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. .
Karbonylove sloening
aldehydy a betony
① Aldebydy :
-funknisk ..
- (-cHO)
-
nazvoslov :
zakonen :
-al/-Karbaldehyd
H
1) Gutanal
HsG-CH2-CH2
Co
: -
4c
~
3)
cyklohexankarbaldehyd
↑
- co
4) naftalen-1 2-dikarbaldehyd
,
CHO
↑
-, Y
-- CHO
I
----
-
5 formaldehyd :
(methana -C
·actaldendilthana onhe-
C
② Ketony :
nazvoslovi :
a)
systematicky :
pripona-on1-beton
HzC- CO -
CHz
-
CHs
2) diethylketon :
(pentan-3-on)
HzC
-
CH2-CO -
CH2 -
CH3
3)
methyl (prop-2-en-yl)befon (pent-4-en-2-on) :
HzC -
Co -
CHz -
CH =
CH2
) cyklohexan-1 3-dion ,
x
L =
0
b) trivialn :
1 acton :
Idimethylketon /propanon)
C c =
0
-chem
. Vastnosti :
Caldehydy a
betony
reace : 1) nukleofilms adice :
-
a) Prebyte e-
OR
R
-
c
~ 2, 5
St
=
S-
0
3, 4 Rz
c =
0
+ R
-
-
O8H
~
-
? H
un
alkohol
polo acetaly
-
b) R1
c =
0
+ 2R -
H >
- +
H20
R2-
-
aldehyd acetal
f
sprsknuteemady
~
2) aldolova Rondenzace
alkohol
karbaniont
!
H
I 05- -
St=
O
5
H -
C- C + 07 >
-
H2c = c +
H20
(p H
↓
↓ prostred,
·
v zasaditem
05 0
-
S
O
+
= -
C
Ha C- c +
HC C >
-
HzC CH2 C
- -
-
-
L
H H I
H
H
- OH
I
O O
C
HzC
- -
CH2 -
C + H20 -
HzC-C -
CH2 -
C + OH-
I I
H H
H H
asto prirodni
↓
3) Oxidace :
Karboxilova kys .
-
lenzym)
O bat .
*
R -
C t
02 >
-
R- c
.
-
S-
H -
C-
I H
2, 2
alkohol
4) reduce :
m
H
=
I
Ha
>
-
R C -OH = primarni alkohol)
R c
-
H
H
Ha
R C R
R--R (= sekundari alkohol)
-
-
>
-
o I
OH
-
plyn ↑
methanal
formalin
"
mala formaldehyd e
- H
molekula M H - O
-
H
I
-
-
On
H20
-
H - c + n -
c
-
0
OH
H
- =
c COOH
↑
I
--
un
benzaldehyd
-On
Prebled barbonylovych kys .
① Formaldehyd (HCHO)
roba polymer (synteticke laty PET)
=
: =
↳
roba preklizek
, papiru
, hojir
,
izolace
, spotrebni produkty
2)
viroba motorino-formaldehydovich prysky-
FIG
3)
roba japon. Porcela NIKKO
) natery
pentaerythritol , vybusniny
=>
5) konzervace (zvirata
6) stic , dezinferi a sterilizani prostrdek
② Actaldehyd (Ethana)
·
bezbarra tekara holar bapalina
O ·
tiplay zapach
HzC -
C
-
·
pouziti 1) Vyroba
:
NaOH a kys .
Octore
③ Benzaldehyd
·
2) v
org syntezch
.
④ Aceton (propan-2-on
; dimethylketon)
·
specific apach 2
·
CHz
·
buna
1) rozpostedlo
·
poziti :
⑤ Cyklohexanon
holavina II. .
tridy
↑
0
= ·
Gezbarra Kapalina
- ·
=
v
o 1
-
0
Karboxylove' kyseling
+
-
COOH
latba schopna odstpit H
O
[barboxylovy aniont]
-
C
-
3 44 2, 2
-00 1, 5 vazba
-
Ht C
,
>
O-↳
>
-
H
- -
-
O
* &
Stabili
polarni ve prospect o
no-
Ize napsat
=>
dre vzorci
~ funkni skupina
Nazvoslovi :
R-COOH
-
bene trivialni nazvoslor,
-
monokarboxylova =
1 x
-nenasyane (
=
; = ) X nasyane (-)
-
.
pod jm . kyselina" +
prid jm podle porta
. .
ublika
kys .
metanova H-COOH
↳ - 11 -
etanova CH-COOH
3
-
pod jm kyseling"
.
..
+
prid jm poiet
. . C
podle uhlorodiku +
pripona
barboxylova nemni se
izomerie
=>
aromatickch kys .
COON
↑
TT ~ COOH
-
jednoduch vazy
- tu=
-
oleje tuky
- -
,
=>
derivaty dowhich kys. izomen
↳
nenasycene kys
=
-/V
fece
18 x0 C 2/s
trans :
d
~
bys. Oejora &
(a-oktadec-9-enoval
↑ izomer
CH -
[CH2]7 -
CHy
Il
CH-[CH2]7-COOH