals 326
B. Fungal Classification Is Based
on Reproductive Structures 293 17.6 Annelids Are Segmented Worms 327
C. Fungi Interact with Other Organisms 294
17.7 Nematodes Are Unsegmented, Cylindrical Worms 328
Burning Question 15.1 Does new life spring from simple molecules
now, as it did in the past? 276 17.8 Arthropods Have Exoskeletons and Jointed
Why We Care 15.1 Antibiotics and Other Germ Killers 282 Appendages 329
Burning Question 15.2 Are there areas on Earth where no life A. Arthropods Have Complex Organ Systems 329
exists? 284 B. Arthropods Are the Most Diverse Animals 330
 Detailed Contents xxiii

17.9 Echinoderm Adults Have Five-Part, Radial Symmetry 334
17.10 Most Chordates Are Vertebrates 335
17.11 Chordate Diversity Extends from Water to Land to Sky 337
A. Tunicates and Lancelets Are Invertebrate Chordates 337
B. Hagfishes and Lampreys Have a Cranium but Lack Jaws 338
C. Fishes Are Aquatic Vertebrates with Jaws, Gills, and
Fins 338
D. Amphibians Live on Land and in Water 340
E. Reptiles Were the First Vertebrates to Thrive on Dry
Land 340
F. Mammals Are Warm, Furry Milk-Drinkers 342
17.12 Fossils and DNA Tell the Human Evolution Story 343
A. Humans Are Primates 343
B. Anatomical and Molecular Evidence Documents Primate
Relationships 344
C. Human Evolution Is Partially Recorded in Fossils 345
D. Environmental Changes Have Spurred
Human Evolution 347
E. Migration and Culture Have Changed Homo sapiens 347
Burning Question 17.1 Are there really only nine kinds of animals? 331
Why We Care 17.1 Your Tiny Companions 333
Burning Question 17.2 Did humans and dinosaurs ever coexist? 347
Investigating Life 17.1 Discovering the “Fishapod” 349

UNIT 4 Ecology

18 Populations 356
A. The Physical Environment Dictates Where Each Species
Can Live 376
18.1 Ecology Is the Study of B. Terrestrial Biomes Range from the Lush Tropics to the
Interactions 357 Frozen Poles 377
C. Aquatic Biomes Include Fresh Water and the Oceans 381
18.2 A Population’s Size and Density
Change Over Time 358 19.4 Community Interactions Occur Within Each
Biome 381
18.3 Births and Deaths Help A. Many Species Compete for the Same Resources 382
Determine Population Size 359 B. Symbiotic Interactions Can Benefit or Harm a Species 383
©Donal Husni/NurPhoto via C. Herbivory and Predation Link Species in
Getty Images
Feeding Relationships 383
18.4 Natural Selection Influences Life Histories 361 D. Closely Interacting Species May Coevolve 384
A. Organisms Balance Reproduction Against E. A Keystone Species Has a Pivotal Role in
Other Requirements 361 the Community 385
B. Opportunistic and Equilibrium Life Histories Reflect the
Trade-Off Between Quantity and Quality 362 19.5 Succession Is a Gradual Change in a Community 386

18.5 Population Growth May Be Exponential or Logistic 363
A. Growth Is Exponential When
Resources Are Unlimited 363
B. Population Growth Eventually Slows 364
C. Many Conditions Limit Population Size 364
18.6 The Human Population Continues to Grow 366
A. Birth and Death Rates Vary Worldwide 366
B. The Ecological Footprint Is an Estimate of Resource Use 368
Burning Question 18.1 How do biologists count animals in the
open ocean? 361
Why We Care 18.1 Controlling Animal Pests 365
Investigating Life 18.1 A Toxic Compromise 369
19.6 Ecosystems Require Continuous Energy Input 388
A. Food Webs Depict the Transfer of Energy and Atoms 388
B. Heat Energy Leaves Each Food Web 390
C. Harmful Chemicals May Accumulate
in the Highest Trophic Levels 391
19.7 Chemicals Cycle Within Ecosystems 392
A. Water Circulates Between the
Land and the Atmosphere 393
B. Autotrophs Obtain Carbon as CO2 394
C. The Nitrogen Cycle Relies on Bacteria 395
D. The Phosphorus Cycle Begins with the Weathering of
Rocks 397
E. Excess Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cause Problems in

