Module 8

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cos(3x + 7) d x is not a standard integral of the form

B
A. Introduction shown in Table 1, thus an algebraic
substitution is made.
Functionsthatrequireintegratingarenotalwaysinthe du
Let u = 3x + 7 then = 3 and rearranging gives
‘standard form’ However, it is often possible to dx
change a function into a form which can be du
dx =
integratedbyusingeither: 3 C
du
C
(i)analgebraicsubstitution Hence cos(3x + 7) d x = (cos u)
3
(ii)trigonometricsubstitutions,
C
1
= cos u du,
(iii)partialfractions, 3
(iv)thet=tanθ2substitution,or which is a standard integral
(v)integrationbyparts 1
= sin u + c
3
Rewriting u as (3x + 7) gives:
B. Algebraic
substitutions C
1
cos(3x + 7) d x = sin(3x + 7) + c,
3
With algebraic substitutions, the substitution usually which may be checked by differentiating it.
made is to let u be equal to f (x) such that f (u) du is a
standard integral. It is found that integrals of the forms: C
C ′ n Problem2. Find: (2x − 5)7 d x
f (x)
C
k [ f (x)]n f ′ (x)d x and k dx
[ f (x)]
(2x − 5) may be multiplied by itself 7 times and then
(where k and n are constants) can both be integrated by
each term of the result integrated. However, this would
substituting u for f (x).
be a lengthy process, and thus an algebraic substitution
is made.
du du
6ROYHGSUREOHPVRQLQWHJUDWLRQ Let u = (2x − 5) then = 2 and dx =
dx 2
XVLQJDOJHEUDLFVXEVWLWXWLRQV HenceC
du
C C
1
(2x − 5)7 d x = u 7 = u 7 du
C 2 2
Problem1. Determine: cos(3x + 7) d x 1 u8
 +
1
= + c = u8 + c
2 8 16
Rewriting u as (2x − 5) gives: The original variable ‘x’ has been completely removed
and the integral is now only in terms of u and is a
C
1 standard integral.
(2x − 5)7 dx = (2x − 5)8 + c
16
3 u6
C  +
3 1
Hence u 5 du = + c = u6 + c
C 8 8 6 16
4
Problem3. Find: dx 1
(5x − 3) = (4x2 + 3)6 + c
16
du du
Let u =(5x − 3) then = 5 and d x = π/6
dx
C
5 Problem6. Evaluate: 24 sin5 θ cos θd θ
0
4 du
C C C
4 4 1
Hence dx = = du du du
(5x − 3) u 5 5 u Let u = sin θ then = cos θ and dθ =
4 dθ cos θ
= ln u + c C
5
Hence 24 sin5 θ cos θ dθ
4
= ln(5x − 3) + c
5 du
C
= 24u 5cos θ
C 1
cos θ
Problem4.Evaluate: 2e6x−1 d x, correct to 4
C
0 = 24 u 5 du, by cancelling
significantfigures
u6
= 24 + c = 4u 6 + c = 4(sin θ)6 + c
du du 6
Let u =6x − 1 then = 6 and d x =
dx 6 = 4 sin6 θ + c
u du
C C C
1
Hence 2e 6x−1
d x = 2e = eu du π/6
6 3
C
Thus 24 sin5 θ cos θ dθ
1 1
= eu + c = e6x−1 + c 0
3 3 D Eπ/6 ,0
π 16
-
= 4 sin6 θ = 4 sin − (sin 0)6
0 6
2 + 3
C 1 1 D 6x−1 E1 1 6 1
Thus 2e6x−1 d x = e =4 −0 = or 0.0625
0 3 0 2 16
1
= [e5 − e−1 ] = 49.35,
3

correct to 4 significant figures.

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Problem5. Determine: 3x(4x + 3) d x
2 5 VXEVWLWXWLRQV

du du
Let u =(4x 2 + 3) then = 8x and d x =
dx 8x
Hence

du
C C
3x(4x 2 + 3)5 d x = 3x(u)5
8x
C
3
= u 5 du, by cancelling
8
 6ROYHGSUREOHPVRQLQWHJUDWLRQXVLQJ du du
DOJHEUDLFVXEVWLWXWLRQV Let u = 4x 2 − 1 then = 8x and d x =
dx 8x
C
2x
Hence √ dx
4x 2 − 1
x 2x du
C C
C 1 1
Problem7. Find: dx = √ = √ du, by cancelling
2 + 3x 2 u 8x 4 u
C
1
du du = u −1/2 du
Let u = 2 +3x 2 then = 6x and d x = 4
dx 6x 2 3 2 3
1 u (−1/2)+1 1 u 1/2
C
x = +c = +c
Hence dx 4 − 12 + 1 4 12
2 + 3x 2
1√ 1* 2
x du u +c =
C C
1 1 = 4x − 1 + c
= = du, by cancelling, 2 2
u 6x 6 u
1
= ln u + x Problem9. Showthat:
6 C
1 tan θ dθ = ln(sec θ) + c
= ln(2 + 3x2 ) + c
6
C
2x
C C
sin θ
Problem8. Determine: √ dx tan θ dθ = dθ
4x 2 − 1 cosθ

Let u = cos θ
du −du
then = −sinθ and dθ =
dθ sin θ
Hence
C C  +
sin θ sin θ −du
dθ =
cos θ u sin θ
C
1
=− du = −ln u + c
u
= −ln(cos θ) + c
= ln(cos θ)−1 + c,
by the laws of logarithms
C
Hence tanθ dθ = ln(sec θ) + c,
1
since (cos θ)−1 = = sec θ
cos θ

C. Change
of
limits

When evaluating definite integrals involving substi-

tutions it is sometimes more convenient to change
the limits of the integral as shown in Problems 10
and 11.
 C 3
i.e. the limits have been changed
*
Problem10. Evaluate: 5x 2x2+7d x ,
1 2 39
taking positive values of square roots only 3 u 1/2 3 √ √
= 1
= [ 9 − 1] = 3,
4 2 2
du du 1
Let u =2x 2 + 7, then = 4x and d x =
dx 4x
taking positive values of square roots only.
It is possible in this case to change the limits of inte-
gration. Thus when x = 3, u = 2(3)2 + 7 = 25 and when
x = 1, u = 2(1)2 + 7 = 9
C x=3 *
Hence 5x 2x 2 + 7 d x
x=1 ([HUFLVH,QWHJUDWLRQXVLQJDOJHEUDLF
VXEVWLWXWLRQV
C u=25 √ du 5
C 25 √
= 5x u = u du
u=9 4x 4 9
C 25
5
= u 1/2 du
4 9

Thus the limits have been changed, and it is unnecessary

to change the integral back in terms of x.
C x=3 *
Thus 5x 2x 2 + 7 d x
x=1

-25
5 u 3/2
,
5 D* 3 E25
= = u
4 3/2 9 6 9

5 √ √ 5 2
= [ 253 − 93 ] = (125 − 27) = 81
6 6 3

3x
C 2
Problem11. Evaluate: √ d x, taking
0 2x 2 + 1
positive values of square roots only

du du
Let u =2x 2 + 1 then = 4x and d x =
dx 4x

C 2 3x
C x=2 3x du
Hence √ dx = √
0 2x 2 + 1 x=0 u 4x

3
C x=2
= u −1/2du
4 x=0

Since u =2x 2 + 1, when x = 2, u = 9 and when x = 0,

u =1
3 x=2 −1/2 3 u=9 −1/2
C C
Thus u du = u du,
4 x=0 4 u=1