EXAM GAP REVISION

CH- 7 & CH- 8

BUSINESS STUIDES
BY SUNIL PANDA SIR

BOARD EXAM 2024

 DIRECTING
Directing is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of
their ability.
Human Element/ Initiate Action
 Feature/ Characteristic of Directing
Continuous Performance Human Flow from top
Initiates action Pervasive
activity oriented element to bottom

It is the function Directing is a Directing is The main motive It involves study

of management of directing is Directions are
continuous required at every and moulding of
where as actual brining given by
activity manager level of the human
efficiency in manager to
works starts by has continuously organization behaviour it
performance. their
giving direction guide, supervise every manager improves
Directing helps subordinates.
manager get the and motivate his provides communication
to improve Directing starts
work started in also and it
subordinates. guidance and performance of from top level
the organization. motivate
inspiration to his employees and flows to
employees to
subordinates. lower level.
perform their
best ability.
 Importance of Directing

Helps to initiate To integrate Means of Helps to adopt Bring stability a

action employee motivation changes nd balance in t
efforts he organization

Encourage Helps to implement Creates balance

Helps to start the It being together
employees to changes by between top and
activities in employees work at
perform to the convincing the lower level
organisation different places through
best ability employees
proper communication.
 Elements of Directing

01 Supervision

02 Motivation

03 Communication

04 Leadership
MOTIVATION
Motivation can be define as stimulating,
inspiring and inducing the employees to
perform their best ability motivation is a
psychological term which means it cannot be
forced on employee. It comes automatically
from inside the employees as it willingness to
do work.

a) Creating will to do the work

b) When employees loose interest in job then this element is used
c) Improving initiative level of employees
d) Inducing people to perform best
e) psychological process
f) Arising need and desire in people SUNIL PANDA COMMERCE CLASSES
 Features of Motivation
# It is goal oriented process
# It is a complex process

# Motivation is an internal # Continuous process

feeling
# It changes
# Motivation can be according to the
positive or negative
need of employees
 Maslow’s
NEED HIERARCHY THEORY
 FINANCIAL INCENTIVES (MONETARY)

01 Pay and allowances

02 Profit and Sharing

03 Bonus

04 Co-partnership/ stock option [Giving shares at lower than market price]

05 Commission

06 Productivity linked with wage incentives

07 Retirement benefits

08 Perquisites
 NON FINANCIAL INCENTIVES (NON MONETARY)

01 Status [Giving a special rank or position in the organisation]

02 Career advancement opportunity

03 Employee recognition

04 Job security
05 Employee participation

06 Organizational climate
07 Job enrichment / job autonomy
LEADERSHIP

Leadership refers to the process

of influencing the behaviour of
people in a manner that they strive
willingly and enthusiastically towards
the achievement of group
objectives. He take care of his
followers
a) Influencing the behaviour of others
b) Maintaining good interpersonal
relationship
c) Influencing employees to voluntarily
perform, working with cooperation and
coordination
 STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
Director no suggestion Taking suggestion from
taken, placing orders employees two way Keep
only initiative level of employee
high SUNIL PANDA COMMERCE CLASSES
Complete freedom to
employees.
No interference of superior
in taking decision by
subordinates
 Communication
a) Sharing of idea, view message
b) Two-way process
c) Directing ability of manager depends upon his communication skill
COMMUNICATION PROCESS (NCERT)
 TYPES OF FORMAL COMMUNICATION
Vertical communication
DOWNWARD UPWARD

Sunil Panda
 Horizontal communication
Horizontal Communication

Sunil Panda
 Diagonal communication
Diagonal Communication

Sunil Panda
 Difference between formal and informal communication
Basis of Formal communication
Meaning Communication between two or
more who are officially attached
Nature It is rigid in nature and cannot be
modified
Form These may be oral or written but
generally prefer written
Sclar chain Here scalar chain follow
Need It server need of organisation
Purpose To achieve organisational objectives
Fixation It is easy to fix the responsibilities in
responsibiliti formal communication because
es source of information is known
Informal communication
Communication between two or more
who are not officially attached
It is flexible, dynamic and varies from
individual to individual
Informal communication and generally
oral
It does not follow scalar chain
It serve need of individual working in
organisations
For getting relief and psychological
satisfaction
It is not possible to fix the responsibility
because sources of information no is
known
 BARRIERS
TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

A communication barrier is anything that comes in the way of receiving and

understanding messages that one sends to another to convey his ideas, thoughts,
or any other kind of information.