19 Communities and Ecosystems 372

19.1 Organisms Interact
Within Communities and
Ecosystems 373
19.2 Earth Has Diverse Climates 374
19.3 Biomes Are Ecosystems with
Distinctive Communities of
©Pedro Ladeira/SambaPhoto/ Life 376
Getty Images
Water 397
Burning Question 19.1 Why is there a “tree line” above which trees
won’t grow? 377
Why We Care 19.1 What Happens After You Flush 388
Why We Care 19.2 Mercury on the Wing 390
Burning Question 19.2 Is bottled water safer than tap water? 393
Why We Care 19.3 The Nitrogen Cycle in Your Fish Tank 396
Investigating Life 19.1 Winged Migrants Sidestep Parasites 398
xxiv Detailed Contents
20 Preserving Biodiversity 402
20.1 Earth’s Biodiversity Is
Dwindling 403
20.2 Many Human Activities Destroy
Habitats 404
20.3 Pollution Degrades Habitats 406
A. Water Pollution Threatens
Source: CINMS/NOAA/Claire Fackler Aquatic Life 406
B. Air Pollution Causes Many Types of Damage 407
20.4 Global Climate Change Alters and Shifts Habitats 409
A. Greenhouse Gases Warm Earth’s Surface   409
B. Global Climate Change Has Severe Consequences   411
20.5 Exotic Invaders and Overexploitation Devastate
Many Species 412
A. Invasive Species Displace Native Organisms 412
B. Overexploitation Can Drive Species to Extinction 413
UNIT 5 Plant Anatomy and Physiology
21 Plant Form and Function 420
21.1 Vegetative Plant Parts Include
Stems, Leaves, and Roots 421
21.2 Soil and Air Provide Water
and Nutrients 422
A. Plants Require 16 Essential
Elements 422
©Bob Gibbons/Alamy Stock
B. Leaves and Roots Absorb
Photo Essential Elements 423
21.3 Plant Cells Build Tissues 424
A. Plants Have Several Cell Types 424
B. Plant Cells Form Three Main Tissue Systems 426
21.4 Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots 427
A. Stems Support Leaves 427
B. Leaves Are the Primary Organs of Photosynthesis 427
C. Roots Absorb Water and Minerals, and Anchor the
Plant 429
21.5 Plants Have Flexible Growth
Patterns, Thanks to Meristems 430
A. Plants Grow by Adding New Modules 430
B. Plant Growth Occurs at Meristems 431
C. In Primary Growth, Apical Meristems Lengthen Stems
and Roots 431
D. In Secondary Growth, Lateral Meristems Thicken Stems
and Roots 432
21.6 Vascular Tissue Transports Water, Minerals, and
Sugar 434
20.6 Some Biodiversity May Be Recoverable 414
A. Protecting and Restoring Habitat Saves Many Species at
Once 414
B. Some Conservation Tools Target Individual Species 414
C. Conserving Biodiversity Involves Scientists
and Ordinary Citizens 415
Burning Question 20.1 What are the best ways to reverse habitat
destruction? 406
Burning Question 20.2 How can people reduce their contribution to
water pollution? 408
Burning Question 20.3 What does the ozone hole have to do with
global climate change? 409
Burning Question 20.4 How can small lifestyle changes reduce air
pollution and global climate change? 411
Burning Question 20.5 How can people help slow the spread of
invasive species? 412
Burning Question 20.6 Can everyday buying decisions help protect
overharvested species? 413
Why We Care 20.1 Environmental Legislation 415
Investigating Life 20.1 Up, Up, and Away 416
A. Water and Minerals Are Pulled Up to Leaves in Xylem 434
B. Sugars Are Pushed to Nonphotosynthetic Cells in
Phloem 436
C. Parasitic Plants Tap into Another Plant’s Vascular Tissue 437
Burning Question 21.1 What’s the difference between fruits and
vegetables? 422
Why We Care 21.1 Boost Plant Growth with Fertilizer 424
Burning Question 21.2 What are controlled burns? 433
Burning Question 21.3 Where does maple syrup come from? 437
Investigating Life 21.1 An Army of Tiny Watchdogs 438
22 Reproduction and Development of
Flowering Plants 442
22.1 Angiosperms Reproduce Sexually
and Asexually 443
22.2 The Angiosperm Life Cycle
Includes Flowers, Fruits, and
Seeds 444
A. Flowers Are Reproductive
Organs 445
©Gay Bumgarner/Alamy
Stock Photo B. The Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac
Are Gametophytes 445
C. Pollination Brings Pollen to the Stigma 446
D. Double Fertilization Yields Zygote and Endosperm 446
E. A Seed Is an Embryo and Its Food Supply Inside a Seed
Coat 447
F. The Fruit Develops from the Ovary 448
G. Fruits Protect and Disperse Seeds 449
 Detailed Contents xxv

22.3 Plant Growth Begins with Seed Germination 450
22.4 Hormones Regulate Plant
Growth and Development 451
A. Auxins and Cytokinins Are Essential for Plant Growth 452
B. Gibberellins, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid Influence Plant
Development in Many Ways 453
22.5 Light Is a Powerful Influence on Plant Life 454
22.6 Plants Respond to Gravity and Touch 455
Burning Question 22.1 How can a fruit be seedless? 451
Why We Care 22.1 Talking Plants 452
Investigating Life 22.1 A Red Hot Chili Pepper Paradox 456

