ICT NOTES

Half yearly

Date: 18 June 15, 2023

Arranging Open Windows

 Open Multiple Windows.

 Right Click the windows taskbar and click one of the options provided, windows 7 provides us
with the option to cascade windows, show windows stacked and windows side by side. Check
out each of the options below.
 In windows, we can use the cascade windows option to arrange all open windows to overlap one
another with their title bars remaining visible so that we can quickly see which windows are
open to switch to one.

More notes:
Show windows stacked option lets us arrange our windows stacked vertically on top of each other

Shortcuts
Saving a file: Ctrl+S
Opening or new file: Ctrl+N
Opening a file: Ctrl+O
Close a file: Ctrl+W
Copying a file: Ctrl+C
Cutting a file: Ctrl+X
Pasting a file: Ctrl+V
Searching for a file or folder: Win+F

CW: Explain 3 ways you can arrange open windows.

Ans: Cascade windows: Cascade windows option arranges all windows in a way overlapping one
above another. It also shows the title bars of each window.
Windows stacked: The windows are vertically on top of eachother.
Side by side: Windows will be side by side eachother

Q. Write short notes on windows explorer.

Ans: It is a file management application in windows.
Used to navigate hard drive and display the contents of the folders and subfolders.
To start windows explorer, we have to click on start: all programs: accessories: windows explorer.
Windows explorer is automatically launched any time you open a folder

Control Panel

 Allows use to change basic settings of software and hardware

 Also helps us to personalize the computer. Display, sound, theme, appearance, etc.

Q. Give three setting examples in control panel.

Ans: To change the clock, go to control panel then clock, language then region then clock and time
To change appearance, go to appearance and personalization then personalization then theme
To change size of texts, go to appearance and personalization then display.

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Note about MS WORD:
Word is a word processing application/program that allows us to create a variety of documents like
letter, flyers and reports.

What is a ribbon?
Ans: The ribbon contains multiple tabs, each with several groups of tools. The tools provided in the
ribbon will help you complete common tasks in word.

What is header and footer?

Headers and footers generally contain additional information such as page numbers. Dates an
author’s name, and footnotes, which can help keep longer documents organized and make them
easier to read.
Text entered in the header or footer will appear on each page of the document.

Q. How to change text alignment?

Ans: select the text we wish to modify
On the home tab select one of the four alignments options from the paragraph section.

Q. With the help of a table give the summary of different generations of computer.

Generatio
Timeline Leading Technology Language Input
n
1st 1940s Vacuum tube Machine Language Punched Cards
Machine and high level
2nd 1950s-1960s Transistor Punched cards
programming language
High level Keyboard and
3rd 1960s-1970 Integrated Circuit
programming language mouse
1980 and High level Keyboard and
4th Microprocessor
onwards programming language mouse

Notes on supercomputers:

 Saga-220 is a supercomputer capable of performing at 220 teraflops or TFLOPS

 A higher teraflop gives a faster performance
 EKA performs at 132 TFLOPS
 Param performs at 52 TFLOP
 Supercomputers have the highest computation rate for computers

What is FLOP?
FLOP stands for ‘Floating point operation per second’ a unit of computing speed equal to
one trillion 4012 floating point operations per second.

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Computer Characteristics:
1. Precision:
o Generates accurate results
2. Reliability
o Millions of instructions carried out
o With a super high speed
o Without any mistake
o Continuous and consistent performance
o Computer reliability, in its simplest terms, means your machine works as
expected
3. Retention
Any stored data can be used further, finding from storage device called retention of data.

Primary memory is also known as main memory or may also refer to internal memory and
primary storage.
RAM (Main) RAM (Main)

Input Memory CPU Memory Output

All those types of computers memories that are directly accessed for immediate processing
by the processor (CPU) are called primary memory.

RAM:
 RAM is volatile in nature, which means the data is lost when the device is switched off.
 Any data that has to be manipulated must also be loaded into RAM first.
 When you increase RAM computer speed is increased.

ROM
 ROM is a non-volatile memory.
 Information is permanently stored in RAM
 ROM is used for start-up process of the computer. Stores crucial information essential to
operate the system, like the program essential to boot the system.

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Write the different between RAM and ROM?

