Electric Machines

Chapter 5 DC Machine
-Generator
Chapter 5 DC Machine-3

1.DC generator excitation types

2.DC generator equations（voltage, power and
torque）
3.Working characteristics
 1. Excitation Type

 dc machine magnetic field is generated by either a

permanent magnet or excitation winding dc current.
According to the connection between excitation
winding and armature winding, excitation types
can be categorized.
1. Excitation Type

I＝Ia I＝Ia＝If I=Ia+If

Separate Series Excitation Parallel

Excitation Excitation

I=Ia

Ifc=Ia,I=Ia+Ifb;
Compound Permanent
I=Ifc=Ia+Ifb
Excitation Magnet
 1. Excitation Type

(2) Separate excitation DC generator

The excitation current is supplied  U 
separately from other power supplies.
Features： I  Ia
① The excitation voltage Uf is G
independent of the armature voltage U .
②Excitation current If = Uf /Rf Rf =
rf+rfj If F
 Uf 
③Armature current(Ia)=Load current
(I ) , which is Ia = I
 1. Excitation Type

(2) Self-excitation DC generator

Excitation by their own power
 U 
supply, according to the excitation
I Ia
winding and armature winding
G
connection, there can be different
classification. F
Features for parallel excitation：
If
①Uf=U ②If =Uf /Rf ③Ia=If+I
 1. Excitation Type

(2) Self-excitation DC generator

Features for series excitation：  U 
Ia=I=If
I
compound excitation DC If F
generator : Ia
Features for compound excitation : G
subtraction compound excitation
:magnetic field subtraction
Productive excitation: magnetic
field addition
 1. Excitation Type

(2) Self-excitation DC generator

compound excitation DC generator :
 U   U 
I I I f1 F
Ia I f1 Ia
G G

If2 F If2 F
 2.DC generator equations
(1)Voltage Balance Equation

(1) Armature Induced EMF: Ea  Ce n  U 

(2) Voltage Balance Equation:
Ea  U  I a Ra
T1 T0
Ia
2U b n TM
I a Ra  I a ra  2U b  I a (ra  )
I a U
Ra the total resistance of armature circuit,
 G 
b
including voltage drop between positive and Ea
negative brush and commutator surface. If
• Applicable to other excitation mode of the  Uf 
DC generator
• DC Generator:
Ea  U
 2.DC generator equations
(1)Power Balance Equation

a) No-load condition:
P1  P0  pm  p fe  0  pm  p fe   p0
b) Load condition:
PEM  Ea I a  (U  I a Ra ) I a  UI a  I a2 Ra
Separate
excitation Ia  I
PEM  UI  I R  P2  pCua
2
a a

P1  PEM  p0  pad
 P2  pCua  pm  p fe  pad  P2   p
 2.DC generator equations
(1)Power Balance Equation

b ) Load condition:
PM  Ea I a  (U  I a Ra ) I a  UI a  I a2 Ra
Parallel excitation

Ia  I  I f
PEM  U ( I  I f )  I a2 Ra  UI  UI f  I a2 Ra  P2  p f  pCua
P1  PEM  p0  pad
 P2  p f  pCua  pm  p fe  pad  P2   p
 2.DC generator equations
(1)Power Balance Equation

b ) Load condition:
PEM  Ea I a  (U  I a Ra ) I a  UI a  I a2 Ra
 2.DC generator equations
(2)Power Balance Equation

b ) Load condition:
PEM  Ea I a  (U  I a Ra ) I a  UI a  I a2 Ra
Efficiency

P2 P1   p  p
  100%  100%  (1  ) 100%
P1 P1 P2   p
Constant loss = variable loss, maximum efficiency can be reached (for all
machine)
2.DC generator equations
(3) Torque Equation

P1 PEM pm  p fe  pad
  T1  TM  T0
  
pN
nI
PEM Ea I a 60a a pN
TM     I a  C M I a
  2 2a
n
60
2.DC generator equations
(3) Summary

Ea  U  I a Ra
E a  Ce  n
P1  PEM  pm  p fe  pad
PEM  Ea I a  P2  pCua  p f ( Parallel )
TEM  CM I a
T1  TEM  T0
3.DC generator working characteristics

(1) The four basic physical quantities of the DC generator: U, I,

If, n (n are dragged by the prime mover, remain unchanged)
(2) Working characteristics: between U, I, If, to ensure that one
parameter constant, the relationship between other two
parameters.
(3) Main Characterisitics：
• no-load characteristics: n = constant, I = 0, U0 = f
(If);
• External characteristics: n = constant, If = constant
(or rj = constant), U = f (I);
• Regulation characteristics: n = constant, U = constant,
If = f (I).
3.DC generator working characteristics
Separate excitation

(1) No-Load Characteristics

• No-load characteristics can be obtained

experimentally
• Conclusion:
I. No-load curve reflects the relationship of
the magnetization curve.
II. Different speed has a different no-load
curve, and the magnetization curve
reflects the motor's magnetic circuit, only
one.
III. The motor usually runs at knee point.
IV. Remaining magnetic voltage Ur = (2 ~
4)% UN
V. For other excitation type generator, it is
measured under separate excitation
condition.
3.DC generator working characteristics
Separate excitation

(2) External Characteristics (Voltage regulation characteristics)

• U =Ea-IaRa , Ia=I↑→ IaRa↑→U↓

• Ea =Cen Φ, Ia↑→armature reaction add under- U
excitation effect.↑→ Φ↓→Ea ↓→ U↓

• Voltage regulation U0 U N
U  100% I
ratio UN
U0 is the no-load terminal voltage, the general rate of voltage
regulation ratio for separate excitation generator
is about 5% to 10%.
3.DC generator working characteristics
Separate excitation

(3) Regulation Characteristics (Excitation current Regulation characteristics)

DC Machine Basic Relationship