UNIT 6 Animal Anatomy and Physiology

B. The Nervous System Includes Three
23 Animal Tissues and Organ Classes of Neurons 478
Systems 460 24.3 Action Potentials Convey Messages 479
23.1 S
 pecialized Cells Build A. A Neuron at Rest Has a Negative Charge 480
Animal Bodies 461 B. A Neuron’s Membrane Potential Reverses During an
Action Potential 480
23.2 Animals Consist of Four C. The Myelin Sheath Speeds Communication 482
Tissue Types 462
A. Epithelial Tissue Covers 24.4 Neurotransmitters Pass the Message from Cell to
Surfaces 462 Cell 482
©James King-Holmes/Science B. Most Connective 24.5 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists
Source Tissues Bind Other of Nerve Cells Outside the Central Nervous
Tissues Together 464 System 484
C. Muscle Tissue Provides Movement 464
D. Nervous Tissue Forms a Rapid 24.6 The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal
Communication Network 465 Cord and Brain 486
23.3 Organ Systems Are Interconnected 466 A. The Spinal Cord Transmits Information Between Body
A. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems and Brain 486
Coordinate Communication 466 B. The Brain Is Divided into Several Regions 486
B. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Support C. Many Brain Regions Participate in Memory 488
and Move the Body 466 D. Damage to the Central Nervous System
C. The Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Can Be Devastating 489
Work Together to Acquire Energy 467 24.7 The Senses Connect the Nervous System with the
D. The Urinary, Integumentary, Immune, and Lymphatic Outside World 490
Systems Protect the Body 467 A. Sensory Receptors Respond to Stimuli by Generating
E. The Reproductive System Produces the Next Generation 468 Action Potentials 490
23.4 Organ System Interactions Promote Homeostasis 468 B. Continuous Stimulation May Cause Sensory
23.5 Animals Regulate Body Temperature 469 Adaptation 491
Why We Care 23.1 Two Faces of Plastic Surgery 465 24.8 The General Senses Detect Touch, Temperature,
Burning Question 23.1 How does the body react to food poisoning? 466 and Pain 491
Burning Question 23.2 Can biologists build artificial organs? 471
24.9 The Senses of Smell and Taste Detect
Investigating Life 23.1 Sniffing Out the Origin of Feathers 472
Chemicals 492

24 The Nervous System and the 24.10 Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells 494

Senses 476 24.11 The Sense of Hearing Begins in the Ears 496

24.1 The Nervous System Forms a
Rapid Communication
Network 477
24.2 Neurons Are the Functional Units
of a Nervous System 478
A. A Typical Neuron Consists of
a Cell Body, Dendrites, and an
©Cary Wolinsky/Getty Images
Axon 478
Burning Question 24.1 Do neurons communicate at the speed of
light? 480
Why We Care 24.1 Drugs and Neurotransmitters 484
Burning Question 24.2 Do I really use only 10% of my brain? 488
Burning Question 24.3 Do humans have pheromones? 493
Why We Care 24.2 Correcting Vision 495
Burning Question 24.4 What is an ear infection? 496
Investigating Life 24.1 Scorpion Stings Don’t Faze Grasshopper
Mice 498
xxvi Detailed Contents

25 The Endocrine System 502

25.1 The Endocrine System Uses
Hormones to Communicate 503
25.2 Hormones Stimulate Responses
in Target Cells 504
A. Water-Soluble Hormones Trigger
Second Messenger Systems 504
©Purestock/SuperStock RF
B. Lipid-Soluble Hormones Directly
Alter Gene Expression 505
25.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Gland Oversee Endocrine Control 505
A. The Posterior Pituitary Stores and Releases Two
Hormones 507
B. The Anterior Pituitary Produces and Secretes Six
Hormones 507
25.4 Hormones from Many Glands Regulate Metabolism 508
A. The Thyroid Gland Sets the Metabolic Pace 508
B. The Parathyroid Glands Control Calcium Level 509
C. The Adrenal Glands Coordinate the Body’s
Stress Responses 509
D. The Pancreas Regulates Blood Glucose 510
E. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin 511
25.5 Hormones from the Ovaries and Testes Control
Reproduction 512
Burning Question 25.1 What are endocrine disruptors? 508
Why We Care 25.1 Anabolic Steroids in Sports 512
Investigating Life 25.1 Addicted to Affection 513
26 The Skeletal and Muscular
Systems 516
26.1 Skeletons Take Many Forms 517
26.2 The Vertebrate Skeleton Features
a Central Backbone 518
26.3 Bones Provide Support,
Protect Internal Organs,
and Supply Calcium 519
©Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images
A. Bones Consist Mostly of Bone Tissue and Cartilage 519
B. Bone Meets Bone at a Joint 521
C. Bones Are Constantly Built and Degraded 521
D. Bones Help Regulate Calcium Homeostasis 522
26.4 Muscle Movement Requires Contractile Proteins and
ATP 522
A. Actin and Myosin Filaments Fill Muscle Cells 524
B. Sliding Filaments Are the Basis of Muscle
Cell Contraction 524
C. Motor Neurons Stimulate Muscle Contraction 526
26.5 Muscle Cells Generate ATP in Multiple Ways 527
26.6 Muscle Fiber Types Influence Athletic Performance 528
Why We Care 26.1 Bony Evidence of Murder, Illness, and Evolution 519
Burning Question 26.1 Is creatine a useful dietary supplement? 527
Burning Question 26.2 Why does heat soothe sore muscles and
joints? 529
Investigating Life 26.1 Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans
Brainier? 530
27 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems 534
27.1 Blood Plays a Central Role in
Maintaining Homeostasis 535
A. Plasma Carries Many Dissolved
Substances 536
B. Red Blood Cells Transport
Oxygen 536
C. White Blood Cells Fight
©Philippe Plailly/Science Source Infection 536
D. Blood Clotting Requires Platelets and Plasma Proteins 537
27.2 Animal Circulatory Systems Range from Simple to
Complex 538
27.3 Blood Circulates Through the Heart and Blood
Vessels 539
27.4 The Human Heart Is a Muscular Pump 540
A. The Heart Has Four Chambers 540
B. The Right and Left Halves
of the Heart Deliver Blood Along Different Paths 540
C. Cardiac Muscle Cells Produce the Heartbeat 541
D. Exercise Strengthens the Heart 542
27.5 Blood Vessels Form the Circulation Pathway 542
A. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
Have Different Structures 543
B. Blood Pressure and Velocity Differ Among Vessel Types 544
27.6 The Human Respiratory System Delivers Air to the
Lungs 545
A. The Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx Form the Upper
Respiratory Tract 546
B. The Lower Respiratory Tract Consists
of the Trachea and Lungs 548
27.7 Breathing Requires Pressure Changes in the Lungs 550
27.8 Red Blood Cells Carry Most Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide 551
Burning Question 27.1 What is the difference between donating
whole blood and donating plasma? 537
Burning Question 27.2 What causes bruises? 539
Burning Question 27.3 If some exercise is good, is more exercise
better? 542
Why We Care 27.1 Unhealthy Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems 549
Investigating Life 27.1 In (Extremely) Cold Blood 552
 Detailed Contents xxvii

