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Reading - Lesson 2: 1. Định nghĩa Scanning
Reading - Lesson 2: 1. Định nghĩa Scanning
Kỹ năng scanning
Trong IELTS, scanning là đọc lướt một đoạn văn, tìm kiếm nhanh từ khóa để tìm một chi tiết cụ thể
nào đó trong đoạn văn đó. Khi thực hiện kỹ năng Scanning, người đọc chưa cần phải hiểu hết toàn
bộ nội dung của bài đọc.
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3. Kỹ thuật xác định từ khóa
Khái niệm
Từ khóa là những từ mang nội dung chính của câu.
Ví dụ: Trong câu “Sir Alexander Fleming was a talented scientist in the 20 th century”, các từ khóa là: Sir Alexander
Fleming, talented, scientist, 20th century.
Tuy nhiên, không phải tất cả các từ khóa trong câu đều có vai trò như nhau trong việc giúp người đọc đẩy nhanh
tốc độ tìm thông tin cần thiết trong bài đọc.
Phân loại
Từ khóa được chia thành 3 loại, được phân loại theo mức độ hữu dụng trong việc tìm thông tin cần thiết trong
bài đọc.
• Loại 1: Từ khóa khó thay thế: bao gồm các tên riêng, con số nổi bật, hầu như không bao giờ bị thay thế trong
bài đọc ➔ Ưu tiên sử dụng loại từ khóa này để tìm kiếm thông tin
Ví dụ: Alexander, 1980, 19th century
• Loại 2: Từ khóa dễ thay thế: bao gồm các danh từ và có thể bị thay thế bằng cách diễn đạt khác trong bài
đọc ➔ Sử dụng loại từ khóa này để tìm kiếm thông tin khi đề bài không chứa Từ khóa khó thay thế
Ví dụ: talent, motivation
• Loại 3: Từ khóa chìm: bao gồm các động từ, tính từ có thể bị thay thế bằng từ đồng nghĩa hoặc cách diễn
đạt khác trong bài đọc ➔ Sử dụng để tìm kiếm thông tin khi đề bài không chứa 2 loại từ khóa trên, hoặc khi
không xác định được cách diễn đạt thay thế cho 2 loại từ khóa trên trong bài đọc.
Ví dụ: important, recognize, refuse
Ví dụ minh họa :
Kỹ thuật chuyển động mắt phối hợp cùng Scanning để tăng tốc độ xác định từ khóa. Khi thực hiện kỹ
thuật này, thí sinh tập trung duy nhất vào việc tìm từ khóa mà chưa cần đọc hiểu nội dung bài đọc.
Hướng đi của mắt: Đọc bắt đầu từ cuối đoạn văn lên, và theo trình từ từ phải qua trái (cùng lúc hãy dùng
một chiếc bút để lướt theo, giúp tập trung sự chú ý của mắt theo chuyển động của bút).
Lưu ý: Khi đọc từ trên xuống dưới và từ trái qua phải, thí sinh sẽ dễ bị cuốn vào việc đọc hiểu văn bản và
khiến cho việc tìm kiếm từ khóa lâu hơn. Di chuyển mắt theo hướng ngược lại – dưới lên trên, phải qua
trái – sẽ tránh việc người đọc tốn nhiều thời gian cho việc đọc hiểu hơn là việc tìm kiếm thông tin cần thiết
một cách nhanh chóng.
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Ví dụ minh họa:
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Chiến lược xử lý dạng bài điền từ
• Đáp án cần đúng chính tả, viết hoa không quan trọng và câu hoặc cụm từ chứa đáp án cần đúng ngữ pháp
• Đáp án không được chứa quá số lượng chữ và số được yêu cầu
• Từ được tạo nên bởi 2 hay nhiều từ nối với nhau bằng dấu gạch ngang (-) được coi là một từ: well-paid, son-
in-law, old-fashioned, etc.
• Nếu trong những cụm từ trên có 1 hoặc nhiều số, thì cả cụm từ vẫn được coi là một từ, và đáp án vẫn hợp
lệ ngay cả khi đề bài không cho phép điền số: a 45-minute test, a nine-to-five job, etc.