PARAMETER RAM ROM

Data and Retention RAM is a volatile memory
which could store the data
as long as the power is
supplied
Working type Data stored in RAM can be
retrieved and altered
Use Used to store the data that
has been currently
processed by CPU
Speed It is a high speed memory
CPU Interaction The CPU can access the data
stored on it
Size And Capacity Large size with higher
capacity
RAM is a non volatile
memory which could retain
the data even when power
is turned off
Data stored in ROM can only
be read
Stores essential commands
and details to run the
computer
It is much slower than RAM
The CPU cannot access the
data is stored on it unless
the data is turned in RAM
Small size with less capacity

Characteristics of secondary memory

 These are magnetic and adjustable memories
 It is non volatile memory which is used for storage of data in a computer
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off. Data can be used for later
use.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
 Slower then primary memories. Usually has storage capacities more than 1TB
Hard Disk
 A hard disk drive is a non volatile computer storage device containing platters
rotating at a high speed, coated with electromagnetic particles
 The hard disk provides a large storage capacity
 HDDS are usually installed inside desktop, computers, mobiles, devices, etc. They can
store, operating systems, software, etc.
Compact DISK
A compact disc drive
Q. Write the characteristics of pen drive
Ans: Pen drive is a small compact plug and play storage device making it fit into hand
Non Volatile storage: Contents are rewritable and does not lose its31 contents even when
removed
Storage capacity available upto 512 gb steadily

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One of the cheapest forms of storage device
Q. Classify computers in terms of size, speed, storage capacity cost, portability and
connectivity
Ans: Laptops: A laptop is a portable efficient computer that works on rechargeable
batteries. It has LCD screen, keyboard, touchpad and may have external devices.
PC: Pc are the small computer we see in schools homes and most offices.
Microcomputer: Several People can use it together and is used for processing large data
Supercomputer: Super computers have the highest computational vote for computers. They
are the most powerful computers.
Mainframe Computer: Powerful computers with high storage capacity, And are in large
commercial and government offices
Digital Computers
Digital computers using binary digits. They recognize the ‘on’ and ‘off’ stage, Smart Phones,
our personal computers, calculators, etc. Are digital devices
Binary Code
Digital computers have chip containing millions off tiny electronic switches. When the switch
is on it represent 1, and when the switch is off, it represents 0
Thus, the data and instructions given to a digital computer must be in the form of a
sequence. 0 and 1 are called the binary code or the binary numbering system
Notes about devices
A touch screen is a display device that allows the user to interact with a computer using
their finger or stylus
They are a useful alternative to a mouse or keyboard for navigation. Touch screens are used
on a variety of devices such as a computer and laptop, smartphones. Etc.
Ebook
Another application that is rapidly becoming popular is the portable reading device.
Q. Write 3 advantages and disadvantages of touch screens
Ans:It saves a lot of space and does not require external devices such as keyboard mouse etc
to operate.
The interface does not accumulate much dirt making it more durable
It is easy to navigate all the windows
3 Disadvantages
The interface is sensitive as accident finger taps can cause trouble while working.

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It consumes a lot of power
It needs proximity. The user has to be with the device
Q. What is an ATM?
Ans: ATM or automatic teller machine is essentially a computer where we can check account
balance, deposit, or withdraw cash and access other financial services.
This machine eliminates the need to interact with a human teller for basic banking needs.
Q. What are magnetic strips?
Ans: Each magnetic strip on a card is encoded with specific information. The information
on each card is actually thousands of tiny iron based particles that have been magnetized
On each magnetic strip, there are either 2 or 3 data tracks,
Notes
EPROM: erasable programmable read only memory
Electrically erasable programmable read only memory
EPROM is a programmable ROM that can be erased and reused. One can erase the data
from EPROM using the UV rays.
EPROM is a user modifiable ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly through
a normal electrical voltage.
Q. Justify the term ROM.
Ans: The short form of read only memory is ROM. It is called so because this memory can
only be read and no changed can be made on it. Although writable ROMS are available
nowadays.
Q. How can punched cards be used as an input
Ans: Punched cards are cards on which the digits are punched. There is a sort of keyboard
containing the digits. 0.9 after we press a digit it will be punched on the card.
Q. Explain Binary Language.
Ans: The binary language consists of 2 digits “0” and ‘1’. 0 represents off and 1 represents on
or true state.
Q. What does TFLOP stand for?
Ans: TFLOP stands for teraflop floating point operation per second.
Q. Cardreader reads magnetic strips- explain.
Ans: Cardreaders reads the data on a card. In credit and debit cards there are magnetic strips
which hold data about the card and relevant information which are read by card readers.

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Q. Why is RAM called ‘random’ access memory?
Ans: Its called random because stored data can be used randomly accessed at any time and
from any physical location.
Operating System
 Software is a set of instructions, data and programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.