28 The Digestive and Urinary 29 The Immune System 580

Systems 556
28.1 Animals Maintain Nutrient, Water,
and Ion Balance 557
28.2 Digestive Systems Derive
Energy and Raw Materials from
Food 558
Source: CDC/James Gathany
28.3 A Varied Diet Is Essential
©Ingram Publishing RF to Good Health 559
28.4 Body Weight Reflects Food Intake and Activity
Level 560
A. Body Mass Index Can Identify Weight Problems 560
B. Starvation: Too Few Calories to Meet the Body’s
Needs 561
C. Obesity: More Calories Than the Body Needs 561
28.5 Most Animals Have a Specialized Digestive
Tract 562
A. Acquiring Nutrients Requires Several Steps 562
B. Digestive Tracts May Be Incomplete or Complete 563
C. Diet Influences Digestive Tract Structure 564
28.6 The Human Digestive System Consists of Several
Organs 565
A. Muscles Underlie the Digestive Tract 566
B. Digestion Begins in the Mouth 566
C. The Stomach Stores, Digests, and
Churns Food 566
D. The Small Intestine Digests and Absorbs
Nutrients 567
E. The Large Intestine Completes Nutrient and Water
Absorption 569
28.7 Animals Eliminate Nitrogenous Wastes and Regulate
Water and Ions 570
29.1 Many Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Defend the Body 581
A. White Blood Cells Play Major
Roles in the Immune System 581
B. The Lymphatic System Produces
and Transports Many Immune
System Cells 582
C. The Immune System Has Two
Main Subdivisions 582
29.2 Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific and Act Early 583
A. External Barriers Form the First Line of Defense 583
B. Internal Innate Defenses Destroy Invaders 584
29.3 Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Specific
Pathogens 586
A. Helper T Cells Play a Central Role in Adaptive
Immunity 586
B. Cytotoxic T Cells Provide Cell-Mediated Immunity 587
C. B Cells Direct the Humoral Immune Response 588
D. The Secondary Immune Response Is Stronger Than the
Primary Response 590
29.4 Vaccines Jump-Start Immunity 590
29.5 Several Disorders Affect the Immune System 592
A. Autoimmune Disorders Are Devastating
and Mysterious 592
B. Immunodeficiencies Lead to Opportunistic
Infections 592
C. Allergies Misdirect the Immune Response 593
Why We Care 29.1 Severe Burns 584
Why We Care 29.2 Protecting a Fetus from Immune Attack 587
Burning Question 29.1 Why do we need multiple doses of some
vaccines? 591
Burning Question 29.2 Can people be allergic to meat? 592
Investigating Life 29.1 The Hidden Cost of Hygiene 594

28.8 The Urinary System Produces, Stores, and Eliminates

Urine 572
30 Animal Reproduction and
28.9 Nephrons Remove Wastes and Adjust the Composition Development 598
of Blood 573
A. Nephrons Interact Closely with Blood Vessels 573 30.1 Animal Development Begins
B. Urine Formation Includes Filtration, Reabsorption, and with Reproduction 599
Secretion 574 A. Reproduction Is Asexual or
C. Hormones Regulate Kidney Function 574 Sexual 599
B. Development Is Indirect or
Burning Question 28.1 Which diets lead to the most weight loss? 561 Direct 600
Burning Question 28.2 What is lactose intolerance? 568
Why We Care 28.1 The Unhealthy Digestive System 570 ©UIG via Getty Images
Why We Care 28.2 Urinary Incontinence 572
Burning Question 28.3 What can urine reveal about health and 30.2 Males Produce Sperm Cells 601
diet? 573 A. Male Reproductive Organs Are Inside and Outside
Why We Care 28.3 Kidney Failure, Dialysis, and Transplants 575 the Body 601
Investigating Life 28.1 The Cost of a Sweet Tooth 576 B. Spermatogenesis Yields Sperm Cells 602
C. Hormones Influence Male Reproductive Function 603
xxviii Detailed Contents

