Question 1

CALCULATOR

Which reaction converts monosaccharides into disaccharides?

● A. Condensation

● B. Hydrolysis

● C. Catabolism

● D. Oxidation

Difficulty: EASY
A

Explanation‾Explanation:
When two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide, water is produced, therefore it is a condensation reaction.
Choice A is correct.

Choice B is incorrect as hydrolysis uses water to break bonds, in this case converting a disaccharide into a monosaccharides.
Choice C is incorrect as catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules. Choice D is incorrect as oxidation means
adding oxygen or losing electrons.

Question 2
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 3]

1. State the reaction that forms disaccharides from monosaccharides. [1]

2. Draw the products of the reaction between the two monosaccharides shown in the diagram below. [2]

[Adapted from: SourceStolfi, J. (2020, February 1). File: alpha-D-glucopyranose.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 13,
2022, from https ://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg. Copyright free]
Difficulty: EASY
Question 3
CALCULATOR

What is the substrate for the enzyme lactase?

● A. Glucose

● B. Galactose

● C. Lactose

● D. Fructose

Difficulty: EASY
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
The enzyme lactase breaks down the substrate lactose into glucose and galactose.

Glucose and galactose are products of the reaction (Choices A and B).

Fructose is not a substrate for the enzyme lactase (Choice D).

Question 4
CALCULATOR

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

● A. It is advisable to add saturated fats to one’s diet.

● B. There is a carbon-carbon triple bond in monounsaturated fats.

● C. Polyunsaturated fats are made up of carbon-carbon single bonds to keep them in a liquid state.

● D. Saturated fats are made up of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Difficulty: EASY
D

Explanation‾Explanation:
Saturated fats are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms, meaning that the carbon atoms are connected by single bonds, and there are
no double bonds. This structure allows the fat molecules to pack closely together, making them solid at room temperature. Choice
D is correct.

While it's essential to have some saturated fats in the diet, most health organisations advise limiting the intake of saturated fats
because excessive consumption has been linked to increased cholesterol levels and a higher risk of heart disease. Choice A is
incorrect.

Monounsaturated fats have one double bond (hence "mono") in the fatty acid chain. A triple bond is not characteristic of fats but is
more often associated with certain specialised organic compounds. Choice B is incorrect.

Polyunsaturated fats have more than one (hence "poly") carbon-carbon double bond in their structure. These multiple double bonds
create kinks in the fatty acid chains, preventing the molecules from packing tightly together, which contributes to their liquid state at
room temperature. Choice C is incorrect.

Question 5
CALCULATOR

Which type of reaction is involved in the formation of polysaccharides?

● A. Hydrolysis

● B. Condensation

● C. Decarboxylation

● D. Phosphorylation

Difficulty: EASY
B

Explanation‾Explanation:
The formation of polysaccharides involves the removal of water to form a glycosidic bond. This is a condensation reaction.

Choice A is incorrect as water is a product, not a reactant, in the formation of polysaccharides. Choice C is incorrect as no
carboxyl group is removed and no CO

2
is produced in the reaction. Choice D is incorrect as the reaction does not require the addition of a phosphate group.

Question 6
CALCULATOR

Which row in the table below is correct for the digestion of macromolecules?

Macromolecule Monomers Type of Reaction

A. Polysaccharide Alpha glucose Hydrolysis

B. Polysaccharide Amino acid Condensation

C. Polypeptide Alpha glucose Hydrolysis

D. Polypeptide Amino acids Condensation

Difficulty: EASY
A

Explanation‾Explanation:
Polysaccharides, such as starch, are broken down by hydrolysis reactions, and the digestion of starch eventually yields alpha
glucose as a monomer.
Choice B is incorrect because the monomers of polysaccharides are not amino acids, and hydrolysis, not condensation reactions
break down polysaccharides. Choice C is incorrect because alpha glucose is not a monomer of polypeptides. Choice D is incorrect
because hydrolysis reactions, not condensation reactions, break down polypeptides.

Question 7
CALCULATOR

Biomolecules have diverse forms and structures. Which of the following statements is false?

● A. Deoxyribose can be differentiated from ribose because of the absence of the hydroxyl (-OH) group on the 2’ carbon.

● B. Amino acids consist of an amino group, an acidic carboxyl group and an organic R group.

● C. Phospholipids are lipid molecules with a hydrophobic “head” and two hydrophilic “tails.”