Package software

Application software

Customized software

Software

Operating System (OS)

System software

Utility Programs

Features of application software

Perform more specialized tasks processing, email, photo editing, etc. Example- MS OFFICE
Easy to design and more interactive for the user generally written in a high level language
Some Examples of devices
 Example of computer OS- Mac os, linux
 Well known mobile OS- Android, IOS
 Example of free os- LINUX

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Q. Show the relation ship between users, application software, os and hardware with the
help of a flow chart.
Ans:

User

USER
uses

Software

Application

uses

Operating System

uses Software

Hardware

CPU, Drive, Printers,

Memory, Keyboard, etc.

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Operating System
 If we want to use application software we need to keep the computer active with the
help of another type of software called operating system or OS
 OS typically starts up when a device powers on presenting a screen with that present
information and provide application access
 It examines all hardware of a computer, connects one hard with other, manages
memories and activates input/output systems.
Task bar
 A bar at the edge of the display user interface
 Allows quick access to current or pinned applications
 Also allow locate and launch programs through the start button or view any program
that is currently open
Start Menu
 Primary location in windows to locate your installed programs. And find any files or
folders.
 By default the start menu is accessed by clicking the start button
 Located in the bottom left hand corner of the windows.
 Select start, scroll to the app you want to pin, then right click on the app, select more
then pin to taskbar
 Right click the file icon, navigate to send to then desktop (create shortcut)
Machin Languages
 Machine language is a low level programming language made out of binary numbers
or bits that only can be used by machines. These instructions are executed directly by
the CPU.
 All the programs and programming languages eventually generate or run programs in
machine language.
 The sequences of bits are used by machine language to give commands. Zero
represents the off or false state, While one represents the on or true stare
 All high led programming language are converted to machine language.
Analog computers
 While digital computers work with numbers, analog computers work with quantities
that vary continuously.
 Examples of such quantities are temperature air pressure amount of light falling on
an object and weight
 Analog computers process data in memory, which means they can process data
directly without converting into any other form of machine language.
 These varying quantities are converted by analog computers into varying voltages
and then these voltages become the input to the analog computers. The output from

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 these computers would also be in voltages which may then be converted into other
forms.
More notes
 Digital computers are designed using transistors
 Transistors are electronic switches. Switches have 2 states, on and off.
 1 represents on
 0 represents off
 On the other hand binary numbering system is composed of just 0 and 1.
 So binary numbering system is the best suit for digital computer designing.
Touch Screen
A device that can act both as an input and output is a touch screen. It works like a
monitor and we can feed information inside the screen by touching it
Q. How to customize taskbar? (explain 2 ways you can change the position of taskbar)
Ans: Method 1: Right click on a blank position of your taskbar and make sure that lock
the taskbar is not checked
Now drag and drop the taskbar on any edge, keeping the left mouse button pressed.
Method 2: Choose a new location for your taskbar. Click on the drop down menu next to
the field that reads ‘taskbar location on screen’. Select a taskbar location from the
options of bottom. Left, right or top.
Q. What is the difference between the two settings always combine, hide labels and
combine when taskbar is full.
Ans: Always combine, hide labels- This is the default setting. Each app appears as a
single, unlabeled button even when multiple windows for an app are open. Combine
when taskbar is full- This setting shows each open window as an individual, lableed
button. But combines as one when the taskbar is full.
Q. Write 3 differences between application and system software
Ans:

Application Software System Software

1 Application software are designed to
accomplish specific purposes
2 Programming of application software
is comparatively easy
3 A computer can run without
application software
System software are mainly designed for
managing system resources
Programming of system software is
complex
A computer cannot run without system
software

Q. Make a list of all shortcut keys mentioned in the book in a table.

Ans:
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 Shortcut Keys Functions
1 Ctrl +S If the file already has a name, it gets saved. If it is a new file then
the save as window opens.
2 Ctrl +N A new file titles “Document 1” opens
3 Ctrl +O The Open window opens
4 Ctrl +W If the file has already been saved, a dialog opens up asking if you
want to save the changes.
5 Ctrl +C Copying a file
6 Ctrl +V Pasting a file
7 Ctrl +X Cutting a file
8 Ctrl +F The search window opens
9 Ctrl +P The Print window opens
1 Ctrl +A Selecting all contents of a file
0

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Computer Characteristics
Speed
Computer use microprocessor which may have speed of 100,000 million instruction per
second, or more.
Precision
All computer system beside having amazing speed, generate accurate result.
Reliability
Computer performs millions of calculations at a great speed, without making any
mistakes. This makes computer a highly reliable device for repeated work.
Storage and Retention
Computers can store large amount of data in small physical spaces. This is called
computer memory. Memory is further classified into primary and secondary memory.

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