30.3 Females Produce Egg Cells 604 Appendix A Answers to Multiple Choice Questions A-1
A. Female Reproductive Organs Are Inside the Body 604 Appendix B Brief Guide to Statistical Significance A-2
B. Oogenesis Yields Egg Cells 605
Appendix C Units of Measure A-5
C. Hormones Influence Female Reproductive Function 606
D. Hormonal Fluctuations Can Cause Discomfort 607 Appendix D Periodic Table of the Elements A-6
Appendix E Amino Acid Structures A-7
30.4 Reproductive Health Considers Contraception and
Disease 608 Appendix F Learn How to Learn A-8

30.5 The Human Infant Begins Life as a Zygote 611 Glossary G-1
A. Fertilization Initiates Pregnancy 611 Index I-1
B. The Preembryonic Stage Ends
When Implantation Is Complete 612
C. Organs Take Shape During the Embryonic Stage 614
D. Organ Systems Become Functional in the Fetal Stage 615
E. Muscle Contractions in the Uterus Drive Childbirth 616
Burning Question 30.1 When can conception occur? 608
Why We Care 30.1 Substances That Cause Birth Defects 613
Investigating Life 30.1 Playing “Dress Up” on the Reef 617
Another random document with
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T he Chase I sing, hounds, and their various breed,
And no less various use. O thou, great Prince!
Whom Cambria’s towering hills proclaim their lord,
Deign thou to hear my bold, instructive song.
While grateful citizens, with pompous shew,
Rear the triumphal arch, rich with the exploits
Of thy illustrious house; while virgins pave
Thy way with flowers, and, as the royal youth
Passing they view, admire, and sigh in vain;
While crowded theatres, too fondly proud
Of their exotick minstrels, and shrill pipes,
The price of manhood, hail thee with a song,
And airs soft-warbling; my hoarse-sounding horn

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 14-38.

Invites thee to the chase, the sport of kings;
Image of war, without its guilt. The Muse
Aloft on wing shall soar, conduct with care
Thy foaming courser o’er the steepy rock,
Or, on the river bank, receive thee safe,
Light-bounding o’er the wave, from shore to shore.
Be thou our great protector, gracious youth!
And if, in future times, some envious prince,
Careless of right, and guileful, should invade
Thy Britain’s commerce, or should strive, in vain,
To wrest the balance from thy equal hand,
Thy hunter-train, in cheerful green array’d,
A band undaunted, and innured to toils,
Shall compass thee around, die at thy feet,
Or hew thy passage through the embattled foe,
And clear thy way to fame: inspired by thee,
The nobler chase of glory shall pursue,
Through fire, and smoke, and blood, and fields of death.
Nature, in her productions slow, aspires,
By just degrees, to reach perfection’s highth:
So mimick art works leisurely, till time
Improve the piece, or wise experience give
The proper finishing. When Nimrod bold,
That mighty hunter, first made war on beasts,
And stain’d the woodland green with purple dye,

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 39-63.

New, and unpolish’d, was the huntsman’s art;
No stated rule, his wanton will his guide.
With clubs and stones, rude implements of war,
He arm’d his savage bands, a multitude
Untrain’d: of twining osiers form’d, they pitch
Their artless toils, then range the desert hills,
And scour the plains below: the trembling herd
Start at the unusual sound, and clamorous shout,
Unheard before; surprised, alas! to find
Man now their foe, whom erst they deem’d their lord;
But mild, and gentle, and by whom, as yet,
Secure they grazed. Death stretches o’er the plain,
Wide-wasting, and grim slaughter, red with blood:
Urged on by hunger keen, they wound, they kill;
Their rage, licentious, knows no bound: at last,
Incumber’d with their spoils, joyful they bear,
Upon their shoulders broad, the bleeding prey.
Part on their altars smokes a sacrifice
To that all-gracious Power, whose bounteous hand
Supports his wide creation: what remains,
On living coals they broil, inelegant
Of taste, nor skill’d, as yet, in nicer arts
Of pamper’d luxury. Devotion pure,
And strong necessity, thus first began
The chase of beasts; though bloody was the deed,

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 64-88.