● D. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

Difficulty: EASY
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
Choice C – The statement is false. Phospholipids are a class of lipids which have a hydrophilic “head” and two hydrophobic “tails.”
The heads contain a phosphate group and the two tails each contain one fatty acid.

Choice A, B, and D – These statements are all true.

Question 8
CALCULATOR

A disaccharide is formed by a condensation reaction between a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule. Which molecule fits this
description?

● A. Maltose

● B. Lactose

● C. Sucrose

● D. Galactose

Difficulty: EASY
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
The disaccharide sucrose is made up of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. Sucrose forms when glucose and fructose
combine in a condensation reaction (a reaction that releases water).

Maltose (Choice A) is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules. Lactose (Choice B) is a disaccharide made up of glucose
and galactose. Galactose (Choice D) is a monosaccharide, not a disaccharide.

Question 9
CALCULATOR

What bond is formed between two glucose molecules to form maltose?

● A. Hydrogen

● B. Peptide

● C. α 1-4 glycosidic linkage

 ● D. Phosphodiester

Difficulty: EASY
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
The bond formed between two glucose molecules to form maltose is an α 1-4 glycosidic linkage. This is a covalent bond between
two alpha glucose molecules, where the carbon #1 of one of the glucose molecules forms a bond with the carbon #4 of the other
glucose molecule. Choice C is correct.

A hydrogen bond (Choice A) is a weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a highly
electronegative atom and another electronegative atom in a different molecule or region of the same molecule. For example,
between two water molecules. Peptide bonds (Choice B) are covenant bonds that hold amino acids together in polypeptide chains,
and phosphodiester bonds (Choice D) are covalent bonds between the ribose sugars and phosphate groups, forming the backbone
of DNA and RNA. Choices A, B and D are incorrect.

Question 10
CALCULATOR

Which of the following statements describes α-Linolenate, as depicted in the diagram below?

[©Revision Village 2022. Created using MolView (https://molview.org)]

● A. A saturated fatty acid

● B. A mono-unsaturated fatty acid

● C. A polyunsaturated fatty acid

● D. A triglyceride

Difficulty: EASY
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
α-Linolenate has more than one double bond in its carbon chain and is, therefore, a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Since there is more than one double bond in the carbon chain of α-Linolenate it cannot be a saturated fatty acid (Choice A) or a
mono-unsaturated fatty acid (Choice B). The fatty acid is not attached to a glycerol molecule, along with 2 other fatty acids, and so
is not a triglyceride (Choice D).

Question 11
CALCULATOR

Which of the following is a steroid?

[©Revision Village 2023. Created with BioRender.com]

Difficulty: EASY
D

Explanation‾Explanation:
Choice D is correct because all steroids have four linked carbon rings.

Choice A is a α-glucose molecule as shown by its hexagonal structure and molecular formula, C6H

12
O6. Choice B is incorrect as it is an amino acid, as shown by the amine (NH22) and carboxyl (COOH) group on either end of the R
group on the central carbon. Choice C is incorrect as it is a triglyceride, as shown by the three long fatty acids attached to the
glycerol molecule.

Question 12
CALCULATOR

What is the product of this reaction?

[ © Revision Village 2022]

● A. Fatty acid

● B. Starch

● C. Glycogen

● D. Triglyceride

Difficulty: EASY
D

Explanation‾Explanation:
The diagram shows glycerol and 3 fatty acids. When these are joined in a condensation reaction, a triglyceride is formed. Choice
D is correct.

Choices A, B and C are incorrect.

Question 13
CALCULATOR

Which row in the table below correctly identifies the constituents of the named macromolecules?

Starch Protein Triglycerides

A. Beta glucose Peptides Fatty acids and glycerol

B. Beta glucose Amino acids Fatty acids and glycogen

C. Alpha glucose Peptides Fatty acids and glycogen

D. Alpha glucose Amino acids Fatty acids and glycerol

Difficulty: EASY
D

Explanation‾Explanation:
Choice D is correct because starch is made of chains of alpha glucose, proteins are made of chains of amino acids and
triglycerides are made of fatty acids and glycerol. Choice A is incorrect because starch is not composed of beta glucose and
peptides are not the simplest units of proteins. Choice B is incorrect because starch is not composed of beta glucose and
triglycerides do not contain glycogen. Choice C is incorrect because peptides are not the smallest unit of proteins and triglycerides
do not contain glycogen.