• Bước 1: Đọc yêu cầu đề bài và xác định giới hạn số lượng chữ và số được điền vào chỗ trống:
Write one word only for each answer Đáp án chỉ bao gồm 1 chữ (cards)
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• Bước 3: Xác định vùng thông tin chứa đáp án
o Áp dụng phương pháp Scanning hiệu quả (Scan từ khóa kết hợp chuyển động mắt) để khoanh vùng
vị trí thông tin trong bài đọc chứa đáp án cần điền
• Bước 4: Xác định đáp án
o Sau khi hoàn thành bước 3, đọc kỹ vùng thông tin đã được khoanh vùng để tìm ra đáp án phù hợp.
Đáp án này cần thỏa mãn các yêu cầu về:
Ví dụ minh họa
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
We all know that water is a vital nutrient for human life. But exactly how much of it do we need to drink? So, for
example, there’s a common idea that we should drink 8 glasses of water every day. But researchers say that the 8-
glasses-a-day rule is a myth. Some people might need more than 8 glasses, some a lot less. The only group for
whom the rule is useful seems to be the elderly, because they don’t always feel thirsty, even when their bodies are
actually short of water. So for them 8 glasses a day might be a good rough guide.
Moving on to what effects water has on the body. One issue of interest is weight loss. And there are lots of theories
about this. It’s been claimed that dieters should drink more at night time, or drink when they first wake up, but there’s
no research to back this up. But actually, there is some evidence from studies to show that subjects who drank a
lot of water, and then had their meals, lost more weight. But that may only be because the water filled them up and
reduced their appetites.
Turning to some of the research done by Dr Amaldi, who’s looked in depth at this whole issue of drinking water.
And one of his studies does support the common claim that water is good for the stomach. In particular, it seems
to increase the rate at which digestion takes place, which overall has a number of health benefits.
Another interesting study took place in the US. And this one was investigating the effects of dehydration – that is,
not having enough water in the body. And what the US study indicated was that when a subject was low on water,
their body’s ability to regulate its own temperature was compromised, compared to a properly hydrated subject.
Drinking Water
Introduction
● Drinking water is essential for human life.
● The '8 glasses a day' rule is a myth, except for the 1 ......................
Some effects of water on the body
● Drinking before 2 ...................... may assist weight loss.
● Dr Amaldi's study shows that water speeds up 3 .......................
● A US research study showed that dehydrated bodies cannot control 4 ...................... so well.
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Các bước tìm đáp án câu 1:
• Bước 1: Đọc yêu cầu đề bài và xác định số lượng chữ/số được điền: Đáp án chỉ bao gồm 1 chữ
• Bước 2: Đọc kỹ câu hỏi
o Xác định loại từ cần điền vào chỗ trống: danh từ (vì đứng sau “the”)
o Xác định từ khóa trong câu hỏi
The '8 glasses a day' rule is a myth, except for the 1 ......................
Loại 1 Loại 2
Áp dụng phương pháp Scanning hiệu quả, có thể thấy đây là vùng thông tin chứa đáp án:
But researchers say that the 8-glasses-a-day rule is a myth. Some people might need more than 8 glasses,
some a lot less. The only group for whom the rule is useful seems to be the elderly, because they don’t
always feel thirsty, even when their bodies are actually short of water.
Từ câu “The only group for whom the rule is useful seems to be the elderly”, có thể suy ra đáp án đúng là
“elderly”
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Luyện tập
Luyện tập 1
The Happiest Country In The World
Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and diverse landscapes in the
world. Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa Rica’s only success, because the government also makes sure
everyone has access to health-care and education. So when the New Economics Foundation released its second
Happy Planet Index, Costa Rica came out number one.
According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican economics professor, Costa Rica is a mid-income country where
citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their relationships with others. ‘A mid-income level allows most
citizens to satisfy their basic needs. The government makes sure that all Costa Ricans have access to education,
health and nutrition services.’ Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested in status or spending money to show
how successful they are.
Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and ranks 143 countries
according to three measurements: their citizens’ happiness, how long they live (which reflects their health), and
their impact on the environment, meaning how much of the planet’s resources each country consumes. According
to researcher Saamah Abdallah, the Index also measures the outcomes that are most important, and those are
happy, healthy lives for everyone.