Yet without guilt: for the green herb, alone,
Unequal to sustain man’s labouring race,
Now every moving thing that lived on earth,
Was granted him for food. So just is Heaven,
To give us in proportion to our wants.
Or chance, or industry, in after-times,
Some few improvements made; but short, as yet,
Of due perfection. In this isle, remote,
Our painted ancestors were slow to learn,
To arms devote, of the politer arts
Nor skill’d, nor studious; till, from Neustria’s coasts,
Victorious William to more decent rules
Subdued our Saxon fathers, taught to speak
The proper dialect; with horn and voice
To cheer the busy hound, whose well-known cry
His listening peers approve with joint acclaim.
From him successive huntsmen learn’d to join,
In bloody social leagues, the multitude
Dispersed, to size, to sort their various tribes,
To rear, feed, hunt, and discipline the pack.
Hail, happy Britain! highly favour’d isle,
And Heaven’s peculiar care; to thee ’tis given
To train the sprightly steed, more fleet than those
Begot by winds, or the celestial breed
That bore the great Pelides through the press

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 89-113.

Of heroes arm’d, and broke their crowded ranks;
Which, proudly neighing, with the sun begins
Cheerful his course; and ere his beams decline,
Has measured half thy surface unfatigued.
In thee alone, fair land of liberty!
Is bred the perfect hound, in scent and speed
As yet unrivall’d; while in other climes
Their virtue fails, a weak degenerate race.
In vain malignant steams, and winter fogs,
Load the dull air, and hover round our coasts;
The huntsman, ever gay, robust, and bold,
Defies the noxious vapour, and confides
In this delightful exercise, to raise
His drooping head, and cheer his heart with joy.
Ye vigorous youths, by smiling fortune bless’d
With large demesnes, hereditary wealth,
Heap’d copious by your wise forefathers’ care,
Hear, and attend; while I the means reveal
To enjoy those pleasures, for the weak too strong,
Too costly for the poor: to rein the steed
Swift-stretching o’er the plain, to cheer the pack,
Opening in concerts of harmonious joy,
But breathing death. What though the gripe severe
Of brazen-fisted time, and slow disease
Creeping through every vein, and nerve unstrung,

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 114-138.

Afflict my shatter’d frame, undaunted still,
Fix’d as the mountain ash, that braves the bolts
Of angry Jove, though blasted, yet unfall’n;
Still can my soul, in fancy’s mirrour, view
Deeds glorious once, recall the joyous scene
In all its splendours deck’d, o’er the full bowl
Recount my triumphs pass’d, urge others on
With hand and voice, and point the winding way:
Pleased with that social sweet garrulity,
The poor disbanded veteran’s sole delight.
First, let the kennel be the huntsman’s care;
Upon some little eminence erect,
And fronting to the ruddy dawn; its courts
On either hand wide opening to receive
The sun’s all-cheering beams, when mild he shines,
And gilds the mountain tops. For much the pack
(Roused from their dark alcoves) delight to stretch
And bask in his invigorating ray:
Warn’d by the streaming light, and merry lark,
Forth rush the jolly clan; with tuneful throats
They carol loud, and, in grand chorus join’d,
Salute the new-born day. For not alone
The vegetable world, but men and brutes
Own his reviving influence, and joy
At his approach. Fountain of light! if chance

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 139-163.

Some envious cloud veil thy refulgent brow,
In vain the Muses aid, untouch’d, unstrung,
Lies my mute harp, and thy desponding bard
Sits darkly musing o’er the unfinish’d lay.
Let no Corinthian pillars prop the dome,
A vain expense, on charitable deeds
Better disposed, to clothe the tatter’d wretch
Who shrinks beneath the blast, to feed the poor,
Pinch’d with afflictive want: for use, not state,
Gracefully plain let each apartment rise.
O’er all let cleanliness preside; no scraps
Bestrew the pavement, and no half-pick’d bones,
To kindle fierce debate, or to disgust
That nicer sense, on which the sportsman’s hope,
And all his future triumphs, must depend.
Soon as the growling pack, with eager joy,
Have lapp’d their smoking viands, morn or eve,
From the full cistern lead the ductile streams,
To wash thy court, well-paved; nor spare thy pains,
For much to health will cleanliness avail.
Seek’st thou for hounds to climb the rocky steep,
And brush the entangled covert, whose nice scent
O’er greasy fallows, and frequented roads,
Can pick the dubious way? Banish far off
Each noisome stench, let no offensive smell

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 164-188.

Invade thy wide inclosure, but admit
The nitrous air, and purifying breeze.
Water and shade no less demand thy care:
In a large square the adjacent field inclose;
There plant, in equal ranks, the spreading elm,
Or fragrant lime; most happy thy design,
If, at the bottom of thy spacious court,
A large canal, fed by the crystal brook,
From its transparent bosom shall reflect
Downward thy structure and inverted grove.
Here, when the sun’s too potent gleams annoy
The crowded kennel, and the drooping pack,
Restless and faint, loll their unmoisten’d tongues,
And drop their feeble tails, to cooler shades
Lead forth the panting tribe; soon shalt thou find
The cordial breeze their fainting hearts revive:
Tumultuous soon they plunge into the stream,
There lave their reeking sides, with greedy joy
Gulp down the flying wave; this way and that,
From shore to shore, they swim, while clamour loud,
And wild uproar, torments the troubled flood;
Then on the sunny bank they roll and stretch
Their dripping limbs; or else in wanton rings
Coursing around, pursuing and pursued,
The merry multitude disporting play.