Question 14
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 4]

The diagram below shows the structure of 2 different monomers.

[Source: Adapted from CNX OpenStax College. (2013). Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Website. Retrieved
September 11, 2022, from https ://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:217_Five_Important_Monosaccharides-01.jpg Copyright under
CC BY 3.0]

1. State the name of the following:

1. structure A [1]

2. structure B [1]

2. State the name of a polymer which contains the following molecules:

1. structure A [1]

2. structure B [1]

Difficulty: EASY
Question 15
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 6]

1. Distinguish between the formation and breaking down of a polymer. [2]

2. Compare and contrast carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. [4]

Difficulty: EASY
Question 16
CALCULATOR

Which statement(s) about starch and glycogen is/are correct?

I. Starch and glycogen are branched molecules.

 II. Starch is made up β−β− glucose molecules but glycogen is made up of α−α− glucose molecules.

III. Starch and glycogen are energy storing polysaccharides.

● A. I only

● B. I, II, and III

● C. I and III only

● D. II only

Difficulty: EASY
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
Statement II is incorrect as both starch and glycogen are made up of α−α− glucose molecules (Choices B and D). Choice A is incorrect
as it only includes one correct statement (statement I).

Question 17
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 7]

The micrograph shows a part of a plant cell from the leaf of Anemone sp.

[Source: and3k, & caper437. (2009, June 25). File: chloroplast in leaf of Anemone sp Tem 85000x.png - Wikimedia Commons.
Wikimedia commons. Retrieved June 13, 2022, from https ://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png Copyright free]

1. Label structures in the plant cell above:

1. using the letter R where starch can be found; [1]

2. using the letter S where lipids can be found; [1]

3. using the letter T where cellulose can be found. [1]

2. Compare and contrast between the structure and functions of glycogen and starch. [4]

Difficulty: EASY
Question 18
CALCULATOR

Which molecule diagram is correctly matched to the name?

Name of molecule Structure of molecule

A. αα - Glucose

B. Galactose
 C. ββ - Glucose

D. Fructose

[Source: Adapted from OpenStax College. (2013). Five Important Monosaccharides-01 [Diagram]. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from
https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:217_Five_Important_Monosaccharides-01.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
Difficulty: MEDIUM
A

Explanation‾Explanation:
The diagram in Choice A represents an αα - glucose molecule.

The diagram in Choice B represents a fructose molecule while the name written is galactose (Choice B). Diagram C represents a
galactose molecule while the molecule is incorrectly labeled as β - glucose (Choice C). Diagram D represents a deoxyribose
molecule mismatched with the name fructose (Choice D).

Question 19
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 10]

Eating a healthy, balanced diet is important in order to maintain overall health and a strong immune system. A healthy diet means
eating a wide variety of food whilst limiting the consumption of foods which are considered to be less healthy, such as those high in
saturated fats.

In an investigation into the effects of diet on low-density lipoprotein levels (LDL) in the blood, scientists provided two groups of mice
with varied diets. Each group was given 5g of food per day, containing a mixture of a standard food mix and either avocado or
cheese. The ratios of the food were changed each day and blood LDL levels were recorded. The diets and results are shown in the
tables and graph.
[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]

1. Describe the impact on blood LDL levels when feeding mice diets supplemented with avocado or cheese. [2]

2. Explain the differences between results from both groups. [2]

3. Suggest a reason for the trend shown in LDL levels in group one. [1]

2. State which group is most at risk of heart disease and stroke. Give a reason for your answer. [2]

1. Suggest one advantage of using mice in this experiment instead of humans. [1]

2. State one variable, not mentioned in the question, which would need to be controlled in this experiment in order to
achieve valid results. [1]

3. For mice fed with cheese, calculate how many times greater the LDL levels were on day 5 compared to day 2. [1]

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 20
CALCULATOR

Which molecules form a triglyceride?

● A. A phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

● B. One fatty acid and three glycerol molecules

● C. One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

● D. One glycerol molecule and three monosaccharides

Difficulty: MEDIUM
C

Explanation‾Explanation:
The triglyceride molecule consists of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

A phosphate head and two fatty acid tails (Choice A) form a phospholipid, not a triglyceride. One fatty acid and three glycerol
molecules (Choice B) or one glycerol molecule and three monosaccharides (Choice D) cannot form a triglyceride.

