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GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
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Midpoint, Bisector
Midpoint:
Bisector:
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Divide a line into any equal parts
The process to divide a line into n equal partitions:
Draw a line Ax through A
Divide Ax into n equal partitions, number the marks as 1', 2', …, n'
Join the n' mark on Ax to B
Draw lines parallel to n'B from the marks on Ax to intersect AB at
corresponding points 1, 2, …, (n-1)
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Regular polygons inscribed in circles
Equilateral triangle:
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Regular polygons inscribed in circles
Quadrilateral (Square):
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Regular polygons inscribed in circles
Regular hexagon:
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Divide a circle into equal parts
Divide a circle into 3, 6, … equal parts:
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Divide a circle into equal parts
Divide a circle into 2, 4, 8 … equal parts:
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Divide a circle into equal parts
Divide a circle into 5, 10 equal parts:
Draw two normal diameter, i.e, AB and CD.
Determine the midpoint M of the radius OA.
The arc (M, MC) intersects OB at N.
CN is the length of the regular pentagon’s edge.
ON is the length of the regular decagon’s edge.
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Divide a circle into equal parts
Divide a circle into 7 (9,11,13,…) equal parts:
Draw two normal diameter, i.e, AB and CD.
Draw the arc (D, CD) to cut AB at E và F.
Divide CD into 7 (or 9, 11, 13) equal partitions, number the marks.
Join E, F with even marks (2, 4, 6) or odd marks (1, 3, 7). These
lines intersect the circle at vertices of the regular heptagon.
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Slope
The slope of a line is the ratio of the amount that y increases as x
increases some amount. Slope tells you how steep a line is, or how
much y increases as x increases. The slope is constant (the same)
anywhere on the line.
The slope of two lines AB and AC is measured by the tangent of
the angle α between them.
S = BC/AC = tang(α)
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Taper
Definition of taper:
K = (D – d)/h = 2tang(α)
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Lines tangential to given circles/arcs
External tangents:
Construct the circle (O1, R1 – R2)
Draw the line O2A tangential to the circle (O1, R1 – R2)
Draw the line O1A to intersect the circle (O1, R1) at T1
Draw the line O2T2 parallel to the line O1T1
T1T2 is the tangent line of both circles (O1, R1) and (O2, R2)
Apply similar steps to construct the other tangent line T1'T2'
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Lines tangential to given circles/arcs
Internal tangents:
Draw the circle (O2, R1 + R2), other steps are similar to the case of
external tangents.
If O1O2 > R1 + R2: there are 2 internal tangent lines.
If O1O2 = R1 + R2: there is 1 internal tangent line at the contact point.
If O1O2 < R1 + R2: there is no internal tangent line.
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An arc tangential to given lines
Two lines d1 and d2 parallel to each other:
Draw a line perpendicular to d1, d2 and to intersect them at T1, T2
Define the midpoint O of the line T1T2
Draw the circular arc T1T2 with the center O and the radius of OT1 or OT2
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An arc tangential to given lines
Two lines d1 and d2 intersect each other:
From inside the area created by d1 and d2, draw d'1//d1 and d'2//d2, offset
from d1 and d2 a distance of R (radius of the tangent arc)
The intersection O of d'1 and d'2 is the center of the tangent arc
From O draw lines perpendicular to d1 and d2 at T1 and T2
Draw the circle (O, R) join T1 and T2
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An arc tangential to given line and
another arc/circle
External tangent:
Construct the line d' parallel to the given
line d and to offset from d a distance of R
(radius of the tangent arc)
Draw the circle (O1, R + R1) to intersect
d' at O (center of the tangent arc)
OO1 intersects (O1, R1) at T1. Draw OT2
perpendicular to d and intersect d at T2
Draw the arc (O, R) to join T1 and T2
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An arc tangential to given line and
another arc/circle
Internal tangent:
Construct the line d' parallel to
the given line d and to offset from
d a distance of R (radius of the
tangent arc)
Draw the circle (O1, R − R1) to
intersect d' at O (center of the
tangent arc)
OO1 intersects (O1, R1) at T1.
Draw OT2 perpendicular to d and
intersects d at T2
Draw the arc (O, R) to join T1
and T2
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An arc tangential to two given arcs
External tangents:
Construct 2 arcs (O1, R + R1) and (O2, R + R2) where R is the radius of the
tangent arc, these 2 arcs intersect each other at O (center of the tangent arc)
OO1 intersects (O1, R1) at T1, OO2 intersects (O2, R2) at T2
Draw the arc (O, R) to join T1 and T2
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An arc tangential to two given arcs
Internal tangents:
Construct 2 arcs (O1, R − R1) and (O2, R − R2) where R is the radius of the
tangent arc, these 2 arcs intersect each other at O (center of the tangent arc)
OO1 intersects (O1, R1) at T1, OO2 intersects (O2, R2) at T2
Draw the arc (O, R) to join T1 and T2
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An arc tangential to two given arcs
External and internal tangents:
Depending on the given case of external and internal tangents, construct 2
arcs (O1, R − R1) and (O2, R + R2) where R is the radius of the tangent arc,
these 2 intersect each other at O (center of the tangent arc)
OO1 intersects (O1, R1) at T1, OO2 intersects (O2, R2) at T2
Draw the circle (O, R) to joint T1 and T2
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END OF CHAPTER 3