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 189-213.

 But here, with watchful and observant eye,
Attend their frolicks, which too often end
In bloody broils and death. High o’er thy head
Wave thy resounding whip, and, with a voice
Fierce-menacing, o’er-rule the stern debate,
And quench their kindling rage; for oft, in sport
Begun, combat ensues; growling they snarl,
Then on their haunches rear’d, rampant they seize
Each other’s throats, with teeth and claws, in gore
Besmear’d, they wound, they tear, till on the ground,
Panting, half dead, the conquering champion lies:
Then sudden all the base ignoble crowd,
Loud-clamouring, seize the helpless worried wretch,
And, thirsting for his blood, drag different ways
His mangled carcase on the ensanguined plain.
O breasts of pity void! to oppress the weak,
To point your vengeance at the friendless head,
And, with one mutual cry, insult the fall’n!
Emblem too just of man’s degenerate race.
Others apart, by native instinct led,
Knowing instructor! ’mong the ranker grass
Cull each salubrious plant, with bitter juice
Concoctive stored, and potent to allay
Each vicious ferment. Thus the hand divine
Of Providence, beneficent and kind

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 213-236.

To all his creatures, for the brutes prescribes
A ready remedy, and is himself
Their great physician! Now grown stiff with age,
And many a painful chase, the wise old hound,
Regardless of the frolick pack, attends
His master’s side, or slumbers, at his ease,
Beneath the bending shade; there, many a ring
Runs o’er in dreams; now on the doubtful foil
Puzzles perplex’d, or doubles intricate
Cautious unfolds; then, wing’d with all his speed,
Bounds o’er the lawn to seize his panting prey,
And in imperfect whimp’ring speaks his joy.
A different hound, for every diff’rent chase,
Select with judgment; nor the timorous hare
O’ermatch’d destroy, but leave that vile offence
To the mean, murd’rous, coursing crew, intent
On blood and spoil. Oh blast their hopes, just Heaven!
And all their painful drudgeries repay
With disappointment, and severe remorse.
But husband thou thy pleasures, and give scope
To all her subtle play: by nature led,
A thousand shifts she tries; to unravel these
The industrious beagle twists his waving tail,
Through all her labyrinths pursues, and rings

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 237-260.

Her doleful knell. See there, with countenance blithe,
And with a courtly grin, the fawning hound
Salutes thee, cowering, his wide opening nose
Upward he curls, and his large sloe-black eyes
Melt in soft blandishments, and humble joy;
His glossy skin, or yellow-pied, or blue,
In lights or shades by nature’s pencil drawn,
Reflects the various tints; his ears and legs,
Fleckt here and there, in gay enamell’d pride
Rival the speckled pard; his rush-grown tail
O’er his broad back bends in ample arch;
On shoulders clean, upright and firm he stands;
His round cat foot, straight hams, and wide-spread thighs,
And his low-dropping chest, confess his speed,
His strength, his wind, or on the steepy hill,
Or far-extended plain; in every part
So well proportion’d, that the nicer skill
Of Phidias himself can’t blame thy choice.
Of such compose thy pack: but here a mean
Observe; nor the large hound prefer, of size
Gigantick; he in the thick-woven covert
Painfully tugs, or in the thorny brake
Torn and embarrass’d, bleeds: but if too small,
The pigmy brood in every furrow swims;

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 261-285.

Moil’d in the clogging clay, panting they lag
Behind inglorious; or else shivering they creep,
Benumb’d and faint, beneath the shelt’ring thorn.
For hounds of middle size, active and strong,
Will better answer all thy various ends,
And crown thy pleasing labours with success.
As some brave captain, curious and exact,
By his fix’d standard forms, in equal ranks,
His gay battalion, as one man they move,
Step after step, their size the same, their arms
Far gleaming, dart the same united blaze:
Reviewing generals his merit own;
How regular! how just! and all his cares
Are well repaid, if mighty George approve.
So model thou thy pack, if honour touch
Thy generous soul, and the world’s just applause.
But above all take heed, nor mix thy hounds
Of diff’rent kinds; discordant sounds shall grate
Thy ears offended, and a lagging line
Of babbling curs disgrace thy broken pack.
But if the amphibious otter be thy chase,
Or stately stag, that o’er the woodland reigns;
Or if the harmonious thunder of the field
Delight thy ravish’d ears; the deep-flew’d hound
Breed up with care, strong, heavy, slow, but sure,

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 286-310.

Whose ears, down-hanging from his thick round head,
Shall sweep the morning dew; whose clanging voice
Awake the mountain echo in her cell,
And shake the forests: the bold Talbot kind
Of these the prime, as white as Alpine snows;
And great their use of old. Upon the banks
Of Tweed, slow-winding through the vale, the seat
Of war and rapine once, ere Britons knew
The sweets of peace, or Anna’s dread commands
To lasting leagues the haughty rivals awed,
There dwelt a pilfering race; well train’d and skill’d
In all the mysteries of theft, the spoil
Their only substance, feuds and war their sport:
Not more expert in every fraudful art
The arch felon was of old, who by the tail
Drew back his lowing prize: in vain his wiles,
In vain the shelter of the covering rock,
In vain the sooty cloud, and ruddy flames,
That issued from his mouth; for soon he paid
His forfeit life; a debt how justly due
To wrong’d Alcides, and avenging Heaven!
Veil’d in the shades of night, they ford the stream,
Then prowling far and near, whate’er they seize
Becomes their prey; nor flocks nor herds are safe,
Nor stalls protect the steer, nor strong-barr’d doors

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 311-335.