Question 21
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 4]

Distinguish between the structure of cellulose, starch and glycogen. [4]

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 22
CALCULATOR

Which molecule is shown in the diagram below?

[Source: Bedin, T. (2022, February 28). Plast - Karbon og hydrogen I Lange Baner - Naturfag (TP) - NDLA. ndla.no. Retrieved June
9, 2022, from https ://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Figure_03_02_07.jpg. CC-BY-4.0]

● A. Cellulose

● B. Amylose

● C. Starch

● D. Glycogen

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 23
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 10]

Below is an image of Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as the potato plant. Above ground are the photosynthetic organs of the
plant, and below ground is a large tuber which stores energy in the form of carbohydrates.

[Source: Adapted from H. Zell (2009, June 17). Solanum tuberosum. Retrieved September 28, 2023 from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Solanum_tuberosum_001.JPG. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]

1. State which molecule serves as a source of electrons for photosystem II at the beginning of the electron transport chain in
chloroplasts. [1]

2. Outline how:
 1. the structure of cellulose provides support to plants. [2]

2. the structure of glycogen is suited to its storage role in animals. [2]

3. Explain how glucose is transported in the phloem, from the leaf to the roots. [5]

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 24
CALCULATOR

Which monosaccharides are matched to incorrect disaccharides?

Disaccharide Monosaccharides

A. Fructose Glucose and Sucrose

B. Lactose Glucose and Galactose

 C. Maltose Glucose and Glucose

D. Sucrose Glucose and Fructose

Difficulty: MEDIUM
A

Explanation‾Explanation:
Fructose is a monosaccharide, Choice A is correct.

Choices B, C and D are incorrect, as they are all matched up correctly.

Question 25
CALCULATOR

Which of the following is the correct composition of the named polysaccharide?

Polysaccharide Glucose molecule Linkages

A. Starch β−β− glucose 1,4 and 1,6

B. Glucagon α−α− glucose 1,4

C. Glycogen α−α− glucose 1,4 and 1,6

D. Cellulose β−β− glucose 1,6

Difficulty: MEDIUM

Question 26
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 8]

Eating a healthy, balanced diet is important in order to maintain overall health and a strong immune system. A healthy diet means
eating a wide variety of food whilst limiting the consumption of foods which are considered to be less healthy, such as those high in
saturated fats.
In an investigation into the effects of diet on low-density lipoprotein levels (LDL) in the blood, scientists provided two groups of mice
with varied diets. Each group was given 5g of food per day, containing a mixture of a standard food mix and either avocado or
cheese. The ratios of the food were changed each day and blood LDL levels were recorded. The diets and results are shown in the
tables and graph.

[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]

1. Describe the impact on blood LDL levels when feeding mice diets supplemented with avocado or cheese. [2]

2. Suggest a reason for the trend shown in LDL levels in group one. [1]
 2. State which group is most at risk of heart disease and stroke. Give a reason for your answer. [2]

1. Suggest one advantage of using mice in this experiment instead of humans. [1]

2. State one variable, not mentioned in the question, which would need to be controlled in this experiment in order to
achieve valid results. [1]

3. For mice fed with cheese, calculate how many times greater the LDL levels were on day 5 compared to day 2. [1]

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 27
CALCULATOR

[Maximum mark: 16]

1. Palmitic acid is an example of a saturated fatty acid with a 16 carbon chain. Draw the structure of a palmitic acid. [3]

2. Testosterone is a steroid hormone, which is carried in the blood. Explain how, when testosterone reaches its target cells, it
brings about its effect on the DNA of that cell. [4]

3. Explain how the structure of cellulose and glycogen are related to their functions. [8]

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 28
CALCULATOR

In the digestion of starch in the small intestine, amylase breaks down both amylose and amylopectin into simpler sugars. However,
complete digestion to glucose requires additional enzymes due to certain structural characteristics. What is the primary reason
amylase alone cannot fully break down amylopectin into maltose, unlike its action on amylose?

● A. It contains β-glucose which amylase cannot interact with.

● B. It contains α-glucose which amylase cannot interact with.

● C. It has 1,4 glycosidic linkages that amylase cannot break.

● D. It has 1,6 glycosidic linkages that amylase cannot break.

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 29
CALCULATOR

A polymer of beta-glucose found in plants has only 1,4-glycosidic linkages. Which molecule is described by this statement?

● A. Amylopectin

● B. Chitin

● C. Cellulose

● D. Glycogen

Difficulty: HARD