Topic 2: Molecular Biology - 2.

Hydrolysis and Condensation:

- Hydrolysis: molecules are split into smaller parts by adding water

- Condensation: molecules are joined together through the removal of water

Note: When Joining two glucose molecules it is important to understand that this always happens at
the first carbon of the first molecule and the fourth of the second. Also important is that when two
alpha-d-glucose join every second molecule is rotated 180 degrees to make condensation easier.
 Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides : Cellulose, Starch & Glycogen

Polysaccharide Structure Functions

Cellulose (plant) - Monomer = beta glucose Cellulose plays an integral role in keeping the
-> Fiber - beta glucose -> 180° rotation structure of plant cell walls stable. Cellulose has
-> Only Animals can - 1,4 glycosidic bonds between Monomers a comparatively large tensile strength which is
digest - Straight & Long able to prevent the cell from bursting.

Starch (plant) - Monomer = alpha glucose
- Occurs in grains
- 1,4 glycosidic bond in amylose
- 1,6 glycosidic bond in amylopectin
- More Curved
Plants take in H2O, CO2, and sunlight to yield
glucose molecules as a byproduct. Plants use
starches to store energy which they use at night
during the process of cellular respiration. Plants
store starches in an organelle called amyloplast.

Glycogen (Humans) - Monomer = alpha glucose Glycogen acts as a store of energy in the form of
- 1,4 or 1,6 glycosidic bonds: Branches glucose, in cells where large stores of dissolved
- Compact and Short glucose would cause osmotic problems.

Disaccharides:

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

 Amylose vs. amylopectin

Energy storage by lipids and carbohydrates:

Lipid Carbohydrate Implication

Adipose tissue/cells, under the

Location Muscle and Liver n/a
skin and around some organs

Fast breakdown Fat = long term storage

Speed of Breakdown Slower breakdown
(simple sugars) Glycogen = Short term storage

Energy Content 9 cal/g 4 cal/g Lipids 2:1 Carbs +/-

Density Much lower higher Fat easier to carry

Fat does not affect osmotic

Lower (hydrophobic) higher
Solubility balance of cells

Note: Adipose Tissue is located immediately beneath the Skin. Lipids = 6x more Efficient than
glycogen in regards to energy Storage -> Nomads and Ancestry
 Lipids:

- Saturated
- Monounsaturated
- Polyunsaturated

Cis vs Trans Isomers:

- Cis-Isomer
- Common in Nature
- H = Same Side
- Bend
- Trans-Isomer
- Artificial
- H = Opposite Side
- Straight
↓

Evidence for Health Risk: Fats

- High-fat diet / high intakes of saturated fat =

a..increased risk of type 2 diabetes
- Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels
l.--and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels
- Raise in Blood Pressure
- Greater BMI
- Higher BMI = ↑Stroke

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Calculating BMI: Nomogram

← Note: Connect Lines with Ruler