Secure the favourite horse. Soon as the morn
Reveals his wrongs, with ghastly visage wan,
The plunder’d owner stands, and from his lips
A thousand thronging curses burst their way:
He calls his stout allies, and in a line
His faithful hound he leads; then, with a voice
That utters loud his rage, attentive cheers:
Soon the sagacious brute, his curling tail
Flourish’d in air, low-bending plies around
His busy nose, the steaming vapour snuffs
Inquisitive, nor leaves one turf untried;
Till, conscious of the recent stains, his heart
Beats quick; his snuffling nose, his active tail,
Attest his joy; then, with deep-opening mouth,
That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims
The audacious felon; foot by foot he marks
His winding way, while all the listening crowd
Applaud his reasonings. O’er the watery ford,
Dry sandy heaths, and stony barren hills,
O’er beaten paths, with men and beasts distain’d,
Unerring he pursues; till at the cot
Arrived, and seizing by his guilty throat
The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey:
So exquisitely delicate his sense!
Should some more curious sportsman here inquire,

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 336-360.

Whence this sagacity, this wond’rous power,
Of tracing step by step, or man or brute;
What guide invisible points out their way,
O’er the dank marsh, bleak hill, and sandy plain?
The courteous Muse shall the dark cause reveal.
The blood that from the heart incessant rolls
In many a crimson tide, then here and there,
In smaller rills disparted, as it flows,
Propell’d, the serous particles evade
Through the open pores, and, with the ambient air
Entangling, mix: as fuming vapours rise,
And hang upon the gently-purling brook,
There by the incumbent atmosphere compress’d.
The panting chase grows warmer as he flies,
And through the net-work of the skin perspires;
Leaves a long streaming trail behind, which, by
The cooler air condensed, remains, unless
By some rude storm dispersed, or rarefied
By the meridian sun’s intenser heat:
To every shrub the warm effluvia cling,
Hang on the grass, impregnate earth and skies:
With nostrils opening wide, o’er hill, o’er dale,
The vigorous hounds pursue, with every breath
Inhale their grateful steam; quick pleasures sting
Their tingling nerves, while they their thanks repay,

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 361-385.

And in triumphant melody confess
The titillating joy. Thus on the air
Depend the hunter’s hopes. When ruddy streaks
At eve, forebode a blust’ring stormy day,
Or lowering clouds blacken the mountain’s brow;
When nipping frosts, and the keen biting blasts
Of the dry parching east menace the trees,
With tender blossoms teeming, kindly spare
Thy sleeping pack, in their warm beds of straw
Low-sinking, at their ease; listless they shrink
Into some dark recess, nor hear thy voice,
Though oft invoked; or, haply, if thy call
Rouse up the slumbering tribe, with heavy eyes,
Glazed, lifeless, dull, downward they drop their tails
Inverted; high on their bent backs erect
Their pointed bristles stare; or ’mong the tufts
Of ranker weeds, each stomach-healing plant
Curious they crop, sick, spiritless, forlorn.
These inauspicious days, on other cares
Employ thy precious hours; the improving friend
With open arms embrace, and from his lips
Glean science, season’d with good-natured wit.
But if the inclement skies and angry Jove
Forbid the pleasing intercourse, thy books
Invite thy ready hand, each sacred page

BOOK I THE CHASE v. 386-399.

Rich with the wise remarks of heroes old.
Converse familiar with the illustrious dead;
With great examples of old Greece or Rome
Enlarge thy free-born heart; and bless kind Heaven,
That Britain yet enjoys dear liberty,
That balm of life, that sweetest blessing; cheap,
Though purchased with our blood. Well bred, polite,
Credit thy calling. See! how mean, how low,
The bookless, sauntring youth, proud of the skut
That dignifies his cap, his flourish’d belt,
And rusty couples gingling by his side.
Be thou of other mould; and know, that such
Transporting pleasures, were by Heaven ordain’d
Wisdom’s relief, and Virtue’s great reward.
BOOK II
 Argument.
Of the power of instinct in brutes. Two remarkable instances in the hunting
of the roebuck, and in the hare going to seat in the morning. Of the variety
of seats or forms of the hare, according to the change of the season,
weather, or wind. Description of the hare-hunting in all its parts,
interspersed with rules to be observed by those who follow that chase.
Transition to the Asiatick way of hunting, particularly the magnificent
manner of the Great Mogul, and other Tartarian princes, taken from
Monsieur Bernier, and the History of Gengis Cawn the Great. Concludes
with a short reproof of tyrants and oppressors of mankind.