(Complete IELTS Band 4-5)
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Questions 1-6
Choose ONE WORD OR ONE NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
• its effect on the 3 ……………… (i.e. the quantity of the Earth's 4 .................. that it uses);
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Luyện tập 2
Freya Stark, explorer and writer
Freya Stark travelled to many areas of the Middle East, often alone. Frey Stark was an explorer who lived during a
time when explorers were regarded as heroes. She travelled to distant areas of the Middle East, where few
Europeans – especially women – had travelled before. She also travelled extensively in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Nepal
and Afghanistan.
Stark was born in Paris in 1893. Although she had no formal education as a child, she moved about with her artist
parents and learned French, German and Italian. She entered London University in 1912, but at the start of World
War I, she joined the nurse corps and was sent to Italy. After the war, she returned to London and attended the
School of Oriental Studies.
Her studies there led to extensive travel in the Middle East, enabling her to eventually become fluent in Persian,
Russian and Turkish. Stark became well known as a traveller and explorer in the Middle East. She travelled to
Lebanon in 1927 at the age of 33 when she had saved enough money, and while there, she studied Arabic.
In 1928, she travelled by donkey to the Jebel Druze, a mountainous area in Syria. During another trip, she went to
a distant region of the Elburz, a mountain range in Iran, where she made a map. She was searching for information
about an ancient Muslim sect known as the Assassions, which she wrote about in Valley of the Assassins (1934),
a classic for which she was awarded a Gold Medal by Royal Geogrpahic Society.
For the next 12 years, she continued her career as a traveller and writer, establishing a style which combined an
account of her journey with personal commentary on the people, places, customs, history and politics of the Middle
East.
(Complete IELTS Band 4-5)
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Questions 1-6
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Freya Stark
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Luyện tập 3
As concern mounts that the consumer society may be ecologically unsustainable, historians have begun to
interest themselves in past efforts to achieve efficient use of scarce resources. Far from being a recent innovation,
recycling and reuse of household cast-offs have a long history. In early modern Britain, one of the most
characteristic forms of recycling has been the trade in second-hand clothing, which has survived to the present
day in the shape of the ubiquitous charity shop. The cost of buying new ensured that many among the lower orders
of eighteenth-century English society relied on second- hand apparel. The rag fairs of the rapidly growing cities
and a network of tradesmen and pawnbrokers supplied this trade. Some historians have argued that the second-
hand trade played an important role in the nascent development of mass consumerism and fashion; demand was
so high that there was a ready market for stolen clothes.
Recycling was not restricted to the clothing trade. A much wider culture of reuse existed. This included, for
example, the recycling of building materials from demolished buildings, the repair or reuse of almost all metal
goods, and the use of old rags in the paper industry. The paper industry was almost wholly reliant upon recycling
for its raw materials. Recycling was thus an important component of the pre-industrial economy, enabling it to
cope with shortages of raw materials and aiding the poor. Pre-industrial recycling was largely a response to
chronically low levels of production. After 1800, industrialisation, urbanisation and population growth would see
the emergence of a new problem - waste - and give a new significance to recycling.
Of course, the generation of urban waste was not new in itself, but the scale of waste production after 1800
certainly was. The treatment and disposal of domestic waste became a problem of the first order. From the 1850s
the problem of human waste disposal was being addressed by the construction of sewerage systems; the
domestic refuse problem, however, remained relatively neglected until 1875.
Up until 1900 most urban areas relied on private contractors for waste disposal, who operated only with the
minimum of environmental regulation. This was the context in which the Victorian dust-yards, immortalised in
Charles Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend, emerged.
These yards sprang up either in or around many major cities in the nineteenth century, but were particularly
characteristic of London. The dust-yards made their money by employing men, women and children to sift and
sort through the filth in search of items of value, such as rags and metals. These were then sold to contract
merchants. A large proportion of the material that remained after sorting was dust and cinders; where possible
these were sold as a fertiliser or fuel source, but where no market existed they were dumped either on land or at
sea.
(Cambridge Vocabulary for IELTS)
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Từ vựng cần lưu ý
Questions 1-7
Complete the notes using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text.
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Questions 8-13
Complete the flowchart below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text.
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