Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
Planning
 Planning is the process of setting goals, selecting
alternative courses or action to achieve those
goals,implementing the chosen alternative and
evaluating the choices to find out if it is successful
 Planning is the key to the success of any activity.
The Need for Tourism Planning
 In tourism, success is neither guaranteed nor
permanent.
 Many areas have experienced tourism cycles which start
with few rich visitors, proceed through a series of
expansion programs, attain saturation, then go into
decline.
 If an eventual decline is to be avoided, responsible
planning and management are essential
 Many success stories describe tourist destinations which
have undergone through planning supported by strong
commitments for their attainment.
 Planning, Commitment and Management are principal
elements in determining the decline or success of a
tourist destination
 A tourism plan and development program can provide
guidelines for areas in which government and the
private sectors have little or no experience on how to
develop these areas.
 since tourism is a complex, multisectoral activity, a
tourism plan is necessary to coordinate the different
sectors to better service the needs of tourism and the
general public.
 Through an integrated tourism plan, the various direct
and indirect economic benefits of tourism can be
achieved.
 A responsible tourism plan is means to attain
environmental conservation objectives through
development of tourist attractions, facilities and
infrastructure.
 A careful tourism plan is a means to achieve cultural
conservation objectives and produce sociocultural
benefits.
 A good tourism plan is a means in which the natural and
cultural resources for tourism are maintained, not
destroyed, in the development process.
 The right type of tourism plan can be used to invigorate
poorly developed tourism destinations.
 Careful planning is necessary to develop specialized
training facilities for the education and training for
particular manpower skills and abilities.
1. Systems approach
2. Comprehensive approach
3. Integrated approach
4. Environmental and Sustainable approach
5. Community approach
6. Implementable approach
7. Systematic approach
1. Systems Approach
 Required that adequate information about the system is
available to understand and analyze it.
 Computer technology is needed to collect and analyze
this data.
2. Comprehensive Approach
 All aspects of tourism development are analyzed and
planned on a broad scope.
3. Integrated Approach
 Tourism is planned and developed as an integrated
system within itself and integrated into the overall plan
and development pattern of the area.
4. Environmental and Sustainable Approach
 Tourism is planned, developed and managed in such a
way that the natural and cultural resources are not used
up so that they are available for continuous and
permanent use in the future.
 Carrying capacity analysis is an important technique
used in the environmental and sustainable approach.
5. Community Approach
 Planning is for the residents of the area. The local
residents should be given the opportunity to participate
in the planning of their community’s future
development and express their opinion on the type of
community they want to live in.
6. Implementable Approach
 Tourism plan, policies and recommendations are
expressed in a practical and achievable manner.
7. Systematic Approach
 Tourism planning is based on an orderly arrangement of
activities.
 Levels of Tourism Planning
1. International Planning
2. National Planning
3. Regional Planning
4. Subregional Planning
International Planning
Involves:
 International transportation services.
 The movement and scheduling of the tours of tourists
among different countries.
 The development of major tourist attractions and
facilities in neighboring countries as well as the working
strategies and promotional programs of the many
countries.
Usually takes place through:
 World Tourism Organization (WTO) and its regional
commissions
 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)
 PAcific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
 Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO)
 Tourism Council of the South Pacific (TCSP)
 Sub Committee on Tourism (SCOT) of the Association of
the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
1. Tourism Coordination Unit (TCU) of the Southeast
Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
and the
2. Tourism Committee of the Organization for the
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
National Planning
Concerned with the following components:
 Tourism Policy
 Infrastructure facilities
 A physical structure plan which includes important
tourist attractions, selected tourism development
regions, international entry points, facilities and services
 The amount, kinds, and quality of accommodation and
other required tourist facilities and services
 The important tour routes in the country and their
regional connections
 Tourism organizational entities, laws, and investment
policies
 Tourism marketing strategies and promotion
 Education and training programs
 Design standards and facility development
 Environmental, economic, and socio cultural analysis
 National level implementation methods including the
short-term development plan and project scheduling
Regional Planning
 The regional level of tourism planning is for one region
of a country, usually a state or province or an island.
 It is often devised within the framework of an existing
national policy
 The regional level of tourism planning is more specific
than the national planning level.
 Emphasizes the following:
 Regional policy
 Regional entry points and transportation facilities and
services
 Kinds of tourist attractions and their locations
 The amount , kinds and location of tourist
accommodation and other tourist facilities and services
 Location of tourist development areas including resort
areas.
 Socio cultural, environmental, economic and impact
analysis
 Educational and training programs on the regional level
 Marketing techniques and promotion
 Organizational establishments, laws, regulations and
investment policies
 Implementation methods which include project plans
and regional zoning regulations
Subregional Planning
 There is a need for subregional planning in some
countries or regions.
 This level of planning is more specific than the regional
level. However, it is not detailed as the resort land use
planning.
 The elements of the subregional plan usually include
tourist attractions, locations of accommodations and
other tourist facilities and services, entry points to the
sub region, transportation facilities and infrastructure.
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