BARRIERS
TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
 Types of communication
Barrier

Semantic Barrier Psychological Barrier

i) Badly expressed message i) Premature evaluation

ii) Symbols with different meaning ii) Lack of attention
iii) Faulty translation
iv) Technical jargon
v) Body language and gesture decoding
vi) Unclarified assumption
 Types of communication
Barrier

Organisational Barrier Personal Barrier

i) Organisational policy
i) Lack of confidence of superior in
ii) Rule and Regulations
his subordinates
iii) Status difference
ii) Lack of incentives
iv) Complex organisation
iii) Fear of authority
 Improving communication effectiveness
i) Clarify the idea before communication
ii) Communication according to the need of the receiver
iii) Consult others before communicating
iv) Use Proper language, tone and contents of message
v) Proper feedback
vi) Communication for the present as well as for future
vii) Good listner
viii) Open mind
SUNIL PANDA COMMERCE CLASSES
 EXAM GAP REVISION

CONTROLLING
 CONTROLLING
MEANING
Controlling function can be defined as
Comparison of actual performance with
planned performance.
If there is any difference then finding the
resources for such deviation and taking
corrective measures.

Controlling
a) Ensure work as per plan
b) Complete events to confirms to plan
c) Actual output not as per target due to lack of controlling
SUNIL PANDA COMMERCE CLASSES
d) Comparison between actual performance with planned performance
 ASPECTS OF CONTROLLING

Strategic control :- Refers to check how effective the strategies and the
plan are because sometimes there can be deviation is the reason of such
plans & strategic. e.g. let plan output 100 units but actual output 200
units. This mismatch due to underestimation of plan.

Operational control :- It refers to focus on managerial and other activities

of the organizations. It is an internal check on managers and their
activities in the organization
 Nature/ Feature of Controlling

01 It ensures work
Goal Oriented accomplishment as per plan

02 Continuous It is never-ending, on-going

function
03
Pervasive It is used everywhere in all types of
organisations and all levels
04 Forward & Backward
Backward means looking to the
Looking performance and forward means
suggestion measures
 Importance / Benefit of controlling
Improve employees motivation

1
Helps in achieving organizational
goals Controlling helps in
minimizing the errors
Focus on plan 2 6

Benefits
Improvement in
performance
Judging accuracy of 3 5
standards By communicating the
4 target in advance,
Make sure plans are
motivate employees to
not underestimated or Making efficient use of resources achieve the target
overestimated Controlling ensures no wastage of resources
 CONTROLLING PROCESS
01 Setting up standards (Target)
02 Measuring Actual performance
03 Comparison of performance
04 Analysing deviation
05 Taking corrective measures
06 Feedback in Controlling
Analysing deviations
Critical point Giving more attention to activities and departments which are more
control important and critical whereas non-critical areas can be ignored
Management Ignoring the deviation within a permissible limit. A manager who
by exception tries to control everything may end up controlling nothing
 Relationship between Planning & Controlling

Nature & concept Both are Forward and

Backward looking

Both are Interdepend & Planning is Prescriptive

Interlinked & Controlling is Evaluate
 Two Aspect of Controlling:
Planning and Controlling both are supplementary functions.
Planning makes controlling effective and efficient, whereas controlling
improves future planning.

Planning and controlling

a) Meaning of both terms.
b) Controlling depends upon planning for the base or yardstick to compare with and
planning depends upon controlling for right implementation
c) Controlling looks back for performance and look forward for giving suggestion.
Planning looks back for the result of previous year plan and looks forward to make
assumption for new plan
d) Planning plan course of action and controlling ensures course of action is followed
 THANK YOU
MUST LEARN THIS BEFORE NEXT CLASS
WRITE ALL IMP POINTS & KEY WORDS IN YOUR NOTE BOOK
SO THAT YOU CAN REVISE ALL THESE IN SHORT SPAN OF TIME
ONE DAY BEFORE EXAM

SHARE, IF YOU ENJOYED