VI.

Pathophysiology

Genetic mutation of the DNA

(BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes)
Predisposing Factor/s:
Precipitating Factor/s:
• Age (35 years old)
Gene mutation happens in the cells of • Alcohol use
• Gender (Female)
lobes found in the glandular tissue (Kellie Bramlet Blackburn, 2017)
• Family history
• Early Menarche (<12 years old)
(Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2021) Immune cells do not respond to gene
mutation of cells

The mutation causes the cell to multiply in

high rate

Thickening of breast
tissue Breast Cancer Stage 1 Growth of tumor

Hard and painless

mass
Nutrition from the blood is readily
available for the tumor

Progressed beyond the breast to regional Immovable

LEGEND Breast Cancer Stage 2
lymph node
Breast pain
Pathophysiology Procedures

Sign & Symptoms Nursing Diagnosis

Surrounding vessels and lymph nodes
become obstructed
Medications Complications

Abnormal Laboratory Values Abnormal Diagnostics Findings

Figure 8. Pathophysiology

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 Changes in size and Breast Cancer Stage 3 New sites of tumor Swollen breast skin
shape of the breast
Pustular lesions

Transient vasoconstriction Inflammatory response and release of

RR: 141 bpm chemical mediators
Piperacillin + Tazobactam
4.5 gm
Priority Problem #2: IV q8h (8 AM, 4 PM, 12 MN)
Risk for infection related to wound on
Ivabradine Incision Biopsy (04/01/24) The cancer that can survive the environment
the right breast as evidenced by Clindamycin
5 mg/1 tab and the pressure continue to grow
swelling, redness and warm to touch. 600 mg
PO BID (8 PM, 6 PM)
IV q8h (4 AM, 12 NN, 8 PM)
BLOOD CHEM
Metastasis to other organs such as the
(04/01/24):
Albumin: 3.1 (L) bones, lungs, and liver
ECG (04/01/24): Lower back pain CBC (04/01/2024)
Sinus tachycardia ALP: 354 (H)
Anterior T wave WBC: 12, 580 (H)
(04/01/24): Breast Cancer Stage 4
abnormality is Weakness on the Segmenters: 71 (H)
SGPT/ALT: 542.00 (H)
nonspecific left leg Lymphocyte:15 (L)
Low QRS voltages in Monocyte: 8 (L)
limb leads Eosinophil: 6 (H)
Borderline ECG Priority Problem #1: Calmag
X-RAY (04/01/24): Acute pain @ the lower back related 1 tab
to musculoskeletal injury due to skin PO OD (8 AM)
Thickening of the lung markings
and tissue infection and bone mets as
with haziness and suggestive Etoricoxib
evidenced by grimacing face, shows
subcentimeter nodularities are 120 mg
noted in both lungs. restlessness, and reported pain.
PO OD (6 PM)
Pleural thickening in both apical
regions. Priority Problem #3:
Tramadol + Paracetamol
Decreased mobility related to pain @
500 mg/1 tab
the hip and left leg as evidenced by PO 8h (8 AM, 4 PM, 12 MN)
Abdominal Ultrasound (04/1/24): decreased in coordination and
hesitant to move.
Hepatic metastasis
Mild fatty liver BLOOD CHEM
(04/01/24):
Magnesium: 1.5 (L)

(04/02/24):
Calcium: 11.00 (H) Figure 8.1 Pathophysiology

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